OPERATING PRINCIPLES
AC motors operate with two rotating (or moving) magnetic fields on the rotor and stator
respectively. Pulling or pushing the poles of the two magnetic fields along, the speed of
the stator rotating magnetic field (Ws) and the speed of the rotor rotating magnetic field
(Wr), which is relative to the speed of the mechanical shaft (Wm), must maintain
synchronism for average torque production by satisfying the synchronous speed relation
(i.e., Ws Wr = Wm). Otherwise, asynchronously rotating magnetic fields would
produce pulsating or non-average torque.
The two main types of AC motors are classified as induction or synchronous.
The induction motor (or asynchronous motor) always relies on a small difference in
speed between the stator rotating magnetic field and the rotor shaft speed called slip
to induce rotor current in the rotor AC winding. As a result, the induction motor cannot
produce torque about synchronous speed where induction (or slip) is irrelevant or
ceases to exist. In contrast, the synchronous motor does not rely on slip-induction for
operation and uses either permanent magnets, salient poles, or an independently
excited rotor winding. The synchronous motor produces its rated torque at exactly
synchronous speed. The brushless wound-rotor doubly-fed synchronous motor
system has an independently excited rotor winding that does not rely on the principles
of slip-induction of current. The brushless wound-rotor doubly-fed motor is
a synchronous motor that can function exactly at the supply frequency or sub to super
multiple of the supply frequency.
Other types of motors include eddy current motors, and also AC/DC mechanically
commutated machines in which speed is dependent on voltage and winding connection
APPLICATION
Three phase induction motors are used wherever the application depends on AC power
from the national grid. Because they don't need commutators they are particularly
suitable for high power applications.
They are available with power handling capacities ranging from a few Watts to more
than 10 MegaWatts.
They are mainly used for heavy industrial applications and for machine tools.
The availability of solid state inverters in recent years means that induction motors can
now be run from a DC source. They are now finding use in automotive applications for
electric and hybrid electric vehicles. Induction motors are seen as more rugged for
these applications than permanent magnet motors which are vulnerable to possible
degradation or demagnetization of the magnets due to over-temperature or accidental
over-current at power levels over about 5 kW. Nevertheless, the induction motor can be
ill-suited for some automotive applications because of the difficulties associated with
extracting heat from the rotor, efficiency problems over wide speed and power ranges,
and a more expensive manufacturing process due to distributed windings. Permanent
magnet and reluctance motors may offer better solutions for these applications.
DC MOTOR
OPERATING PRINCIPLES
A DC motor in simple words is a device that converts direct current(electrical energy)
into mechanical energy. Its of vital importance for the industry today, and is equally
important for engineers to look into the working principle of DC motor in details that
has been discussed in this article. In
order to understand the operating
principle of dc motor we need to first
look into its constructional feature.
The very basic construction of a dc
motor contains
a current carrying
armature which is connected to the
supply
end
through
commutator
segments and brushes and placed within
the north south poles of a permanent or an electro-magnet as shown in the diagram
below.
Applications of DC Motors:
1. D.C Shunt Motors:
It is a constant speed motor.Where the
speed is required to remain almost
constant from noload to full load.Where
the load has to be driven at a number of
speeds and any one of which is nearly
constant.
Industrial use:
Lathes
Drills
Boring mills
Shapers
Electric traction
Cranes
Elevators
Air compressor
Vacuum cleaner
Hair drier
Sewing machine
PressesShears
Reciprocating machine.