Content:

1. RESISTOR COLOR CODES

2. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ILS & MLS
3. RESISTORS
4. VARISTOR
5. WIRES & CABLES
6. SPECIAL PURPOSE CABLES

RESISTOR COLOR CODES

The resistance value of each resistor can be measured by using ohmmeter,
but this is seldom used, as most of the wire wound resistors have their
resistance values in ohms marked on the body of the resistor.
Many carbon wound resistance are similarly marked but due to heat, these
markings decolorizes, making it difficult to read and moreover the carbon
wound resistances are too small to visualize these markings.
Thus, the color codes system is used to indicate the resistance value where
each color corresponds to particular value.
There is only one color code system, but these color codes can be
represented in two ways.
1. Body end dot system
2. End to center system
In each color code system only three colors are used to indicate resistance
value and fourth color indicate the tolerance limit. By reading the color
codes properly the resistance value can be determined.
There may be +/- 20% tolerance limit between the actual and marked
resistance value.
In end to center system, the resistors are usually marked with three color
strips starting from end of the wire.
The color close to the end of wire corresponds to the first digit of the resistor
and this color may never be gold or silver.

 The color in second band corresponds to the second digit of the ohmic value
and this also must not be gold or silver.

The third band corresponds to the number zeros to be added to the ohmic
value.
The fourth band gives the information about the tolerance of the resistor.
To avoid confusion, the wire is painted with color other than the color used
to mark the resistance value of the wires.
B B ROY OF GREAT BRITAIN HAS VERY GOOD WIFE WEARING
GOLDEN SILVER NECKLASE.
B - black
B - brown
ROY - red
OF - orange
GREAT - green
BRITAIN - blue
HAS
VERY - violet
GOOD - gray
WIFE - white
WEARING
GOLDEN - gold
SILVER silver
NECKLASE

S/N

PARAMETERS

ILS

MLS

1.

Site installation
consideration

It is site sensitive,
and is effected by
environmental
effects so proper
consideration and
planning is required
for ILS installation.

It is not-site sensitive. So
can be installed at almost
everywhere, either in
desert or for landing in
ship.

2.

Accuracy

+/- 1200 ft.

+/- 100 ft.

3.

Reliability

4.

Portability

ILS requires large

antennas & marker
beacons so it is
almost impossible to
carry from one
place to other with
ease.

MLS requires smaller

antennas (as it works on
wave range) so the
arrangement can be
easily transferred from
one place to other as per
the requirement (e.g. In
wars).

5.

Testing and
calibration

RESISTORS
A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that
implements electrical resistance as a circuit element.
Resistors are common elements of electrical networks and electronic
circuits.

 Each resistor has two main characteristics i.e. its resistance value (in ohms)
& its power dissipating capacity (in watts).
Resistors of 0.1 to many mega are manufactured.
The power rating may be as low as1/10 W to several hundred Watt.
Electrical Properties:
The behavior of an ideal resistor is dictated by the relationship specified
by Ohms law:
Ohm's law states that the voltage (V) across a resistor is proportional to the
current (I), where the constant of proportionality is the resistance (R).
Equivalently, Ohm's law can be stated:

This formulation states that the current (I) is proportional to the voltage (V)
and inversely proportional to the resistance (R).
The power P dissipated by a resistor (or the equivalent resistance of a
resistor network) is calculated as:
The value of R is selected to have a desired current I or permissible voltage
drop IR. At the same time wattage of the resistor is selected so that it can
dissipate the heat losses without getting itself overheated.
Too much heat may burn the resistor.
From operating conditions point of view, the resistors san be broadly
classified into two categories viz. fixed and variable (or adjustable)
resistors.
FIXED RESISTORS:

Carbon composition resistors:

Carbon composition resistors

Carbon composition resistors consist of a solid cylindrical resistive element

with embedded wire leads or metal end caps to which the lead wires are
attached.
The body of the resistor is protected with paint or plastic.

Resistor range 1 to 22 M.
Tolerance range +/- 5 to +/- 20%.
Power dissipating capacity 0.1 to 2 watts.
Physical size less than 10mm in diameter.
Advantage:
1. Cheap and reliable.
2. Stability is high during their life time, but is highly sensitive to
temperature variations.

Carbon film

Carbon film resistor

A carbon film is deposited on an insulating substrate, and a helix is cut in it
to create a long, narrow resistive path.

 Varying shapes, coupled with the resistivity of amorphous carbon (ranging

from 500 to 800 m), can provide a variety of resistances.
Carbon film resistors feature a power rating range of 0.125 W to 5 W at
70 C.
Resistances available range from 1 ohm to 10 M.
The carbon film resistor has an operating temperature range of 55 C to
155 C.
It has 200 to 600 volts maximum working voltage range.
Special carbon film resistors are used in applications requiring high pulse
stability.

Wire wound

Types of windings in wire resistors:

1. Common
2. Bifilar

3. Common on a thin former

4. Ayrton-Perry
Wire wound resistors are commonly made by winding a metal wire,
usually nichrome, around a ceramic, plastic, or fiberglass core.
The ends of the wire are soldered or welded to two caps or rings, attached to
the ends of the core.
The assembly is protected with a layer of paint, molded plastic, or an enamel
coating baked at high temperature. Because of the very high surface
temperature these resistors can withstand temperatures of up to +450 C.

Wire leads in low power wire wound resistors are usually between 0.6 and
0.8 mm in diameter and tinned for ease of soldering.

For higher power wire wound resistors, either a ceramic outer case or an
aluminum outer case on top of an insulating layer is used.

Large wire wound resistors may be rated for 1,000 watts or more.

Metal film

Metal film resistors are usually coated with nickel chromium (NiCr), but
might be coated with any of the cermet materials listed above for thin film
resistors.

Unlike thin film resistors, the material may be applied using different
techniques than sputtering (though that is one such technique).

Also, unlike thin-film resistors, the resistance value is determined by cutting

a helix through the coating rather than by etching. (This is similar to the way
carbon resistors are made.)

The result is a reasonable tolerance (0.5%, 1%, or 2%) and a temperature

coefficient that is generally between 50 and 100 ppm/K.

Metal film resistors possess good noise characteristics and low nonlinearity due to a low voltage coefficient. Also beneficial are the components
efficient tolerance, temperature coefficient and stability.

Adjustable resistors

A resistor may have one or more fixed tapping points so that the resistance
can be changed by moving the connecting wires to different terminals.
Some wire wound power resistors have a tapping point that can slide along
the resistance element, allowing a larger or smaller part of the resistance to
be used.
Where continuous adjustment of the resistance value during operation of
equipment is required, the sliding resistance tap can be connected to a knob
accessible to an operator. Such a device is called a rheostat and has two
terminals.

Characteristics of various types of resistors:

Type of
Resistors

Available
Range

Tolerance

Temperature
Coefficient

Maximum
Power

Carbon
Composition

1-22M

5-20%

0.001/C

2W

Wire wound

1 -100

0.0005%

0.000005/C

200W

Metal Film

0.1 -10^4

0.005%

Carbon Film

10 -100M

0.5%

1W
-0.000150.0005/C

2W

VARISTOR
A varistor is an electronic component with a "diode-like" nonlinear current
voltage characteristic.
Varistors are often used to protect circuits against excessive
transient voltages by incorporating them into the circuit in such a way that,
when triggered, they will shunt the current created by the high voltage away
from the sensitive components.
A varistor is also known as Voltage Dependent Resistor or VDR.

A varistors function is to conduct significantly increased current when

voltage is excessive.

The most common type of varistor is the metal-oxide varistor (MOV).

This contains a ceramic mass of zinc oxide grains, in a matrix of other metal
oxides (such as small amounts of bismuth, cobalt, manganese) sandwiched
between two metal plates (the electrodes).
Manufacturing Process

Crystals of silicon carbide or of metal oxides with the right electrical &
dimensional properties are pressed together with a ceramic binder to the shape of
discs or rods.
After drying period the varistors are

at a high temperature.

Firing time, temperature and gaseous atmosphere have an important influence on

the electrical characteristics.
The contacts are metallized with silver or copper enabling good electrical contact.
After leads have been

to the contacts the varistors are acquired and coded.

WIRES & CABLES

Wires and cables constitute the framework of power distribution system
conducting power in its various forms & controlled quantities, between
sections contained within consumer equipment, & also between equipment
located in the relevant areas of an aircraft.
With respect to aircraft design, wires & cables should look for the
following factors.
Weight
Size
Compatibility with anticipated aircraft operating environment

Operation

 Withstand abrasion and other mechanical abuse

Maintain circuit integrity in case of current overload
Not propagate flame/fire
No hazard due to arc tracking susceptibility
Not generate large amounts of smoke if overheated or involved in a fire
Withstand influence of moisture, UV, fluids, cleaning compounds, etc.

WIRE:
A wire is a single solid rod or filament of drawn metal enclosed in a suitable
insulating material and outer protective covering.
Although the term properly refers to the metal conductors, it is generally
understood to include the insulation & the outer covering.
Specific application of single wires is to be found in consumer equipment:
for e.g. between the supply connecter and the brush gear of a motor.

CABLES:
A cable is usually made up of a conductor composed of groups of single
solid wires stranded together to provide greater flexibility and enclosed by
insulating materials and outer protective covering.
A cable can either be of single core type or multi core type (having a
number of single core cables).

IDENTIFICATION
To ensure proper identification of cables, standard specification is required,
which is done by the cable manufacturing company. Their prime work is to
provide proper code and mark the outer protective covering accordingly.
Such a coding scheme usually signifies a sequence: the type of cable,

country of origin (G is for Germany), manufacturers code letter, year of

manufacture also by a letter & its wire gauge size.
e.g. NYVIN G-AN 22
Color code scheme is also adopted particularly as a means of tracing the
individual cores of multicore cables to & from their respective terminal
points. In 2-phase wire Red and Black colors are basically used for
identification. Red (+ve) terminal Black ( ve) terminal.
Color code in 3-phase circuits of some type of a/c is the weaving of a
colored trace into the outer covering of each core, thus Red (phase-A);
Yellow (phase-B); Blue (phase-C). The code may also be applied to certain
single core cables by using a colored outer covering.
Wire Marking:
No. 22 in the code refers to system, in which the wire is installed,
e.g. the VHF system. The next set of number .013 is the wire no.
No. 18 indicates the wire size.

SPECIAL PURPOSE CABLES

1. Ignition cables:
These cables are used for the transmission of high voltage in both piston
& turbine engine ignition systems and are of the single core stranded type
suitably insulated and screened by metal braided sheathing to prevent
interference. The number of cable required for a system corresponds to
that of the sparking plugs or igniter plugs as appropriate, & they are
generally made up into a complete ignition cable harness. Cables are
connected to the relevant system components by special end fittings
comprising either small springs or contact caps secured to the cable
conductor, insulation & a thread coupling assembly.
2. Thermocouple cables:
These cables are used for the connection of cylinder head temperature
indicators & turbine engine exhaust gas temperature indicators to their

respective thermocouples sensing elements. The conducting materials are

normally the same as those selected for the sensing element combinations
namely iron & constantan or copper & constantan for cylinder head
thermocouples.
3. Co-axial cables:
Co-axial cables contain two or more separate conductors. The innermost
conductor may be of the solid or stranded copper wire type and may be
plain, tinned, silver plated or even gold plated in some applications,
depending on the degree of conductivity required. The remaining
conductors are in the form of tubes usually of polyethylene or Teflon,
outer covering or jackets serve to weather proof the cables & protect
them from fluids, mechanical & electrical damage.
Advantage:
a) They are shielded against electrostatic & magnetic fields. An
electrostatic field does not extend beyond the outer conductor & the
fields due to current flow in the inner & outer conductor cancels each
other.
b) Since co-axial cables do not radiate then likewise they will not pick up
any energy, or be influenced by other strong fields.
Application: In radio, for connection of antennas & capacitance type
fuel quantity indicating systems for interconnection of tank units &
amplifiers.