Faculty of Engeneering Science

Subject:
Secondary wastewater treatment
Biological Methods

Professor: Sandra Stefanovic

Student: Visnjic Katarina 920/2014

Kragujevac, December 2014

Contents
1. Fundamentals of biological processes....................................................................2
1.1 The cellular metabolism and bioreactors..........................................................2
1.2. The parameters that influence biological processes........................................3
2. AEROBIC BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES.........................................................................4
2.1. Providing aerobic process oxygen....................................................................5
2.2. Activated sludge............................................................................................... 6
2.2.1. The composition of the microflora of activated sludge..............................7
2.2.2. The main technological parameters...........................................................8
2.3. Aerobic aerated lagoons and lakes aerobic......................................................8
3.ANAEROBIC BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES......................................................................9
3.1. The necessary technological conditions of fermentation anaerobic....................................10
Literature:................................................................................................................. 11

1. Fundamentals of biological processes

1.1 The cellular metabolism and bioreactors
Biological Methods for purification of water based on the metabolic activity of a large number of
microorganisms, which are biodegradable pollution, is used as a source of mineral elements for
the growth and reproduction, and as a source of energy to support these processes.
Cellular metabolism is the sum of a large number of enzyme-catalyzed reactions that are divided
into two groups:
1. The process of catabolism, in which the substances are entered from outside of the cell and
broken into more simple, with the release of chemically bound energy.
2. The process of anabolism, which synthesizes a substance required for building the biomass.

Environmental factors (ecological factors) are the main conditions for realization of all the
chemical and biochemical processes. These conditions significantly affect the metabolism of
microbial cells.
When microorganisms are used in processes for wastewater treatment, these factors are referred
as process parameters.

Metabolism is very complex and made of a large number of interdependent and interconnected
biochemical reactions, and each of them catalyzes a specific enzyme. Because of that, we can not
control it as a chemical reaction out of life function.
The product of metabolism is the new living cell, which is a very complex chemical
composition.

BIOREACTORS

All industrial biological processes for the purification of liquid waste and solid waste are based
on the natural processes of self-purification. Due to constant natural changes, the conditions are
not optimal and so the processes are slow-going.
In order to optimize the conditions, the specific vessels named bioreactors were built. They are
in charge for doing optimization of conditions and control and process management.

1.2. The parameters that influence biological processes.

The course for biological processes of liquid waste is affected by all those parameters which
influence the microbial activity.
The most important are:

- Type and concentration of nutrients

- Concentration of oxygen
- Water activity
- Temperature
- pH
- The presence of toxins
- The rheological character of environment

2. AEROBIC BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES

They occur according to the following reaction:

C6H12O6 + + 6H2O 6O26CO2

Very important to mention for aerobic processes is that they are large consumers of energy,
which is needed to ensure the required oxygen.
If the level of pollution increases, require for oxygen raises.
Aerobic biological processes, from the aspect of liquid waste treatment, are conducted according
to the following scheme:

org. supstancie CO2 + H2O + Q + A NEW MICROORGANISMS

This reaction occurs in the presence of aerobic microorganisms1.

2.1. Providing aerobic process oxygen

1Aerobic microorganisms - live only in the presence of oxygen
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The purpose of providing aerobic conditions is that the oxygen concentration drops below 0.3
mg/l and tends to be at the level of 0.8 mg 02/l.
In this case there are reserves that prevent oxygen of entering the system in aerobic condition.
Two processes are used:

Aeration
Oxygenation.

* Aeration is the process of oxygen placement in the water from the air, in which oxygen is
present in the amount of around 21%.
It is used in biological processes in which large capacities are needed. Two of those are:

** Oxidation is a process of oxygen transfer in the water from the gas environment, which
consists of oxygen or a mixture of oxygen and air in various proportions.

2.2. Activated sludge

Activated sludge is the name of the biologically active biomass of aerobic micro flora, which is
suspended in the liquid waste in the form of flocks. The flocks consist of a living and active
micro-organisms, dead cells as well as the organic (biodegradable and non-biodegradable) and
non-organic substances from the liquid waste, which is about to be purified.
Liquid waste is placed into the reactor, in which the activated sludge is maintained in
suspension.
Through aerobic micro flora of the activated sludge biological oxidation of organic liquid waste
pollution is made. The reaction of dissimulation and biological oxidation are happening
practically simultaneously, oxidation of organic matter.
The selection of the equipment for purification of waste water based on activated sludge for
settlement Boksi
and aptinovci in the municipality urenovac, the advantages and disadvantages of the
purification device.
As set out in that remote and smaller communities of 500 to 2000 ES suitable equipment In
particular, based on the active
sludge, for better purification, which is important when it comes to water protection sections.
disclosed are
Parts and operation of the equipment for waste water purification based on active sludge.

2.2.1. The composition of the microflora of activated sludge

The most important and the most frequent and activated sludge microorganisms are bacteria.
Basically, those are gram-negative bacteria.
Other types of micro-organisms have an important role in the purification of activated sludge
such as protozoa, which feed dispersed (uninoculated) and nilifere bacteria that remove small,
non-precipitated activated sludge flocks, play a significant role in the final purification, the socalled. polishing, aerobic reactor effluent

2.2.2. The main technological parameters

The main technological parameters of activated sludge treatment are:

Load of the process,
SAR degradation (consumption) of the pollution, and
Approximate retain time of microorganisms (or sludge age).
The process of purification of activated sludge is controlled by the amount of sludge taken from
the system (which depends on the concentration of sludge in the reactor) and the approximate
time to keep the micro-flora in the system. The amount of sludge removed from a system must
be less than the net population growth of micro-flora, in order to sustain micro-flora non-rinsed,
i.e. to sustain concentration of activated sludge in the reactor.

2.3. Aerobic aerated lagoons and lakes aerobic

This is a technique in everyday life a lot of sense because scientific approaching method realnatural decay bacteria. In simple words, it panders only under treatment. These are the open
earthen basins, resulting from various ways. In Backa pools are usually formed by digging the
earth for brickworks.In some other parts of Serbia are usually abandoned mines, etc . We can say
to disposal of sewage sludge from the procedure of processing and storage posts safeguarding
actually produce biological reactors. In these ravines, excavation, mining, carried out aerobically
treating OJ. Advantageously, and so is that place away from the settlement (Planned away Kac)
because of domestic animals and unpleasant odors Artificial dug gullies, lakes and lagaune
TRAINING are well placed when compared to those settlements, rectangular square in shape,
and with the possibility of traffic approaches. Special conditions apply to the mining pits that are
inaccessible.

Procedures of aerobic biological treatment with suspended micro-flora, which are similar to the
natural self-purification processes, are aerobic aerated lagoons and (especially) aerobic lake.
Those are built as large pools (natural or artificial), which serves as biological reactors, in
which liquid waste is being purified in aerobic way.
These procedures are used when we have sufficient of available land area and when the intense
of the odor emission (created in aeration process on the large water surface) can be tolerated
(usually in the case of sufficient distance from residential areas).
Artificial, dug lagoons or lakes are usually rectangular or square shape, while the natural
lagoons have irregular shape or just follow the configuration of the field.

3.ANAEROBIC BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES

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Application of the anaerobic digestion of wastewater treatment and sludge is widespread

throughout the world. By definition, the anaerobic digestion is the use of microorganisms in the
absence of oxygen for the stabilization of organic materials to methane gas, and converting the
inorganic products, including carbon dioxide.
This process is used for the treatment of wastewater from industrial, agricultural and cities.
Industrial waste water originating from:

- Brewers,
- Dairy,
- Food production,
- Chemical industry,
- The pharmaceutical industry

Agricultural waste water can be originating from farm pigs, cattle, chickens and others. Typical
solids content of the components in the digester low load is 3 to 10%, in highly loaded 10 to
30%. Reduction of COD varying between 75 and 90%.

3.1. The necessary technological conditions of fermentation anaerobic

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The technological process of fermentation anaerobic conditioned by the existence and fulfilling
the appropriate conditions - in order to achieve a result with a higher degree of decomposition of
organic matter and satisfactory quality and yield of biogas.

Basic technological conditions for the anaerobic process of fermentation are:

- Seed size and type of material,
- The temperature during the process,
- The pressure in the digester,
- The value of pH,
- Quality of methane bacteria,
- Bezkiseonina atmosphere digester,
- The retention time of the digested substrate,
- The ratio of carbon and nitrogen in the substrate (C / N),
- Mixing of the substrate in the digester,
- The ratio of the dry organic substance and water in the substrate.

Each of these conditions has a certain degree of influence on the flow of the process of anaerobic
fermentation. To ensure that these conditions could provide, it is necessary to know their nature
and magnitude of the process of anaerobic fermentation. For this reason it is necessary for each
of the conditions to know the basic facts.

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Literature:
1.
2.

Classbook for IV years of high school

Josip Baras, Processing and disposal of liquid waste, Department of textbooks Belgrade

3.

www.wikipedia.com

4. The book of organic chemistry

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