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( )
(1)
( )
(2)
( )
(3)
ALSHAMI
Examining eqn. (3) shows that each of its 3 terms has a dimension of
length (L), and consequently called pressure head, velocity (dynamic)
head, and static head.
Tank draining
Determine the velocity and mass flow rate of water efflux from
the circular orifice (0.1 m ID.) at the bottom of the water tank (at
this instant). The tank is open to the atmosphere and H = 4 m.
1
H
2
Solution
1. Conservation of mass:
dM
m mout =
dt
- No incoming mass into the system ==> min = 0
- we are interested in find the instantaneous flow rate
==> dM/dt = constant
mout =C=uA
2. Conservation of energy:
i. No work effects
ii. No friction losses (no long length of conduits)
2
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( )
Also,
-
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( )
P
u
+
=0
2
From the continuity equation, we get:
u1 A 1=u2 A 2
Solving for u1 yields:
u1=
2 p
A 21
2 1
A2
( ) (
( ) (
2 p
A
A
2
1
2
2
2 p
= A1
A1
C 2c A 2o
2 p
p
=C D A 1
2
A1
A 21
2 1
2 1
A2
Ao
Pitot tube
The Pitot tube (named after the French Scientist and engineer
Henry Pitot, 1695-1771) is perhaps the simplest and most useful
fluid flow instrument ever devised.
2
h
AIR
1
3
4
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( )
( )
Also,
P1=Po + gd
And
P3=Po + g ( h+d )
Subtracting P3 from P1 results with:
P1P3=gh
Yielding same results for the fluid (or the craft) velocity obtained
above.
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Similar analysis can be carried out for another type of Pitot tube,
commonly called Pitot-Static tube, sketched in your textbook in
Fig. 2.12. This tube involves 2 tubes where the differential fluid
level (h) is used in the equation above to calculate the fluid or
the craft moving speed.
IV.
( )
P
u
+
=0
2
From the continuity equation,
u1 A 1=u2 A 2
Substituting for u1 yields,
2
( )
A
P 1
+ 1 22 u22=0
2
A1
Solving for u2 ( velocity at throat) yields,
u2 =
2 ( P1P2 )
A22
1 2
A1
)
6
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( ) (
( ) (
Q=u2 A2= A 2
2 ( P 1P2 )
A 21
1 2
A2
= A2
2 ( P1P 2)
A 21
1 2 2
Cc Ao
2 ( P1P2 )
A21
1 2
A2
=C v A 2
( P1P2 )
A21
1 2
Ao
V.
Siphon
Siphon
2
h2
1
z
h1
Discharge
A siphon can be used to drain liquid from an open tank. Siphon lefts
the liquid to an elevation higher than its free surface and discharges it
7
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at a lower elevation than the level of the liquid. The top point (2) of
the siphon is called summit and it is where low pressure occurs,
sometimes to levels close to the liquid vapor pressure. When vapor
pressure is reached at the summit, liquid begins to boil (ie.,
evaporates) resulting with the so-called vapor lock, and flow stops.
Applying the Bernoulli equation between locations (1) and (3):
P
u2
+
+g z=0
( )
Where,
P = 0 (atmospheric pressure)
u1 = 0
z3 = 0
z 1 = h1
Substituting yields,
u 230
0+
+ g ( 0h1 ) =0
2
( )
( )
P
u
+
+g z=0
2
Where,
P1 = 0 (atmospheric pressure)
u1 = 0
z 1 = h1
z2 = (h1+ h2)
Substituting yields,
P2 0 u220
+
+ g ( h2 )=0
( )
Since the Siphon (tube) cross-sectional area does not change, then
velocity remains constant, ie.:
u2=u3
Substituting for u2 in above equation yields:
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P2 0 2 g h 10
+
+ g ( h 2) =0
Rearranging gives:
P2=g ( h2 +h1 ) = ( h2 +h 1)