Circumstantial

Types of circumstantial element are Extent and Location in time and space; including abstract
space, Manner (means, quality, and comparison), Cause (reason, purpose, behalf), Accompaniment,
Matter, and Role (Halliday, 1985:137)
1. Extent and Location
Extent refer to some unit of measurement, like yards,laps, rounds, years. It is nominal
group with quantifier, either definite-circumstantial which has a fixed boundary in time
(example:five days), or indefinite-circumstantial which has no a fixed boundary in
time(example: many miles, a long day).
Location tells where the place. It is an adverbial group or preposional phrase, for
example underneath, by the door, in Canberra, before sunset, on Wednesday evening.
2. Manner
Manner is classified into Means, Quality, and Comparison.
a. Means
Means refers to the means whereby a process takes place. It is expressed by a
prepositional phrase;by or with.
b. Quality
Specifically, quality is showed by an adverbial group ly. Moreover, it characterizes the
c.

process in respect of any variable that make sense; for instance: heavily
Comparison
Comparison is spesifically expressed by a prepositional phrase with like or unlike, or an

adverbial group similarity or difference.

3. Cause
Cause is classed into Reason, Purpose, and Behalf.
a. Reason
Reason represents the reason for which a preocess takes place-what clauses it. It is
specifically signed by a preposition phrase with through or a complex preposition such as
because of, as a result of, thanks to, for want.
b. Purpose
Purpose represent the aim for which an action takes place-intention behind it. It is
specifically signed by a prepositional phrase with for or with complex preposition such as
in the hope of, for the purpose of, for the sake.
c. Behalf
Behalf represent entity, specifically person, on whose behalf or for whose sake the action
is undertaken-who it is for. It is signed with for or with complex preposition such as for
the sake of, on behalf of.
4. Accompaniment
Accompaniment expresses the meaning and, or, not as circumstancial. It is signed by
prepositional phrase with preposition such as with, without, besides, instead of.

Accompaniment is classed into comitative and additive.

a. Comitative
It represents the process as a single instance of a process, although one in which two entities
involved (the entities conjoin as a single element). For example: Fred and Tom set out
together.
b. Additive
It represents the process as two instances; both entities clearly share same participant
function, but one of them is presented circumstantially for aim of contrast. For example: Fred
came instead of Tom. The clause means that it was that was unexpected(not Tom but Fred
came).
5. Matter
Matter relates to interrogative what about? It is represented by prepositional phrase with
prepositions such as about, concerning, with reference to, and sometimes simply of
(example: He kept quite on the subject of compensation for their losses)
6. Role
Role represents the meaning of be (attribute or identity) in the form of circumstance. It is
signed preposition as (example: I come here as a friends) and complex preposition such as by
way of, in the role/ shape/ guise/ form of.