Unit I

A Different Canada

Society and manners

Suffragette anyone in favour of giving women the vote
Still a British Nation
Imperialism The takeover of territories by a country in order to create an empire.
Nationalism - A strong attachment to one's nation, often mentioned as a chief cause of
the outbreak of World War I in 1914. Many of the nations of Europe were
nationalistic, to the extent that they were willing to go to war.
Canadas Changing Population
Ethnocentric the belief that ones culture/country is superior to others
Francophone a person of French origin/speaking
Reserves back up troops
Residential schools - Under the Indian Act, aboriginal children were forced to attend
residential schools, where teachers would try to assimilate children into the western
culture. Many students suffered extreme emotional or physical abuse while at these
schools.
Union-an organization to protect the rights of the workers
Recession - Part of the economic cycle. Refers to a period in which the economy
becomes weaker but does not decline into a depression. Unemployment would rise and
the stock market and trade would decline. The period immediately after the First World
War is a good example.
Head Tax - In 1885 the federal government imposed a $50 "head tax" on each Chinese
person immigrating to Canada. In 1903 the amount was raised to $500 per head. The tax
was replaced in 1923 by the Chinese Exclusion Act.

Unit II

Canada and World War I

The Beginning of World War I

Triple Alliance (Central Powers) - A military alliance which, before 1914, consisted of
Austria-Hungary, Germany, and ltaly. When war broke out, Italy did not enter the war.
Later, in 1915, it joined the Allied side.

Triple entente (Allies) - Alliance completed in 1907 consisting of Britain, France, and
Russia.
Black Hand Serbian national group responsible for assassination of Archduke
Ferdinand.
Militarism - A nation's policy of placing an unusually great emphasis on maintaining
strong military forces. Glorification of things military. Often considered to be one of the
chief causes of the First World War.
Balance of power - A strategy where nations or groups of nations will attempt to remain
at approximately equal strength with one another. This process can often result in an arms
race, such as the naval power race between Britain and Germany before World War I
Dreadnought The largest battleship from World War I
Canadas Response to the War
Cultural identity A common feeling of unity due to language, religion, culture, etc.
War Measures Act 1914 - Gave the Canadian government the authority to do everything
necessary "for the security, defense, peace, order, and welfare of Canada". This Act
empowered the government to control virtually every aspect of life in Canada, including
withdrawal of civil liberties.
Sam Hughes founded Shell Committee and responsible for troop training
Profiteers Made money from selling poor equipment.
Canadian Expeditionary Force (CEF) - Volunteer army formed in 1914 after the
outbreak of war. Originally one division, it eventually grew to four infantry divisions plus
artillery and all the necessary support services (medical, transport, etc.). By 191 7 it was
known as the Canadian Corps.
Internment camps - Used during World War I to intern over 8000 immigrants from
Germany or Austria-Hungary. During World War II they were used to intern over 20000
Japanese Canadians.
Enemy aliens - immigrants from Germany or Austria-Hungary.
The War on Land
Attrition - Slowly wearing down. Often used to describe trench warfare in the First
World War.

Trench warfare - A defensive strategy used by both sides on the western front during the
First World War. A system of trenches was dug from the English Channel to the Swiss
border. Offensive tactics included artillery barrages followed by infantry going "over the
top", crossing "no man's land" and attempting to capture the enemy's trench. Usually,
such attacks failed due to the deployment of machine guns by the defender. Conditions in
the trenches were horrible. Often there was mud or water. Dead bodies decayed nearby,
and rats and lice were prevalent.
Schlieffen plan Germanys bold strategy to invade France to avoid a two front war.
Stalemate Stuck with high casualties and little movement.
The CEF in Battle
Ypres, the Second Battle of, 1915 - The battle began on April 22nd near the key town of
Ypres, Belgium. The Germans, in an effort to break through the Allied lines, launched the
first major gas attack in the history of warfare.
Battle of Verdun, 1916 A classic battle of attrition to Bleed the French white
Somme, Battle of the - A major British offensive that began on July 1, 1916 in northern
France. It lasted five months with only a few kilometers of territory captured by the
allies. The Newfoundland regiment took part in the battle on the first day and had
90% casualties-the highest of any Allied battalion. In September, the British used the
tank for the first time in the history of warfare. There were some 1.25 million
casualties suffered altogether on both sides.
Vimy Ridge, Battle of - Took place from April 9-ApriI12, 1917. The low ridge in France
had been held by the Germans since the summer of 1914. Both the British and the French
had attempted to capture the ridge and failed. On April 9, the Canadian Corps,
commanded by Sir Julian Byng, assaulted the ridge and three days later had completely
captured it. It is considered to be Canada's greatest victory in the First World War. It
brought great recognition to the exploits of the Canadian Corps and for many soldiers it
increased their sense of pride in Canada as a nation.
Passchendaele, Battle of - British offensive at Passchendaele Ridge near Ypres,
Belgium-planned and commanded by Field Marshall Haig. He was warned by Canadian
General Arthur Currie that casualties would be high. Over 15 000 Canadians were killed
in the Battle. Conditions were so bad that many soldiers actually drowned in the mud
and water that filled the many shell holes on the slopes of the ridge.
Currie, General Sir Arthur 1875-1914 - Originally a real estate salesman in Victoria,
Currie became the first Canadian Commander of the Canadian Corps in World War I. He

had commanded one of the divisions at Vimy and all four divisions at Passchendaele, as
well as during the 100 Days campaign in late 1918.
Creeping barrage Troops advancing while artillery fire leads them forward protecting
them.
Bluebirds - Name given to female nurses during the First World War who volunteered
for service in the Canadian Army Medical Corps.
The War in the Air
Bishop, William (Billy) 1894-1956 - Served as a fighter pilot in the Royal Flying Corps
during World War and became Canada's greatest ace. He is credited with having shot
down 72 German planes. He won the Victoria Cross for valor.
Ace a pilot that has five kills
Manfred Von Richtoven (the Red Baron) German Ace
The War at Sea
Submarine (U-boat) -Used extensively during the First World War by Germany. By 191
7, ships sailing from Canada to England were beioverunk at alarming rates. In fact, the Uboat came close to winning the war for Germany. During the Second World War, the
German navy again came close to stopping Allied shipping across the Atlantic with its
deployment of "wolf packs" of U-boats.
Convoy system - Used in both the First and Second World Wars. Several cargo ships
would together sail from Canada to the UK protected by naval escort ships.
Merchant marines Civilian boats delivering material goals across the Atlantic.
Lusitanian - British passenger ship that was sunk by a German U-boat off the coast of
Ireland in 1915. There was great loss of life, including many American citizens. The
subsequent anger in the US began the change in American attitudes towards participation
in the First World War. The US entered the war in April 1917.
The War at Home
Imperial munitions board replaces Shell Committee and started building of airplanes
and ships in munitions factories.
Victory Bonds - Government savings bonds sold to the public during both the First and
Second World Wars. A great deal of money was raised for the war effort. There was also
considerable propaganda value in that civilians felt they were contributing to the victory.

Income Tax - First introduced during World War I as a means of raising money for the
war effort. It was to be a temporary measure!
Women's suffrage - The right of women to vote. In Canada, the first province to grant
women the right to vote was Manitoba in 1916. The federal government granted women
who were serving overseas, or who were closely related to soldiers serving overseas, the
right to vote in 191 7. All Canadian women aged 21 or more received the vote in 1918.
Propaganda - Used extensively by the government during both the First and Second
World Wars. Canadians were persuaded to join the forces, buy victory bonds, put up with
rationing, and dislike the enemy. During the First World War most propaganda was in
print, or in the form of posters. During the Second World War, radio and film were also
used.
Halifax Explosion, 1917 - Caused by the collision of the Imo and the munitions ship,
Mont Blanc. The resulting explosion caused nearly 2000 deaths in Halifax and leveled a
large part of the city.
The Conscription Crisis
Conscription crisis 1917-1918 - In 1917, after his visit to the front, Borden introduced
the Military Service Act. The Act was particularly unpopular in Quebec where the
voluntary enlistment rate had been much lower than in the rest of Canada. Borden
decided to call an election over the issue. The Military Voters' Act and the Wartime
Elections' Act, together with the support of those Liberal MPs who had broken ranks gave
Borden an election victory.
Conscription forced military service
Conscientious objectors Dont believe in War based on religious grounds
Armistice - On November 11, 1918, the German and allied military leaders signed an
armistice which ended the fighting on the western front in World War I.
Union government 191 7-1918 - This government was formed with Borden's
Conservative Party and Liberals who supported conscription. They won the election of
1917 and introduced conscription.
Military voters act Allowed men and women overseas to vote.
Wartime Elections Act 1917 - This Act allowed all Canadian women who were directly
related to servicemen to vote in the upcoming election. It also took away the vote from
immigrants of less than fifteen years who had come from Germany or Austria-Hungary.
Conscientious objectors also lost their vote.

The Collapse of the Central Powers

League of Nations - Formed as a result of agreements made at the Paris Peace talks of
191 9. Chief advocate was President Wilson of the USA Its chief purpose was to maintain
peace throughout the world. Ironically, the US never joined the League and Germany was
not permitted to join until 1926. Canada, on Borden's insistence, was given a seat. The
League was successful in its humanitarian endeavors. However, it was unable to maintain
peace during the 1930s in the face of German, Italian, and Japanese aggression. The
League's successor was the United Nations, formed in 1945.
Versailles, Treaty of - Signed by Germany and the Allies June 28, 1919 at the Palace of
Versailles, near Paris. Germany was forced to give up land and most of its military power.
Furthermore, large reparations (payments) had to be made by Germany to France and
Belgium, in particular. Prime Minister Borden insisted that Canada be allowed to sign the
Treaty separately from Britain.
Paris Peace Conference Dealt with all losing powers
War Guilt Clause - Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles forced Germany to accept
responsibility for causing the First World War and for the damages caused by the war.
The clause caused great resentment in Germany.
Collective security Military support and cooperation provided by all countries united,
to prevent war.
Economic sanction cutting off of trade.
Spanish flu 1918-1919 - A killer flu which resulted in the deaths of between 30 and 50
million people throughout the world, including many thousands in Canada.
Hundred Days, The - A term which refers to the period from August 1918 to November
11, 1918, when the Canadian Corps remained constantly on the offensive and
spearheaded the effort to drive the German Army out of France. The offensive ended with
the signing of the Armistice on 11th day of the 11th month at the 11th hour. (November 11,
1918)
Reparations - A reference to the money Germany had to pay the Allies as a result of the
Treaty of Versailles. The Reparations were compensation for the destruction caused,
primarily in Belgium and France, by the German Army. The total amount settled on was
32 billion US dollars. Only a small percentage of this money was paid during the 1920s,
and with the onset of the Depression and the rise of Hitler to power in 1933, all payments
ceased.

Russian Revolution - In November 191 7, the Bolsheviks (Communists), led by Lenin,

took control of St. Petersburg and Moscow. The following year Canada joined with other
western nations in an unsuccessful effort to defeat the Bolshevik forces and bring Russia
into the First World War. Many western countries feared that the Soviet philosophy would
spread to other countries.
UNIT III

CANADA AND THE TWENTIES

Communism - Political philosophy advocated by Karl Marx in the mid nineteenth

century. Called for the overthrow of capitalist societies to be replaced by a dictatorship of
the working class. From this would grow a classless society. During the twentieth century
the Russian Revolution established the first Communist state in the world. After World
War II, Communism was imposed on Eastern European countries and a Communist
government came to power in China, North Vietnam and North Korea. None of these
governments, however, completely followed the teachings of Marx. All of these countries
were or are ruled by totalitarian, repressive means.
"One Big Union"-OBU - Formed at the Western Labor conference in 1919, its purpose
was to represent all Canadian workers, in an attempt to have a greater influence over
industry and government.
Winnipeg General Strike 1919 - A result of large-scale labor unrest after the end of the
First World War. The strike started after the building and metalworkers walked off the job
in May, demanding a shorter working week, higher wages, and collective bargaining
rights. The strike grew with eventually 30 000 workers off the job. The Mayor of
Winnipeg fired many civic workers, and ordered that the strike leaders be arrested. On
June 21, the police attacked a protest parade. One striker was killed and several were
hurt. The workers returned to work after 43 days on strike, having made no obvious
gains.
Collective bargaining - Allows wage and working conditions contracts between
employers and unions to be freely negotiated.
Citizens Committee of One Thousand Formed by the business leaders, politicians,
and industrialists in response to the formation of the OBU and Winnipeg General Strike.
Bloody Saturday Happened during the Winnipeg General Strike were the Royal North
West Mounted Police charged into the crowd and killed 2 people. This event marked the
end of the strike.
Cooperative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) - A social democratic party formed in
1932 as a left wing alternative to the old line Liberal and Conservative parties which had
failed to find a way out of the Depression. led by j.5. Woodsworth, a prairie preacher, the
party outlined its policies in the Regina Manifesto. The party became known for its
ability to persuade Liberal governments to introduce social legislation. In 1961 the party
changed its name to the New Democratic Party.

NEW CHALLENGES TO FEDERALISM

Regionalism the concern of happenings for ones own region
National Policy tariffs and taxes that must be paid when foreign goods are imported
into Canada.
Progressive Party - A federal political party formed in 1919. It supported a policy of free
trade and public ownership of railways. Led by Thomas Crerar, it won 64 seats in the
1921 election, becoming the Official Opposition. The Progressives were largely
responsible for persuading Mackenzie King to introduce an old age pension scheme in
1927.
King, William Lyon Mackenzie 1874--1950 - Canada's 10th Prime Minister first lead
the Liberals to victory in 1921. He lead the party for 29 years, through the Roaring
Twenties, the Depression of the Thirties, World War II and the post war reconstruction,
before retiring in 1948. Throughout his 21 years as Prime Minister King emphasized
national unity, and introduced social programs such as welfare, unemployment insurance,
family allowance and old age pensions. He also supported free trade with the United
States. Although his public persona was bland, his diaries record a belief in an "afterlife",
consultations with psychics, and advice he received from his long dead mother.
Meighen, Arthur 1874-1960 - Replaced Borden as the leader of the Conservative Party
in 1920, automatically becoming Prime Minister. Served as leader of the Opposition from
1921-1926; became Prime Minister for a few days during the King Byng Crisis of 1926.
Old Age Pensions Act - Passed in 1927. Provided a pension of $240 a year for people
over 70-not a large amount of money, even at that time, but was the first measure passed
that developed into the Canada Social Safety "net".
CANADAS GROWING INDEPENDENCE
Imperial Conference 1926 - Held in London. A committee of delegates from Britain,
Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa, chaired by Lord Balfour, submitted
the Balfour Report that recommended that the British dominions be autonomous. The
recommendations of the Report resulted in independence for those countries. It became
law under the Statute of Westminster of 1931.
King Byng Crisis 1926 - Mackenzie King's minority government was facing a motion of
censure (a vote of strong disproval) introduced by the Conservative opposition. Facing
certain defeat, King asked Governor General Byng to dissolve parliament and call an
election. Byng refused and decided that Arthur Meighen, the conservative leader, should
be given the opportunity to form a government. Meighen's government was quickly
defeated in the House of Commons and Byng finally called an election. King campaigned
that it was unconstitutional for a British-appointed Governor General not to take the

advice of his Canadian Prime Minister. King won the election and the constitution issue
was settled at the Imperial Conference held that same year.
Autonomy - Self-government. Canadian autonomy evolved throughout the 1920's with
events such as the Halibut Treaty and the Imperial Conference of 1926. Control over
foreign affairs was officially achieved in 1931 with the passage of the Statute of
Westminster. We were not able to amend our Constitution, however, until the passage of
the Canada Act in 1982.
British Commonwealth - Established in 1926 after the Balfour Report referred to Great
Britain and the self-governing dominions such as Canada, Australia, New Zea1and and
South Africa, as autonomous communities within the British Empire, equal in status.
Today the Commonwealth has over fifty members.
Balfour Report - See Imperial Conference
Statute of Westminster - Passed by the British Parliament in .193.1. It effectively gave
the British dominions, including Canada, control over their own domestic and foreign
affairs-in other words, independence. Canadians, however, could not agree on a formula
for amending our constitution-the BNA Act. As a result, the Constitution remained a
British Act until 1982, when it was patriated, together with an amending formula. Also
the judicial court of appeal for Canadians resided in Britain until 1949.
THE ECONOMY IMPROVES
Branch plant - Business established in Canada, but owned by a larger version of the
same company in the United States. This practice began during the 1920s.
Primary industries - Refers to industries that gather raw materials such as mining,
logging, or fishing.
Secondary industries - Refers to industries that take the raw materials and make them
into a finished product.
Prohibition - Introduced during World War I in most Canadian provinces, largely
because of the work of lobby groups such as the Women's Christian Temperance Union.
By 1921, with the return of soldiers from the First World War, support for the measure
decreased and provincial governments instead regulated the sale of liquor through
government liquor stores. Prohibition, however, remained in force in the US until 1933.
Canadians became the chief suppliers to the US of illegal alcohol through "rumrunners".
Plebiscites votes on a public issue.

THE ROLE OF WOMEN

MacPhail, Agnes 1890-1954 - In 1921 she became the first woman elected to the House
of Commons. During her time in office she fought for prison reform, disarmament, and
equal pay for equal work for women.
Persons' Case - In 1928, five female activists, including Emily Murphy, challenged
Mackenzie King to appoint a female senator. The Supreme Court of Canada ruled that
women were not "persons" under the terms of the BNA Act. The ruling was appealed to
the judicial Committee of the Privy council in Britain. It ruled in favor of the women.
Carine Wilson was subsequently appointed as the first female senator.
Murphy, Emily 1868-1933 - A leading suffragist, she became the first female judge
appointed in Alberta.
A NEW PROSPERITY
Flapper - A female style of the 1920s which included "bobbed" hair, the flat-chested
look, and hemlines above the knees.
Ford, Henry 1863-1947 - President and founder of the Ford Motor Company. He
popularized the use of the assembly line, enabling his famous Model T car to be produced
quickly and cheaply. During the 1920s cars became commonplace in Canada. Car
manufacturing plants in Canada contributed greatly to the Canadian economy, as did all
the spin-off industries, such as gas stations and road building.
Trans-Canada Highway - The longest single highway in the world. It stretches from St.
John's, Newfound1and to Victoria, British Columbia. Construction was first started in the
1920s, but the major work took place in the 1950s and 60s. The highway was completed
in 1970.
Bush pilots - Pilots who flew small planes into the north of Canada and up the coasts of
the country during the 1920s and 1930s. They helped open the north to prospectors and
mining enterprises.
Pickford, Mary 1892-1979 - A Canadian movie star who went to Hollywood in the
1920s and became known as "America's sweetheart".
Group of Seven - Famous Canadian artists of the 1920s and 1930s who revolutionized
the painting of Canadian landscape. Using vivid colors and broad brush strokes, they
interpreted Canada as they saw it.
Carr, Emily 1871-1945 - A Brition must be to painter who became famous during her
depictions of the West coast forests and aboriginal life.

Williams, Percy - Famous Canadian sprinter from Vancouver who won both the 100 and
200 meter sprints at the Amsterdam Olympics of 1928.
MISSING THE ROAR
Land claims - Claims to areas of land that aboriginal peoples believe are theirs due to
historical occupation, no previous treaty having been signed by the aboriginal peoples
concerned and the government of Canada. These were the creation of the new territory of
Nunavut in 1999. The most important claim settlements in the provinces are those of
northern Quebec and the Nisga'a settlement in northern BC The Nisga'a settlement
included self-government, 257 million dollars and 2020 square miles of territory.
Cut-off Lands - Lands taken from aboriginal reserves without aboriginal consent. In
1927 aboriginal leaders appeared before a parliamentary committee in Ottawa to protest
against these actions. The government simply passed legislation forbidding the raising or
acceptance of money to pursue land claims.
STOCK MARKET CRASH
Stock Market Crash October 29, 1929 - "Black Tuesday", the day the New York Stock
Exchange collapsed, an event which signaled the beginning of the Depression.
UNIT IV

THE THIRTIES: A DECADE OF DESPAIR

FALLING OFF THE ECONOMIC EDGE

"Buying on margin" - A practice used in the 1920s whereby investors could buy stocks
with very little down payment. This method led to much speculation and helped cause the
Stock Market Crash of 1 929.
Depression - A period of particularly severe economic problems and hardship
accompanied by mass unemployment. The Great Depression is considered to have begun
after the Stock Market Crash in 1929 and lasted in Canada until the outbreak of the
Second World War in 1939.
LEADING UP TO DEPRESSION
Protectionism - A policy whereby a government protects its own business and workers
by placing high tariffs on goods imported from other countries.
DESPERATE YEARS
Soup kitchen - Became well known in the Great Depression when organizations such as
the Salvation Army or the churches would provide soup and bread for the unemployed.
At that time employment insurance did not exist.

RESPONDING TO THE DEPRESSION

"Five-cent Speech" - In 1930 Mackenzie King said that he would not give "a five-cent
piece" to any Conservative provincial government. The federal liberal leader and Prime
Minister lost the ensuing election.
R.B. Bennett the Conservative Prime Minister that replaced Mackenzie King in the
election of 1930. When he came into power, he did not make a difference in the Canadian
economy and names like the Bennett barnyard were given by angry citizens as they still
lived in poverty. He later loss to Mackenzie King in the election of 1935 and returned to
England.
Work camps - During the Depression, camps were set up in isolated areas so that
unemployed men would have somewhere to live and work to keep them occupied. Many
worked on road construction or clearing land. They were given room and board and 20
cents per day. Prime Minister Bennett saw it as a way of keeping troublemakers out of the
cities.
"On to Ottawa Trek" - In 1935, over a thousand men from the relief camps attempted to
go to Ottawa by train to protest against camp conditions. They were stopped in Regina
and only the leaders were allowed to go on and meet with Prime Minister Bennett.
Bennett was not willing to make any changes. He also ordered the police to break up a
group of protestors in Regina. In a violent clash, several hundred protestors were injured,
and one policeman was killed. This incident became known as the Regina Riot.
POLITICS OF PROTEST
Cooperative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) - A social democratic party formed in
1932 as a left wing alternative to the old line Liberal and Conservative parties which had
failed to find a way out of the Depression. led by j.5. Woodsworth, a prairie preacher, the
party outlined its policies in the Regina Manifesto. The party became known for its
ability to persuade Liberal governments to introduce social legislation. In 1961 the party
changed its name to the New Democratic Party.
Aberhart, William 1878-1943 - Founder and leader of the Alberta Social Credit Party
during the Depression. See Social Credit.
Social Credit Party - This prairie protest party won the Alberta provincial election of
1935. Its leader, William Aberhart, promoted the idea that government should give money
to the citizens so they could spend it and revive the economy. At the height of the
Depression, this theory was very appealing to the Alberta citizens. Aberhart promised
each Albertan a dividend of $25 a month. The Supreme Court of Canada, however,
disallowed this practice. The party remained popular in Alberta and also formed the
provincial government in British Columbia for many years between 1952 and 1991.

During the 1960s and 1970s, the federal Social Credit Party elected some members from
western Canada with the French Canadian version-the Parti Creditiste- electing members
from Quebec.
A CHANGE IN GOVERNMENT
Equalization payments - An aspect of Canadian federalism whereby the federal
government collects money through direct taxation and then redistributes it to the "have
not" provinces, ensuring that all provinces can maintain adequate standards in health and
education services.
Rowell-Sirois Commission - A royal commission established by Prime Minister King in
1937 to examine federal-provincial relations. The commission recommended that the
federal government be given more power over taxation and, in turn, give equalization
payments to the provinces to make sure that Canadians in all parts of the country would
receive reasonably equal services. With the outbreak of World War II, most of the
recommendations were not acted upon at that time. In the post-war years, however, the
equalization principle did become a reality.
DISTRACTION FROM DESPAIR
Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) - Formed as publicly owned radio service
in 1936, its purpose was to provide Canadian-produced entertainment and news in
competition with the many American radio stations that people listened to at the time.
The French version eventually became known as Radio-Canada. CBC Television began
in 1953.
Dionne quintuplets - Born in 1934 in northern Ontario, they were an instant sensation.
The government of Ontario took over care of the children, putting them on display for the
public. Numerous entrepreneurs, the provincial government, and Hollywood made large
sums of money because of the popularity of these children. Very little of the money went
to the family until an out-of-court settlement with the provincial government at the end of
the twentieth century.
Grey Owl - Actual name was Archie Belaney Englishman who lived life a First Nation.
THE RISE OF DICTATORSHIPS
Hitler I Adolf 1889-1945 - Leader of Nazi Germany from 1933 to 1945, he was
responsible for the rearmament of Germany during the 1930s. His expansionist policies
resulted in the German takeover of Austria and Czechoslovakia. After the outbreak of the
Second World War in September 1939, Hitler occupied most of the European continent,
but failed in his attempt to conquer the Soviet Union. He was also responsible for the
Holocaust, which resulted in the deaths of some six million Jewish people in Europe. As
the Soviet armies entered Berlin in late April 1945, Hitler committed suicide.

Mussolini, Benito 1883-1945 - Fascist leader of Italy from 1922-1943. German "puppet
leader" of Italy from 1943-1945. Canada was at war with Italy from 1940 to 1943 and
continued to fight against the Germans in Italy from 1943-1945.
Totalitarian state - The lives of the people are controlled and under the eyes of the
government.
Fascism - A far right wing political ideology that glorifies the state, encourages
aggressive nationalism, and demands a strong leader. It first became popular in
Mussolini's Italy which became a model for other right wing dictatorships.
National Socialist Party Nazi Party - Led by Hitler; fascist party.
ON THE ROAD TO WAR
Appeasement - "The granting of concessions in order to maintain peace." Between 1935
and 1939, many western countries, including Canada, believed that the best solution to
Hitler's aggressive tactics was to allow him to take over some of the areas adjacent to
Germany, e.g. Austria and the Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia. The hope was that he
would be satisfied and a major war would not break out. When Hitler attacked the
remainder of Czechoslovakia in March 1939, the western leaders realized that their
policy had failed.
CANADAS RESPONSE TO GROWING TENSIONS
Isolationists - Not interested in affairs outside of borders
St. Louis Ship- A grand ship carrying over 900 Jews on board. It was rejected entrance
into Canada and had to return to Europe. Many of the passengers on the ship later died in
concertration camps.

UNIT V

Canada and World War II

Canada Declares War

Munich Conference (September 1938)
At this conference (considered to be the height of the appeasement policy) the leaders of
Britain and France agreed to allow Hitler to annex the Sudetenland, a German-speaking
part of Czechoslovakia, to Germany. Hitler claimed that this would be his last territorial
claim.
Hitler I Adolf 1889-1945
Leader of Nazi Germany from 1933 to 1945, he was responsible for the rearmament of
Germany during the 1930s. His expansionist policies resulted in the German takeover of
Austria and Czechoslovakia. After the outbreak of the Second World War in September
1939, Hitler occupied most of the European continent, but failed in his attempt to conquer

the Soviet Union. He was also responsible for the Holocaust, which resulted in the deaths
of some six million Jewish people in Europe. As the Soviet armies entered Berlin in late
April 1945, Hitler committed suicide.
Conscription
Compulsory military service.
D-Day June 6, 1944
The name given to the day when the allied invasion of Normandy in the Second World
War would take place.
Dunkirk Operation Dynamo
Between May 27 and June 3, 1940, approximately 340 000 British and French troops
were rescued from the beaches of Dunkirk, a French port on the English Channel. The
allied troops had to leave all heavy equipment. The evacuation was aided by calm seas
and the Royal Air Force.
Pearl Harbor
The Japanese naval air force made a surprise attack on the US naval base at Pearl Harbor,
Hawaii, on December 7, 1941. Several battleships of the US Pacific fleet were damaged
or sunk. This attack resulted in an American declaration of war the following day. Canada
also declared war on Japan. Canadian soldiers in Hong Kong were soon fighting as the
Japanese attacked the British colony the same day as Pearl Harbor.
The National Resource Mobilization Act June ,1940
The National Resources Mobilization Act allowed the government to pursue an all-out
war effort, often known as "total war" as well as allowing for the conscription of
Canadians for home defense.
Depression
A period of particularly severe economic problems and hardship accompanied by mass
unemployment. The Great Depression is considered to have begun after the Stock Market
Crash in 1929 and lasted in Canada until the outbreak of the Second World War in 1939.
British Commonwealth Air Training Program
Established in 1939-1940. Pilots, navigators, and ground crew from Britain, Australia,
New Zealand, South Africa, and Canada were trained on the Canadian prairies. During
the first year of the Second World War, this enterprise was probably Canada's greatest
contribution to the war effort.
Total War
During the Second World War, the Canadian economy and the Canadian people were
organized to do whatever it took to win the war. The government told industries what to
produce, and farmers were told what to grow. Even the amount of food a person could
buy was controlled with the imposition of rationing.

Crown Corporation
Businesses and industries owned by the Canadian government.
Howe, Clarence D. 1886-1960
A very influential minister in both Mackenzie King's and Louis St. Laurent's Liberal
cabinets. From 1940 to 1945, as the Minister of Munitions and Supply, he essentially ran
Canada's wartime economy. After the war, he was responsible for the smooth transition to
a peacetime economy while serving as Minister of Reconstruction, Trade and Commerce.
The Allies
Britain, France, Commonwealth countries (including Canada, Australia and New
Zealand.)
Axis Powers
A reference to the alliance between Germany, Italy and Japan during the Second World
War.
Phony War
A period lasting seven months in which Allied troops were stationed along Frances
border with Germany, waiting for Germanys next move, but nothing happened. This
came to be known as the phony war.
Blitzkrieg
Its English translation being "Lightning War", blitzkrieg refers to the highly effective
tactic used by the Germans in the first two years of World War II. Fast mobile ground
forces equipped with tanks were supported by air planes. This strategy was more
effective than the static defense strategy of the opposition forces. Examples include the
attack on. Poland, 1939; France, 1940; the Soviet Union, 1941.

The War Spreads

Operation Barbarossa
Code name for the German invasion of the Soviet Union, which started on June 22, 1941.

Canadas Role In Europe

Dieppe Raid
5000 Canadian soldiers took part in a raid on the small French sea port of Dieppe on
August 19, 1942. The purpose was to test German defenses in preparation for a later
major invasion. The raid was not well planned and was a huge failure. German strength
was much greater than expected and nearly 1 000 Canadians were killed and 2000
captured. Lessons, however, were learned that later ensured the success of the Normandy
Invasion of 1944.
Atlantic, Battle of the

1939-1945. Battle between allied navies and air forces against German U-boats, in order
to keep the convoy supply routes open to Britain from North America, in particular. The
German submarines held the upper hand until 1943, after which the threat decreased for
the remainder of World War II. The Royal Canadian Navy played a very significant part
in this battle, being totally responsible for defending convoys in the western Atlantic until
December 1941, and afterwards sharing these duties with the US Navy.
Convoy system
Used in both the First and Second World Wars. Several cargo ships would together sail
from Canada to the UK protected by naval escort ships.
Corvette
A small naval escort ship used extensively by the Royal Canadian Navy escort convoys
during the battle of the Atlantic.

D-Day and Liberation

Operation Overlord
The code name for the Allied attack on Normandy on June 6, 1944. The initial attack
involved divisions from the US, Britain, and Canada, and proved to be successful. The
ensuing Battle of Normandy lasted for several weeks, after which the Germans quickly
retreated to Belgium and Eastern France.

The Holocaust Discovered

Holocaust
The name that has been given to the genocide of six million Jewish people by the German
Nazis during the Second World War.

Japan Surrenders
Manhattan Project
Code name for the project to build the first atomic bomb. Canadian scientists took part in
this project and the uranium used for the bombs came from Canada.

The War at Home

Wartime Prices and Trade Board
A government committee set up during the Second World War which controlled all prices
and wages in Canada.
Inflation

An increase in the price of a commodity or service.

Victory Bonds
Government savings bonds sold to the public during both the First and Second World
Wars. A great deal of money was raised for the war effort. There was also considerable
propaganda value in that civilians felt they were contributing to the victory.
Douglas, Tommy 1904-1986
CCF Premier of Saskatchewan 1944-1961. Responsible for the creation of Medicare in
that province. Leader of the federal NOP 1962-1971.
Cooperative Commonwealth Federation (CCF)
A social democratic party formed in 1932 as a left wing alternative to the old line Liberal
and Conservative parties that had failed to find a way out of the Depression. Led by j.5.
Woodsworth, a prairie preacher, the party outlined its policies in the Regina Manifesto.
The party became known for its ability to persuade Liberal governments to introduce
social legislation. In 1961 the party changed its name to the New Democratic Party.
Conscription Crisis 1944
Because of bitter memories of the conscription Crisis of 191 7, Mackenzie King's liberal
government did its best during the Second World War to avoid overseas conscription. In
1940, the National Resources Mobilization Act was passed, allowing conscription for I
defense only. King promised that there would be no overseas conscription. In 1942 he
was released from that promise by a national referendum that allowed the government to
impose conscription if necessary. However, 80% of the residents of Quebec had opposed
the referendum. By the fall of 1944 it became obvious that more troops were needed in
Europe. King hoped that new Defense Minister General McNaughton would be able to
persuade home conscripts to serve overseas. He was unsuccessful. In November 1944,
King decided to impose conscription and send 15 000 conscripts overseas. Although there
were huge protests in Quebec, King survived the controversy and the European War
ended in May 1945. King refused to send conscripts to the Japanese War that went on for
another three months.

What the War Meant to Canada

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
The total value of all goods and services produced in a country in one year.
Internment camps
Used during World War I to intern over 8000 immigrants from Germany or AustriaHungary. During World War II they were used to intern over 20000 Japanese Canadians.

UNIT VI

Canada in the Post-War World

Introduction
Gouzenko, Igor 1919-1982
A cipher clerk at the Soviet Embassy in Ottawa who defected to the West in 1945. He had
proof that the Soviets were spying on the west in order to obtain atomic secrets--,-one of
the first events of the Cold War.

The Cold War Begins

Superpower
Term used to describe both the USA and the USSR between 1945 and
1989 when both countries had military power far in excess of any other nation.
Cold War
This name refers to the political and military rivalry between the West (USA and allies)
and the Communist Bloc (USSR and allies) from the after the Second World War to the
fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989. In many ways an ideological conflict between capitalism
and communism, the rivalry led to a large-scale nuclear arms race. Canada played an
integral part in the conflict in part because of its geographical location between the two
super powers. We were a founding member of NATO in 1949 and joined with the USA to
form NORAD in 1957.
McCarthyism
A reference to the beliefs of US Senator Joseph McCarthy, who was the chairman of the
Committee on Un-American Activities in the early years of the Cold War. He believed
that many Americans had become Soviet agents. As a result, several prominent US
citizens were falsely accused of supporting the Soviet Union against the United States.
Communism
Political philosophy advocated by Karl Marx in the mid nineteenth century. Called for the
overthrow of capitalist societies to be replaced by a dictatorship of the working class.
From this would grow a classless society. During the twentieth century the Russian
Revolution established the first Communist state in the world. After World War II,
Communism was imposed on Eastern European countries and a Communist government
came to power in China, North Vietnam and North Korea. None of these governments,
however, completely followed the teachings of Marx. All of these countries were or are
ruled by totalitarian, repressive means.

NATO and the Warsaw Pact

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
A military alliance established in 1949 to defend Western Europe against any possible
Soviet invasion. Originally, the alliance consisted of ten Eastern European nations plus
Canada and the United States. The present alliance consists of 26 nations, including nine

countries that formerly belonged to the Warsaw Pact. Under the NATO agreement,
Canadian forces were stationed in Western Europe. After the fall of the Berlin Wall in
1989, however, the Soviet threat disappeared and all Canadian bases were disbanded by
1994.
Warsaw Pact
Founded in 1955. The military alliance of Eastern European Communist states, led by
the Soviet Union.
Berlin Wall
Built by the East Germans in 1961, the wall surrounded the City of West Berlin, thus
making escape to West Germany by East German citizens much more difficult. The wall
became the symbol of the Cold War, and its removal, in November 1989, symbolically
signaled the end of the Cold War.
Cold War
This name refers to the political and military rivalry between the West (USA and allies)
and the Communist Bloc (USSR and allies) from the after the Second World War to the
fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989. In many ways an ideological conflict between capitalism
and communism, the rivalry led to a large-scale nuclear arms race. Canada played an
integral part in the conflict in part because of its geographical location between the two
super powers. We were a founding member of NATO in 1949 and joined with the USA to
form NORAD in 1957.

The Issue of North American Defense

DEW Line-Distant Early Warning Line
A string of US-built radar stations built across the Canadian Arctic during the 1950sto
detect a surprise Soviet attack over the North Pole.
NORAD
North American Air Defense Command was formed by a treaty in 1957. Under this treaty
Canada and the US jointly share responsibility for the air defense of North America.
Formed at the height of the Cold War, its original purpose was to defend North America
from a Soviet attack using planes carrying nuclear bombs. Later, the threat came from
missiles with nuclear warheads. Today, NORAD stands for North American Aerospace
Command.

Planning for Peace: The United Nations

United Nations Organization
Formed in 1945 by the fifty nations allied against Germany, Italy and Japan during the
Second World War. There are now over 190 member countries. The main purpose of the
UN was and is to maintain peace. The organization consists of the General Assembly

where there is one seat for each member country; a Security Council consisting of 15
members-5 permanent (USA, UK, France, Russia and China) and 10 non-permanent; a
Secretariat, headed by the Secretary-General of the UN; and numerous agencies, such as
UNESCO, UNICEF, WHO.
United Nations International Children Emergency Fund (UNICEF)
The United Nations agency that deals with children's issues around the world.
Suez Crisis 1956
An attempt by British and French forces to seize the Suez Canal zone from Egypt after
the government of Egypt had nationalized the canal from a British-French company. In an
attempt to expand its territory, 1srael supported the British-French action. The ensuing
world crisis was partially solved at the UN when Canada.1s Lester Pearson (Minister of
External Affairs) suggested that a UN peacekeeping force be sent to the area. Pearson was
awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace in the following year.

The Vietnam War

Vietnam War
A war between Communist North Vietnam and US-backed South Vietnam. American
involvement during the 1960s resulted in thousands of US citizens moving to Canada to
avoid the military draft. Canada refused to help the US government in this war. Some 12
000 Canadians, however, did join the US armed forces and participated in the conflict.

Trudeaus Foreign Policy

Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA)
The government agency responsible for the coordination and distribution of Canada's
foreign aid program.

The Mulroney Era: Closer Ties with the United States

Mulroney, Brian 1939
Progressive Conservative Prime Minister of Canada from 1984-1993. Noted for the
establishment of the Free Trade Agreement with the US in 1989, and the subsequent
formation of NAFTA. He also attempted to bring Quebec into the constitutional process
with the Meech Lake Accord of 1987, and the Charlottetown Accord of 1992. Both of
these attempts, however, ultimately failed the ratification process.

The New World Order

Gulf War 1991

Iraq, led by Saddam Hussein, invaded neighboring Kuwait in August 1990. The United
Nations subsequently approved the use of force to evict the Iraqi forces. Canada joined
the American-1ed coalition that defeated the Iraqi forces between January 1 7 and
February 28, 1991. Canada provided three warships and 26 aircraft, together with other
smaller units of the armed forces. The force, which was over 4000 strong, suffered no
casualties.
Peacekeeping
Used by the United Nations to maintain peace in a previous war zone. Sometimes,
peacekeepers are used after a civil war, such as Cyprus, or after an international conflict,
such as between Israel and Egypt. The responsibility of peacekeeping soldiers is to keep
two sides apart and prevent any further conflict. The first major US peacekeeping force
was established after the Suez Crisis of 1956. Lester Pearson, Canada's Minister of
External Affairs at that time, suggested a peacekeeping force be created, and was later
awarded the Nobel Peace Price for this endeavor. Between 1956 and 2000 Canada
contributed to every UN peacekeeping force. Since that time, however, Canada's role in
UN peacekeeping has diminished considerably.
Globalization
Refers to the process by which regions and countries around the world have become more
interconnected and interdependent through increased trade and commerce as a result of
multinational companies establishing themselves in the region or country. The process
has been enhanced by modern communication systems and computer technologies.

UNIT VII A Changing Society

Introduction
War brides
Women who met and married Canadian servicemen in Europe during the Second World
War. Approximately 48 000 war brides and their children immigrated to Canada between
1945 and 1947.
Medical Care Act "Medicare"
Introduced by Pearson's Liberal government in 1966, in part to prevent Liberal support
going to the NDP, which was led by Tommy Douglas who had been the "father of
Medicare" in Saskatchewan. The new system meant that publicly funded medical systems
would exist across the country. Both federal and provincial governments would pay for
the system.
Trans-Canada Highway

The longest single highway in the world. It stretches from St. John's, Newfound1and to
Victoria, British Columbia. Construction was first started in the 1920s, but the major
work took place in the 1950s and 60s. The highway was completed in 1970.

Coming Home
Veterans
Canadians who fought in wars of the twentieth century. After World War I, these people
had difficulty fitting into civilian life as there were few jobs. After World War II, the
federal government gave education grants, low interest mortgages, and other incentives to
the veterans
Baby boom
After the Second World War the number of babies born in Canada increased dramatically
with the return of soldiers from overseas. Baby boomers are considered to be those
people born between 1946 and 1961.
Consumer Society
A capitalist society in which individuals are encouraged to spend money on new products
and services so as to benefit the economy.
Massey Commission
Established in 1949, it was to investigate the state of Canadian culture. Its 1951 report
recommended that Canadian culture be protected from American influences. One result
was that the Canada Council was established in 1957 to give grants to theatres, artists,
and writers.

Post-War Prosperity
Mega Project
Massive-scale projects that require great amounts of money to build. Examples include
the Trans-Canada Highway and the St. Lawrence Seaway.

Post-War Politics
Newfoundland
Newfoundland held a referendum in 1948 and voted to join Canada, thus becoming the
tenth province in 1949.
Referendum
A province-wide or nation wide-vote on a specific question.
Diefenbaker, John 1895-1979

Conservative prime minister of Canada from 1957 to 1963. A brilliant speaker, he

achieved the greatest majority at that time in the 1958 election. He was responsible for
giving Status Indians the right to vote, and for introducing the Canadian Bill of Rights in
1960. He was defeated by Liberal Lester Pearson in 1963.
Pearson, Lester Bowles 1897-1972
From 1948-1957 served as Canada's Minister of External Affairs. He served as President
of the UNs General Assembly, and nearly became the Secretary General. In 1956, during
the Suez Crisis, it was his work that created a United Nations peacekeeping force which
was sent to the Middle East. For this he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1957. He
became leader of the Liberal Party in 1957, but lost the election to John Diefenbaker in
1958. From 1963 to 1968, however, he led two minority governments as Prime Minister;
during his time in office, the new Canadian flag was introduced, as were the Canada
Health Act, the Student Loan Plan, the Canada Pension Plan, and "color blind
immigration.
Douglas, Tommy 1904-1986
CCF Premier of Saskatchewan 1944-1961. Responsible for the creation of Medicare in
that province. Leader of the federal NOP 1962-1971.

The Trudeau Era

Trudeau, Pierre Elliot 1919-2000
Fifteenth Prime Minister of Canada, 1968-1979, 1980-1984. Trudeau won his first
election on a wave of popularity ("Trudeaumania") in 1968. He was responsible for
introducing the War Measures Act during the FLQ Crisis of 1970. A passionate federalist,
he campaigned in 1980 to help defeat the Quebec referendum on sovereignty. In 1981 he
negotiated with the premiers to patriate the Canadian Constitution from Britain. Included
in the new Constitution was the charter of Rights and Freedoms, which he hoped would
bring about what he called "a just society". The Charter is his greatest legacy.
Royal Commission on the Status of Women
Established by the federal government in 1967 to investigate and make recommendations
on women's status in Canadian society. Key recommendations included paid maternity
leave, an end to discrimination against women, and provisions for day care services.
Pressure groups
A group of people who share a certain set of ideas and want to influence government
policy in order to promote their interests.
Green peace
Environmentalist movement established in British Columbia in 1970. Causes have ranged
from protesting against nuclear testing to preventing the destruction of old growth forest.

Economic Challenges
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
Formed during the 1960s, mainly consists of Middle Eastern oil producing countries.
These nations collectively decide on the amount of oil that they will produce, thus
determining the price of oil throughout the world. This cartel displayed its power in 1973
and 1974, when it refused to sell oil to most western nations. The price of oil shot up by
nearly 400%.
Regional Disparity
The economic gap between richer and poorer provinces in Canada since the Second
World War. Ontario, Alberta, and British Columbia have normally been part of the former
group and the Maritime provinces have been included in the latter.
Western Alienation
Since joining Confederation, the western provinces of Canada have complained that they
have been unfairly treated by the federal government. A famous example was the
National Energy Program of the 1970s, which was strongly opposed by Alberta.
National Energy Program (NEP)
Established by the Trudeau government after the 1970s oil crisis. Its three main purposes
were: to lower Canadians' consumption of oil, to maintain a made-in-Canada price for oil
(as opposed to a world price), and to promote Canadian oil self-sufficiency.
Deficit
The difference between the amount of money the government raises in a year and the
amount that it spends-if the amount spent is more than the amount raised. The Canadian
federal government was in a deficit situation during the 1970's, 1980's and the 1990's, up
until 1997. Since that time the budget has resulted in a surplus.
Mulroney, Brian 1939
Progressive Conservative Prime Minister of Canada from 1984-1993. Noted for the
establishment of the Free Trade Agreement with the US in 1989, and the subsequent
formation of NAFTA. He also attempted to bring Quebec into the constitutional process
with the Meech Lake Accord of 1987, and the Charlottetown Accord of 1992. Both of
these attempts, however, ultimately failed the ratification process.
National Debt
The total amount of money owed by the government of Canada. The national debt
became a problem for Canada during the 1970s and 1980s when both Liberal and
Conservative governments spent much more money than they took in. Many deficit
budgets were followed by surplus budgets starting in the late 1990s. Some of the surplus
is used to pay down the national debt which is still over 500 billion dollars.

UNIT VIII

The Canadian Identity: One, Two, or Many Nations?

Introduction
Multiculturalism Act
Policy adopted by the federal government in 1971 to support and encourage all ethnic
groups in Canada to honor their culture and share it with the rest of Canada.
Front de la Liberation de Quebec (FLQ)
A radical separatist organization of the 1960sand early 1970s which was responsible for
the October Crisis of 1970.
Meech Lake Accord 1987
The result of a federal-provincial first ministers' conference held at Meech Lake, north of
Ottawa. Instigated by Prime Minister Brian Mulroney, the conference was an attempt to
satisfy the constitutional demands of the Quebec government, which had refused to sign
the 1 982 new Canadian constitution. It was hoped that, with a federalist government led
by Premier Robert Bourassa now in power, an agreement could be reached. The key
demands of Quebec were in fact met. They included the recognition of Quebec as a
"distinct society", the right to nominate some Supreme Court judges, the right to opt out
of cost-shared programs, and the right to set certain provincial immigration regulations.
The constitutional accord would not become law until it had been ratified by the federal
and provincial parliaments within three years. The Accord died in 1990 when Elijah
Harper, an aboriginal member of the Manitoba legislature, used a procedural tactic to
ensure that the Accord could not be debated before the three year deadline had passed.
Harper felt that the accord did not address the concerns of aboriginal peoples.
Charlottetown Accord 1992
The second attempt since 1 982, to amend the constitution in Canada. Its main provisions
were to accept Quebec as a distinct society, reform the Senate to make it an elected body,
and recognize aboriginal self- government. It was rejected in a national referendum.
Nisgaa Land Claim
A struggle by the Nisg'a, Gitksan, and Wet'suwet'en tribes of the Nass Valley in northern
British Columbia to establish their claim to land they said they had occupied for
centuries. It became the first modern day treaty signed in British Columbia when the
Nisg'a agreed to a settlement in 1996.

The Roots of Quebec Nationalism

Duplessis, Maurice 1890-1959

Founded the Union Nationale Party in Quebec in the mid 1930s. In 1936, this probusiness, "small-c" conservative nationalist party won the election and Duplessis became
premier. He was defeated in 1939, but regained office in 1944 and served as premier until
his death in 1959. He strongly supported Catholic Church involvement in educational and
social responsibilities. He was responsible for introducing the Quebec "fleur-de-leys" flag
in 1948, which became a symbol of Quebec nationalism.
Quiet Revolution
In the early 1960s,. the Quiet Revolution was promoted by the newly elected Liberal
Government of Quebec, led by Premier Jean Lasage. It sought to modernize Quebec,
partially by lessening the power of the Roman Catholic Church. The government
established control over education and social services and also promoted more
Francophone control over the Anglophone-dominated economy. The provincial
government also pushed for special status for Quebec within Confederation.
Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism
Established in 1963 by Prime Minister Lester Pearson, it recommended that federal
government services across the country should be available in French and English. It also
said that the federal civil service should be open equally to English and French speakers
and that French as a second language be promoted in English speaking parts of Canada.

Trudeau and Quebec

Bilingualism Policy
The Official Languages Act of 1969 made English and French both official languages in
all federal institutions. It also resulted in regulations being enacted such as the policy of
bilingual labeling on products.
October Crisis
On October 5, 1970, members of the FLQ kidnapped British Trade Commissioner James
Cross in Montreal, and demanded the release of jailed FLQ members. The demand was
refused, and on October 10 the Quebec Labor Minister, Pierre Laporte, was also
kidnapped. Prime Minister, Pierre Trudeau then invoked the War Measures' Act on the
basis of apprehended insurrection. Under the first peacetime use of the Act, several
hundred Quebecers were arrested and jailed without any charge being laid. On October
16, the Canadian Army was ordered to patrol the streets of Montreal and Ottawa, and on
the 17th, Pierre Laporte's body was discovered. Several weeks later, the kidnappers of
Cross were discovered. He was released in exchange for the kidnappers being given safe
passage to Cuba. Most people who had been arrested under the War Measures' Act were
released.
Bill 101

An act passed in 1977 by the Parti Quebecois government which made French the only
official language in the Province of Quebec. Amongst its provisions was the sign law
which required that all businesses display outdoor signs only in French. The Act also
stipulated that all children, except those with a parent whose first language was English,
must attend French-speaking schools. This meant that all non- English-speaking
immigrants would attend French schools.
Quebec Referendum 1980
Quebec Premier Rene Levesque held a referendum in 1980 on the question of a new
agreement with Canada based on the concepts of sovereignty association. Quebec would
be politically independent, but would maintain a close economic partnership with
Canada. Prime Minister Trudeau became very involved in the referendum campaign and
promised a new constitution for Canada. The final vote count resulted in the question
going down to defeat 60% to 40%.
Amending formula
Most aspects of the 1982 Canadian Constitution can be amended with the support of the
federal parliament plus seven provinces that represent more than fifty per cent of the
Canadian population. Certain aspects, such as the position of the monarchy, can only be
changed by unanimous consent of the federal parliament and all the provinces.
Kitchen Compromise, November 4, 1981
A late night, last minute agreement between Ottawa and nine of the ten provinces to
accept the Charter as part of a new constitution if an /'escape clause" was added. The only
province that was not part of the agreement was Quebec. The escape clause" became the
"notwithstanding clause".
Charter of Rights and Freedoms
This became part of the new constitution adopted by Canada in 1982, It is a clear
statement of the basic rights and freedoms enjoyed by all Canadians. It takes precedence
over any law passed by any government, except where a government chooses to invoke
the "notwithstanding clause".
Notwithstanding clause
This clause allows governments to pass a law that violates a specific freedom under the
Charter of Rights and Freedoms. The clause expires five years after it is invoked but may
be renewed if the government so desires.

The Constitution Debate

Bloc Quebecois
A separatist party from Quebec that elected members to the federal parliament in every
election since 1993. Although a majority of Quebecers do not wish to see Quebec

separate from the rest of Canada, many feel that their interests within Canada are best
represented in Ottawa by the Bloc.
Quebec Referendum 1995
In 1995 Premier Jacques Parizeau of Quebec held a second referendum on Quebec
sovereignty. The results were extremely close. This time, the referendum was defeated
50.6% to 49.4%. The "near death" experience resulted in the federal government's
introduction of the Clarity Bill.
Clarity Bill
After the 1995 Quebec Referendum, Prime Minister Jean Chrtiens Liberal government
1egis1ated the Clarity Bill, which called for a very clear question in any future Quebec
referendum. The referendum wou1d also have to be passed by a substantial majority
before the federal government would be willing to negotiate any terms of separation with
the Quebec government.

A Multicultural Nation
Immigration policy
Set by the federal government to determine the number of immigrants that would be
allowed into the country. After the Second world War, mainly Europeans were preferred
as immigrants. By 1967, however, that had changed to accepting people from all areas,
provided they met criteria for education and employment prospects.
Multiculturalism Act
Policyinal and environfederal government in 1971 to support and encourage all ethnic
groups in Canada to honor their culture and share it with the rest of Canada.

Aboriginal Nations
Assimilation
The policy of the federal government towards aboriginal peoples, from the mid 19th
century until the late 1960's. The policy was intended to integrate the aboriginal peoples
into mainstream Canadian society. It included the provisions of the Indian Act, the
establishment of residential schools, and the anti-potlatch laws. The final attempt at
assimilation came in the form of the 1969 "white paper" which met with huge opposition
by aboriginal people and was eventually discarded.
Aboriginal Self-Government
The concept that aboriginal peoples have the right to establish local government that
would be equal and parallel to the provincial and federal governments. The Supreme
Court of Canada has never declared that aboriginal peoples have this right. However,
self- government has been negotiated with the federal government in Nunavut (1999) and
Nisga'a (Northern BC, 2000).

Residential schools
Under the Indian Act, aboriginal children were forced to attend residential schools, where
teachers would try to assimilate children into the western culture. Many students suffered
extreme emotional or physical abuse while at these schools.
Berger Commission
A federal government commission in 1977 called to study whether a pipeline should be
built down the Mackenzie Valley. It recommended that a pipeline not be built until
aboriginal and environmental concerns were resolved.
Land claims
Claims to areas of land that aboriginal peoples believe are theirs due to historical
occupation, no previous treaty having been signed by the aboriginal peoples concerned
and the government of Canada. These the creation of the new territory of Nunavut in
1999. The most important claim settlements in the provinces are those of northern
Quebec and the Nisga'a settlement in northern BC The Nisga'a settlement included selfgovernment, 257 million dollars and 2020 square miles of territory.
Oka Confrontation
Began over a decision by the Oka Town Council to expand a golf course into Mohawk
land. The Mohawk Warrior Society decided to stop the expansion, which led to a stand
off between the Quebec Police, the Canadian Army, and the Mohawk warriors.
Delgamuluukw Ruling
The Supreme Court of Canada case that defined Aboriginal title. States that Aboriginal
tribes could claim ownership of land if they could prove that they occupied the land
before the Canadian government claimed sovereignty over it.

UNIT IX

The Structure of Canadas Government

Introduction
Senate
The appointed part of the national government in Ottawa. Members are appointed by the
Prime Minister and may hold office until they reach age 75. The Senate is composed of
105 members.

Foundations of Our Government

Democracy
Rule by the people. The people of the province or country have a right to have a voice in
decisions that affect them. In Canada we do this by electing representative to make
decisions for us.

Direct democracy
Each citizen has a right to vote on all issues that affect their society. A referendum is an
example of direct democracy.
Representative democracy
The type of democracy we have in Canada, where in we elect representatives to make
decisions for us.
Constitutional monarchy
The recognition of the monarch (king or queen) as the head of state. The monarch is
largely a figurehead with no real power in the governing of the country. Queen Elizabeth
II is the official head of state of Canada.
British North America Act (BNA Act 1867)
Came into force on July 1, 1867. It resulted in the confederation of Nova Scotia, New
Brunswick, Ontario, and Quebec into the Dominion of Canada. The Act served as
Canada's written constitution until 1982. The present constitution of Canada still contains
most of the provisions of the BNA Act.
Federal system of government or Federalism
A system of government made up of a national government and a series of provincial
governments. Each level of government has specific powers to make laws that relate to
their areas of responsibility.
Residual powers
A decision by the Fathers of Confederation to give all new decision- making powers, for
areas that did not exist in 1867, to the federal government.
Reform Party
Founded by Preston Manning in Alberta in 1987 as a reaction to perceived injustices by
the federal government towards Western Canada. Key proposals by the new party
included an elected Senate (triple e) and referendums on key issues concerning the
country. The first Reform candidate to be elected was Deborah Grey in the 1988 election.
In the 1993 election, the party's numbers grew substantially. In 1997, having won 60
seats, the Party became the official opposition. Unable to make any significant
breakthroughs in Ontario or Quebec, however, the Party reinvented itself as the Canadian
Alliance and chose a new leader, Stockwell Day. The new party was not able to make
gains in the 2000 election, and replaced the leader with Stephen Harper. In 2004, the
Canadian Alliance and the Progressive Conservative parties merged, with Harper
becoming the leader of the new Conservative Party of Canada. There were high hopes for
the party in the 2004 election. Although gains were made, the party was unable the defeat
the Liberals under Paul Martin.

Municipal government
Government of a city, town, or village. Has an elected mayor and alderpersons or
councilors who make rules called by-laws for their local area.
Executive power
The power of the government-federal, provincial, and municipal-to make decisions and
administer them through their bureaucracy or civil service.
Legislative power
The power of the government-federal, provincial, and municipal-to make laws. In the
case of municipal governments they are called by-laws.
Judicial power
The power to interpret the laws. This is done by the judiciary, which is independent from
the other branches of government.
Parliament
In our government system the parliament has legislative power, that is, the power to make
laws. For the federal government it is made up of the House of Commons, the Senate,
and the Governor General. For a province it is the Legislative Assembly and Lieutenant
Governor

The Federal Government

Governor General
The monarch's representative in Canada. The governor general gives royal assent to bills
(signs bills) before they become law, performs ceremonial duties, and ensures the country
always has a Prime Minister.
House of Commons
The elected part of the national government in Ottawa. Members are elected based on
population. Elections must be held within a five year period. Currently there are 301
members in the House of Commons.
Senate
The appointed part of the national government in Ottawa. Members are appointed by the
Prime Minister and may hold office until they reach age 75. The Senate is composed of
105 members.
Question period
This begins each day of a parliamentary session. It is the time when the opposition parties
in the House of Commons have a chance to challenge the government's actions and raise
issues they feel the government must address.

Making a law
This is a very complex process.
- First reading
A bill is introduced into the House of Commons without debate.
- Second reading
The principal behind the bill is debated. Then it will go to a parliamentary committee for
careful study. Changes to the bill may be recommended here.
- Third reading
The House of Commons has a chance to accept or reject the changes to the bill before
passing it on to the Senate.
- Senate will go through the same process of three readings as in the House of Commons.
- Governor General signs the bill which makes it a law.
Speaker
Acts as chairman of debates in the House of Commons. The speaker's role is to keep
order and ensure that parliamentary rules are followed by all members.
Leader of the Official Opposition
The leader of the second largest party in the House of Commons. Her or his role is to
criticize the government and point out its weaknesses in the hope of gaining more support
for her or his party in the next
election.
Caucus
Private meeting of all the members of one political party to discuss strategy for dealing
with issues that will be debated in the House of Commons.
Free vote
So called when the members of the House of Commons can vote according to their
consciences or the wishes of the people in their ridings rather than what the party tells
them to vote. Usually moral issues, such as capital punishment, abortion or same sex
marriage are decided by free vote.
Patronage
Rewarding people who have worked for a political party by appointing them to the
Senate or some other government position. This practice has led to the accusation that the
best person is not being appointed to a particular position.
Prime Minister
Is the leader of the political party that wins the most seats in the House of Commons. The
prime minister serves as the head of government, leader of the nation, and leader of a
political party.

Cabinet
Members of the prime minister's political party who are appointed to head different
departments of the government and act as advisers to the prime minister. The cabinet is
the executive part of the government.
Cabinet solidarity
Refers to the fact that all members of cabinet must support all decisions that are made by
the cabinet. If a cabinet member cannot support a decision, he or she would be expected
to resign.
Party Whip
Each party in the House of Commons has one person who fills the role of keeping party
members in line and ensuring that all members vote according to the collective desire of
the party.
Private member's bill
A bill introduced into the House of Commons by a member who is not part of the cabinet.
Very rarely does a private member's bill ever become law.

Provincial/Territorial Governments
Lieutenant Governor
The monarch's representative at the provincial level.
Premier
The head of a provincial government.
Supreme Court of Canada
The highest court of appeal in Canada since 1949. Made up of nine
judges, three of which must come from Quebec because of the different civil law system
in that province. The role of the Supreme Court has become much more important since
the adoption of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms.
UNIT X

THE CITIZEN AND THE GOVERNMENT

CHOOSING THE GOVERNMENT

Democracy - Rule by the people. The people of the province or country have a right to
have a voice in decisions that affect them. In Canada we do this by electing representative
to make decisions for us.
Representative democracy - The type of democracy we have in Canada, where in we
elect representatives to make decisions for us.

Elections - Must be held within a five year period, except fn BC where elections are held
on a fixed date every 4 years. The prime minister or premier has the right to call the
election when she or he feels their party has more support with the public and therefore a
better chance of being re-elected.
Voting - The process of choosing from a list of candidates the person we think is most
suitable for a particular position. This is generally done in Canada by putting an "X" on a
ballot for the candidate we would support.
Elections Act - The law that regulates the process of elections in Canada. It details how
campaigning is to be done, who can contribute to election campaigns, and who can vote.
Candidate - A person who is willing to put their name forward to run in a federal or
provincial election
THE ELECTORAL SYSTEM
First past the post system - In an election the candidate who wins the most votes is the
winner. It may not necessarily be a majority of the votes cast if there are more than two
candidates in the election.
Proportional representation - A system where the number of seats a party gets in the
House of Commons or legislature is based on the number of votes it receives.
POLITICAL PARTIES
Ideology- Members of a political party who share a common set of beliefs.
Bloc Quebecois - A separatist party from Quebec that elected members to the federal
parliament in every election since 1993. Although a majority of Quebecers do not wish to
see Quebec separate from the rest of Canada, many feel that their interests within Canada
are best represented in Ottawa by the Bloc.
Non-governmental organization (NGO)- Non profit organizations that work to improve
some aspects of peoples lives; they may work internationally. The Red Cross, United
Ways are some examples.
INFLUENCING THE GOVERNMENT
Pressure groups/Interest Groups- A group of people who share a certain set of ideas
and want to influence government policy in order to promote their interests.
Institutionalized pressure groups- Well established and have formal organizations.
Issue-oriented groups- They are able to accomplish limited aims and are less permanent.

Free the Children- Started by a 12 year old boy named Craig Kielburger who aimed to
end child labor around the world.
Lobbyists - People who are paid to represent the interests of a particular group to the
government. They will try to influence the government to make decisions to benefit the
group they represent.
ROLE OF THE MASS MEDIA
Mass Media - Television, radio, newspaper etcthat covers important issues. They
greatly influence the views of the people. Nowadays, the media is being controlled by
less people resulting in a limit amount of sources for Canadians to turn to.
CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE
Civil disobedience - The act of breaking or refusing to keep a law that one considers to
be unjust. Such action must be taken with great thought and consideration as the
consequences can be very serious. This form of protest includes sit-ins and petitions and
has no intentions to start violence; however this is not always the case. Martin Luther
King Jr. was a great man who practiced civil disobedience.
Clayoquot Sound - An example of civil disobedience that got the governments attention
when protestors opposed the logging of trees that took place in BC.

UNIT XI

Canadas Legal System

The Rule of Law

Rule of law
A fixed set of laws that apply to all people equally regardless of their position in society.

Main Categories of Law

Civil Law
Usually involves disputes over contracts, property, or personal relationships. Usually
involves disputes between individuals.
Criminal Law
Deals with matters that affect society as a whole, such as theft, arson and manslaughter.
Common law
Decisions of judges over the years that form part of the Canadian legal tradition. These
are known as precedents and they are used as the basis for future decisions that judges
make.

Statutory Law
Law that has been passed as legislation by federal, provincial or municipal governments.

Charter of Rights and Freedoms

Charter of Rights and Freedoms
This became part of the new constitution adopted by Canada in 1982, It is a clear
statement of the basic rights and freedoms enjoyed by all Canadians. It takes precedence
over any law passed by any government, except where a government chooses to invoke
the "notwithstanding clause".
Supreme Court of British Columbia
Deals with serious civil and criminal cases in eight different judicial districts across the
province.
Supreme Court of Canada
The highest court of appeal in Canada since 1949. Made up of nine
judges, three of which must come from Quebec because of the different civil law system
in that province. The role of the Supreme Court has become much more important since
the adoption of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms
House of Commons
The elected part of the national government in Ottawa. Members are elected based on
population. Elections must be held within a five year period. Currently there are 301
members in the House of Commons.
Senate
The appointed part of the national government in Ottawa. Members are appointed by the
Prime Minister and may hold office until they reach age 75. The Senate is composed of
105 members.
McLaughlin, Beverly 1936The first women to be appointed Chief justice of the Supreme Court of Canada. She was
appointed in the year 2000 and had previously been a member of the Supreme Court of
British Columbia.

The Penal System

Youth and the Law
Information Technologies and the Law
Canadian Radio and Television Commission

A federal regulatory body which oversees the granting of licenses and the operation of all
radio and television in Canada.

UNIT XII

The Era of Human Rights Chapter 12

What Are Human Rights?

Human rights
Rights such as freedom of speech, freedom of religion, and freedom from discrimination
are considered to be human rights. The UN's 1948 Declaration of Human Rights includes
such rights as the right to be educated and to have living standards that provide adequate
health care. Canada introduced a bill of rights in 1960 and has enacted both provincial
and federal human rights' codes. The 1982 new Canadian Constitution included a Charter
of Rights and Freedoms.
Holocaust
The name that has been given to the genocide of six million Jewish people by the German
Nazis during the Second World War.
United Nations Organization
Formed in 1945 by the fifty nations allied against Germany, Italy and Japan during the
Second World War. There are now over 190 member countries. The main purpose of the
UN was and is to maintain peace. The organization consists of the General Assembly
where there is one seat for each member country; a Security Council consisting of 15
members-5 permanent (USA, UK, France, Russia and China) and 10 non-permanent; a
Secretariat, headed by the Secretary-General of the UN; and numerous agencies, such as
UNESCO, UNICEF, WHO.
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Proclaimed by the United Nations General Assembly in 1948. Detailed the basic human
rights that should be given to all people.
Rwandan Genocide 1994
During a civil war, the majority Hutus massacred approximately 800 000 of the minority
Tutsi people in the small central African country of Rwanda. Canadian General Romeo
Dallaire was the commander of a small UN peacekeeping force. His calls for a larger
force were ignored and the genocide took place. This lack of action is considered to be
one of the UN's greatest failures in peacekeeping.

Human Rights Legislation in Canada

Chinese Exclusion Act
Passed in 1923, this Act effectively prevented Chinese people from immigrating to
Canada. It was not repealed until 1947.
Diefenbaker, John 1895-1979

Conservative prime minister of Canada from 1957 to 1963. A brilliant speaker, he

achieved the greatest majority at that time in the 1958 election. He was responsible for
giving Status Indians the right to vote, and for introducing the Canadian Bill of Rights in
1960. He was defeated by Liberal Lester Pearson in 1963.
Canadian Bill of Rights
Passed by the federal government in 1960. Recognized rights Canadians already had
under the common law system. Since it was an act of Parliament, it could be changed by
future parliaments.
Fundamental freedoms
Another way of expressing the basic freedoms that Canadians have under the Charter of
Rights and Freedoms. This term is used to indicate that they are the base for other
freedoms we enjoy. Fundamental freedoms could include freedom of press, association,
speech, religion, movement
October Crisis
On October 5, 1970, members of the FLQ kidnapped British Trade Commissioner James
Cross in Montreal, and demanded the release of jailed FLQ members. The demand was
refused, and on October 10 the Quebec Labor Minister, Pierre Laporte, was also
kidnapped. Prime Minister, Pierre Trudeau then invoked the War Measures' Act on the
basis of apprehended insurrection. Under the first peacetime use of the Act, several
hundred Quebecers were arrested and jailed without any charge being laid. On October
16, the Canadian Army was ordered to patrol the streets of Montreal and Ottawa, and on
the 17th, Pierre Laporte's body was discovered. Several weeks later, the kidnappers of
Cross were discovered. He was released in exchange for the kidnappers being given safe
passage to Cuba. Most people who had been arrested under the War Measures' Act were
released.
Equality rights
Section 15 of the Charter of Rights guarantees equality before and under the law. Before
the law means everyone must have access to the courts. Under the law means that laws
must treat every individual equally.
Notwithstanding clause
This clause allows governments to pass a law that violates a specific freedom under the
Charter of Rights and Freedoms. The clause expires five years after it is invoked but may
be renewed if the government so desires.
Bill 101
An act passed in 1977 by the Parti Quebecois government which made French the only
official language in the Province of Quebec. Amongst its provisions was the sign law
which required that all businesses display outdoor signs only in French. The Act also
stipulated that all children, except those with a parent whose first language was English,
must attend French-speaking schools. This meant that all non- English-speaking
immigrants would attend French schools.

B.C. Human Rights Code

A code that protects you against discrimination on the grounds of age, ancestry, colour,
family, marital status, mental or physical disability, place of origin, political belief, race,
religion, sex or sexual orientation.

Aboriginal Rights
Assembly of First Nations
Formed in 1980 to represent all the aboriginal groups across Canada in their dealings
with the federal government.
Indian Act
Originally introduced in 1876, it is a paternalistic piece of legislation that established the
policies of the federal government in its role of being responsible for Indians in Canada.
The purpose of the original act was the assimilation of Indians into white culture. This
was to be achieved by enrolling Indian children in residential schools and through the
Christian churches. The original act made it illegal for Indians to vote or to drink alcohol.
A major revision of the act occurred in 1951. The clauses concerning prohibition of
alcohol and restrictions on native ceremonies (the potlatch) were removed. The most
recent major change occurred in 1985, when women were given the right to retain Indian
status when marrying non-Indian men.

Gender Equality in the Work Place

Childrens Rights
Convention on the Rights of the Child
Adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1989. Protects the economic, social,
and cultural rights of children around the world.
Canadian Coalition for the Rights of the Child
Conducts research on how well Canada is fulfilling it obligations under the UN
Convention on the Rights of the Child.

UNIT XIII

Population: Canada and the World

World Population Growth

Demography
Demography
The statistical study of human populations, specifically birth rates, death rates, natural
increase rates, and other factors that affect population change in an area or country.

Census
The process of collecting, compiling, and publishing demographic, economic, and social
data at a particular time in a particular country. In Canada a major census is conducted
every ten years.
Developed Country
Generally, countries with an industrial-based economy, good education and health care
systems, and little or no population increase.
Developing countries
Generally, countries that have more of an agriculturally-based economy, inequalities in
both its education and health care systems, and a rapidly increasing population.
Crude birth rate
The number of births in one year in a country per 1000 of population.
Crude death rate
The number of deaths in one year in a country per 1000 of population.
Natural increase
The difference between the crude birth rate and crude death rate.
Exponential rate
The rate at which a population increases. Each generation builds on the size of the
previous generation. The result is an exponential increase: 1, 2, 4, 8, 16.
Doubling time
The time required for a population to double in size. Can be calculated by using the "rule
of seventy." Divide 70 by the natural increase rate for a country to determine the
approximate doubling time for that country.
Immigration rates
The number of people entering a country in a given year per 1000 of population.
Emigration rates
The number of people leaving a country in a given year per 1000 of population.
Net migration rates
The difference between the immigration and emigration rates.

The Demographic Revolution

Life expectancy
The average number of years that an individual is expected to live.
World Health Organization or WHO

The UN agency that carries out vaccination programs and disease prevention programs
all over the world.
Demography Transition Model
A model that can be used to show the changes in population as the economy and industry
of a country also change.

The Age Structures of Populations

Age structure
Dividing the population into three age groups: children up to age 15, working adults 16 to
64, and adults 65 years and older.
Dependency ratio
The ratio between the number of people that are working and those that are over the age
of 65 or under the age of 15.
Population pyramid
A graph divided into five year intervals by male and female that shows the age and sex
structure of a population.
Cohorts
The name given to the five year intervals of a population pyramid.
Expanding population .
A country with a high birth rate and many young children in its population pyramid. The
broad base indicates that the population is growing rapidly.
Stable population
A country with birth rates and death rates in balance. Its population pyramid will be
reasonably even for the major part of the pyramid.
Contracting population
A country with a birth rate that is lower than the death rate. Its population pyramid will be
narrower at the base to indicate the low birth rate.
One-child policy
A policy began by the Chinese government in 1 980 to control the rapidly growing
population. Cash rewards, free medical care, and better educational opportunities were
offered as incentives to parents who had only one child.

Where Do Six Billion People Live?

Population distribution
Where people live on the surface of the Earth.
Ecumene

The populated area of the world.

Population density
The number of people living in a given area. May also be referred to as crude density,
which can be determined by dividing the population of a country by its area.
High density
The type o(housing usually found in major cities where people live in apartment blocks,
condominiums, or high rise buildings. There are a large number of people per hectare.
Low density
A type of housing found in suburbs characterized by few people per hectare.
Arable land
land that is suitable for agriculture.
Carrying capacity
The number of people that the land can support. If the population increases beyond the
carrying capacity there will likely be famine or disease to reduce the population to a
manageable level.
Nutritional density
The measure of how much nutrition in calories an area of land can produce.

Earths Crowded Future

Baby boom
After the Second World War the number of babies born in Canada increased dramatically
with the return of soldiers from overseas. Baby boomers are considered to be those
people born between 1946 and 1961.

UNIT XIV

Living Standards

Introduction
Literacy rates
The number of people who can read and write in a country per 1000 of population of that
country.
Per capita GDP
Divide the GDP by the number of people in a country to find the average GDP per person
or per capita.
Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
The total value of all goods and services produced in a country in one year.

Human Development Index

A United Nations-developed index that ranks countries using three measures: adult
literacy, life expectancy, and per capita GDP.

The Divided Planet

Infrastructure
Refers to basic things in a country such as transportation and communication links,
electric power distribution, schools, and hospitals that allow the country to function at a
higher economic level.
Newly industrialized countries
Refers to countries that are building up their industries and infrastructure. These countries
are generally shifting from an agricultural to an industrial economy.
Highly indebted poor countries
Countries that are less developed and have very large debt loads that are owed to
international financial institutions or developed countries.
Standard of living
The wealth of a country that is shared among its citizens results in a certain standard of
living. It may include income people earn, access to health care, levels of nutrition, life
expectancy, literacy, and the status of women.
Poverty
Measure of the amount of money individuals have available to look after all their needs.
In Canada poverty is defined as having to spend more than 56% of a person's income on
the necessities of life such as food, shelter, and clothing.
World Bank
Bank that lends money to developing countries to help them build infrastructure projects
to improve the standard of living of their people.

The Poverty Trap

International Monetary Fund
An agency of the UN se up to help nations experiencing difficulty paying their debts. Its
aim is to keep the world economy stalbe.
Structural Adjustment Program (SAP)
A program that requires an indebted country to restructure its economy by encouraging
foreign investment, increasing exports and turning government services over to the
private sector in return for loans from the World Bank and International Monetary Fund.
Multinational companies

Companies that operate in a number of different countries. Because of their economic

power they can at times dictate prices paid to producers in developing counties.
Bilateral aid
Assistance from one government to another. More is being done as grants for
environmental and sustainable development projects rather than as loans that increase the
burden of debt of developing countries.

The Vulnerable Ones: Women and Children

Fertility rate
The number of children a woman will have in her lifetime.
United Nations International Children Emergency Fund (UNICEF)
The United Nations agency that deals with children's issues around the world.
Progress of Nations Report (PNR)
A new child risk index developed by UNICEF. It measures five factors: the mortality
rates of children under five, the percentage of children who are underweight, the number
of children not in primary school, the risk from armed conflict, and the risk from the
disease HIV AIDS.
HIV/AIDS
Virus that destroys the immune system that should protect the body from diseases. The
disease is passed person to person through sexual acts, blood transfusions, used
hypodermic needles, or from mother to child during birth.
Convention on the Rights of the Child
Adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1989. Protects the economic, social,
and cultural rights of children around the world.

The Health Crisis

Pandemic
An epidemic that occurs over a wide geographic area.

Solutions
Multilateral aid
Aid to some less-developed country or region that is funded by a number of different
governments.
Tied aid
Aid given by one country to another that has certain conditions attached to it. These
conditions may include having to buy some or all of a certain product from the country
giving the aid.

Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA)

The government agency responsible for the coordination and distribution of Canada's
foreign aid program.
Non-governmental Organizations (NGOs)
Relief and development organizations that represent religious or service groups operating
aid projects in developing countries. Some examples of NGOs include the Red Cross,
Doctors without Borders, and World Vision.

Global Problems, Local Solutions

UNIT XV

URBANIZATION

Introduction
URBANIZATION
the process from which an area changes from rural to urban

Global Urbanization
IN-MIGRATION
moving into an area, such as a city, but within the same country
SHANTY TOWNS
makeshift communities built around rapidly expanding urban areas in developing
countries
PUSH FACTORS
factors that result in people or industries leaving an area
PULL FACTORS
factors that attract people or industries to an area
URBAN FUNCTIONS
the activities and services that are provided by towns, such as cultural activities and
financial services
SITE
the characteristics of an area where buildings and cities are built, such as landforms
SITUATION
the relationship between a city and the area around it
LOCATIONAL ADVANTAGE

advantages one place has over another due to easy access to resources and transportation
routes

Analyzing Urban Functions

BASIC ACTIVITIES
economic activities that support a community
NON-BASIC ACTIVITIES
an economic activity that meets the needs of the local population
MULTIPLIER EFFECT
the chain reaction by which the growth or decline of an economic activity results in the
creation or lessening of wealth
LAND-USE
how land is used in an area, such as housing or business structures.
PEAK-VALUE INTERSECTIONS
pvi- a part of a city where major traffic arteries intersect and land costs are high
OFFICIAL PLAN
a plan for growth and development drawn u by an urban centre

Building Sustainable Cities

SUSTAINABLE CITIES
urban centres where decisions made do not affect degrade the quality of life for future
inhabitants
INFILLING
the process by which population density in an urban centre is increased by building on
waste land or underused land

UNIT XVI

Patterns in Economic Development

Introduction
ECONOMIC DISPARITY
when there is a large gap between rich and poor
ECONOMY
total economic activities in a society

Economic Development in Canada

ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES
processes that help produce wealth and maintain quality of life
PRIMARY INDUSTRIES
industries dealing with extraction
SECONARY INDUSTRIES
industries dealing with manufacturing or construction
TERTIARY INDUSTRIES
industries that provide services such as banking

Core and Periphery

AGGLOMERATION
a concentration of industries or other economic activities in one place
ECONOMIC CORE
a region that leads in economic growth and attracts other economic activities
PERIPHERY
areas outside the economic core
INDUSTRIAL HEARTLAND
an area where manufacturing and other industries are concentrated
OUT-MIGRATION
movement of people out of an area

Economic Change
TRADITIONAL ECONOMY
an economy where most citizens work in primary industries
SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE
agriculture where crops and livestock are raised for consumption by the farmers rather
than for sale
PRODUCTIVITY
a measure of effort that goes into producing goods
DEVELOPING ECONOMY
an economy that is moving from traditional economy by adopting modern methods of
production and service

DEVELOPED ECONOMY
an economy that supports a large service sector, manufacturing, trade, and diverse
sources of income

Development Factors
AGRIBUSINESS
an agricultural business that grows, harvests, stores, processes, and distributes food
VERTICALLY INTEGRATED BUSINESS
when a company owns and operates every step in the manufacture and distribution of its
product
RENEWABLE RESORCES
resources that, if managed in a sustainable way, will naturally replenish themselves
within a relatively short period of time
NON-RENEWABLE RESOURCES
resources that do not replenish themselves naturally
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
using resources and land without negatively affecting their future use

Dealing with Regional Disparities

SCARCITY
the idea that resources are limited and thy should be used efficiently
DECENTRALIZATION
moving industries from the economic core to the periphery
SUNSET INDUSTRIES
industries that are no longer efficient

UNIT XVII

Environment

Introduction
BIOSPHERE
the area of earth where life exists

Population and Resources

AGENDA 21
statement promoting sustainable development agreed to by heads of state at the earth
summit in 1992

Water: The Indispensable Resource

GROUNDWATER
underground water stored in aquifers
AQUIFERS
an underground layer of rock that allows water to pass through it
PERMAFROST
ground that does not completely thaw in the summer

Change Is in the Air

KYOTO PROTOCOL
the agreement agreed upon by 159 countries to reduce carbon emissions by 2012 by 6%
of the 1990 level

Agriculture and Soil

DESERTIFICATION
the spreading of desert areas in areas of little rainfall caused by clearing, overgrazing, and
farming

Declining Forests
BIODIVERSITY
the variety of living forms or species on the planet
BOREAL
coniferous forest between the tundra and the mixed coniferous/deciduous forests to the
south
STEWARDSHIP
management of resources in a manageable and sustainable way

UNIT XVIII

Looking Forward

The Future for Canada

BIOTECHNOLOGY
engineering of genetic material for use in industry or agriculture
CLONING
artificially reproducing an organism asexually using DNA

Trends in the Global Economy

GLOBALIZATION
how regions and countries are becoming connected across the world
MULTINATIONAL CORPORATIONS
a large company that operates in more than one country

The Future of Our Planet

ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT
a way of measuring the total impact that people have on the planets environment