Theorem 7.1
Theorem 7.12
Theorem 7.3
Theorem 7.10
Theorem 7.5
Converse of 7.1
Theorem 7.8
Converse of 7.4
Theorem 7.7
Converse of 7.3
Theorem 7.6
Converse of 7.2
Theorem 7.9
Theorem 7.4
Theorem 7.11
Theorem 7.2
Theorem 7.13
We know that a quadrilateral has four sides, four angles, four vertices and two
diagonals. Quadrilateralscan be classified into different types based on their sides and angles.
In case of rectangle and square, all the angles are right angles, the opposite sides are parallel,
and the diagonals bisect each other. In a rectangle, the opposite sides are equal, whereas in
a square, all the sides are equal. Hence, a square is a rectangle with adjacent sides equal.
A parallelogram is a quadrilateral in which the opposite sides are parallel and equal in length.
In aparallelogram, the opposite angles are equal and the diagonals bisect each other. In
a parallelogram, the angles are not right angles. When we compare aparallelogram with
a rectangle, we see that it is different from the rectangle in terms of the measure of its angles.
A rhombus is a quadrilateral in which all the sides are equal in length, the opposite sides are
parallel, the opposite angles are equal and the diagonals bisect each other at right angles.
A square is a rhombus in which, each angle measures
900. Squares, rectangles and rhombuses are all examples of parallelograms.
A trapezium is a quadrilateral in which one pair of opposite sides is parallel. A trapezium with
the non-parallel sides equal and the base angles equal is known as an isosceles trapezium.
A kite is a quadrilateral in which two pairs of adjacent sides are equal in length and one pair of
opposite angles, the ones that are between the sides of unequal length, are equal in measure
and the diagonals intersect at right angles.
Properties of a Parallelogram
To view the complete lesson click the video below
A quadrilateral is a closed figure which has four sides, four angles and four
vertices. There are different types of quadrilaterals such
asParallelogram, Rectangle, Square, Rhombus,Trapezium and Kite.
Given: AB || CD, AD || BC
To prove: AB = CD, AD = BC
Draw in the diagonal AC
Theorem2 If the opposite sides in a quadrilateral are the same length, then the figure is
a parallelogram.
Given: AB = CD, AD = BC
To prove: AB || CD, AD || BC
Draw in AC
Since this is an "if and only if" proof, there are two things to prove.
1. Given: ABCD is a parallelogram
To prove: AE = EC, BE = ED
The definition of a parallelogram is that the opposite sides are parallel. In the second
way we establish that the opposite sides are parallel, so we can use the definition to
conclude that the figure is a prarllelogram. It is simpler to show that the opposite sides
are equal in length which we did in the first way. If we do it that way the reason that
the figure is a parallelogram is that we proved that if the opposite sides are the same
length then the figure is a parallelogram in Theorem 2.
Theorem 4: If one pair of opposite sides in a four sided figure are both opposite and
parallel, then the figure is a parallelogram
Proof:
Given:
AB = DC
AB || DC
To prove:
ABCD is a parallelogram
We are given that ABCD is a rectangle. That means that all of the angles are the same
size. Since a quadrilateral can be broken up into two triangles, there are a total of
360o in the angles of a quadrilateral. If all of the four angles are the same size, they all
have to be 90 o. So we can state our "Given" as
Given: All four angles are 90 o.
To prove: ABCD is a parallelogram.
Theorem 6: A parallelogram is a rectangle if and only if the diagonals are the same
length.
Since this is an "if and only if" proof, there are two things to prove.
1. Given: ABCD is a rectangle.
To prove: AC = BD
This is an "if and only if" proof, so there are two things we have to prove:
However, note that this essentially runs through the proof of one of the isosceles
triangle theorems which we have already proved. Note the SSS reason after we
established the reflexive side. We do not have to do it again. We can simply refer to it.
But, again we are running through a proof of one of the isosceles triangle
theorems. We could simply refer to it instead of proving it again.
One could also use the fact that a point is equidistant from two given points if and
only if it is on the perpendicular bisector of the line segment between them.
Theorem 9: A quadrilateral is a rhombus if and only if the diagonals bisect all the
vertex angles.
1. Given:
ABCD is a rhombus
To prove:
/ DAC = / BAC
/ ABD = / CBD
/ BCA = / DCA
/ CDB = / ADB
2. Given:
/ DAC = / BAC
/ ABD = / CBD
/ BCA = / DCA
/ CDB = / ADB
To prove:
ABCD is a rhombus
Question #2
Statements
Reasons
1.
1. Given
2.
3.
4.
5.
Question #3
Statements
Reasons
1.
1. Given
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
6. congruent is a parallelogram.
Question #4
Statements
Reasons
1.
1. Given
2.
2. angles.
3.
4.
4. are parallel.
5.
6.
6. are congruent.
7.
AAS: If two angles and the nonincluded side of one triangle are
7. congruent to the corresponding parts
of a second triangle, the triangles are
congruent
Question #4
Statements
Reasons
1.
1. Given
2.
3.
4.
5.
5.
6.
Question #6
Statements
Reasons
1.
1. Given
2.
3.
4.
5.
parallelogram.
6.
Question #7
slope:
slope of
slope of
slope of
slope of
distance:
AD = CB
ABCD is an isosceles trapezoid because it has only one set of parallel sides and its legs are
congruent
Question #8
Statements
Reasons
1.
1. Given
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
6. Substitution
7.
7. Subtraction
8.
9.
of its parts.)
Question #9
Statements
1.
Reasons
1. Given
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
9. Substitution
10
.
10 Substitution
.
11
.
11 Addition
.
12
.
12 Division
.
13
.
14
.
Question #10
midpoint.
congruent segments.
parts.)
Statements
Reasons
1.
1. Given
2.
3.
4.
4. Substitution
5.
6.
congruent.
Statements
Reasons
1.
1. Given
2.
3.
4.
are congruent.
are congruent.
Understanding Quadrilaterals
Exercise 1
Question: 1. The angles of quadrilateral are in the ratio 3 : 5 : 9 : 13. Find all the
angles of the quadrilateral.
Answer: As you know angle sum of a quadrilateral = 360
Answer: In the given quadrilateral ABCD diagonals AC and BD bisect each other at
right angle. We have to prove that AB=BC=CD=AD
So, AB=AD
Similarly AB=BC=CD=AD can be proved which means that ABCD is a rhombus.
Question: 4. Show that the diagonals of a square are equal and bisect each other
at right angles.
Answer: In the figure given above let us assume that
Question: 5. Show that if the diagonals of a quadrilateral are equal and bisect
each other at right angles, then it is a square.
Answer: Using the same figure,
If DO=AO
With equal opposite angles and equal opposite sides it is proved that APCQ is a
parallelogram
Question: 8. ABCD is a parallelogram and AP and CQ are perpendiculars from
vertices A and C on diagonal BD. Show that
In quadrilateral ABED
AB= ED
AB||ED
So, ABED is a parallelogram (opposite sides are equal and parallel)
So, BE||AD ------------ (1)
Similarly quadrilateral ACFD can be proven to be a parallelogram
So, BE||CF ------------ (2)
From equations (1) & (2)
It is proved that
AD||CF
So, AD=CF
Similarly AC=DF and AC||DF can be proved
10. ABCD is a trapezium in which AB || CD and AD = BC. Show that
Understanding Quadrilaterals
Exercise 2
Question: 1. ABCD is a quadrilateral in which P, Q, R and S are mid-points of the
sides AB, BC, CD and DA. AC is a diagonal. Show that :
As SR is touching the mid points of DA and DC so as per mid point theorem SR||AC
Similarly AC || PQ can be proven which will prove that PQRS is a parallelogram.
Question:2. ABCD is a rhombus and P, Q, R and S are the mid-points of the sides
AB, BC, CD and DA respectively. Show that the quadrilateral PQRS is a rectangle.
Answer: Following the method used in the previous question it can be proved that
PQRS is a parallelogram. To prove it to be a rectangle we need to prove that
Answer: In ADB
DG = GB
A parallel line to the base originating from mid point of second side will intersect at the
midpoint of the third side.
AB || DC
AB || EF
So, EF || DC
So, In ADB
EG || AB
E is the mid point of AD
So, G is the mid point of DB
Now, in DCB
GF || DC
G is the mid point of BD
So, F will be mid point of BC ( Mid point theorem)
4. In a parallelogram ABCD, E and F are the mid-points of sides AB and CD
respectively. Show that the line segments AF and EC trisect the diagonal BD.
Hence, AE = CF
In quadrilateral AECF
EC || AF & EC = AF
AE = CF
So, AE || CF
So, AECF is a parallelogram.
In DQC
PE || QC (proved earlier by proving AE || CF)
E is the mid point of DC
So, P is the mid point of DQ
So, DP = PQ
In APB
FQ || AP
F is the mid point of AB
So, PQ = QB
So, DP = PQ = QB proved
5. Show that the line segments joining the mid-points of the opposite sides of a
quadrilateral bisect each other.
Answer: ABCD is a quadrilateral in which P, Q, R, & S are mid points of AB, BC, CD &
AD
In ACD
SR is touching mid points of CD and AD
So, SR || AC
Similarly following can be proved
PQ || AC
QR || BD
PS || BD
Answer: DM || BC
M is the mid point of AB
So, D is the mid point of AC (Mid point theorem)