Eurocode 7 Seminar

Belfast, 11 April 2013

DavidPreece
Bachy Soletanche
BachySoletanche
EmbeddedwalldesigntoEC7

Tel:
Mob:
E:

01704895686
07715484208
david.preece@bacsol.co.uk

Eurocode 7 Seminar
Belfast, 11 April 2013

Introduction
Setthescene
StepsinvolvedtodesignanembeddedwalltoEC7&highlight
differences and similarities with other advice (C580, BS 8002)
differencesandsimilaritieswithotheradvice(C580,BS8002)
ProvideanexampleofacantileverwallandcompareresultsofC580
designandEC7design
Executioncodes
Execution codes

Eurocode 7 Seminar
Belfast, 11 April 2013

Nicoll Highway collapse in Singapore, April 2004. 4 workers killed

3

Eurocode 7 Seminar
Belfast, 11 April 2013

Eurocode 7 Seminar
Belfast, 11 April 2013

BelfastSewers2007

Eurocode 7 Seminar
Belfast, 11 April 2013

Fermoy

Eurocode 7 Seminar
Belfast, 11 April 2013

TheCubeBirmingham

Eurocode 7 Seminar
Belfast, 11 April 2013

Embeddedwalldesignsteps

Determinewallsectiongeometry
D
t
i
ll
ti
t
Plotgroundconditionsandreviewadequacyofgroundinvestigation
Determinecharacteristicvaluesofgeotechnicalparameters
D t
Determinegroundwaterconditions,otheractions
i
d t
diti
th
ti
Determinewalltypeandinitialwallsizing
SetupcalculationsforULS
CarryoutULScombination2
C
S
bi i 2
CarryoutULScombination1

SetupcalculationsforSLSandruncalc
Determinedesignforcestobeusedforthestructuralpiledesign
D t
i d i f
t b
d f th t t l il d i

Eurocode 7 Seminar
Belfast, 11 April 2013

Determinewallsection
geometry
Retainedlevels horizontal/sloping?
Adjacentbuildings,existingbasements
Excavationlevels
Excavation levels
Permanentbasementlevels
Temporaryproplevels,proptypes,
temporarybermsdimensions
Allowanceforunplannedoverdig

Eurocode 7 Seminar
Belfast, 11 April 2013

geometrycontd

9.3.2.2Groundsurfaces
(1)Ptakeaccountofthevariationintheactualfield
values;
(2)inULSleveloftheresistingsoilshouldbelowered
below the normally expected level by an amount a.
belowthenormallyexpectedlevelbyanamount
a subjecttositecontrol;
Withanormaldegreeofcontrol:

h
a

Cantilever:
Ca t e e : a =10%ofwallheightaboveexcavationlevel
0% o a e g t abo e e ca at o e e
withalimitof0.5m;
Propped: a =10%ofdistancebetweenlowestsupportand
excavationlevelwithalimitof0.5m
a

(3) a =0maybeusedwhensurfacelevelspecifiedtobe
0 may be used when surface level specified to be
controlledreliably.
(4)Largervaluesof a shouldbeusedwheresurface
levelisparticularlyuncertain.

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Eurocode 7 Seminar
Belfast, 11 April 2013

Plotgroundinvestigation&reviewadequacy
EN
EN19972:2007(E)AnnexB
1997 2 2007 (E) Anne B
B.3(1):
Forhighrise&industrialstructuresagridpatternat15mto40m
g
g p
Forlinearstructuresaspacingof20mto200m
Forspecialstructures(e.g.bridges)twotosixinvestigationpoints

11

Eurocode 7 Seminar
Belfast, 11 April 2013

groundinvestigationcontd
B.3(12)forcutoffwallsza > 2.0mbelow
surfaceimpermeabletowater
B.3(13)forpilesza > 1.0bg &> 5.0m&> 3DF
OtherrequirementsB.3(5)forhighrise,(6)
Other requirements B 3 (5) for high rise (6)
forraftfoundations,(10)forexcavations,etc
...

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Eurocode 7 Seminar
Belfast, 11 April 2013

Determinecharacteristicvaluesofgeotechnical
p
parameters
1.5pagesoftext
2.4.5.2(2)Pacautiousestimateofthevalue
affectingtheoccurrenceofthelimitstate.
g
ComparewithdefinitioninCIRIAC580
Moderatelyconservative isacautiousestimate
ofthevaluerelevanttotheoccurrenceofthe
limitstate
C580onModcon:equivalenttorepresentative
values inBS8002(1994)&characteristicvalues
asdefinedinEC7.Thisshouldnotbeconfused
d f d
h h ld
b
f d
withthecharacteristicvalue(5percentfractile)
adoptedinstructuralengineeringformaterial
properties
properties.

Fig 5.15
5 15 CIRIA C580
13

Eurocode 7 Seminar
Belfast, 11 April 2013

characteristicgeotechnical
parameters contd
parameterscontd

Graph of Level .vs. All Shear Strength Data in Clay Soils

Triaxials tests
SPT 'N' x f1

2.4.5.2(3)PThegreatervarianceofc
comparedtothatoftanshallbe
considered
considered
2.4.5.2(11)Ifstatisticalmethodsareused,
thecharacteristicvalueshouldbederived
such that the calculated probability of a
suchthatthecalculatedprobabilityofa
worsevaluegoverningtheoccurrenceofthe
limitstateunderconsiderationisnotgreater
than5%.
NOTEInthisrespect,

U100 blow s x F
Design line
Design line

Level (mOD/mAOD/mRL)

-5

-10

-15

-20

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

220

240

260

280

300

Undrained Shear Strength, Cu (KPa)

characteristic values =moderatelyconservative

characteristicvalues
moderately conservative =representativevalues
representative values
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Eurocode 7 Seminar
Belfast, 11 April 2013

Wallfriction

9.5.1General
(4) mobilised wall friction and adhesion should be considered as a
(4)mobilisedwallfrictionandadhesionshouldbeconsideredasa
functionof:
thestrengthparametersoftheground;
d
thefrictionpropertiesofthewallgroundinterface;
thedirection&amountofmovementofthewallrelativetotheground;
theabilityofthewalltosupportanyverticalforcesresultingfromwall
frictionandadhesion.
(5) The amount of shear stress which can be mobilised at the wall ground
(5)Theamountofshearstress,whichcanbemobilisedatthewallground
interfaceshouldbedeterminedbythewallgroundinterfaceparameter.
(6)Aconcretewallorsteelsheetpilewallsupportingsandorgravelmaybe
assumedtohaveadesignwallgroundinterfaceparameterd =k. cv;d
;

kshouldnotexceed2/3forprecastconcreteorsteelsheetpiling.

(7)Forconcretecastagainstsoil,avalueofk=1.0maybeassumed.

15

Eurocode 7 Seminar
Belfast, 11 April 2013

Wallfriction

Acting
UP on
the soil

d =k.
k cv;d

cv;k

x
+ up
+up

Downward movement
of soil relative to wall:
v Kp & Ka

Acting
DOWN
on the
soil

densesand

Loose sand
Loosesand

Soil
movement

Upward movement of
soil relative to wall:
Soil
movement

v Kp & Ka

Common situation wall friction beneficial on

both sides:
Prop
Forces on the soil

Wall movement

Soil movement

down
volumechangecurve
l
h

Soil movement
Forces on the soil

CIRIA C580

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Eurocode 7 Seminar
Belfast, 11 April 2013

Groundwateranddrainage

9.3.2.3Waterlevels
(1)Pbasedonhydraulicandhydrogeological
conditionsatthesite
(3)Pconsideradversewaterpressuredueto
perched or artesian water tables
perchedorartesianwatertables
2.4.6.1
(6)forULS:mostunfavourableduringlifetime
ofstructure
f
(6)forSLS:mostunfavourableinnormal
circumstances
(8)designvaluesderivedbyapplyingpartial
factorstocharacteristicwaterpressuresor
applyingsafetymargintothecharacteristic
waterlevel
t l l

Most unfavourable during

lifetime of structure

Most unfavourable in
normal circumstances

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Eurocode 7 Seminar
Belfast, 11 April 2013

groundwater

2.4.6.1Designvaluesforgroundwater
(9)shouldconsider:
thefavourableorunfavourableeffectsofdrainage,bothnaturaland
artificial,takingaccountofitsfuturemaintenance;
thesupplyofwaterbyrain,flood,burstwatermains
the supply of water by rain flood burst water mains orothermeans;
or other means;
changesofwaterpressuresduetothegrowthorremovalofvegetation
(10)Considerunfavourablewaterlevelsthatmybecausedbythechanges
inthewatercatchmentandreduceddrainageduetoblockage,freezingor
othercauses.
(11)Unlesstheadequacyofthedrainagesystemcanbedemonstrated
anditsmaintenanceensured,thedesigngroundwatertableshouldbe
taken as the maximum possible level, which may be the ground surface.
takenasthemaximumpossiblelevel,whichmaybethegroundsurface.
9.6(3)unlessareliabledrainagesystemisinstalledvaluesofwater
pressuresshouldnormallycorrespondtoawatertableatthesurfaceofthe
retainedmaterial.

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Eurocode 7 Seminar
Belfast, 11 April 2013

groundwater
9.4.2Drainagesystems
(1)PIfthesafetyandserviceabilityofthe
designedstructuredependsonthesuccessful
performanceofadrainagesystem:
specifymaintenanceprogrammeandor
specifyadrainagesystemthatwill
operatewithoutmaintenance.

Contiguous wall

Permeablewalls,e,g,contiguouswallsreduce
backofwallwaterpressureswhilstpermeability
p
p
y
ismaintainedbutconsiderationofbuildup
behindneedsseriousthoughtasconsequences
severe.
19

Eurocode 7 Seminar
Belfast, 11 April 2013

groundwater
SLS
ULS
SLS

Suggestionofhowtoproceed:
ULS

1. Apply safety margin to the

characteristic water level to
determine ULS design value
water level. This would
normally be close to the
ground surface;
2. Ensure 1.35 x SLS
groundwater pressures ~ ULS
groundwater pressures, then:

For ULS Combination 1 use SLS Design

g value (since
(
will be
factoring up by 1.35 see later)
For ULS Combination 2 use ULS Design value water level without
any further
f th ffactoring
t i
20

Eurocode 7 Seminar
Belfast, 11 April 2013

But be aware of Section 8.2 of Concrete

Basements published by MPA The Concrete Centre

itisrecommendedthatfor
ULSverificationF =G,unfav
=1.35shouldbeappliedto
normalgroundwater
levelsandF =Q=1.20
shouldbeappliedto
pressurefromwateratthe
most unfavourable level
mostunfavourablelevel
thatcouldoccurduringthe
lifetimeofthestructure
21

Eurocode 7 Seminar
Belfast, 11 April 2013

Otheractionsactingonwall
Actions,basiclistin2.4.4(4)
Actions basic list in 2 4 4 (4)
9.3.1.3Surcharges
((1)Ptakeaccountofthepresence,onornearthesurfaceof
)
p
,
theretainedground,of,forexample,nearbybuildings,
parkedormovingvehiclesorcranes,storedmaterial,goods
andcontainers.
Nominimumdesignsurchargespecified.
Weadopttheminimum10kPasurchargeasrecommendedin
BS8002andC580.Mightreducethisforwallswith<3m
retainedheight.

9.3.1.7collisionforces
9.3.1.8temperatureeffects
9 3 1 8 temperature effects
22

Eurocode 7 Seminar
Belfast, 11 April 2013

Determinewalltype&initialsizing

ContiguousBoredPileWalls
C
ti
B d Pil W ll
500to2100mmdiameter
Largediameter/CFAboredpilesystems
Subjecttogroundconditions

SecantPileWalls
Secant Pile Walls
600mmto1050mmtypically
Largediameter/CFAboredpilesystems
DiaphragmWalls
500to1500mmwallthickness
Grab,hydraulicGrab,MiniCutter,Cutter
23

Eurocode 7 Seminar
Belfast, 11 April 2013

24

Eurocode 7 Seminar
Belfast, 11 April 2013

Determinewalltype&initialsizing

Reinforcedconcreteembeddedwallstiffness(EI):
EC2(BSEN199211:2004,clause3.1.3and3.1.4)providesa
mechanismfordeterminingconcretestiffnessintheshorttermand
longterm.Thestiffnesscalculationstakeaccountofconcretestrength,
cementtype,aggregatetype,creepduration(time),environmental
conditions.
Theprocessrequiresanumberofassumptionstobemade,followed
f
f
bythecomputationofanumberofequationsandlookupofcreep
factorfromgraphs.
Havinggonethroughthiscycle,recommendtheadvicegiveninC580
h
h h
l
d h d
(section4.2.3)issuitable,i.e.:

25

Eurocode 7 Seminar
Belfast, 11 April 2013

walltype&initialsizing
C580(section4.2.3)issuitable,i.e.:
Adopt0.7E
p
g
0.Iduringconstruction
Adopt0.5E0.Iduringlongterm
E0 isuncrackedYsM(typically
28GPa)Iis2ndmmtofarea

For contiguous and secants:

I =

.D 4
64 .s

m4 / m

For diaphragm
p g walls:

d3
I =
m
12

/m

D is structural pile diameter

s is pile spacing

E0 ~19.6GPaduringconstructionand
14GPainlongterm

d is wall thickness
I is second moment of area

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Eurocode 7 Seminar
Belfast, 11 April 2013

Setupcalculationsforultimatelimitstate(ULS)
UKNationalAnnex DesignApproach1
Twoseparatechecksrequired:
Two separate checks required:
Combination1A1+M1+R1
Combination2A2+M2+R1
A denotespartialfactorsonactions
p
M denotespartialfactorsonmaterials/strengthparameters
R denotespartialfactorsforresistances

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Eurocode 7 Seminar
Belfast, 11 April 2013

LoadCombinationsPartialFactors
BS EN 1997-1: 2004. National Annex A

BS EN 1997-1: Design Approach 1

Combination 1
A1

Action Values (A) Permanent, G

Variable, Q

Material
P
Properties
ti (M)

Resistances (R)

M1

Combination 2
R1

A2

Unfv

1.35

Fav.

Unfv

1.5

1.3

Fav.

M2

Friction angle, Tan

1.25

Eff. Cohesion, c

1.25

Undr. Strengh, c u

1.4

Unc.Compr.Strength

1.4

Weight density,

R1

Bearing resistance, Rv

Sliding resistance, Rh

E th resistances,
Earth
i t
Re

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Eurocode 7 Seminar
Belfast, 11 April 2013

CarryoutULScombination2(usuallygovernstoedepth)
Action

A:Increaseunfavourable
variableactionsby1.3factor
M:Applypartialfactorsto
M: Apply partial factors to
materialparameters
Factoronsoilstiffness?
Recommend use 1 4
Recommenduse1.4.

Permanent
Variable

Symbol SetA2
factors
Unfavourable
favourable
Unfavourable

G
Q

favourable

Soilparameter
Angleofshearingresistance,tan
Angle
of shearing resistance tan
Effectivecohesion
Undrainedshearstrength
Unconfinedstrength

1.0
1.0
1.3
0

Symbol

SetM2
factors

c
cu
qu

1.25
1
25
1.25
1.4
1.4
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Eurocode 7 Seminar
Belfast, 11 April 2013

CarryoutULScombination1

A:Needtoapplyvariablefactorstoactions
dependingonwhetherunfavourableor
favourable & permanent or variable;
favourable&permanentorvariable;
A:2.4.2(9)NOTEUnfavourable(or
destabilising)andfavourable(orstabilising)
permanentactionsmayinsomesituationsbe
consideredascomingfromasinglesource.If
id d
i f
i l
If
theyareconsideredso,asinglepartialfactor
maybeappliedtothesumoftheseactionsorto
thesumoftheireffects.
A:thereforejustfactorupunfavourablevariable
actionsby(1.5/1.35)andthenfactorresulting
actions(SFs,BMs)by1.35.
Action
Permanent
Variable

Unfavourable
favourable
Unfavourable
favourable

Symbol
G
Q

c = 1.35
c = 1.0
c = 1.35

c = 1.0

SetA1
Set
A1
factors
1.35
10
1.0
1.5
0

30

Eurocode 7 Seminar
Belfast, 11 April 2013

CarryoutULScombination1

M:Applypartialfactorof1.0tomaterialparameters.
Soilparameter

Symbol

SetM1
factors

Angleofshearingresistance,tan

1.0

Effectivecohesion

1.0

Undrainedshearstrength

cu

1.0

Unconfinedstrength

qu

31

Eurocode 7 Seminar
Belfast, 11 April 2013

SetupcalculationsforSLSandruncalc

2.4.8(2)Valuesofpartialfactorsforserviceabilitylimitstatesshouldnormally
be taken equal to 1 0
betakenequalto1.0.
2.4.8(5)PAlimitingvalueforaparticulardeformationisthevalueatwhicha
serviceabilitylimitstate,suchasunacceptablecrackingorjammingofdoors,is
deemedtooccurinthesupportedstructure.Thislimitingvalueshallbeagreed
d
duringthedesignofthesupportedstructure.
h d
f h
d
9.8.1(2)PDesignvaluesofearthpressuresfortheserviceabilitylimitstate
shallbederivedusingcharacteristicvaluesofallsoilparameters;
Soilparameter
il

Symbol
b l

Angleofshearingresistance,tan

SLSM
factors
1.0

Effectivecohesion

1.0

Undrainedshearstrength
U
Unconfinedstrength
fi d t
th

cu
qu

1.0
10
1.0
32

Eurocode 7 Seminar
Belfast, 11 April 2013

calculationsforSLS

9.8.1(3)PPermanentsurchargeloadsbehindtheretainingwallshallbederived
usingtheircharacteristicvalues;
i th i h
t i ti
l
9.8.2(4)PItshallbeconsideredtowhatextentvariableactions,suchas
vibrationscausedbytrafficloadsbehindtheretainingwall,contributetothewall
displacement;
AccidentaloverdigneednotbeconsideredintheSLSanalysis.
Checkifwalldisplacementisacceptable

Action

Permanent
installation
movements ref
C580

Variable

Unfavourable
favourable
Unfavourable
favourable

Symbol SLS
SLSA
A
factors
G
Q

1.0
1.0
1.0
0
33

Eurocode 7 Seminar
Belfast, 11 April 2013

Determinedesignforcestobeusedforthestructuralpiledesign

Thedesignsectionforces(i.e.bendingmomentandshear)intheULS
shallbethemaximumoftheresultingvaluesbetweenCombination1
andCombination2.

Ifcrackcontrolis
required(e.g.forwallto
bedesignedas
g
permanentstructure),
crackwidthcalculation
willbecarriedoutusing
theresultingsection
forcesfromtheSLS
analysis.

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Eurocode 7 Seminar
Belfast, 11 April 2013

Structuraldesignofpilesection
Reducedconcretesectiondiameterfor
structuraldesign;
Laplength&anchoragedifferent;
Lap length & anchorage different;
Rulesonlappingbundlebars;
Approachtosheardesigndifferent.
A
ht h
d i diff
t

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Eurocode 7 Seminar
Belfast, 11 April 2013

Example cantileverwith
longtermpropping
g
p pp g
ComparisonwithC580
Characteristic values of geotechnical parameters [ = design parameters for SLS analysis]:
Stratum

d = k.'cv

c'

kPa

1.0

28.0

n/a

28

1.0

28.0

30

25

1.0

150

n/a

n/a

n/a

28

23

'cv

3
kN/m

cu

cu with z

'

'cv

mOD

kPa

kPa

8.03

18

n/a

n/a

30

28

Sand

18

n/a

n/a

30

Drained Clay

20

n/a

n/a

Undrained Mudstone

21

300

Drained Mudstone

21

n/a

Made Ground

Top Level

ko

Eu

Eu with z

E'v

E'v with z

kPa

kPa

kPa

kPa

0.50

n/a

n/a

20,000

n/a

0.50

n/a

n/a

20,000

25.0

n/a

n/a

16,200

1.0

n/a

n/a

180,000

90,000

n/a

n/a

10
1.0

23 0
23.0

n/a

n/a

108 000
108,000

54000

d = k.'cv

c'

ko

Eu

Eu with z

E'v

E'v with z

Design values of geotechnical parameters for ULS Combination 1:

Stratum

cu

cu with z

mTD

3
kN/m

kPa

kPa

kPa

kPa

kPa

kPa

kPa

8.03

18

n/a

n/a

30.0

28.0

1.0

28.0

n/a

0.50

n/a

n/a

14285.7

0.0

Sand

18

n/a

n/a

30.0

28.0

1.0

28.0

n/a

0.50

n/a

n/a

14285.7

0.0

Drained Clay

20

n/a

n/a

30.0

25.0

1.0

25.0

0.0

1.00

n/a

n/a

11571.4

0.0

Made Ground

Top Level

'

Undrained Mudstone

21

300.0

150.0

n/a

n/a

1.0

n/a

n/a

1.00

128571.4

64285.7

n/a

n/a

Drained Mudstone

21

n/a

n/a

28.0

23.0

1.0

23.0

4.0

1.00

n/a

n/a

77142.9

38571.4

d = k.'cv

c'

ko

kPa

Design values of geotechnical parameters for ULS Combination 2:

Stratum

3
kN/m

cu

cu with z

'

'cv

mTD

kPa

kPa

8.03

18

n/a

n/a

24.8

23.0

1.0

23.0

n/a

Sand

18

n/a

n/a

24.8

23.0

1.0

23.0

Drained Clay

20

n/a

n/a

24.8

20.5

1.0

Undrained Mudstone

21

214.3

107.1

n/a

n/a

Drained Mudstone

21

n/a

n/a

23.0

18.8

Made Ground

Top Level

Eu

Eu with z

E'v

E'v with z

kPa

kPa

kPa

kPa

0.5

n/a

n/a

14285.7

0.0

n/a

0.5

n/a

n/a

14285.7

0.0

20.5

0.0

n/a

n/a

11571.4

0.0

1.0

n/a

n/a

128571.4

64285.7

n/a

n/a

1.0

18.8

4.0

n/a

n/a

77142.9

38571.4

36

Eurocode 7 Seminar
Belfast, 11 April 2013

Comparisonofdisplacements
8.00
7.50
7.00
6.50
6.00
5.50
5.00
4.50

Elevation(mOD)

Groundwater SLS
Design value

4.00
3.50
3 00
3.00
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
0.00
-0.50
-1.00
-1.50
-2.00
0

0.01

0.02

0.03

Displacement (m)

C580 SLS displacements

EC7 SLS displacements

37

Eurocode 7 Seminar
Belfast, 11 April 2013

ComparisonofBMs

ULS capacity

C580 ULS

C580 SLS * 1.35

ULS Combination 1

ULS C
Combination
bi ti 2
8.00

EC7peak<
5% higher
5%higher

7.50
7.00
6.50
6.00
5.50
5.00
4.50
4.00
3 50
3.50
3.00
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00

Groundwater
ULS Comb 1
SLS Design
value

Groundwater
ULS Comb 2
ULS Design
value

0.50
0.00
-0.50
-1.00
-1.50
-2.00

-200

-100

100

200

300

400

ULS Vertical bending moments (kNm)

38

Eurocode 7 Seminar
Belfast, 11 April 2013

ComparisonofSFs

ULS capacity

C580 ULS

C580 SLS * 1.35

ULS Combination 1

ULS C
Combination
bi ti 2
8.00
7.50
7.00
6.50
6.00
5.50
5.00

Elevatio
on (mOD)

4.50
4.00
3 50
3.50
3.00
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00

Groundwater
ULS Comb 1
SLS Design
value

Groundwater
ULS Comb 2
ULS Design
value

0.50

EC7peak~
15%higher

0.00
-0.50
-1.00
-1.50
-2.00

-300

-200

-100

100

200

300

ULS Shear Force per pile (kN)

39

Eurocode 7 Seminar
Belfast, 11 April 2013

Constructiondifferences
Executionofspecialgeotechnicalworks:
Execution of special geotechnical works:
BSEN12063:1999 Sheetpilewalls
BSEN1536:2010 Boredpiles
BSEN1538:2012
BS EN 1538: 2012 Diaphragmwalls
Diaphragm walls

Differencesbetweenthesecodesandindustry
standard ICE SPERW e g wrt bored piles:
standardICESPERW,e.g.wrtboredpiles:

Differencesinplanlocationandverticalitytolerances;
Differencesincageinstallationtolerances;
Differences in minimum amount of reinforcement;
Differencesinminimumamountofreinforcement;
Limitsonreinforcementspacing;
Differencesinacceptablemethodsofconcretingindryconditions;

40

Eurocode 7 Seminar
Belfast, 11 April 2013

Conclusion&summary
KeystepsinthedesignofembeddedwallstoEC7
y p
g
Highlightedthedifferencesandsimilarities
SimilarphilosophytoC580andBS8002
OurinitialexperienceisthatEC7providesslightlyhigher
BMsandSFs
Groundwater&drainage
Groundwater & drainage
Beawareofdifferences
inexecutionstandards

41

Eurocode 7 Seminar
Belfast, 11 April 2013

Conclusion&summary
KeystepsinthedesignofembeddedwallstoEC7
y p
g
Highlightedthedifferencesandsimilarities
SimilarphilosophytoC580andBS8002
OurinitialexperienceisthatEC7providesslightlyhigher
BMsandSFs
Groundwater&drainage
Groundwater & drainage
Beawareofdifferences
inexecutionstandards

Thankyou
42