India317!

1. Dowel length (L) is recommended to be 4 times the dowel diameter (D)

2. Depth of fixed portion (F) is recommended to be 1.5 to 2 times the dowel diam
eter
3. Depth of free portion (C) is recommended to be 1 to 2 times the dowel diamete
r
4. Dowel pins having an interference fit in blind holes must have provision for
the
release of air. This can be either a small vent hole of diameter 1mm, or a small
flat
can be ground on the dowel prior to insertion.
5. Not more than two dowels are to be used to hold or locate two parts together
6. The fits given are suitable for use up to 100C, provided the coefficient of th
ermal
expansion for the non-ferrous material does not exceed 26x10!6
RIVET LENGTH = COMBINED WORK PIECE THICKNESS + CLINCH ALLOWANCE where clinch all
owance is 50 - 70% of the rivet shank diameter.
The proper hole diameter is determined by adding a factor of 1.07 to the rivet s
hank diameter or 1.07 x Shank dia. = Hole dia.
ASME B 36.10 M
Description
Mass
76.808
Material
Length 800 mm

- 1996
Steel pipe - ASME B 36.10 M-1996 DN 10"
kg
Acier

Abstract: An analysis of the failures of gearbox units after about 10,000 servic
e hours when the design service life of 45,000 hours was expected was performed
to establish the cause of failure. The gear tooth characteristics, namely, beam
strength, maximum allowable dynamic load, allowable static load and limiting too
th wear load were analysed for ability to cope with the duty load. The failed ge
ar components were examined visually and metallurgically. Lubrication oil used i
n the gearboxes was examined for consistency with manufacturer s standards. The ob
served failures were due to design and manufacturing errors: for instance, the d
uty load on the gear teeth exceeded the maximum tooth beam strength, allowable d
ynamic load and limiting wear load. The out-of-tolerance surface finish also con
tributed as it resulted in the misalignment of pinions and gears. To prevent the
se failures required adequate sizing of the gear teeth and face width as well as
better choice of materials with higher allowable static stresses to bear the lo
ads imposed. The surface roughness should be within tolerance.
INTRODUCTION
The gearbox is a speed-reducing gear unit. It consists of a 16-tooth helical pin
ion (driver) meshing with the driven gear. The driven gear has a nominal rotatio
nal speed of 530 rpm. Both pinion and gear are case-hardened and ground: it was
the pinions of this train which in most cases failed. The electric motor operate
s at 1500 rpm, direct coupled to pinion shaft. Tables 1 and 2 show tested gearbo
x units technical and running data respectively.
Ten gearboxes, each with a design service life expectancy of five years (i.e., 4
5,000 run hours) were installed in a gas re-injection facility. Unexpectedly, le
ss than eighteen months later (i.e., after about 10,000 run hours), the gearboxe
s became noisy and began to fail. Eight of the gearboxes eventually failed and w
ere replaced, and in the subsequent two years, four of the replacement ones have
also failed. Thus, out of eighteen gearboxes installed, twelve failed in servic
e, i.e., well short of their design life expectancy. The phenomenon aroused inte
rest which led to this study.
2 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR HELICAL GEAR-DRIVE

2.1 Design Requirements for Helical Gear-Drive

The gear teeth should be able to transmit the maximum power required; posses suf
ficient strength so that they will not fail under static or dynamic loading duri
ng normal running conditions; and have wear characteristics so that their lives
are satisfactory. The alignment of the gears and deflections of the shafts must
be considered because they affect the performance of the gears. The lubrication
of the gears must be satisfactory (Khurmi and Gupta, 2006).