Comm Fish Safety Digest

COMMERCIAL FISHING
VESSEL SAFETY
DIGEST
Photograph by Jerry Dzugan, AMSEA
COMMERCIAL FISHING VESSEL

SAFETY DIGEST
Originated by
First Coast Guard District, Marine Safety Division
Revised by
Richard Hiscock
LCDR Laurence P. Minott, Jr.
Current update by
Madelyn Walker
As recommended by
Commercial Fishing Industry Vessel Safety Advisory Committee
Edited by
M. M. Rosecrans and Jack Kemerer
(United States Coast Guard)
Jerry Dzugan
(Alaska Marine Safety Education Association)
Publication design by
Kristie Sherrodd
(Alaska Marine Safety Education Association)
2008
Updated April 27, 2009
Commercial Fishing Vessel Safety Digest
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1
INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 1-1
DEFINITIONS ........................................................................................................................ 2-1
RECORDING AND MARKING YOUR VESSEL ................................................................... 3-1
REGULATIONS APPLY TO ALL VESSELS SELLING CATCH........................................... 4-1
PERSONAL FLOTATION DEVICES (PFDs) ........................................................................ 5-1
IMMERSION SUITS............................................................................................................... 6-1
RING LIFE BUOYS................................................................................................................ 7-1
SURVIVAL CRAFT ................................................................................................................ 8-1
MARKING and MAINTAINING LIFESAVING EQUIPMENT................................................. 9-1
10
VISUAL DISTRESS SIGNALS (VDS) ............................................................................... 10-1
11
EPIRBs............................................................................................................................... 11-1
12
PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHERS................................................................................ 12-1
13
BACKFIRE FLAME ARRESTER REQUIREMENTS ........................................................ 13-1
14
VENTILATION REQUIREMENTS..................................................................................... 14-1
15
INJURY REPORTING AND PLACARD REQUIREMENT ................................................ 15-1
16
CASUALTY REPORTING AND CHEMICAL TESTING.................................................... 16-1
17
FISHING AGREEMENTS.................................................................................................. 17-1
18
RESPONSIBILITY OF CAPTAINS.................................................................................... 18-1
19
PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF THE NAVIGATION RULES FOR VESSELS ENGAGED IN

FISHING...................................................................................................................... 19-1
20
CORRECT USE OF STROBE LIGHTS ............................................................................ 20-1
21
POLLUTION PREVENTION REQUIREMENTS ............................................................... 21-1
22
FIREMAN'S OUTFITS AND SELF-CONTAINED BREATHING APPARATUS................ 22-1
23
FIRST-AID KITS AND MANUALS..................................................................................... 23-1
24
FIRST AID & CPR TRAINING ........................................................................................... 24-1
25
GUARDS FOR EXPOSED HAZARDS.............................................................................. 25-1
26
NAVIGATION INFORMATION .......................................................................................... 26-1
27
COMPASS ......................................................................................................................... 27-1
28
ANCHORS ......................................................................................................................... 28-1
29
RADAR REFLECTORS..................................................................................................... 29-1
30
GENERAL ALARMS SYSTEMS ....................................................................................... 30-1
31
COMMUNICATIONS EQUIPMENT .................................................................................. 31-1
32
HIGH WATER ALARMS.................................................................................................... 32-1
33
BILGE PUMPS, BILGE PIPING, AND DEWATERING SYSTEMS .................................. 33-1

34
ELECTRONIC POSITION FIXING DEVICES................................................................... 34-1
35
EMERGENCY INSTRUCTIONS / PLACARDS ................................................................ 35-1
36
INSTRUCTIONS, DRILLS, SAFETY ORIENTATION....................................................... 36-1
37
TRAINING.......................................................................................................................... 37-1
1 INTRODUCTION
So who needs a new Commercial Fishing Vessel Safety Digest?
Background: The first Fishermans Digest was published by the First Coast Guard District,
Marine Safety Division (m) October 2, 1978 (D1 INST. P16703.1A). In 1980, new regulations
regarding PFD lights and retroreflective material on PFDs rendered the publication obsolete.
In 1982, Richard Hiscock urged the U.S. Coast Guard D1(m) to update the Digest. During the
fall and winter of 1982-83, Hiscock worked with LCDR Bud Minott to bring together the material
for a revised Digest that was published by the Coast Guard May 1, 1983 in time to be
distributed at a fishermens show in New Bedford, Massachusetts. (D1 INST. P16703.1B)
Further revisions were made and another edition was published January 1, 1984 as D1 INST.
P16703.1C. There were four printings of this edition including a Portuguese language edition.
The final edition (D1 INST. M16703.1) was published April 1, 1986. Following the adoption of
Fishing Vessel Safety Act in 1988 the Coast Guard adopted and published new regulations in
1991. Hiscock, with the able assistance of LCDR Paul Von Protz, USCG, Coast Guard D1(m),
again set out to craft a series of articles on the new regulations, which were published in several
regional fisheries publications. Those articles were the basis for this effort.
Do we still need such a document? Perhaps more than ever. There is no single publication
where those who must comply with the regulations, and those charged with enforcement
(compliance), can find the answers to basic questions about the regulations. For instance, to
determine the regulatory requirements for immersion suits, survival craft and ring buoys, you
need to research the regulations, several NVICs, and unpublished Headquarters and District
policies. You have to check one NVIC to find the definition of cold waters and another to find
out where the retroreflective tape is to be placed. Its unlikely that all this research would take
place just before a season opener or during a dockside exam. The bottom line is there is a lack
of consistent, uniform, information about the regulations.
In 2007 the Commercial Fishing Industry Vessel Safety Advisory Committee (CFIVSAC)
decided that this publication, when updated, could serve a valuable function for members of the
commercial fishing industry. The Alaska Marine Safety Education Association undertook the
work of updating and expanding it on behalf of the CFIVSAC.
Goal: To provide ONE publication that can be used by everyone involved with fishing vessel
(safety) regulations.
Purpose: The purpose of the Fishermans Digest was, and the purpose of the revised
Commercial Fishing Vessel Safety Digest should be, to bring together ALL the federal
regulations applicable to the operation of uninspected commercial fishing vessels. This Digest
does not include fisheries management regulations.
Who can use the Digest: The Digest can be used by BOTH the fishing industry and the U.S.
Coast Guard. The industry includes individual fishermen, fleet operators, instructors/trainers,
equipment providers, and others involved with the industry. The U.S. Coast Guard includes
Headquarters staff, Commercial Fishing Vessel Examiner Course (Yorktown) instructors, District
Coordinators, Dockside examiners (Civilian, Regular CG, Reserve CG, USCG Auxiliary),
Auxiliary instructors, CG Boarding Officers (at Station and Cutters), CG Small Boat (Life-Saving)
Stations. In fact, any USCG personnel who interact with the fishing industry can use the
Commercial Fishing Vessel Safety Digest as THE manual for fishing vessels.
1-1
2 DEFINITIONS
Except where specifically defined below, all words used in this Digest carry their customary
meanings. Words used in the present tense include the future, and the singular includes the
plural. Source: 46 CFR 28.50
Accepted organization means an organization that has been designated by the Commandant
for the purpose of examining commercial fishing industry vessels under the provisions of
28.073.
Accommodations include:
(1) A messroom.
(2) A lounge.
(3) A sitting area.
(4) A recreation room.
(5) Quarters.
(6) A toilet space.
(7) A shower room.
(8) A galley.
(9) Berthing facilities.
(10) A clothing changing room.
Alcohol concentration means either grams of alcohol per 100 milliliters of blood, or grams of
alcohol per 210 liters of breath.
Aleutian trade means the transportation of cargo, including fishery related products, for hire on
board a fish tender vessel to or from a place in Alaska west of 153 degrees West longitude and
east of 172 degrees East longitude if that place receives weekly common carrier service by
water, to or from a place in the United States, except a place in Alaska
Approved means approved by the Commandant unless otherwise stated.
Auxiliary Craft means a vessel that is carried onboard a commercial fishing vessel and is
normally used to support fishing operations.
Boundary Lines means the lines set forth in 46 CFR 7. In general, they follow the trend of the
seaward high water shorelines and cross entrances to small bays, inlets and rivers. In some
areas, they are along the 12-mile line which marks the seaward limits of the territorial sea and in
other areas they come ashore. The Boundary Line referred to is a Federal Boundary line that
generally goes from point to point from the most seaward points of land. It does not refer to any
other boundary lines that may be set by states or regions for the management of specific
fisheries.
Buoyant Apparatus means a buoyant apparatus approved by the Commandant.
Coast Guard boarding officer means a commissioned, warrant, or petty officer of the Coast
Guard having authority to board any vessel under the Act of August 4, 1949, 63 Stat. 502, as
amended (14 U.S.C. 89).
Coast Guard Representative means a person employed at the cognizant U.S. Coast Guard
Sector Office, or an accepted organization, or a similarly qualified organization approved in
examining commercial fishing industry vessels. Contact Chief, Office of Vessel Activities,
2-1
Commandant (CG-543), U.S. Coast Guard, 2100 Second Street S.W., Washington, DC 205930001 for a current list of accepted organizations or similarly qualified organizations.
Coastal service pack means equipment provided in liferafts approved by the Commandant for
coastal service.
Coastal waters means coastal waters as defined in 33 CFR 175.105, which are the territorial
seas of the U.S., and those waters directly connected to the territorial seas (bays, sounds,
harbors, rivers, inlets, etc.) where any entrance exceeds 2 nautical miles between opposite
shorelines to the first point where the largest distance between shorelines narrows to 2 miles, as
shown on the current edition of the appropriate National Ocean Service chart used for
navigation. Shorelines of islands or points of land present within a waterway are considered
when determining the distance between opposite shorelines.
Coastline means the Territorial Sea Baseline as defined in 33 CFR 2.20.
Cold water means water where the monthly mean low water temperature is normally 59
degrees F (15 degrees C) or less. (See the maps on the following pages and Navigation and
Inspection Circular No. 7-91 for the details of Cold Water Determinations.)
2-2
COLD WATER MAPS U.S. ATLANTIC COAST
JANUARY, FEBRUARY, MARCH & APRIL
JUNE
JULY
MAY
2-3
AUGUST & SEPTEMBER
NOVEMBER
OCTOBER
DECEMBER
2-4
COLD WATER MAPS U.S. PACIFIC COAST
JANUARY & FEBRUARY
MAY
MARCH & APRIL
JUNE
2-5
JULY & AUGUST
OCTOBER, NOVEMBER
& DECEMBER
SEPTEMBER
2-6
Commandant means the Commandant of the Coast Guard or an authorized representative of

the Commandant of the Coast Guard.
Commercial fishing industry vessel means a fishing vessel, fish tender vessel, or a fishprocessing vessel.
Currently corrected means corrected with changes contained in all Notice to Mariners
published by the Defense Mapping Agency Hydrographic/Topographic Center.
Custom engineered means, when referring to a fixed gas fire extinguishing system, a system
that is designed for a specific space requiring individual calculations for the extinguishing agent
volume, flow rate, and piping, among other factors, for the space.
District Commander means an officer of the Coast Guard designated as such by the
Commandant to command all Coast Guard activities within a district.
Documented vessel means a vessel for which a Certificate of Documentation has been issued
under the provisions of 46 CFR Part 67.
Equipment packs means equipment provided in liferafts approved by the Commandant.
Especially hazardous condition means a condition which may be life threatening or lead to
serious injury if continued.
Fish means finfish, mollusks, crustaceans, and all other forms of marine animal and plant life,
except marine mammals and birds.
Fish processing vessel means a vessel that commercially prepares fish or fish products other
than by gutting, decapitating, gilling, skinning, shucking, icing, freezing, or brine chilling.
Fish tender vessel means a vessel that commercially supplies, stores, refrigerates, or
transports fish, fish products, or materials directly related to fishing or the preparation of fish to
or from a fishing, fish processing, or fish tender vessel or a fish processing facility.
Fishing vessel means a vessel that commercially engages in the catching, taking, or
harvesting of fish or an activity that can reasonably be expected to result in the catching, taking,
or harvesting of fish.
Fishing vessel drill conductor means an individual who meets the training requirements of 46
CFR 28.270(c) for conducting drills and providing instruction once a month to each individual on
board those vessels to which Subpart C of this section applies.
Fishing vessel safety instructor means an individual or organization that has been accepted
by the local Officer-In-Charge, Marine Inspection to train Fishing Vessel Drill Conductors to
conduct drills and provide instruction on those vessels to which Subpart C of this part applies.
Gasoline as used in this part includes gasoline-alcohol blends and any other fuel having a flash
point of 110 degrees F (43.3 degrees C) or lower.
Inflatable buoyant apparatus means an inflatable buoyant apparatus approved the
Commandant.
2-7
Inflatable liferaft means an inflatable liferaft that is approved by the Commandant.

Length means the length listed on the vessel's Certificate of Documentation or Certificate of
Number.
Lifeboat means a lifeboat approved by the Commandant.
Liferaft means a liferaft approved by the Commandant.
Major conversion means a conversion of a vessel that:
Substantially changes the dimensions or carrying capacity of the vessel;
Changes the type of the vessel;
Substantially prolongs the life of the vessel; or
Otherwise so changes the vessel that it is essentially a new vessel, as determined by the
Commandant.
Mile means a nautical mile.
North Pacific Area means all waters of the North Pacific Ocean and Bering Sea north of 48
degrees 30' north latitude including waters in contiguous bays, inlets, rivers, and sounds.
Officer in Charge, Marine Inspection (OCMI) means an officer of the Coast Guard who
commands a Marine Inspection Zone described in 33 CFR Part 3 or an authorized
representative of that officer.
Open to the atmosphere means a space that has at least 15 square inches (9680 square
millimeters) of open area directly exposed to the atmosphere for each cubic foot (0.0283 cubic
meters) of net volume of the space.
Operating station means the principal steering station on the vessel from which the vessel is
normally navigated.
Pre-engineered means, when referring to a fixed gas fire extinguishing system, a system that is
designed and tested to be suitable for installation as a complete unit in a space of a set volume,
without modification, regardless of the vessel on which installed.
Similarly qualified organization means an organization that has been designated by the
Commandant for the purpose of classing or examining commercial fishing industry vessels
under the provisions of 28.076.
State numbered vessel means a vessel for which a certificate of numbers has been issued by
the state in which it is principally operated. Also, referred to as a non-documented vessel.
Switchboard means an electrical panel that receives power from a generator, battery, or other
electrical power source and distributes power directly or indirectly to all equipment supplied by
the power source.
Warm water means water where the monthly mean low water temperature is normally more
than 59 degrees F (15 degrees C).
Watertight means designed and constructed to withstand a static head of water without any
leakage, except that "watertight" for the purposes of electrical equipment means enclosed so
that equipment does not leak when a stream of water from a hose with a nozzle one inch (25.4
2-8
millimeters) in diameter that delivers at least 65 gallons (246 liters) per minute is played on the
enclosure from any direction from a distance of 10 feet (3 meters) for five minutes.
Weather deck means the uppermost deck exposed to the weather to which a weathertight
sideshell extends.
Weathertight means that water will not penetrate into the unit in any sea condition.
SOURCE: 46 CFR 28.50
2-9
3 RECORDING AND MARKING YOUR VESSEL

This chapter applies to any and all fishing industry vessels.
A United States commercial fishing vessel must be documented with the U.S. Coast Guard, or
issued a number from the state where it is principally used.
DOCUMENTATION
Federal law requires that all vessels 5 net tons or more engaged in the fisheries on the
navigable waters of the United States or in the Exclusive Economic Zone must have a
Certificate of Documentation bearing a valid endorsement appropriate for the activity in which
engaged. A fishery endorsement entitles a vessel to employment in the fisheries as defined,
subject to Federal and State laws, and entitles the vessel to land its catch, wherever caught, in
the United States.
Before a vessel can be documented for the fisheries trade, it must be demonstrated, to the
satisfaction of the Coast Guard that the vessel qualifies as a U.S. built vessel. To do this a
vessel must meet the following criteria:
All major components of its hull and superstructure are fabricated in the United States;
and
The vessel is assembled entirely in the United States.
The tonnage of a vessel is not a measure of weight, but rather a measure of cubic volume, one
ton being equal to 100 cubic feet. Experience has shown that a vessel of 26 feet may measure
5 net tons, but a vessel of 40 to 50 feet may measure less than 5 net tons. The tonnage of a
vessel depends on many complex factors. The measurement and calculation of tonnage can be
accomplished using "simplified admeasurement", or the vessel can be "formally admeasured"
by one of several classification societies. Additional information on the simplified
admeasurement may be found at:
http://www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/waisidx_03/46cfr69_03.html.
CITIZENSHIP OF OWNERS
Owners (individual, partnership, or corporation) of a documented vessel must be or qualify as a
citizen of the United States.
MASTER/CREW
The crew on a U.S. fishing vessel must also be United States citizens, aliens lawfully admitted
to the United States for permanent residence, or any other aliens allowed to be employed under
the Immigration and Nationality Act. The latter cannot comprise more than twenty-five percent
(25%) of the unlicensed crew unless a waiver is obtained from the Commandant of the U.S.
Coast Guard.
The crew citizenship requirements do not apply, other than for the master, to a fishing vessel
fishing exclusively for highly migratory species.
3-1
REQUIREMENTS FOR DOCUMENTED VESSELS

When a vessel of the United States is being operated, the original Certificate of Documentation
must be on board, unless the Certificate of Documentation is being submitted to the U.S. Coast
Guard National Vessel Documentation Center for changes. The Certificate of Documentation
must be presented, upon demand, to any Customs official or Coast Guard Officer.
IDENTIFICATION OF A DOCUMENTED VESSEL / VESSEL MARKING INSTRUCTIONS
Every documented vessel must be marked with its official number, name and hailing port. A
Certificate of Documentation is not valid for operation of the vessel until the vessel is marked in
accordance with the prescribed regulations contained in 46 CFR 67.120. All documented
commercial fishing vessels must be identified as follows:
The official number must be permanently marked in block type Arabic numerals not less
than 3 inches in height on a clearly visible interior structural part of the hull. The letters
N.O. precedes the number so that the display of number reads as follows: "N.O.
123456"
The vessel name and hailing port (including state, territory or possession) must be
permanently displayed on the stern of the vessel. Abbreviations of the city of the hailing
port (such as "N.B." for New Bedford) are not acceptable; however, the state may be
abbreviated (such as CT or Conn). The vessel name must also be permanently
displayed on the port and starboard bow. Characters must be composed of letters from
the Latin alphabet (A,B,C) or Arabic (1,2,3) or Roman numerals (I, II, III), clearly legible
and not less than 4 inches in height.
RENEWAL OF DOCUMENT
Certificates of Documentation are valid for one year only. Certificates must be renewed on or
before the last day of the month in which the certificate expires. The expiration date will be on
the document. As the owner of a documented vessel, you should receive a renewal notification
about six weeks before the document is due to expire. If you do not receive this notice by the
beginning of the month in which the document expires, start the renewal process yourself by
contacting the National Vessel Documentation Center (NVDC) (800-799-8362.) This will ensure
the renewal process is completed on time and the document does not lapse. Certificates of
Documentation are not surrendered for renewal, however a renewal form must be submitted to
the NVDC either in person or by mail.
3-2
PENALTIES
46 United States Code, Section 12151, provides the following penalties for violations of
documentation laws and regulations:
VIOLATION
Late renewal
Any other violation of the vessel
documentation laws or regulations
Use of a vessel documented for the pleasure
trade only in another trade
Fraudulent application
Fraudulent use of certificate
MAXIMUM CIVIL PENALTY

$10,000.00
$10,000.00 per occurrence
Forfeiture of the vessel
SURRENDER OF CERTIFICATE
A Certificate of Documentation must be surrendered to the NVDC when one or more of the
following occurs:
The ownership of the vessel changes in whole or in part.

The general partners of a partnership owning the vessel change by addition, deletion, or
substitution.
The homeport of the vessel changes.
The gross or net tonnages, or dimensions of the vessel change.
The name of the vessel changes.
The restrictions imposed on the vessel change by addition, deletion, or substitution.
The legal name of any owner of the vessel changes.
A tenant, by the entirety owning any part of the vessel, dies.
A self-propelled vessel becomes non-self-propelled, or a non-self-propelled vessel
becomes self-propelled.
The trade endorsement of the vessel changes by addition, deletion, or substitution.
The discovery of a substantive or clerical error made by the issuing Documentation
Officer.
The vessel is placed under the command of a person who is not a citizen of the United
States. (The document may be re-validated by the Documentation Officer when the
vessel is once again placed under the command of a citizen of the United States.)
If a vessel's Certificate of Documentation expires, the document becomes invalid and must be
surrendered to a Coast Guard Documentation Officer. Failure to renew and failure to turn over
the document are separate violations.
STATE NUMBERING
If a vessel is less than 5 net tons and equipped with propulsion machinery, it must be
numbered. This is done by the STATE in which the vessel is principally operated. The vessel
will receive a Certificate of Number from the state.
REQUIREMENTS FOR STATE NUMBERED VESSELS
1. A current Certificate of Number must be on board when the vessel is in operation.
2. The characters (letter and numbers) issued to the vessel must be displayed as follows:
a. The characters must be placed on both sides of the forward half of the vessel.
3-3
b. The characters must be either painted on or attached in some permanent way to the
hull.
c. The characters must be block letters and numbers not less than 3 inches in height,
and contrast in color to the background on which they are placed.
d. The letters at the beginning and the end of the numbers must be separated from the
numbers by a space equal to the size of one of the characters. This space may be left
blank or have a hyphen inserted in it.
e. The characters must be displayed on the vessel to read from left to right. EXAMPLES:
AB 1234 CC or AB-1234-CC.
3. The current validation sticker, if issued, must be displayed in accordance with the
instructions provided by the issuing authority.
SOURCES: 46 U.S.C. Chapters 121 and 123, 33 CFR Part 173, Subpart B, 46 CFR Parts 67
and 69
3-4
4 REGULATIONS APPLY TO ALL VESSELS SELLING CATCH

The question is often asked: Are vessels catching and selling fish, generally considered "sport
fish", required to comply with the commercial fishing industry vessel safety regulations? The
answer is: Yes!
The key word is selling. A vessel engaged in selling "fish" (defined as finfish, mollusks,
crustaceans, and all other forms of animal and plant life) is considered to be a "fishing vessel"
(meaning a vessel that commercially engages in the catching, taking, or harvesting of fish or an
activity that can reasonably be expected to result in the catching, taking or harvesting of fish).
Even a vessel with a sport license, e.g. tuna, from National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) is
considered a commercial fishing vessel by the Coast Guard if the catch is sold.
Vessels that sell their catch, or a portion of the catch, are considered to be commercial fishing
vessels and are subject to the fishing vessel safety regulations. A vessel 5 net tons or more
engaged in commercial fishing is required to be documented with the Coast Guard. The
Certificate of Documentation must be endorsed for "Fishing". A vessel less than 5 net tons, if
propelled by machinery, must have a certificate of numbers issued by the state in which the
vessel is principally operated.
Other vessels may be subject to commercial fishing industry safety regulations if selling catch:
Six-pack vessels (Uninspected Passenger Vessels UPVs carrying six or fewer
passengers for hire) if they are selling the catch whether or not they are carrying
passengers are subject to the commercial fishing vessel safety regulations.
Small Passenger Vessels (Inspected under 46 CFR Subchapters T and K) carrying more
than six passengers for hire are inspected and regulated by other safety regulations and are not
required to meet commercial fishing vessel safety regulations. However, if they are not carrying
passengers (not operating under their certificate of inspection) and are selling the catch they are
subject to the commercial fishing vessel safety regulations.
Native American Tribal Fisheries are subject to the commercial fishing industry vessel safety
regulations.
The fishing vessel safety requirements vary depending on several factors, including (a) state
numbered, or documented with the Coast Guard, (b) the number of persons on board, (c) the
area of operation, and (d) the season of the year. This will be detailed in following chapters.
SOURCES: 46 U.S.C. 4502, ALDIST 109 / 96
4-1
5 PERSONAL FLOTATION DEVICES (PFDs)

PFD REQUIREMENTS BY VESSEL LENGTH:
VESSEL LESS THAN 40 FEET
Type I, Type II, Type III, Type V commercial hybrid, immersion suit, or exposure suit (also
called survival suit). For details of immersion suit requirements see Chapter 5.
VESSEL 40 FEET AND OVER
Type I, Type V commercial hybrid, immersion suit, or exposure suit. For details of immersion
suit requirements see Chapter 5.
EACH PFD MUST BE:
Of the proper size for each person on board.
Be in serviceable condition, meaning no rot, broken straps or stitching, punctures, tears or
serious deterioration, and that the PFD is able to operate for its intended purpose.
Readily accessible, meaning that each wearable PFD must be stowed so that it is easily
accessible to the individual for whom it is intended, from both the individual's normal work
station and berthing area. If there is no location accessible to both the work station and the
berthing area, an appropriate PFD must be stored in each location.
PFD LIGHTS
Each wearable PFD carried on a commercial fishing vessel operating on ocean, coastwise*, or
Great Lakes voyages must be equipped with an approved PFD Light (CG Approval Number
161.012). The light must be securely attached to the front shoulder area of each PFD, so it will
be above water when a person is wearing the PFD.
The light or the power source must be marked with a date of expiration, unless it is a standard
battery, such as a 9-volt or D-cell. Unmarked batteries must be replaced annually with the type
designated by the manufacturer. Other batteries or lights must be replaced by their expiration
date.
There is a wide selection of approved PFD lights available. They will vary in cost, quality and
performance. Strobe lights are the most expensive approved lights available, but they are also
the most effective. (See Chapter 20 for the correct use of strobe lights.)
Keep in mind, the effectiveness of batteries and lights degrades in cold temperatures. The use
of chemiluminescent devices (chemical lights) should be avoided on vessels operating in nearfreezing waters.
* "Ocean" and "coastwise" includes the waters of any ocean or the Gulf of Mexico. This
includes all offshore waters beyond the headlands of any body of water which may be
designated as "sea" or "bay." (See NVIC 1-92)
5-1
PLACEMENT OF RETROREFLECTIVE MATERIAL

Each PFD must have 31 square inches (200 sq. cm) of APPROVED retroreflective material on
the front side, and 31 square inches (200 sq. cm) of material on the back side. If the PFD is
reversible (all Type I PFDs) they must be similarly marked on the inside.
The material must be divided equally between the upper quadrant of each side and placed as
close to the shoulder as possible.
If the retroreflective material deteriorates or must be replaced, new material should be
positioned in the same place as the old material.
Only Coast Guard approved retroreflective material (Approval number 164.018/..) should be
used. This material is tested for flexibility, adhesion, and visibility in cold, wet, and oily
conditions. There are two (2) types of approved material available:
Type I is intended for flexible surfaces not continually exposed to the elements i.e., sun,
rain, spray, cold (e.g. PFDs)
Type II is intended for rigid surfaces continually exposed to the elements (e.g. ring
buoys, lifefloats)
Adding retroreflective material. If your PFDs do not already have retroreflective material, it is
simple to add it. You can buy the material and adhesive at most marine
supply stores. It usually comes in 4" by 4" squares. You need four squares
for each Type II or Type III PFD, two for the front and two for the back. The
number of squares needed for Type I depends on the number of reversible
sides. Standard Type I PFDs need eight squares; horse-collar Type I needs
six.
Be sure the application area is dry and free of grease and dirt. Mark off the
area for placement. Apply adhesive to the marked area and allow to dry.
Peel the backing off the retroreflective material and carefully apply it to the
PFD. Follow manufacturers application directions carefully.
NOTE: USCG approved immersion suits are equipped with the required retroreflective material.
The purpose of the retroreflective material is to make the wearer as visible as possible under
nighttime search conditions. It is recommended that additional material be added to the back
side of all immersion suits and Type V exposure coveralls. The pattern is not necessarily the
same as that used on lifejackets. The key is to be seen; you are not a survivor until you are
rescued.
MARKING
PFDs must be marked with either the name of the vessel, the owner of the PFD, or the person
to whom the PFD is assigned. It must be printed in block letters with waterproof marking. Letters
should be at least one inch high and in a contrasting color.
Follow the manufacturers recommendation for marking your PFD since some inks and paints
can damage PFD materials.
5-2
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Substitution of immersion suits for PFDs. U.S. Coast Guard Approved immersion suits may
be substituted for Type I, II or III PFDs on uninspected commercial vessels, including fishing
industry vessels. Immersion suits may not be substituted for PFDs on recreational vessels or
uninspected passenger vessels. Only immersion suits manufactured to U.S. Coast Guard
standards and marked with U.S. Coast Guard Approval Numbers 160.071 or 160.171 may be
substituted for the required PFDs.
Types of PFDs. There are five types of PFDs. The type indicates the recommended service or
use. Some PFDs are more than one type.
A TYPE I PFD, or OFF-SHORE LIFE JACKET provides the most buoyancy. It is
effective for all waters, especially open, rough, or remote waters where rescue
may be delayed. It is designed to turn most unconscious wearers face up in the
water. The Type I comes in two sizes. The ADULT size provides at least 22
pounds of buoyancy, the CHILD size, 11 pounds minimum.
A TYPE II PFD, NEAR-SHORE BUOYANT VEST is intended for calm, inland

waters or where there is a good chance of quick rescue. This type will turn
some unconscious wearers to a face-up position in the water. An ADULT size
device provides at least 15 1/2 pounds buoyancy; a MEDIUM CHILD size
provides 11 pounds. INFANT and SMALL CHILD sizes each provide at least
7 pounds buoyancy.
A TYPE III PFD, or FLOTATION AID is good for calm, inland waters, or where
there is a good chance of quick rescue. It is designed so wearers can turn
themselves to a face-up position in the water. The wearer may have to tilt their
head back to avoid turning face-down in the water. The Type III has the same
minimum buoyancy as a Type II PFD. It comes in many styles, colors, and sizes
and is generally the most comfortable type for continuous wear. Float coats, fishing
vests, and vests designed for water sports are examples of this type PFD.
A TYPE IV PFD, or THROWABLE DEVICE is intended for calm, inland waters

with heavy boat traffic, where help is always present. It is designed to be
thrown to a person in the water and grasped and held by the user until rescued.
It is not designed to be worn. Type IV devices include buoyant cushions, ring
buoys, and horseshoe buoys. RING BUOYS are required on most commercial
fishing vessels. (See Section 7.)
TYPE V PFD, or SPECIAL USE DEVICE is intended for specific activities and
may be carried instead of another PFD only if used according to the approval
condition on the label. Varieties include deck suits (exposure coveralls), work
vests, board sailing vests, and Hybrid PFDs. Some Type V devices provide
significant hypothermia protection.
At present, only certain Type V work suits have been approved as substitutes
5-3
for Type II or Type III PFDs. Some anti-exposure flotation jackets are approved as Type III
devices. These may be carried to meet the requirement for a Type III PFD on vessels less than
40 feet in length, or as additional equipment on a vessel required to have Type I PFDs or
immersion suits on board.
Type V work vests are designed to provide freedom of motion, yet provide flotation in case of a
fall overboard. They are widely used by personnel working on the decks of tugboats, towboats,
barges, and other merchant ships. They are recommended for use on deck on board fishing
vessels.
A Type V HYBRID INFLATABLE PFD is the least bulky of all PFD types. It
contains a small amount of inherent buoyancy, and an inflatable chamber. Its
performance is equal to a Type I, II, or III PFD (as noted on the PFD label)
when inflated. Hybrid PFDs must be worn when underway to be acceptable.
As of this writing, there are no Type V hybrids available on the market. They
have been replaced by fully inflatable PFDs which are USCG approved and
available.
Inflatable devices, whether approved or unapproved, need special attention.
They should be opened and dried out whenever they become wet. They should be
repacked only when dry.
They should be thoroughly inspected periodically according to the manufacturer's
instructions in the manual that should be provided with the device.
If there are no manufacturer's instructions, the Coast Guard recommends a monthly
inspection, or for an infrequently used device, and inspection before the device is to be
used. An inspection should include the following:
o The device should be inflated and should stay firmly inflated overnight.
o Flotation cells should be visually inspected for damage and deterioration from
mold or mildew. The means of attachment of the flotation cell to the body of the
device should also be checked for condition and proper attachment.
o Oral inflation tubes should be in good condition and firmly secured to the flotation
cell and valve. The oral inflation valve should be checked for condition and
proper operation.
o CO2 inflation mechanisms should be checked for proper and free operation, and
should be loaded with an unused CO2 cartridge of the proper size.
o If the inflation mechanism is automatic, it should be loaded with the proper watersensitive element. If the vessel operates in near-freezing waters, the element
should be of type that will activate quickly in cold water.
SOURCES: 46 U.S.C. 4102, 46 U.S.C. 4502, 46 CFR 25.25, 46 CFR 28.110, 46 CFR 28.135,
46 CFR 28.140, and NVICs 1-87 and 1-92.
5-4
6 IMMERSION SUITS
Many commercial fishing industry vessels (including sail vessels and manned barges) are required to
carry immersion (exposure) suits. Immersion suits (CG approval numbers beginning with 160.171) were
formerly called exposure suits (CG approval numbers beginning with 160.071). Suits carrying the
160.071 approval number should be carefully inspected to insure they are still in serviceable condition.
DOCUMENTED VESSELS EAST COAST:
Vessels operating beyond the boundary line, north of 32 degrees North (vicinity of
Savannah, GA) or south of 32 degrees South must be equipped with at least one CG
Approved Immersion Suit for each person on board (POB).
Vessels operating beyond coastal waters (beyond three mile limit) when the waters are
"cold" (meaning the monthly water temperature is 59 degrees F or less, as set forth in NVIC 791) must be equipped with at least one CG Approved Immersion Suit for each person on board
(POB).
DOCUMENTED VESSELS LAKE SUPERIOR:
Vessels operating on Lake Superior must be equipped with at least one CG Approved
Immersion Suit for each person on board (POB).
DOCUMENTED VESSELS WEST COAST:
Vessels operating beyond the boundary line, north of 32 degrees North or south of 32
degrees South must be equipped with at least one CG Approved Immersion Suit for each
person on board (POB).
Vessels operating on coastal waters (inside three mile limit) north of Point Reyes
California must be equipped with at least one CG Approved Immersion Suit for each person on
board (POB).
UNDOCUMENTED VESSELS EAST COAST:
"cold" (meaning the monthly water temperature is 59 degrees F or less, NVIC 7-91) must be
equipped with at least one CG Approved Immersion Suit for each person on board (POB).
UNDOCUMENTED VESSELS LAKE SUPERIOR:
Vessels operating on Lake Superior must be equipped with at least one CG Approved
Immersion Suit for each person on board (POB).
UNDOCUMENTED VESSELS WEST COAST:
Vessels operating on coastal waters north of Point Reyes California must be equipped
with at least one CG Approved Immersion Suit for each person on board (POB).
6-1
"cold" (meaning the monthly water temperature is 59 degrees F or less, NVIC 7-91) must be
equipped with at least one CG Approved Immersion Suit for each person on board (POB).
"COLD WATERS"
"Cold Waters" and Cold Water areas are defined in Navigation and Inspection Circular (NVIC)
7-91, and as shown on the maps in this document in Section 2: DEFINITIONS.
QUESTION: Could documented fishing industry vessels operating inside the boundary line be
required to carry immersion suits?
ANSWER: Yes, if the vessel is operating outside "territorial waters" (three miles) on waters that
are "cold" the vessel is required to have suits on board.
EACH IMMERSION SUIT MUST BE
Of a suitable size, for each person on board, including children. It is important to try on an
immersion suit BEFORE you purchase since suit cuts (and therefore fitting) vary depending on
the manufacturer. It is important to note that the Universal Size is labeled (NOT designed) to fit
individuals from 110 to 330 lbs. However, if you are under 140 lbs or over 240 lbs you should
pay special attention to the fit of the suit, as an intermediate or jumbo size may be a better fit.
In serviceable condition, meaning no rot, broken straps or stitching, punctures, tears or
serious deterioration, and that the suit is able to operate for its intended purpose.
Readily accessible, meaning that each immersion suit must be stowed so that it is readily
accessible to the individual for whom it is intended, from both the individual's normal work
station and berthing area. If there is no location accessible to both the work station and the
berthing area, an appropriate suit must be stored in each location.
PFD LIGHTS
Each immersion suit carried on a commercial fishing vessel operating on ocean, coastwise,* or
Great Lakes voyages must be equipped with an APPROVED PFD Light (CG Approval Number
161.012). The light must be securely attached to the front shoulder area of each suit, so it will
be above water when the suit is worn.
The light or the power source must be marked with a date of expiration, unless it is a standard
battery, such as a 9-volt or D-cell. Unmarked batteries must be replaced annually and must be
of the type designated by the light manufacturer. Other batteries or lights must be replaced by
their expiration date.
Approved PFD lights are available in a wide selection of quality and performance. Strobe lights
are the most expensive approved lights available, but they are also the most effective.
The use of chemiluminescent (chemical lights) should be avoided on vessels operating in nearfreezing waters.
* "Ocean" and "coastwise" includes the waters of any ocean, or the Gulf of Mexico. This includes all
offshore waters beyond the headlands of any body of water that may be designated as "sea" or "bay."
(See NVIC 1-92)
6-2
RETROREFLECTIVE MATERIAL
USCG approved immersion suits come from the manufacturer equipped with the required
retroreflective material. The purpose of the retroreflective material is to make the wearer as
visible as possible under nighttime search conditions. It is recommended that additional material
be added to the back side of all immersion suits to maximize visibility.
MARKING
Each immersion suit must be marked with either the name of the vessel, the owner of the suit,
or the person to whom the suit is assigned. It must be printed in block letters with waterproof
marking. Letters should be at least one inch high and in a contrasting color.
Follow the manufacturers recommendation for marking your suit since some inks and paints
can damage immersion suit materials.
NOTE: Vessels that are required to carry immersion suits are not required to carry other
wearable PFDs (Type I, II, III, V, etc.)
SOURCES: 46 USC 4102, 46 USC 4502, 46 CFR 25.25, 46 CFR 28.110 and NVICs, 7-91 and
1-92
6-3
ARE IMMERSION SUITS ENOUGH?

Vessels required by the fishing vessel safety regulations to carry immersion (survival) suits are
not required to be equipped with PFDs (life jackets). However, most safety professionals,
including Coast Guard Search and Rescue specialists, strongly recommend
that all vessels be equipped with PFDs in addition to other lifesaving
equipment.
There are many reasons why the well-equipped vessel should have life
jackets as well as immersion suits on board. First, whenever the Coast
Guard responds to requests for assistance they will ask that personnel on
board "don life jackets". If all you have on board are immersion suits, this
may mean a long, hot, uncomfortable wait for assistance.
Second, when the Coast Guard tows a vessel, personnel handling the
towing bridles and hawsers are asked to "don life jackets". This is a sensible
precaution; working on a slippery foredeck can be hazardous at best. While an immersion suit
will provide increased protection should a fall overboard occur, wearing an immersion suit while
handling towing bridles, shackles, and towing hawsers could prove hazardous.
There are other cases when wearing an immersion suit may actually interfere with activities
necessary to save the vessel. Some examples include: going aloft to make repairs to rigging or
tackle; transferring fish; operating small boats; making emergency repairs; carrying out damage
control or dewatering procedures; or, fighting a fire. In these and other cases an immersion suit
is probably not the PFD of choice.
Immersion suits are designed for the abandon ship situation, and while they are theoretically
designed to permit functions such as holding a pencil or operating a radio, they are extremely
awkward to work in. If all efforts to save your vessel have failed, it is time to don your immersion
suit and abandon the vessel to the liferaft, we hope.
Because there are many situations where an immersion suit is not the appropriate device, it is
recommended that all vessels be equipped with life jackets (PFDs) for all persons on board. The
prudent mariner should equip his vessel with both immersion suits and appropriate PFDs,
including exposure coveralls, in order to provide for maximum crew safety and comfort. If you
still have PFDs on board, keep them on board. If you took them home, bring them back.
Remember all PFDs (and suits) should be equipped with a CG Approved PFD light that works.
For those times when it is necessary to work aloft or on the foredeck it is recommend that
vessels are equipped with exposure coveralls (Type V PFD) for personnel working in hazardous
areas.
6-4
7 RING LIFE BUOYS

Each fishing industry vessel must be equipped with the throwable flotation device(s) specified
below:
VESSEL LESS THAN 16 FEET: none required.
VESSEL 16 FEET OR MORE, BUT LESS THAN 26 FEET:
1 Type IV PFD, either a buoyant cushion or USCG approved ring buoy.
A ring buoy must be equipped with a line at least 60 feet long.
VESSEL 26 FEET OR MORE, BUT LESS THAN 65 FEET:
1 Approved Ring Buoy (Approval No: 160.009 or 160.050)
Orange in color.
At least 24 inches in diameter.
At least one ring buoy must be equipped with a line at least 60 feet long.
VESSEL 65 FEET OR MORE:
3 Approved Ring Buoys (Approval No: 160.050)
Orange in color.
At least 24 inches in diameter.
At least one ring buoy must be equipped with a line at least 90 feet long.
NOTE: On a vessel less than 65 feet in length, a CG Approved Ring Buoy of 20 inches in
diameter or more, regardless of color (white or orange), which is in serviceable condition
and which was installed on board before 15 September 1991, may be used to meet the
requirements outlined above.
Also certain Type V PFDs are approved for use in substitution for Type IV PFDs, when
used in accordance with the conditions stated in the CG approval label.
MARKING
Ring buoys must to be marked with the name of the vessel in block capital letters.
RETROREFLECTIVE MATERIAL
Ring buoys must be equipped with approved retroreflective
material 2 inches wide fitted around or on both sides of the
buoy at four evenly spaced points.
LIFELINE
The regulations do not state what size or type of line is
required on ring buoys. But, the Coast Guard recommends
that the line be buoyant; non-kinking; at least 5/16" (8
mm) diameter; have a breaking strength of not less than
1100 lbs; if synthetic, lines should be a dark color, or a type which is resists deterioration in sunlight.
7-1
STORAGE
Ring buoys and throwable devices should be stowed on open decks, readily accessible and mounted
so that they can be quickly cast loose in case of emergency. Do not secure to the vessel in any way.
Brackets should be designed to allow ring buoys to float free of a sinking vessel.
SOURCES:
46 U.S.C. 4502, 46 CFR 28.115 and NVICs 1-87 and 1-92.
7-2
8 SURVIVAL CRAFT
Commercial fishing industry vessels both documented and state-numbered are required to be
equipped with survival craft when operating on designated waters. What you need depends on
whether or not you are documented, where you are operating, vessel size, and number of
persons on board. See definitions (Section 2) for Boundary Line, length, and cold water.
Survival Craft Documented Vessels
Area of operation
Beyond 50-miles of coastline
Vessel type
All
Between 20-50 miles of coast line cold

waters
Between 20-50 miles of coast line
warm waters
Beyond Boundary Line, between 12-20
miles of coast line cold waters
Beyond Boundary Line, within 12 miles
of coastline, cold waters
All
36-feet or more in
length
Survival craft required

Inflatable liferaft with SOLAS A
pack (CG Approval No.160.151)
Inflatable liferaft with SOLAS B
pack (CG Approval No.160.151)
Inflatable liferaft (CG Approval
No. 160.051)
No. 160.051)
Inflatable buoyant apparatus*
(CG Approval No. 160.010)

Less than 36-feet

in length
Buoyant apparatus* (CG

Approval No. 160.010)

of coastline, warm waters
All
Life float* (CG Approval No.

160.027)
Inside Boundary Line, cold waters; or

Lakes, bays, sounds, cold waters; or
Rivers, cold waters
Rivers, cold waters
Inside Boundary Line, warm waters; or
Lakes, bays, sounds, warm waters; or
Rivers, warm waters
Great Lakes, cold waters
36-feet or more in
length

Less than 36-feet

in length

All
None
36-feet or more in
length
Less than 36-feet
in length
All

Buoyant apparatus *
Buoyant apparatus*
None

Great Lakes, beyond 3-miles of
coastline, warm waters
Great Lakes, within 3-miles of
All
All
All
*NOTE: A vessel less than 36 feet in length that carries 3 or less persons within 12-miles of the
coastline is not required to carry survival craft; a vessel of more than 36-feet operating with 3 or
less persons within 12-miles of the coastline may substitute a buoyant apparatus for the
required survival craft.
8-1
Survival Craft Undocumented Vessels not more than 16 POB

Area of operation
Vessel type
All
Beyond Boundary Line, between 12-20

miles of coast line cold waters
Beyond Boundary Line, within 12-miles
All
36-feet or more in
length

Inflatable buoyant apparatus*.

Less than 36-feet

in length


All
Life float* (CG Approval No.

160.027)

Rivers, cold waters
Rivers, cold waters
Inside Boundary Line, warm waters; or
Lakes, bays, sounds, warm waters; or
Rivers, warm waters
36-feet or more in
length

Less than 36-feet

in length

All
None
All

Great Lakes, beyond 3-miles of

All


All
None
*NOTE: A vessel less than 36 feet in length that carries 3 or less persons within 12-miles of the
coastline is not required to carry survival craft; a vessel of more than 36-feet operating with 3 or
less person within 12-miles of the coastline may substitute a buoyant apparatus for the required
inflatable buoyant apparatus.
8-2
Survival Craft Undocumented Vessels more than 16 POB

Area of operation
Vessel type
All
Between 20-50 miles of coast

line cold waters
All
Between 20-50 miles of coast

line warm waters
Beyond Boundary Line,
between 12-20 miles of coast
line cold waters
Beyond Boundary Line, within
12 miles of coastline, cold
waters
12 miles of coastline, cold
waters
20 miles of coastline, warm
waters
Inside Boundary Line, cold
waters; or Lakes, bays,
sounds, cold waters; or
Rivers, cold waters
Inside Boundary Line, cold
sounds, cold waters; or
Rivers, cold waters
Inside Boundary Line, warm
sounds, warm waters; or
Rivers, warm waters
All
Less than 36-feet in length
Great Lakes, beyond 3-miles

All

All
All

Inflatable liferaft with SOLAS
A pack (CG Approval
No.160.151)
Inflatable liferaft with SOLAS
B pack (CG Approval
No.160.151)
No. 160.051)
No. 160.051)
36-feet or more in length
Inflatable buoyant apparatus

Buoyant apparatus
All
Life float (CG Approval No.

160.027)

Buoyant apparatus (CG

All
None

None
*NOTE: For ALL Documented or undocumented (state numbered) vessels, a survival craft
higher in the hierarchy may be substituted for any survival craft required in the previous tables.
The hierarchy of survival craft in descending order (highest first) is: lifeboat, liferaft with SOLAS
A pack, inflatable liferaft with SOLAS A pack, liferaft with SOLAS B pack, inflatable liferaft with
SOLAS B pack, inflatable liferaft with Coastal Service pack, inflatable buoyant apparatus, life
float, buoyant apparatus.
8-3
GRANDFATHERING
A non-Coast Guard approved survival craft installed on board before September 15, 1991, may
continue to be used if:
It is of the same type required (see tables)
It is maintained in good and serviceable condition
Outfitted with the required equipment pack
Serviced annually by a Coast Guard approved service center
SUBSTITUTION / EXEMPTION
A lifeboat may be substituted for any survival craft required, provided it is arranged and
equipped in accordance with Coast Guard regulations in 46 CFR Part 199.
An auxiliary craft regularly carried on board as part of necessary equipment for fishing
operations will meet the requirements for survival craft, provided that it is readily accessible
during an emergency and capable of holding all individuals on board. Loading may not exceed
the rated capacity of the craft. You may not substitute an auxiliary craft if you are required to
carry an inflatable liferaft.
A vessel of less than 36-feet in length that meets the flotation provisions of 33 CFR 183
(Recreational Vessel Standards) is exempt from the survival craft requirement for operation on
waters within 12-miles of the coastline, and rivers.
STORAGE
Inflatable liferafts equipped with SOLAS A or B equipment packs must be stored so that they will
float free and automatically inflate if the vessel sinks.
Other inflatable liferafts, inflatable buoyant apparatus, and any auxiliary craft
used as survival craft must be kept readily accessible for launching or be
stowed so as to float-free in the event the vessel sinks.
Each hydrostatic release used as part of a float-free arrangement must be
Coast Guard approved under part 160, subpart 160.062.
Each float-free link used with a buoyant apparatus or life float must be certified
to meet part 160, subpart 160.073.
Stowage of a liferaft can be a challenge, particularly on smaller fishing vessels. The raft must be
secured to the vessel, yet able to float free. Inflatable liferafts should be stowed where they will
float free; clear of all rigging, overhangs and gear. Do not stow near exhaust stacks. Heat and
exhaust gases will deteriorate the rubber sealing gaskets allowing corrosive salt spray and
exhaust gases to enter the container. This can damage the raft and equipment, particularly the
compressed gas firing mechanism.
There are several stowage methods that secure the raft, provide
for rapid launching and allow the raft to float free in the event of
rapid sinking or capsizing. These methods do not require the use
of any tools to launch the raft.
Installations using a hydrostatic release are designed for both
manual launching and automatic release at a predetermined depth.
8-4
Liferafts can also be stowed using a float-free rack, eliminating the need for a hydrostatic
release. Several liferaft manufacturers market float-free racks specifically for their rafts. A floatfree rack can be easily constructed of four to six pipe uprights that surround the container. The
pipes must be loose fitting at the bottom, so they may be easily removed for manual launching
of the raft. For the raft to float-free there must be adequate clearance between the pipes and the
raft container. The pipes should be tall enough to prevent the raft from accidentally going
overboard in a seaway.
In a float-free installation, the liferaft painter must be secured to the deck or to the hydrostatic
release, depending on the type of float-free arrangement. If no hydrostatic release is used the
painter must be secured to the deck and be equipped with a "weak link", which is designed to
break allowing the raft to float to the surface.
It is recommended that the facility servicing your raft go over the installation of the raft on board
the vessel in order to ensure that the weak-link and hydrostatic release are properly installed,
and that the crew is familiar with the operation of the raft.
SERVICING
Inflatable liferafts and inflatable buoyant apparatus must be serviced annually. A new inflatable
liferaft has an initial two-year service interval from the date of the first packing, indicated on the
servicing sticker.
This equipment should only be serviced by a facility that is authorized by the manufacturer and
approved by the Coast Guard. Manufacturers can provide you with a list of facilities authorized
to service their products. If you have any question regarding the qualifications of a service
facility, ask for copies of authorizing documents, contact the manufacturer or the Coast Guard
Sector Office in your area. Inflatable liferafts serviced by unauthorized facilities have been
known to fail with tragic consequences.
You and your crew should attend the servicing of your liferaft, at the service facility, in order to
become familiar with the raft and its equipment.
INSTRUCTIONS and DRILLS
Liferaft instructions placards should be posted in prominent locations (such as the pilot house
and galley) where the crew can review them. Please see Chapters 35, 36, 37, for information on
Instructions and Drills.
SOURCES: 46 U.S.C. 4502, 46 CFR 28.120, 46 CFR 28.125 and NVICs 7-91 and 1-92,
including changes 1 and 2.
8-5
9 MARKING and MAINTAINING LIFESAVING EQUIPMENT

Ring life buoys, EPIRBs, buoyant apparatus, life floats and auxiliary craft carried as lifesaving
equipment must be identified with the vessel name. The marking must be in block capital
letters. Again, it is recommended that they be at least one inch in height, in a contrasting color.
State numbered vessels, which do not have a name, may use the state registration number
when marking lifesaving equipment, including: PFDs, immersion suits, ring buoys, EPIRBs and
survival craft.
An inflatable liferaft or inflatable buoyant apparatus needs no marking other than that provided
by the manufacturer or service facility.
Lifesaving devices must also be equipped with approved retroreflective material. There are two
types of approved (Coast Guard approval series 164.018) retroreflective material: Type I
material is used on flexible and rigid surfaces, except rigid surfaces that are constantly exposed
to sun and weather; Type II is a weather resistant material used on constantly exposed
surfaces, such as ring buoys and EPIRBs. Type I material is usable on wearable PFDs,
immersion suits, or exposure suits. Type II material is required on all other lifesaving equipment.
Buoyant apparatus and life floats are also required to have two-inch strips of retroreflective
material installed near the center of each side and each end extending over both top and bottom
of the device
406 EPIRBs are equipped with retroreflective material by the manufacturer, and should not
need additional material. But, should material be removed for any reason it should be replaced
with Type II material as required.
Marking and retroreflective material coverage requirements for PFDs, immersion suits and ring
buoys are listed in chapters 4, 5, 6 respectively.
MAINTENANCE OF EQUIPMENT
Masters of fishing industry vessels are reminded that they "must ensure that each item of
lifesaving equipment is in good working order, ready for immediate use, and readily accessible
before the vessel leaves port and at all times when the vessel is operated." The Master should
make a practice of checking the condition and readiness of all lifesaving equipment before the
vessels leaves for a trip.
Lifesaving equipment must be maintained according to the schedule set forth in Table 28.140 of
the fishing vessel safety regulations as follows:
Annual servicing: Inflatable (Type V Commercial Hybrid) PFDs, inflatable liferafts,
inflatable buoyant apparatus and mechanical hydrostatic releases for liferafts. With the
exception of inflatable PFDs, all servicing must be performed by a facility approved by
Coast Guard.
Annually inspect, clean and repair as necessary: PFDs (Type I, II, III and IV),
immersion suits, buoyant apparatus and life floats.
9-1
Replace on or before expiration date: Disposable hydrostatic releases (found on most

406 EPIRBs, and new liferaft installations); and dated batteries.
Replace annually: Undated batteries.
Test monthly: 406 EPIRBs.
ESCAPE ROUTES
In addition, the fishing vessel safety regulations specifically require that escape routes from
work areas or accommodation spaces not be obstructed. Before the vessel leaves port and
during the voyage the Master should ensure that escape routes are not locked or blocked by
equipment or debris.
SOURCES:
46 U.S.C. 4502, 46 CFR 26-50, 46 CFR 28.135, and 46 CFR 28.140
9-2
10 VISUAL DISTRESS SIGNALS (VDS)

Vessels must be equipped with the Visual Distress Signals (VDS) as specified below:
OCEAN, more than 50 miles from the coastline.
3 SOLAS parachute flares (CG approval series 160.136)
6 SOLAS hand flares (CG approval series 160.121)
3 SOLAS smoke signals (CG approval series 160.122)
OCEAN, 3 miles to 50 miles from coastline;
GREAT LAKES more than 3 miles from the coastline.
3 parachute flares (CG approval series 160.136 or 160.036)
6 hand flares (CG approval series 160.121 or 160.021)
3 smoke signals (CG approval series 160.122, 160.022 or 160.037)
NOTE: The VDS kits described above are not the same as those currently available for
recreational vessels. Kits specifically for fishing industry vessels are available at fishing gear
supply stores, or liferaft servicing facilities.
COASTAL WATERS;
GREAT LAKES within 3 miles of coastline.
Night signals:
Day signals
3 CG Approved flares, or
One Electric Distress Light (CG approval series 161.013).
3 CG Approved flares, or
3 CG Approved smoke signals, or
One Distress Flag (CG approval series 161.072).
NOTE: If flares are carried, the same 3 flares may be counted toward meeting both the day
and night signal requirement.
Parachute flare
Handheld flare
Meteor flare
Smoke canister
STORAGE
It is recommended that Visual Distress Signals be stored where they are readily available for
use in an emergency. Flares should be kept in a waterproof container (an ammunition box
works well), and stored in a cool, dry place. Reflective labels are available and recommended to
mark storage containers.
SOURCES:
46 U.S.C. 4502, 46 CFR 28.145.

10-1
11 EPIRBs
DEFINITIONS
EPIRB regulations include definitions to be used in conjunction with the determination of
requirements for EPIRBs.
"Berthing space" means a space that is intended to be used for sleeping and is provided with
installed bunks and mattresses.
"EPIRB" means an Emergency Position Indicating Radio Beacon which is "Type Accepted" by
the Federal Communications Commission under requirements in 47 CFR parts 2 and 80.
"Galley" means a space that provides for the preparation and extended storage of food. This
does not include small alcohol or propane stoves with limited cooking capability, or ice chests or
similar devices that are intended for keeping small quantities of food for short durations.
"High seas" means the waters beyond a line three nautical miles seaward of the Territorial Sea
Baseline as defined in 33 CFR 2.05-10.
"Length" means the length listed on a vessel's Certificate of Documentation or Certificate of
Number.
"Uninspected passenger vessel" means a vessel which, when used for commercial service,
is used solely to carry passengers for hire or to provide non-emergency assistance to boaters
(assistance towing), and which is not inspected by the Coast Guard under any other 46 CFR
subchapter.
NOTE: As an example, a vessel on a voyage involving catching fish which are to be sold, is
a commercial fishing industry vessel for the purposes of the EPIRB regulations in this
section, even if there are passengers on board during the voyage."
EPIRB REQUIREMENTS FOR COMMERCIAL FISHING INDUSTRY VESSELS
Commercial fishing industry vessels operating on the high seas, or beyond three miles from the
coastline in the Great Lakes are required to carry a 406 MHz EPIRB as follows:
Vessels 36 feet or more in length with or without galley or berthing facilities shall be equipped
with a float-free, automatically activated Category 1, 406 MHZ EPIRB stowed in a manner so
that it will float free if the vessel sinks.
Vessels 36 feet or more in length with sufficient inherently buoyant material to keep the
flooded vessel afloat (the builder must provide certification regarding the buoyancy) shall have
installed in a readily accessible location at or near the principal steering station either a
manually activated Category 2, 406 MHZ EPIRB; or a float-free, automatically activated
Category 1, 406 MHZ EPIRB.
Vessels less than 36 feet in length shall have installed in a readily accessible location at or
near the principal steering station either a manually activated Category 2, 406 MHZ EPIRB; or
a float-free, automatically activated Category 1, 406 MHZ EPIRB.
11-1
TESTING AND SERVICING OF EPIRBs

The Master of a vessel required to have an EPIRB on board must ensure that the EPIRB is
tested immediately after installation, and at least once each month thereafter. EPIRBs installed
in a Coast Guard approved inflatable liferaft must be tested annually during servicing of the
liferaft by an approved facility. All testing must be carried out in accordance with the
manufacturers instructions. EPIRBs that are not operating properly must be repaired or
replaced.
The battery of an EPIRB must be replaced before the expiration date marked on the battery, or
immediately after the EPIRB is used for any purpose other than testing.
EXEMPTIONS
A skiff or workboat is not required to carry an EPIRB if its "mother ship" is required to carry an
EPIRB, and the skiff or workboat is carried on board the mother ship when it is not in use.
A Coast Guard District Commander may grant exemptions from the EPIRB requirements on a
case-by-case basis for certain geographical areas within the boundaries of the district.
REGISTRATION
All 406 MHz EPIRBs must be registered with NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration). Registration is now available on line at www.beaconregistration.noaa.gov.
There is no fee for registration. If you have any questions about beacon registration, you may
call 301-817-4515 or toll-free at 1-888-212-SAVE (7283) or check www.sarsat.noaa.gov/.
An EPIRB carriage requirement by itself does not mean you have to have an FCC Ship Radio
Station License. However, if your vessel is documented and you operate beyond the boundary
line, you will have certain communication equipment requirements that also means you have to
have a ship station license. Please don't forget to modify your FCC Station License (if required)
to include your EPIRB. Failure to do so can result in a civil penalty assessment by the FCC.
THE CARE AND MAINTENANCE OF YOUR 406 EPIRB
Category 1, 406 EPIRBs provide superior reliability, signal strength, location accuracy, and
detailed information to Search and Rescue (SAR) units when they are installed, used and
serviced as required and recommended. Follow these steps to be sure they work when you
need them.
INSTRUCTIONS
Read the instructions for mounting and operating your EPIRB carefully. EPIRBs do not
come shipped in the ON position. It is important to learn the correct switch position for
arming the EPIRB after it is installed.
LOCATION
Mount your EPIRB in a location on the vessel that will allow it to float-free in the event your
vessel were to sink and where icing will be minimal. Avoid locating it under an overhang or
in a location where it could get hung up.
TEST
Test your EPIRB once per month. 406 EPIRBs have an electronic self-check. Make sure
that you follow the testing procedures in your manual. Test in the first 5 minutes of any hour.
11-2
All EPIRB tests should be noted in your log book. (You are keeping a log book aren't you?)
CHECK FOR DAMAGE
Check your EPIRB during rough sea conditions to make sure that it has not been activated
or damaged.
SHOW AND TELL
Explain to all crewmembers how the EPIRB operates before you get underway. This should
be part of your drills and instructions. (You are conducting drills aren't you?)
MAINTENANCE SCHEDULE
Your EPIRB battery may be good for 2 to 5 years, but the hydrostatic release mechanism
needs to be replaced every two years. Check the expiration dates on the battery and
hydrostatic release and follow the maintenance schedule on the release for your EPIRB.
MAKE SURE IT IS TURNED ON
Above all, before leaving the dock, make sure your EPIRB is in the automatic ON position
ready to float-free in the event of an emergency. Check your EPIRB periodically during the
trip to ensure it is ready to work for you.
SOURCES:
46 U.S.C. 4502, 46 CFR 25.26, 46 CFR 28.140 and 46 CFR 28.150
11-3
12 PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHERS

The portable fire extinguisher requirements set forth in the fishing vessel safety regulations are
applicable to ALL commercial fishing industry vessels, including fishing industry vessels that are
not propelled by machinery (sail vessels or barges). The minimum number of fire extinguishers
required is listed in the following tables. Required equipment must be Coast Guard approved for
marine application. Additional fire detection and protection equipment may be installed provided
that the excess equipment does not endanger the vessel or persons on board. Currently,
extinguishers in excess of the requirement do not have to be Coast Guard approved but must,
at a minimum, be listed and labeled by an independent, recognized testing laboratory. They
must meet industry standards for design, installation, testing and maintenance.
MINIMUM FIRE EXTINGUISHER REQUIREMENTS FOR FISHING VESSELS LESS THAN 65
INCLUDING SAIL VESSELS
Vessel Length
Under 16
16 under 26
26 under 40
40 to 65
or 40 to 65
B-I
1 *Note
1 *Note
2 or
3
1
B-II
0
0
1
1
Vessels may carry one less B-I if an approved fixed fire extinguishing system is installed in the
machinery space.
*NOTE: None required if vessel is: outboard powered, less that 26 feet and 'open construction';
HOWEVER, if any of the following conditions exist a fire extinguisher is required:
1. Closed compartments under thwarts and seats in which portable fuel tanks may be
stored.
2. Double bottoms not sealed to the hull or which are not completely filled with floatation
material.
3. Closed living spaces.
4. Closed stowage compartments in which combustible or flammable materials are stowed.
5. Permanently installed fuel tanks.
The following conditions DO NOT, in themselves, require that fire extinguishers be carried: bait
wells; glove compartments; buoyant floatation material; open slatted flooring; or ice chests.
12-1
PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHERS FOR VESSELS 65 FEET OR MORE IN LENGTH

Space
Safety areas, communicating
corridors
Pilothouse
Classification
A-II
C-I
Service spaces, galleys
B-II or C-II
Paint lockers
B-II
Accessible baggage
storerooms
A-II
Workshops and similar

spaces
Machinery spaces; Internal
combustion propelling
machinery
A-II
Electrical propulsion motors or

generators of open type
Auxiliary spaces
C-II
Internal combustion
machinery
Electrical emergency motors
or generators
B-II
B-II
B-II
C-II
Quantity & Location

1 in each main corridor not
more that 150-feet apart (OK
in stairways)
2 in vicinity of exit
1 per 2,500 sq. ft. or fraction
thereof suitable for the
hazards involved
1 outside the space in vicinity
of exit.
1 per 2,500 sq. ft. or fraction
thereof located in the vicinity
of exits, either inside or
outside the space
of exit.
1 for each 1,000 brake
horsepower (BHP) or fraction
thereof; not less than 2 or
more than 6.
1 for each propulsion motor
generator unit.
of the exit.
of the exit
of the exit.
The minimum number of B-II fire extinguishers on motor vessels 65 feet or more in length must
also meet the number required under the rules as shown in the following table:
12-2
MINIMUM NUMBER OF B-II FIRE EXTINGUISHERS REQUIRED ON FISHING VESSELS 65

FEET ON MORE IN LENGTH, INCLUDING SAIL VESSELS
Gross Tonnage
Over
But Not Over
50
50
100
100
500
500
1,000
1,000
Unlimited
Minimum Number of B-II Portable Fire Extinguishers

1
2
3
6
8
Vessels over 300 gross tons must be fitted with either a B-III semi-portable fire extinguisher or
an approved fixed fire extinguishing system installed in the machinery space.
SHARING EXTINGUISHERS
In determining the number of fire extinguishers required for a vessel, 65 feet or more in length, it
is important to understand that in many instances a requirement can be shared. That is a "work
shop" that is adjacent to a "machinery space" could share an extinguisher providing it is an ABII. Similarly an "electric generator unit" requiring a C-II could share a BC-II unit installed in the
"machinery space".
SUGGESTIONS
Consider getting ABC-II extinguishers when purchasing new fire extinguishers for your vessel,
so that extinguishers can serve more than one space.
Keep in mind that Halon systems are being phased out because of their adverse impact on the
environment.
STANDARD REQUIREMENTS
All fire extinguishers must be clearly marked with a permanent name plate showing Coast
Guard and/or UL approval or listing for marine use. Fire extinguishers must be restrained with
the approved bracket that comes with the equipment, or a properly fitting marine or noncorrosive motor vehicle-type mounting bracket. Extinguishers must be in GOOD and
SERVICEABLE condition, meaning that they are within the weight and/or pressure limits and
free of leaks or damage. It is the responsibility of the owner/operator to demonstrate to the
Coast Guard that all fire extinguishers on board are in good and serviceable condition and meet
the minimum requirements. Extinguishers must be inspected and tested in accordance with the
industry standards applicable to that device.
12-3
FIRE EXTINGUISHERS CLASSIFICATION

Each fire extinguisher is classified, by letter and Roman numeral, to indicate the type of fire it
could be expected to extinguish, and the size of the extinguisher. The "letter" indicates the
TYPE of FIRE. The Roman numeral indicates the size of the extinguisher.
A Fires involving common combustible materials - wood, cloth, paper, rubber and some
plastics.
B Fires involving flammable or combustible liquids, flammable gases, grease and similar
products.
C Fires involving energized electrical equipment, conductors or appliances.
D Fires involving combustible metals including such metals as sodium, potassium and
magnesium.
The number designations for extinguishers range from I to V. Sizes I and II are handportable fire extinguishers. Sizes III, IV, and V are semi-portable fire extinguishing systems.
Fire extinguishers approved for commercial fishing vessels are hand-portable, ABC-I and II, and
semi-portable ABC-III classifications.
COAST GUARD APPROVED portable fire extinguishers can be identified by any one of the
following methods:
1. If the extinguisher was manufactured prior to January 1, 1962, contact the local Coast
Guard Marine Safety Office to find out if the manufacturer's name and model number is
on the approved "Equipment List" (COMDINST M16714.3).
2. If the extinguisher was manufactured between January 1, 1962 and January 1, 1965, it
will be labeled: "MARINE USCG TYPE
SIZE ".
3. If the extinguisher was manufactured after January 1, 1965, it will be labeled: MARINE
USCG TYPE
SIZE
APPROVAL NUMBER 162.028/ / ".
12-4
UL (Underwriters Laboratory) LISTED extinguishers with a manufacturing date of 1972 or

later, (the year of manufacture can be found on the label, valve or cylinder), may be substituted
for Coast Guard approved extinguishers using the following table. ALL TYPE B extinguishers
must have a UL 5-B:C or higher rating, such as UL 10 B:C. (See NVIC 13-86)
US Coast Guard
Classification
Type
Size
B
I
B
II
B
III
B
IV
B
V
C
I
C
II
C
III
C
IV
CORRESPONDING UL SIZES
Dry
CO2
Halon
Chemical
1211/1301
Lbs
Lbs
Lbs
2
5
2
10
15
10
20
35
30
50
50
100
2
5
2
10
15
10
20
35
30
50
Foam
Gallons
1
2
12
20
40
SOURCES: 46 U.S.C. 4102, 46 U.S.C. 4502, 46 CFR 25.30, 46 CFR 28.155, 46 CFR 28.160
and NVIC 13-86
12-5
13 BACKFIRE FLAME ARRESTER REQUIREMENTS

Each gasoline engine, except outboard motors, must be equipped with an acceptable means of
backfire flame control. Coast Guard approved backfire flame arresters have approval numbers
162.015 and 162.041 or an arrester complying with SAE J-1928 or UL 1111, or bear a label
indicating that the Coast Guard has approved the use of the engine without an arrester are
acceptable.
The arrester grid must be securely attached to the housing and the housing securely attached to
the air intake. All fittings must be flame tight, and all screens clean and free of foreign matter.
EXCEPTIONS
1. Air and fuel induction systems with Coast Guard approval numbers 162.015 or 162.042
may continue to be used as long as they are in good and serviceable condition.
2. Installation of backfire flame arresters made before November 19, 1952 need not meet
Coast Guard requirements, and may continue to be used as long as they are in good
and serviceable condition. Note: Automobile air breathers and containers with steel wool
are NOT acceptable.
"Good and serviceable condition" means that the flame arrester is clean and free of foreign
matter, holes and/or tears.
Any new installation or replacement must be Coast Guard approved or SAE or UL accepted.
SOURCES:
46 U.S.C. 4102, 46 CFR 25.35, 46 CFR 58.10
13-1
14 VENTILATION REQUIREMENTS
All vessels, except "open boats", using gasoline as a fuel and/or other fuels having a flash point
of 110 degrees F. or less, must have at least two ventilator ducts fitted with cowls or their
equivalent for the purpose of properly and efficiently ventilating the bilges of each engine and
fuel tank compartment.
There shall be at least one exhaust duct installed extending to the lower portion of the bilge and
at least one intake duct installed extending to a point midway to the bilge or below the level of
the carburetor air intake.
The cowls shall be located and trimmed for maximum effectiveness to prevent displaced fumes
from being re-circulated.
The term "open boat" (vessel) means those vessels with all engine and fuel tank compartments,
and other spaces to which explosive or flammable gases and vapors from these compartments
may flow, open to the atmosphere and arranged as to prevent the entrapment of such gases
and vapors within the vessel.
Three conditions must be met in order to consider an engine or fuel tank compartment open to
the atmosphere (an "open compartment") that is exempt from federal ventilation requirements.
1. Engine and fuel tank compartments shall have a minimum of 15 square inches of open
space directly exposed to the atmosphere for each cubic foot of net compartment
volume.
2. There must be no long or narrow unventilated spaces accessible from such
compartments in which a flame could move.
3. Long narrow compartments (such as side panels) if joining engine or fuel tank
compartments and not serving as ducts to the engine or fuel compartment must have at
least 15 square inches of open area per cubic foot provided by openings in the
compartment along its entire length.
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR VENTILATION SYSTEMS
Fire and explosion are a leading cause of fishing vessel losses. Fuel vapors are heavier than
air; gasoline vapors are extremely explosive. This is why ventilation systems are required on all
vessels using gasoline as fuel, and recommended for other vessels.
There is no such thing as a ventilation system 'approved' by the Coast Guard, nor has any
foolproof ventilation system been developed. Many factors shape and size of cowls and ducts,
the location of the system components, capacity of blowers and choice of materials affect the
efficiency of a ventilation system.
Experience, research and testing have led to the following recommendations by the Coast
Guard and the boat building industry.
14-1
RECOMMENDED SPECIFICATIONS FOR VENTILATION SYSTEMS

Intake (Air Supply) To scavenge vapor from the ventilated spaces and avoid undesirable
turbulence within the spaces, there should be one or more intake ducts into each fuel and
engine compartment, fitted with a cowl (scoop) extending from the open atmosphere to a level
midway to the bilge (fuel compartment) or to at least below the level of the carburetor (engine
compartment).
Exhaust There should be one or more exhaust ducts from the lower portion of the bilge of
each fuel and engine compartment to the open atmosphere, fitted with a cowl of an equivalent
such as the wind actuated rotary exhauster or a power exhaust blower. The exhaust ducts
should not be installed so low in the bilge that they may become blocked by the normal
accumulation of bilge water.
Positioning of cowls Normally the intake cowl will face forward in an area of free airflow, and
the exhaust cowl will face aft where a suction effect can be expected. They should be located
with respect to each other to prevent the return of displaced vapor to an enclosed space, and to
avoid the pick up of vapors from a filling station.
Carburetor air Openings in engine compartments for the air intake to the carburetor should
be in addition to the ventilation system requirements.
Ducting materials For durability and safety, ducts should be constructed of nonferrous,
galvanized or sturdy high temperature resistant, non-metallic materials (such as PVC), routed
clear of and protected from contact with hot engine surfaces.
Ducting size There should be no part of the ducting system that is smaller than the minimum
cross section area required for reasonable efficiency.
SMALL VESSELS
To determine the minimum cross sectional area of the cowls and ducting for small vessels
having small engine and/or fuel tank compartments, see Table I, which is based on net
compartments volume.
To determine net compartment volume: multiply the length (L) of the compartment by the width
(W) of the compartment, by the height (H) of the compartment. (L x W x H) To determine the
volume of all the items in the compartment, multiply their respective lengths, widths and heights
in the same manner as above. Then add all the items' volumes together. Take this figure and
subtract it from the compartment volume figured earlier. The resulting figure is the rough net
volume of the space.
14-2
TABLE I SMALL VESSELS
Compartment
net volume
(cubic feet)
One
Intake/Exhaust
Minimum inside
diameter for each
duct (inches)
8 or less
10
12
14
17
20
23
27
30
35
39
43
48
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
5
Two Intakes/Exhausts
Approximate
area each
duct (square
inches)
3
4
5
6
7
8
10
11
13
14
16
19
20
Minimum inside
diameter for
each duct
(inches)
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
LARGE VESSELS
For larger vessels, Table II, based on vessel beam, is a practical guide for determining the
minimum cross sectional area of the ducts and cowls.
TABLE II LARGE VESSELS
Vessel beam (feet)
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
Minimum inside diameter for

each duct (inches)
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
Approximate area (square

inches)
9
10
11
11
12
13
13
14
14
14
14
16
16
Natural systems The above features provide for ventilation without mechanical assistance.
Efficiency is greatest when there is a breeze from forward of the beam, which will normally
occur when underway or at anchor, and sometimes when moored. Although less efficient when
the wind is abaft the beam, some scouring may still be expected.
14-3
Mechanical blowers To provide a positive means of exhausting vapors when there is little or
no movement of air (calm days), and especially before starting engines when the risk of
explosion is the greatest, mechanical blowers are recommended for engine spaces. It is
suggested that ducting separate from the natural ventilation system be installed. Exhaust
blowers should be of the sealed or arcless type and be as high as possible if located with the
compartment being ventilated. Blower fan blades or impellers should be non-sparking and if
installed in the exhaust duct of the natural system, the blades should not interfere with the
functioning of the ducts as natural ventilators. Exterior terminations of power exhaust ducts only
may be fitted with louvered fittings instead of cowls. This does not apply to combined exhaust
ducts. It is recommended that blowers be operated for at least 4 minutes before starting
engines.
SOURCES: 46 U.S.C. 4102, 33 CFR 183 sub-parts J and K, 46 CFR 25.40, 46 CFR 28.340, 46
CFR 92.15, NVIC 5-86
14-4
15 INJURY REPORTING AND PLACARD REQUIREMENT

Crew members must notify the master, individual in charge of the vessel, or other agent of the
employer of each illness, disability, or injury suffered while in service to the vessel not later than 7 days
after the date on which the illness, disability, or injury arose.
The person who receives any injury report may be required to notify the Coast Guard or the vessels
insurance company if the injury requires medical treatment beyond first aid, renders the individual unfit
to perform duties on the vessel, or incapacitates the individual for more than 72 hours. Refer to the
criteria and applicable reporting requirements discussed in Section 16.
Each vessel must have an injury notice placard measuring at least 5 inches by 7 inches posted
in a highly visible location accessible to the crew. The placard must read:
NOTICE
REPORT ALL INJURIES
United States law, 46 United States Code 10603, requires each
seaman on a fishing vessel, fish processing vessel, or fish tender
vessel to notify the master or individual in charge of the vessel or other
agent of the employer regarding any illness, disability, or injury suffered
by the seaman when in service to the vessel not later than seven days
after the date on which the illness, disability, or injury arose.
SOURCES: 46 U.S.C. 10603, 46 CFR 28.165
15-1
16 CASUALTY REPORTING AND CHEMICAL TESTING

The requirements for reporting marine casualties or accidents have changed with the addition of
any incident involving significant harm to the environment.
DOCUMENTED FISHING INDUSTRY VESSELS
CASUALTY REPORTING
The owner, agent, master, or person-in-charge of a documented fishing industry vessel
involved in an accident shall notify, as soon as possible, the nearest Coast Guard Sector
Office whenever a marine casualty or accident involves any of the following:
a) An unintended grounding, or an unintended strike of (allision with) a bridge;
b) An intended grounding, or an intended strike of a bridge, that creates a hazard to
navigation, the environment, or the safety of a vessel, or that meets any criterion of
paragraphs (c) through (h) below;
c) A loss of main propulsion, primary steering, or any associated component or control
system that reduces the maneuverability of the vessel;
d) An occurrence materially and adversely affecting the vessel's seaworthiness or fitness
for service or route, including but not limited to fire, flooding, or failure of or damage to
fixed fire-extinguishing systems, lifesaving equipment, auxiliary power-generating
equipment, or bilge-pumping systems;
e) A loss of life;
f) An injury that requires professional medical treatment (treatment beyond first aid) and, if
the person is engaged or employed on board a vessel in commercial service, that
renders the individual unfit to perform his or her routine duties;
g) An occurrence causing property-damage in excess of $25,000, this damage including
the cost of labor and material to restore the property to its condition before the
occurrence, but not including the cost of salvage, cleaning, gas-freeing, dry-docking, or
demurrage; or,
h) An occurrence involving significant harm to the environment. In laymans terms this
means an oil spill creating sheen on the water, or a discharge of a hazardous substance.
The notice must include: the name and official number of the vessel involved; the names of the
individuals on board; the name of the vessel's owner or agent; the nature and circumstances of
the casualty; the locality in which the accident occurred; the nature and extent of injury to
persons (if any); and the damage to property.
You must notify the nearest Coast Guard Sector Office as soon as possible after the incident,
and file a written report within 24 hours using Coast Guard Form CG-2692 Report of Marine
Accident, Injury or Death.
Failure to provide the above notification can result in a civil penalty of not more than
$27,500.
CHEMICAL (ALCOHOL and DRUG) TESTING
In addition to the Casualty Reporting requirement, documented vessels (marine employers)
must make sure that ALCOHOL and DRUG testing after a Serious Marine Incident (SMI) is
16-1
carried out within specified time periods. (See below for the definition of a SMI.) Each individual
engaged or employed on board the vessel who is directly involved in the incident must be
tested.
Alcohol testing following a SMI must be completed within two (02) hours of the incident
unless safety concerns prevent specific individuals from being tested within the two (02) hours,
in which case testing must be done as soon as possible, but no later than (08) eight hours
following the incident. [46 CFR 4.06-3]
A commercial vessel that cannot get the alcohol testing done within two hours (e.g. a vessel that
cannot get to a testing facility quickly) must carry approved alcohol testing devices on
board. [46 CFR 4.06-15] (See below for more information on approved devices.)
Saliva is now an acceptable specimen for alcohol testing, in addition to blood and breath. [46
CFR 4.06-20]
Specimens for drug testing following a SMI must be collected within 32 hours of the incident in
accordance with established specimen collection requirements. [46 CFR 4.06-3 and 46 CFR
4.06-15]
Marine employers must submit a report to the Coast Guard using CG-2692B Report of Required
Drug and Alcohol Testing.
Approved devices either an Evidential Breath Testing devise (EBT) or an Alcohol Screening
Devise (ASD) must be listed on the National Highway Traffic Safety Administrations (NHTSA)
Conforming Products List. A list of approved devices may be obtained from the NHTSA.
As soon as a marine employer determines that an incident is a SMI or is likely to become one,
steps to ensure timely drug and alcohol testing should be started. Failure to adhere to the
chemical (alcohol and drug) testing requirements may result in civil penalties of up to
$5,500 for each violation. Mariners holding USCG credentials may face suspension or
revocation proceedings if they do not comply with the testing requirements.
A Serious Marine Casualty (SMI) includes the following:
A marine casualty involving a vessel in commercial service which results in:

o one or more deaths;
o an injury to a non-crewmember which requires treatment beyond first-aid;
o an injury to a crewmember which requires treatment beyond first-aid and which
renders the individual unfit to perform routine vessel duties;
o property damage in excess of $100,000;
o the loss of an inspected vessel;
o the loss of an uninspected vessel of 100 Gross Tons or more.
A discharge from a commercial vessel which results in:

o a discharge of more than 10,000 gallons of oil into the navigable waters of the
U.S.;
o a discharge of a reportable quantity of a hazardous substance into the navigable
waters of the U.S., or a release of a reportable quantity of a hazardous
substance into the environment of the U.S.
16-2
STATE-NUMBERED FISHING INDUSTRY VESSELS

The operator of a state-numbered fishing industry vessel must report to the authority that issues
such numbers in the state where the accident took place if:
a) A person dies;
b) A person is injured and requires medical treatment beyond first-aid;
c) Damage to vessels and other property totals $2,000 or more, or there is a complete loss
of the vessel;
d) A person disappears from the vessel under circumstances that indicate death or injury.
A report required by one of the above results must be made:
a) Within 48 hours of the occurrence if a person dies within 24 hours of the occurrence;
b) Within 48 hours of the occurrence if a person is injured and requires medical treatment
beyond first-aid, or disappears from a vessel;
c) Within 10 days of the occurrence or death if not otherwise required earlier.
When the operator of a vessel cannot submit the casualty or accident report, the owner shall
submit the report as otherwise required. [33 CFR 173.55]
ADDITIONAL CASUALTY REPORTING REQUIREMENTS FOR DOCUMENTED AND
STATE-NUMBERED FISHING INDUSTRY VESSELS:
The fishing vessel safety regulations provide for what may be additional casualty reporting
requirements by the owners, agents, operators, masters, or individuals in charge of BOTH
DOCUMENTED and STATE-NUMBERED fishing industry vessels.
Except for a casualty that is reported to the Coast Guard on Form CG 2692, the owner, agent,
operator, master, or individual in charge of the vessel must submit a report in accordance with
the listing in paragraph (c) as soon as possible after the casualty, to the underwriter of primary
insurance for the vessel or to the organization listed in paragraph (b) when ever the casualty
involves any of the following:
Loss of life;
An injury that requires professional medical treatment, beyond first aid, and that renders
the individual unfit to perform his or her routine duties;
Loss of a vessel;
Damage to or by a vessel, its cargo, gear, or that impairs the seaworthiness of the
vessel, or that is initially estimated at $25,000.00 or more.
Each underwriter of primary insurance for a commercial fishing industry vessel must submit a
report of each casualty involving that vessel to the insurance data collection organization
accepted by the Commandant within 90 days of receiving notice of the casualty and whenever it
pays a claim resulting from the casualty. Initial reports must be in accordance with the listing in
paragraph (c). Subsequent reports must contain sufficient information to identify the casualty
and any new or corrected casualty data. The underwriter must report the casualty information
to:
Marine Index Bureau (a division of ISO Claim Search)
545 Washington Blvd.
Jersey City, NJ 07310-1686
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Each report of casualty submitted by the owner, agent, operator, master, individual in charge of
the vessel, or the insurance underwriter must include the following information:
Name and address of the vessel owner and vessel operator, if different than the vessel
owner;
Name and address of the underwriter of primary insurance for the vessel;
Name, registry number, call sign, gross tonnage, year of build, length, and hull material
of the vessel;
Date, location, primary cause, and nature of the casualty;
Specific fishery, intended catch, and length of fishery opening when applicable;
Date the casualty was reported to the underwriter of primary insurance for the vessel;
Activity of the vessel at the time of the casualty;
Weather conditions at the time of the casualty, if a contributing cause of the casualty;
Damages to or by the vessel, its apparel, gear, or cargo;
The monetary amounts paid for damages;
Name, birth date, social security number, address, job title, length of disability, activity at
the time of injury, type of injury, and medical treatment required for each individual
incapacitated for more than 72 hours, or deceased as a result of the casualty;
Name, registry number, and call sign of every other vessel involved in the casualty;
Monetary amount paid for an injury or a death.
SOURCES: 46 U.S.C. 6104, 46 U.S.C. 6102, 33 CFR 173 subpart C, 46 CFR Part 4, 46 CFR
28.80
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17 FISHING AGREEMENTS
The "Commercial Fishing Industry Vessel Safety Act of 1988" (the Act) made significant modifications
and additions to the existing law regarding the collection of casualty data, crew agreements, and injury
reporting.
The Act added a new chapter (106) to the marine safety statutes of the United States, i.e. the United
States Code. This new chapter entitled "Fishing Voyages" provides for (a) fishing agreements; (b)
recovery of wages and shares of fish under agreement; and, (c) seaman's duty to notify employer
regarding illness, disability, and injury.
The provisions of Chapter 106 have been in effect since the Act was adopted in 1988, particularly those
regarding fishing (crew) agreements. Some of the provisions, such as notification of injury or illness,
and the posting of a placard, have been reinforced by regulation in 46 CFR Part 28.
FISHING AGREEMENTS
The master or individual in charge of a fishing industry vessel of 20 gross tons or more, departing on
a voyage from a port in the United States, is required to make a fishing agreement in writing with
each seaman (crewmember) employed on board the vessel.
The fishing agreement shall be signed by the master and owner (if different) of the vessel, and the
agreement shall (a) state the period of time the agreement is in effect; (b) include the terms of any
wage, share, or other compensation arrangement peculiar to the fishery in which the vessel will be
engaged during the period of the agreement; and c) include other agreed terms.
Crew agreements can provide the vessel owner with important information regarding a prospective
crewmember, including full name, address, social security number, and telephone number, experience
as a fisherman, and physical fitness for service.
SOURCES: 46 U.S.C. 10601
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18 RESPONSIBILITY OF CAPTAINS
The fishing vessel safety statutes and regulations clarify additional responsibilities of the
Captains (Masters or individual in charge) of fishing industry vessels.
LIFESAVING EQUIPMENT and ESCAPE ROUTES
On all fishing industry vessels, the Captain (Master or individual in charge) is responsible for
ensuring that each item of lifesaving equipment is (a) in good working order, (b) ready for
immediate use, and (c) readily accessible before the vessel leaves port and at all times during
the voyage.
This means that the Captain should know what items of lifesaving equipment are required on
board the vessel and that they are ready for use in an emergency. It is recommended that the
Captain check of all the lifesaving equipment (life jackets, survival suits, liferaft, etc.) before the
vessel gets underway and note the condition of all equipment in the vessel log. Equipment
should be checked periodically, particularly during rough weather, to ensure that it remains
ready for use. The Captain must also ensure that all equipment is maintained and inspected in
accordance with the requirements set forth in 46 CFR 28.140(b).
The Captain of a vessel required to carry an EPIRB is required to test the EPIRB once each
month. If the test indicates that the EPIRB is not operating it must be repaired or replaced
before getting underway. The EPIRB battery must be replaced after any use, other than testing,
and on or before the expiration dated marked on the battery. Tests and battery replacements
should be noted in the vessel log.
The Captain of all fishing industry vessels must ensure that all escape routes from work and
accommodation spaces are unlocked and unobstructed. This means keeping passageways and
doors free of clutter, keeping the dogs on engine room and berthing space escape hatches free,
and keeping ladders unobstructed.
INJURY AND CASUALTY REPORTING
Each person (crewmember, including the Captain) employed on a fishing industry vessel is
required to notify the Captain (Master or individual in charge) of the vessel, or other agent of the
employer of: each illness, disability, or injury suffered while in service of the vessel not later than
seven days from the date of the occurrence of the illness, disability or injury.
The Captain (or the owner, agent) of a vessel with a casualty involving: loss of life, injury to an
individual that results in incapacitation for more than 72 hours, loss of a vessel, or damage to a
vessel that impairs seaworthiness or that results in damage estimated at $25,000.00 or more, is
required to report the casualty, as soon as possible, to either the insurance underwriter of the
vessel or the Marine Index Bureau.
The following casualties must be reported to the Coast Guard: accidental grounding; loss of
main propulsion or primary steering; an occurrence that materially and adversely affects the
vessels seaworthiness such as fire, flooding, or failure or damage to fixed fire extinguishing
systems, lifesaving equipment, auxiliary power generating equipment, or bilge pumping system;
loss of life; injury requiring professional medical treatment beyond first aid which renders the
individual unfit to perform routine vessel duties; or any occurrence resulting in damage to
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property in excess of $25,000.00.

CREW REQUIREMENTS
The Captain (Master or individual in charge) of a documented fishing vessel must be a United
States citizen. Unlicensed seamen must be
a) a citizen of the U.S.,
b) an alien lawfully admitted to the U.S. for permanent residence, or
c) an alien allowed to be employed under the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 USC 1101
et seq.).
No more than twenty-five percent (25%) of the crew may be "alien workers" identified under (c)
above unless a waiver is obtained from the Coast Guard. Thus, with a crew of four, three must
be U.S. citizens or resident aliens; with a crew of nine, two could be non-resident aliens.
There are exceptions to the citizenship requirements for unlicensed seamen on vessels
operating from the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands and on vessels fishing
exclusively for highly migratory species.
FISHING AGREEMENTS
The Captain on a fishing industry vessel (over 20 gross tons) must make a "fishing agreement"
with each person employed on the vessel. At a minimum the agreement shall (a) state the
period of time the agreement is in effect, (b) include the terms of any wage, share, or other
compensation arrangement during the period of the agreement, and (c) any other agreed terms.
The fishing agreement may include other agreed terms as negotiated or arranged by the
Captain and/or owner of the vessel. The owner of the vessel must also sign the agreement.
DRILLS AND ORIENTATION
Captains are responsible for meeting the requirement for instruction, drills and orientation. The
Captain of a documented fishing industry vessel, operating beyond the boundary line, must
ensure that instruction is given to each person on board; that drills are carried out at least once
a month; and that new crew members, who have not received instruction or participated in drills,
are given a safety orientation of the vessel before it gets underway. The Captain is not required
to carry out the instruction, drills or orientation, but is required to ensure that they are carried
out. The person providing the instruction or conducting the drills must be trained in the proper
procedures for conducting instruction and drills.
Instruction may be carried out in conjunction with drills (or at other times and places), but it must
ensure that each individual is familiar with their duties and responses to, at least, the following
emergencies:
Abandoning the vessel;
Fighting a fire in different locations on board vessel;
Recovering an individual from the water;
Minimizing the affects of unintentional flooding (damage control);
Launching survival craft and recovering lifeboats or rescue boats (if carried);
Donning immersion suits and other wearable personal flotation devices;
Donning a fireman's outfit and a self-contained breathing apparatus, if the vessel is so
equipped;
Making a voice radio distress call and using visual distress signals;
Activating the general alarm; and
Reporting inoperative alarm systems and fire detection systems.
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Drills must be carried out: at least once a month, on board the vessel, as if there were an actual
emergency. All persons on board must participate. The drill must include:
breaking out and using emergency equipment,
testing of all alarm and detection systems (bilge alarms, fire detection systems, general
alarms, etc.),
donning protective clothing (fireman's outfit if carried), and
donning immersion suits if carried.
Before the vessel gets underway, the Captain must ensure that any person on board who has
not received the instruction or participated in the drills outlined above, is given a safety
orientation to include, at a minimum, an explanation of the required emergency instructions and
a discussion of the specific items of instruction listed above.
The Captain must also ensure emergency instructions are posted or readily available as listed in
46 CFR 28.265.
SUMMARY
The Captain of a fishing industry vessel is now responsible for ensuring: that lifesaving
equipment is in good working order, readily accessible and ready for immediate use; that the
crew is made up of the correct number of U.S. citizens and/or resident aliens; that any
casualties are reported in a timely manner; that each crew member signs a fishing agreements;
and that instruction, drills and safety orientation are carried out.
Although these requirements place additional burdens on the Captain of fishing industry
vessels, they clarify several areas of responsibility. For instance, it has been argued that the
owner is responsible for ensuring that lifesaving equipment is in working order. While, in most
cases, the owner is responsible for providing the equipment, according to the regulations, it is
the responsibility of the Captain to ensure that the equipment is ready for use in an emergency.
The Captain should immediately notify the owner of any equipment that is not in good working
order or in need of service. The Captain must ensure that defects in equipment are corrected
before the vessel sails.
If you have any concerns or questions about your duties and responsibilities under the
regulations, discuss them with the owner of the vessel.
SOURCES: 46 U.S.C. 8103, 46 U.S.C. 10601, 46 CFR 4.05, 46 CFR 25.26 - 50, 46 CFR 28.80,
46 CFR 28.90,46 CFR 28.140, 46 CFR 28.150, 46 CFR 28.265, 46 CFR 28.270
18-3
19 PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF THE NAVIGATION RULES FOR

VESSELS ENGAGED IN FISHING
INTRODUCTION
The primary goal of the navigation rules is prevention of collisions. Navigation lights, dayshapes
and sound signaling devices are a major part of the rules, indicating the type and size of vessel,
the movement of such vessels, the work a vessel is doing and the privileges and responsibilities
of vessels.
The adoption of the UNIFIED RULES-80 (Inland Navigation Rules Act, 1980) for Inland Waters,
Western Rivers and the Great Lakes eliminated much of the confusion that previously existed
between the International Rules (COLREGS 72) and the U.S. Rules. With exception of the
maneuvering signals and some special rules for the Western Rivers and the Great Lakes, the
rules are now truly uniform.
The COLREGS 72 have been in effect since 1977, and vessels fitted with the lights prescribed
by these rules are, as before, in compliance with the 'new' Unified Rules-80.
The Navigation Rules are international in origin; dimensions are expressed in the metric system
and "length" is overall length" (LOA).
UNLESS you operate exclusively in the limited areas where the Unified Rules-80 apply, you
must outfit your vessel with the navigation lights, dayshapes and sound signals required by the
COLREGS 72.
VESSELS REQUIRED TO CARRY RULES
All vessels should carry a current copy of the Navigation Rules International and Inland on
board. Self-propelled vessels of 12 meters (39.4 feet) or more in length are required to carry on
board a current copy of the Inland Navigation Rules when operating on Inland waters (inside the
COLREG line shown on the chart).
The Navigation Rules International and Inland (Stock Number 050-012-00205-3) may be
obtained from the: Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington,
D.C. 20402, phone 202-783-3238 or the local GPO Book Store. Other acceptable sources for
the Inland Rules are in the American Practical Navigator (Bowditch) and Chapmans Piloting
Seamanship and Small Boat Handling. You can also find it online at
http://www.navcen.uscg.gov/mwv/navrules/download.htm.
PENALTY
Provisions of the COLREGS 72 and/or the Inland Rules authorize a civil penalty of up to $6,500
for each violation. The penalty is levied against the operator; however, it is in rem and may be
levied against the vessel owner.
NAVIGATION LIGHTS POWER DRIVEN VESSEL COLREG/UNIFIED RULES
Lights must be displayed from sunset to sunrise, and in periods of restricted visibility including
fog, mist, snow, heavy rainstorms, sandstorms or other similar conditions. Working (deck) lights
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must not interfere with another person's (vessel's) ability to identify your vessel's navigation
lights.
DEFINITIONS
SIDELIGHTS: Green to starboard, red to port; each arc 112.5 degrees; separate sidelights,
on vessels 20 meters (65.6 feet) or more in length, must be fitted with matt black screens
(inboard).
MASTHEAD LIGHT: White, 225 degrees, must be located higher than the sidelights on the
centerline of the vessel, facing forward.
STERNLIGHT: White, 135-degree arc of visibility, located on the centerline of the vessel, as
far aft as practical, facing aft.
ALL AROUND LIGHT: 360-degree arc of visibility, color as indicated in the rules, must not
be obstructed by rigging of vessel by an arc of more than 6 degrees.
LENGTH means length overall (LOA).
BREADTH means greatest breadth.
HEIGHT ABOVE HULL means height above uppermost continuous deck.
RUNNING LIGHTS (COLREGS, Rule 23)
POWER DRIVEN VESSEL 50 METERS (164.0 feet) OR MORE IN LENGTH:
Separate sidelights; stern light; and two masthead lights in a range, higher than the
sidelights; the after masthead light higher than the forward.
POWER DRIVEN VESSEL LESS THAN 50 METERS (164.0 feet) IN LENGTH:
Separate sidelights; stern light and one masthead light forward and higher than the
sidelights.
ALTERNATIVE FOR POWER DRIVEN VESSELS LESS THAN 20 METERS (65.6 feet) IN
LENGTH includes:
Sidelights, either separate, or in a combined lantern, carried on the fore and aft centerline of the
vessel; stern light; and one masthead light forward and higher than the sidelights and "as far
forward as is practicable".
NOTE: The masthead light should be switched separately from the sidelights, as a vessel
being towed, and vessel (less than 50 meters) making way and engaged in fishing shall not
display a masthead light.
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ALTERNATIVES FOR POWER DRIVEN VESSELS LESS THAN 12 METERS (39.4 feet) IN
LENGTH include:
Sidelights, either separate, or in a combined lantern, carried on the fore and aft centerline of the
vessel; and either a masthead light and stern light, or an all-round white light carried on the fore
and aft centerline and higher than the sidelights. A masthead light shall be "as far forward as is
practicable".
NOTE: The masthead light or all-round white light may be displaced from the fore and aft
centerline, provided the sidelights are carried in a combined lantern on the fore and aft
centerline or as near as practicable in the same fore and aft line as the masthead light or the
all-round white light.
RUNNING LIGHTS UNIFIED RULES ONLY, Rule 23
Vessels equipped with the lights outlined above are in compliance with all requirements for
vessels operating on INLAND WATERS subject to the UNIFIED RULES. There are alternatives
for vessels operating exclusively on INLAND WATERS (inside the COLREG Demarcations
Lines), but since most fishing industry vessels operate at times on waters subject to the
COLREGS, most vessels must be equipped in accordance with the COLREGS. If in doubt
about the requirements for vessels operating exclusively on INLAND WATERS refer to the
Navigation Rules, particularly Annex I.
SUMMARY RUNNING LIGHTS
Power driven vessels operating on COLREG waters are required to carry navigation lights as
described above, that meet the technical specifications of the rules as set forth in Annex I.
Vessel operators should be aware that they are subject to stiff civil penalties for operating a
vessel that is not in compliance with all the requirements including the technical specifications
of the COLREGS.
The Coast Guard will check compliance with the regulations and specifications when conducting
courtesy dockside examinations and at-sea boardings.
SOUND SIGNALING DEVICES VESSEL LESS THAN 20 METERS
Vessel of 12 meters or more in length shall be provided with a whistle. For a vessel of less than
20 meters (65.6 feet) the whistle shall be audible for approximately one-half mile. The device
must be capable of producing all the blasts required by the navigation rules.
A vessel of 12 meters or more but less than 20 meters in length shall not be obliged to give the
bell signals prescribed in paragraphs (g) and (h) of this Rule. However, if she does not, she
shall make some other efficient sound signal at intervals of not more than 2 minutes.
NOTE: Some States require boats to carry sound signaling devices. Check with State
boating enforcement agency for the requirements in your State.
SOUND SIGNALING DEVICES VESSEL 20 METERS TO 100 METERS
Vessels of 20 meters (65.6 feet) up to 100 meters (328.1 feet) are required to be equipped with
a whistle and a bell. The whistle (horn) on a vessel of less than 75 meters (246.1 feet) should be
capable of sounding a tone within the frequency of normal human hearing in the 250 to 700
Hz range. The device must be capable of producing all the blasts required by the navigation
19-3
rules for a vessel over 20 meters and it shall be audible for approximately one mile. The whistle
shall be placed as high as practicable on the vessel, and if it is directional in construction it
should be installed so that the maximum sound is directed straight ahead.
The bell on a vessel 20 meters (65.6 feet) or more in length shall be no less than 300mm (11.8
inches) in diameter. The bell can be carried inside, but provision must be made so that it can be
mounted and sounded outside. The bell should be mounted so that it can be heard all around
the vessel.
SOUND SIGNALING DEVICES VESSEL OVER 100 METERS
Vessels of 100 meters or more in length are required to be equipped with a whistle, bell and in
addition, be provided with a gong, the tone and sound of which cannot be confused with that of
the bell. The whistle, bell, and gong shall comply with the specifications in Annex III to these
Regulations. The bell or gong or both may be replaced by other equipment having the same
respective sound characteristics, provided that manual sounding of the required signals shall
always be possible.
VESSELS ENGAGED IN FISHING
A vessel, fishing with "nets, lines, trawls or other fishing gear which restricts maneuverability,"
(interpreted to include fishing with pots or traps) cannot claim the special rights of a vessel
"engaged in fishing" unless properly displaying fishing lights (or dayshapes) while engaged in
that activity.
Vessels "engaged in fishing" have the "right of way" over: power driven vessels, sailing vessels,
and may fish in a traffic separation zone. They may not impede the passage of any vessel
following a traffic lane or navigating in a narrow channel, and DO NOT have the "right of way"
over: a vessel restricted in its ability to maneuver, a vessel constrained by its draft, a vessel not
under command, or a vessel being overtaken. The US Inland Rules do not recognize a vessel
as constrained by its draft however this does apply to the International Rules.
IMPORTANT: Vessels that fail to display the proper fishing lights (or dayshapes) cannot
claim the privileges of a "vessel engaged in fishing". ALSO, when in port or traveling to or
from the fishing grounds, a vessel must display only those 'running lights' appropriate for a
power driven vessel.
A vessel using "trolling lines or other gear which does not restrict maneuverability" cannot claim
the privileges of a "vessel engaged in fishing" and SHALL NOT display the fishing lights or
dayshapes. They must, however, display the proper navigation lights.
FISHING VESSELS LIGHT REQUIREMENTS
VESSEL ENGAGED IN FISHING BY TRAWLING dragging a dredge or net:
Sidelights, stern light and all round green over white lights in a vertical line. Remember
green over white, trawling at night. Sidelights and a stern light are only required when
making way.
NOTE: A vessel less than 50 meters (164.0 feet) in length shall not display a masthead
light. If vessel is 50 meters or more in length, it must carry a masthead light aft of and
higher than the all round lights.
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VESSEL ENGAGED IN FISHING, other than trawling, NOT MAKING WAY, or at anchor:
ONLY all round red over white lights in a vertical line. Remember red over white, fishing at
night.
NOTE: When "making way" display sidelights and stern light, but not masthead light.
VESSEL ENGAGED IN FISHING, other than trawling, WITH GEAR EXTENDING MORE
THAN 150 METERS (492.1 feet):
In addition to the all round red over white lights, display an all round white light on the side
where the obstruction exists. Note: when "making way" add sidelights and sternlight, but not
masthead light.
VESSEL RESTRICTED IN ABILITY TO MANEUVER (such as hung-up on an
underwater obstruction) AND NOT MAKING WAY:
ONLY all round red over red lights in a vertical line.
NOTE: when "making way" (for instance a vessel with a steering casualty) add sidelights
and sternlight, but not masthead light or fishing lights.
VESSEL AT ANCHOR:
Display ONLY one all round white light in the fore part of the vessel.
Note: A vessel of 50 meters (164.0 feet) or more in length shall display an additional all
round white light near the stern and lower that the one in the fore part of the vessel.
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS LIGHTS
There are numerous technical specifications regarding color, intensity, and placement of lights
particularly for vessels of 20 meters or more in length contained in the Annex I of the
Navigation Rules. The exemption period for most technical specifications expired in 1989.
Operators (and owners) of vessels that are not in compliance with the technical specifications
outlined below are subject to a civil penalty of up to $6,500 for each violation.
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS: VESSEL 20 METERS OR MORE IN LENGTH
Lights, including all round lights used for fishing lights, manufactured before 1989 do not meet
the technical specifications for color and intensity required by the COLREGS. All navigation
lights, including "fishing lights" on vessel 20 meters (65.6 feet) or more in length should carry a
certificate on board indicating that they are manufactured to the specifications set forth in the
COLREGS. The certificate should specify the size of vessel and suitable area of operation for
the lights.
Masthead light shall not be less than 6 meters (19.7 feet) above the hull (uppermost
continuous deck), but shall not be less than the greatest breadth, if breadth exceeds 6 meters
(19.7 feet). The masthead light need not be more than 12 meters (39.4 feet) above the hull.
Sidelights height above hull (uppermost continuous deck) shall not be greater than threeCommercial Fishing Vessel Safety Digest
19-5
quarters of the height of the forward masthead light, and shall not be placed so low as to be
interfered with by deck lights. Sidelights shall be placed "at or near the side of the vessel",
meaning that the lights shall not be placed inboard more than 10% of the breadth of the vessel.
For instance, if the maximum breath of the vessel is 24 feet the sidelights must not be placed
more than 2.4 feet inboard. Sidelights may be placed "in line" with the masthead light, but shall
not be placed aft of the masthead light. Sidelights shall be fitted with matt black screens.
LIGHTS CARRIED IN A VERTICAL LINE (VESSEL ENGAGED IN FISHING or VESSEL
RESTRICTED IN THEIR ABILITY TO MANEUVER) shall be separated by a vertical distance of
not less than 2 meters (6.6 feet).
Lower Fishing (White) Light shall be located at a height above the sidelights of not less than
twice the distance between the two vertical lights (minimum of 4 meters or 13.1 feet).
All Round Lights shall not be obscured from view by an arc of more than 6 degrees. This
means all round LIGHTS should be installed on a bracket that sets the light away from the mast.
The larger the mast the farther away from the mast the light must be installed, in order to
prevent obscuring the lights.
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS: VESSEL LESS THAN 20 METERS (65.6 feet) but more
than 12 METERS (39.4 feet) IN LENGTH
Masthead light shall not be less than 2.5 meters (8.2 feet) above the gunwale.
Sidelights height above hull (uppermost continuous deck) shall not be greater than threequarters of the height of the forward masthead light, and shall not be placed so low as to be
interfered with by deck lights.
Sidelights, if carried in a combined lantern, shall be placed not less than 1 meter (3.3 feet)
below the masthead light.
LIGHTS CARRIED IN A VERTICAL LINE (VESSEL ENGAGED IN FISHING or VESSEL
RESTRICTED IN THEIR ABILITY TO MANEUVER): On vessels less than 20 meters (65.6 feet)
in length, lights carried in a vertical line shall be spaced not less than 1 meter (3.3 feet) apart,
with lowest light placed not less than 2 meters (6.6 feet) above the gunwale. In the case of
fishing lights, the lower light shall at least 2 meters (6.6 feet) above the sidelights.
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS: VESSEL LESS THAN 12 METERS (39.4 feet) IN LENGTH
Masthead light may be carried at a height less than 2.5 meters (8.2 feet) above the gunwale,
but must be at least 1 meter (3.3 feet) above sidelights.
FISHING VESSELS DAYSHAPE REQUIREMENTS
VESSEL "ENGAGED IN FISHING" TWO BLACK CONES, POINT-TO-POINT: The cones
shall be solid black and have a base diameter of not less than 0.6 meters (23.6 inches) with a
height equal to the diameter.
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Dayshapes must not be permanently installed in the rigging. A vessel not engaged in fishing
must not display a dayshape (basket or cones) indicating that it is fishing. On the other hand, a
vessel that fails to display the proper dayshape cannot claim the privileges of a "vessel engaged
in fishing".
CERTIFICATES OF ALTERNATE COMPLIANCE (CACs)
There are provisions for alternate compliance to the COLREGS and INLAND Rules.
Certificates of Alternate Compliance (CACs) are available for any vessel that cannot fully
comply with the navigation rules because of special or unique design that cannot meet the
Rules without interfering with their mission. CACs cannot be used to extend the time for
compliance, as the existing extensions (most of which expired in 1989) recognize that vessel
modification (moving masts or sidelights) was necessary for existing vessels. If modifications
would hamper the mission of the vessel a CAC should be applied for.
CACs are issued by the Chief of the Coast Guard Marine Safety Division (now referred to as the
Prevention Division) in the District where the vessel operates. See the back of the Navigation
Rules book (page 202) for information on how to apply for a CAC.
SOURCES: 33 CFR Subchapters D and E, 46 CFR 28.225, Navigation Rules - International and
Inland (http://www.navcen.uscg.gov/mwv/navrules/download.htm)
19-7
20 CORRECT USE OF STROBE LIGHTS

High intensity strobe lights are being used for many purposes at sea. Some of these uses are
potentially confusing and contrary to maritime law. Strobe lights are recognized as a signal
requesting HELP and should not be used as a warning or 'stay-away' signal. These lifesaving
lights should be used primarily as a personal distress marker light to attract the attention of
Search and Rescue (SAR) units to an individual or group in distress in the water. They are
recommended for use on immersion suits, personal flotation devices (life jackets), as man
overboard lights and as liferaft lights.
Strobe lights are recognized as a distress signal on vessels operating on INLAND waters
(ANNEX IV, INLAND, and 33 CFR 87.1(p)); but, the use of strobe lights as anchor or collision
avoidance signals on vessels is strictly prohibited on both INTERNATIONAL and INLAND
waters.
A fishing vessel 'laying-to' (drifting) at night, not 'engaged in fishing' should maintain a look-out
and display only the navigation light of a power driven vessel underway (sidelights, masthead
light and stern light). If at anchor or laying on its gear the vessel should maintain a look-out
and display only an anchor light (all-round white light) and may use available working (deck)
lights to illuminate the deck.
There are two cases when the use of a strobe light on vessels would be permitted. First, when
an immediate and extreme danger of collision exists and all other means of communication
fail, a strobe light could be used to alert and warn the on coming vessel. Second, a strobe light
could be used by a vessel in distress or needing assistance when requested to do so by
Search and Rescue (SAR) units.
THE USE OF STROBE LIGHTS TO MARK FIXED FISHING GEAR SHOULD BE AVOIDED as
such use could cause confusion for Search and Rescue (SAR) units trying to locate individuals
in distress in the water.
SOURCES: 33 CFR Subchapters D and E, Navigation Rules - International and Inland
(http://www.navcen.uscg.gov/mwv/navrules/navrules.htm)
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21 POLLUTION PREVENTION REQUIREMENTS

OIL AND OILY WASTE DISCHARGE
The Refuse Act of 1899 prohibits the throwing, discharging, or depositing of any refuse matter of
any kind (including trash, garbage, oil and other liquid pollutants) into the waters of the United
States up to three miles from the coastline.
The Federal Water Pollution Control Act (FWPCA) prohibits the discharge of oil or hazardous
substances into the waters of the United States. It requires that you immediately notify the
Coast Guard if your vessel or facility discharges oil or hazardous substance into the water.
In addition, federal regulations issued under the FWPCA require:
1. No person may drain the sumps of oil-lubricated machinery or the contents of oil filters,
strainers or purifiers into the bilge of any U.S. vessel.
2. Vessels 26 feet in length and over must have a pollution placard fixed in a conspicuous
place in the machinery spaces or at the bilge and ballast pump control station. The
placard must be printed in the language or languages understood by the crew. The
placard must be at least 5 by 8 inches, made of durable material, and state the following:
DISCHARGE OF OIL PROHIBITED

The Federal Water Pollution Control Act prohibits the discharge of oil or
oily waste into or upon the navigable waters of the United States, or the
waters of the contiguous zone, or which may affect natural resources
belonging to, appertaining to, or under the exclusive management
authority of the United States, if such discharge causes a film or
discoloration of the surface of the water or causes a sludge or emulsion
beneath the surface of the water. Violators are subject to substantial
civil penalties and/or criminal sanctions including fines and
imprisonment.
3. All vessels under 100 gross tons must have a fixed or portable means to discharge oily
bilge slops to a reception facility. A bucket or bailer is considered a portable means.
4. All vessels 100 gross tons and above must:
o be able to contain on board all oily waste and oily bilge slops that may
accumulate, except in the bilge; and
o have a pump installed to discharge the oily bilge slops and/or waste through a
fixed piping system, which has at least on outlet accessible from the weather
deck, fitted with an acceptable (international) shore connection and adapters,
stop valve at the shore connection, and a means on the weather deck to stop the
pump.
5. Oceangoing vessels of 400 gross tons or greater have additional operational,
equipment, and record-keeping requirements regarding pollution prevention. These are
addressed in 33 CFR Parts 151 and 155.
6. Vessels with a capacity to carry more than 250 barrels, or 10,500 gallons of oil or
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hazardous material must have transfer procedures to cover transfers to or from the
vessel, and transfers between tanks within the vessel. There also must be a designated
person in charge of transfers who has sufficient training and experience in transferring
such products. Safety and equipment requirements also apply to such a vessel. The
specific requirements can be found in 33 CFR Subpart C.
GARBAGE DISCHARGE
Each vessel 26 feet or more in length must display in a prominent location(s) a placard that
notifies the reader of the following:
1. Discharge of plastic or garbage mixed with plastic in any waters is prohibited;
2. Discharge of all garbage is prohibited in the navigable waters of the U.S. within 3 miles
of the nearest land;
3. Discharge of dunnage and packing materials that float is prohibited within 25 miles of the
nearest land;
4. Unground garbage may not be discharged within 12 miles of the nearest land; and
5. Ground garbage to less than one inch may not be discharged within 3 miles of the
nearest land.
The placard must be at least 9 inches wide by 4 inches high, made of durable material, and with
lettering at least 1/8 inch high.
Commercial fishing vessels 40 feet or more in length must have a waste management plan.
The master shall ensure the plan is in writing and describes procedures for collecting,
processing, storing, and discharging of garbage, as well as designating the person who is in
charge of carrying out the plan.
On commercial fishing vessels 400 gross tons and above, the master is responsible for
maintaining a written record or log of each garbage discharge or disposal operation. The record
must be prepared at the time of the operation, be certified by the master, maintained on the
vessel for two years, and be available for inspection by the Coast Guard.
SEWAGE DISCHARGE
All vessels with installed toilet facilities must have an operable Coast Guard certified Marine
Sanitation Device (MSD) or holding tank. Section 312 of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act
(FWPCA) provides for federal standards of performance for MSDs to prevent the discharge of
untreated or inadequately treated sewage into or upon the U.S. waters. These waters include all
inland waters and the waters seaward out to the three-mile limit. These regulations apply to both
new and existing vessels.
Vessels not equipped with permanently installed toilet facilities (heads) are not subject to these
requirements.
To determine the MSD requirements for your vessel, you must first know whether it is a 'new' or
'existing' vessel, as defined in the federal regulations:
A 'new' vessel is any vessel the construction of which began on or after 30 January
1975.
An 'existing' vessel is any vessel the construction of which began before 30 January
1975.
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NEW VESSELS must be equipped with a Type II or III MSD, except that a Type I MSD installed
before January 30, 1980 may be used for the life of the device, providing that the device
remains in good operating condition.
EXISTING VESSELS must be equipped with a Type II or III MSD, except that a Type I MSD
installed before January 30, 1980 may be used for the life of the device, providing that the
device remains in good operating conditions.
WAIVER: New and existing vessels 65 feet or less may install Type I MSDs.
Operating Requirements:
When operating a vessel with a Type I or Type II MSD on waters where the discharge of
treated or untreated sewage is prohibited as designated by the EPA, the devices must
be secured to prevent a discharge by: (a) closing the seacock and removing the handle;
(b) padlocking the seacock in the closed position; (c) using a non-releasable wire-tie to
hold the seacock in the closed position; or (d) locking the door to the space enclosing
the toilet with a padlock or door handle key lock.
When operating a vessel with a Type III MSD on waters where the discharge of treated
or untreated sewage is prohibited as designated by the EPA, the device must be
secured to prevent a discharge by: (a) closing each valve leading to an overboard
discharge and removing the handle; (b) padlocking each valve leading to an overboard
discharge in the closed position; or (c) using a non-releasable wire-tie to hold each valve
leading to an overboard discharge in the closed position.
Remember, MSD requirements apply only to vessels with permanently installed toilet (head)
facilities. However, any vessel with permanently installed toilet facilities on the waters of the
United States, including the territorial seas, found to be violation of the MSD requirements is
subject to a civil penalty of up to $2,200.
TYPES OF MARINE SANITATION DEVICES (MSDs)
TYPE I MSD is designed to discharge effluent. A Type I device is equivalent to a maceratorchlorinator.
TYPE II MSD is designed to discharge more thoroughly treated effluent than a Type I. A
Type II is similar to a chloride secondary treatment plant.
TYPE III MSD is a no-discharge device, such as a holding tank, recirculator, incinerator, etc.
All MSDs must be Coast Guard certified. If the unit was manufactured before January 30, 1976,
it is considered an 'existing device'. This equipment, except no-discharge devices, was certified
by official letter from the Commandant of the Coast Guard, Washington, DC. No-discharge
devices built before January 30, 1975 were certified by regulation with letter. However, some
manufacturers applied for and received letters certifying their devices. You should obtain a copy
of this letter from the manufacturer or distributor as your record to show that the equipment, in
fact, is Coast Guard certified.
Coast Guard certified units manufactured on or after January 30, 1976 will have a label so
stating on the device. No-discharge devices being used solely for the storage of sewage and
flushing water at ambient pressure and temperature may be certified by definition. Devices
certified in this manner must be labeled. However, manufacturers may apply for certification on
such devices and therefore label them as Coast Guard certified. That label gives the certification
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number and indicates whether the equipment has been approved for inspected and/or
uninspected vessels.
THINGS YOU SHOULD KNOW ABOUT THE FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
ACT (FWPCA)
The FWPCA is one of the most powerful and far reaching environmental laws ever enacted in
the United States. Basically, this law makes it illegal to put almost any kind of oil and/or
specified hazardous substance into almost any body of water, or nearby shoreline. Not only
does this law make it illegal to discharge oil or hazardous material, but it also requires that the
one who spills notify the government. This law also requires that a civil penalty be assessed
against the spiller, regardless of whether or not he/she was at fault. The law speaks to the
discharge of a 'harmful quantity' of oil. This is defined in federal regulation as being any amount
of oil that causes a 'sheen' on the water. Any sign of oil on the water, such as sludge, oil, tar
balls, etc., are also indications that a harmful quantity of oil is present and that there is an
apparent violation of the FWPCA.
The maximum civil penalty that can be assessed for a violation of this sheen law is $11,000. It
must be stressed, though, that in all cases where the spiller is identified, the law says that a civil
penalty 'shall be assessed'. Please note that the Coast Guard has no choice but to assess a
civil penalty against a known spiller.
The FWPCA is considered to be what is described as the 'doctrine of strict liability'. Basically
this means that you, as the owner of the oil product, are responsible for that oil product, even it
you are not personally responsible for it getting into the water. Again, there are certain
exclusions within the law, but these are very rarely applied to the usual type of spills. For
instance, if you own a vessel and it sinks at the mooring, you as the owner are responsible
because the condition of the vessel allowed it to sink. Had you taken better care of the vessel
and repaired it, the sinking probably would not have occurred. Congress established the
FWPCA civil penalty system as a strict liability system to create the strongest possible incentive
for the public to avoid all oil and hazardous substance spills.
The law does not speak to any amount of oil other than a harmful amount. If you spill less than a
pint and it causes a sheen, then a violation of the FWPCA exists, and a civil penalty must be
assessed. In determining the amount of the civil penalty, the Coast Guard Hearing Officer will
look at all aspects of the case. The more information in the case file the better. S/he will attempt
to 'balance' the assessment by considering the amount of oil spilled together with the
circumstances surrounding the discharge, cleanup efforts undertaken, as well as looking at any
post-spill efforts on the part of the spiller to prevent a similar discharge from occurring in the
future.
Further, the FWPCA requires that if you spill oil, you must report the discharge to the nearest
Coast Guard office/station or to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). You may also
report the discharge to the National Response Center by calling a toll-free number, 800-4248802. Failure to report a spill could result in criminal charges being lodged against you and a
fine of up to $11,000. All sighted discharges should be reported to one of the above locations.
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Be prepared to report the following information in the event of a discharge or the discovery of a
discharge:
1. Location.
2. Source (if known).
3. Size.
4. Color.
5. Substance (if known or suspected).
6. Time and date observed.
If you are uncertain of the identity of the discharge, avoid physical contact or inhaling any of the
fumes, and keep away any open flame. Do not attempt to take samples of any chemical
discharge!
SOURCES: 33 U.S.C. Chapter 26, 33 CFR Parts 151, 155, and 159, 40 CFR 140.3 and 140.4
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22 FIREMAN'S OUTFITS AND SELF-CONTAINED BREATHING

APPARATUS
A documented fishing industry vessel with more than 49 persons on board must be
equipped with at least two fireman's outfits stowed in widely separated locations.
A fireman's outfit consists of one self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBAs) with lifeline
attached, one flashlight, a rigid helmet, boots, gloves, protective clothing, and one fire axe.
More important for smaller vessels is the requirement that a documented fishing industry vessel
operating outside the Boundary Line, a documented fishing industry vessel operating with more
than 16 persons on board, a documented fish tender vessel engaged in the Aleutian trade,
using ammonia as a refrigerant be equipped with at least two self-contained breathing
apparatus (SCBAs).
While the regulations only address vessels using ammonia as a refrigerant, it is recommended
that a vessel carry SCBAs if any other toxic material is used as a refrigerant or other purpose in
an isolated or confined space.
Each SCBA must be approved by the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) and by
the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), have at a minimum a 30
minute air supply, and a full face piece.
At least one spare air bottle must be provided for each SCBA on board to meet either of these
requirements.
SOURCES: 46 U.S.C. 4502, 46 CFR 28.205
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23 FIRST-AID KITS AND MANUALS

This chapter applies to any and all of the following fishing vessels:
All documented fishing industry vessels, of ANY crew size, operating beyond the
Boundary Line, OR
Documented fishing industry vessels operating with more than 16 persons on board
whether inside or outside the Boundary Line, OR
Documented fish tender vessels engaged in the Aleutian trade.
Such vessels must have on board a complete first aid manual and medicine chest of a size
suitable for the number of individuals on board in a readily accessible location.
Neither the regulation nor the discussion of the regulations gives much guidance as to what a
"complete first aid manual" or a "medicine chest of suitable size" is. No specific guidelines have been
established regarding these requirements. The manual and first aid kit should be large enough and
appropriate for the number of crew on board and the area of operation.
SOURCES: 46 U.S.C. 4502, 46 CFR 28.210
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24 FIRST AID & CPR TRAINING

Boundary Line, OR
A vessel with more than two persons on board must have individuals who are trained and
certified* in First Aid and CPR (Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation) as outlined below:
Vessel with more than 2 POB
First Aid
1
2
4
CPR
1
2
4
NOTE: A person certified in both First Aid and CPR may be counted for both
requirements.
* To meet these requirements individuals must have a valid certificate indicating completion of
training by an accepted organization as listed below:
A First Aid course approved by the U.S. Coast Guard or the American National Red
Cross "Standard First Aid and Emergency Care" or "Multi-Media Standard First Aid"
course.
A CPR course approved by the U.S. Coast Guard or conducted by the American
National Red Cross or the American Heart Association.
The regulations do not require that persons certified in either First Aid or CPR obtain refresher
training or re-certification. However, the Coast Guard encourages trained persons to renew their
certification(s) in accordance with either the Red Cross or American Heart Association
guidelines to maintain their skills and stay current with any advancements.
While undocumented vessels and vessels with just two persons on board are not required to
have on board a person trained in First Aid and CPR, all commercial fishermen are encouraged
to obtain training in these lifesaving skills.
SOURCES: 46 U.S.C. 4502, 46 CFR 28.210
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25 GUARDS FOR EXPOSED HAZARDS

Boundary Line, OR
Such vessels must have installed "suitable hand covers, guards, or railings in way of machinery
which can cause injury to personnel, such as gearing, chain or belt drives, and rotating shafting.
This is not meant to restrict necessary access to fishing equipment such as winches, drums, or
gurdies.
While there are no specific guidelines, the intent of the regulation is clear: protect personnel
from injury by installing guards or railings.
Examples of areas where protective guards, railings, or grating should be considered:
Belt drives on main engines;
Auxiliary generator sets;
Air compression units;
Chain drives in steering systems and winches; and
Propeller and winch shafting.
The regulations also require that there must be insulation or other type protective guarding
around internal combustion engine exhaust pipes that are within reach of personnel.
SOURCES: 46 U.S.C. 4502, 46 CFR 28.215
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26 NAVIGATION INFORMATION
Boundary Line, OR
Such vessels must have the following navigational information on board:
Marine charts of the area of operation published by the National Ocean Service, the
National Imagery and Mapping Agency, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, or a river
authority. The charts must be of a large enough scale (meaning the largest scale
available) to enable safe navigation of the area. Charts should be the latest edition,
but must at least be currently corrected, meaning that corrections published in the
Local Notice to Mariners must be noted on each chart. (Local Notice to Mariners is
available, free of charge, from: Commander (oan) Local Coast Guard District, or online
at: http://www.navcen.uscg.gov/lnm/default.htm.)
For the area of operation, each vessel must have on board a currently corrected copy
of, or applicable currently corrected extract from the U.S. Coast Pilot and the Coast
Guard Light List. Both are available online:
o U.S. Coast Pilot http://chartmaker.ncd.noaa.gov/nsd/cpdownload.htm
o Coast Guard Light List
http://www.navcen.uscg.gov/pubs/LightLists/LightLists.htm
For the area of operation, each vessel must have on board a current edition of, or
applicable current extract from the Tide Tables promulgated by National Ocean Service,
and the Tidal Current Tables promulgated by National Ocean Service or river current
publication issued by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers or a river authority. If operating
in river and coastal/ocean areas, both sets of tables are required.
All vessels (state numbered or documented) of approximately 39.4 feet (12 meters), or more in
length operating on waters governed by the "Inland Rules" (shoreward of the COLREG
Demarcation Line) must have an up-to-date copy of the Inland Navigation Rules on board and
maintain for ready reference.
Navigation Rules can be found at: http://www.navcen.uscg.gov/mwv/navrules/download.htm
IMPORTANT NOTE: You must have a paper copy of these publications an electronic version
is not accepted as meeting the requirements of the regulations. So if you download a copy of
any navigation information, make sure you print a hard copy to be kept on the vessel.
SOURCES: 46 U.S.C. 4502, 33 CFR 88.05, 46 CFR 28.225
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27 COMPASS
Boundary Line, OR
Such vessels must be equipped with an operable magnetic steering compass, with a
compass deviation table at the operating station.
Most fishing industry vessels are already equipped with a good magnetic compass. If your
vessel is not, it is suggested you install a marine compass capable of adjustment. The deviation
card should be prepared by a reputable "compass adjustor" and posted adjacent to the steering
station.
There are no guidelines as to how recent the deviation card must be, but it is suggested that the
interval should not exceed two years for steel vessels, five years for wooden or fiberglass
vessels. The compass should be adjusted after major modifications, new installations or
relocation of equipment.
SOURCES: 46 U.S.C. 4502, 46 CFR 28.230
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28 ANCHORS
Boundary Line, OR
Such vessels must be equipped with "anchor(s) and chain(s), cables, or rope appropriate
for the vessel and the waters of the intended voyage."
It is not the intention of the Coast Guard to establish standards for anchors for fishing industry
vessels. The intent of the regulations is to ensure that vessels are equipped with an anchor (in
the conventional sense of the word) that will hold the vessel in emergency or extreme
conditions. This means that fishing gear will not meet the requirement for an anchor.
There are industry standards available that can be used to determine the proper combination of
anchor and line or rode for a particular vessel. In addition to manufacturer specifications, the
American Boat & Yacht Council (ABYC), and the American Bureau of Shipping (ABS), both
have established recognized standards for vessels of various sizes. ABYC standards are
applicable for vessels up to approximately 60 feet in length, while the formulas developed by
ABS are suitable for larger vessels.
In determining the size anchor appropriate for your vessel, the most extreme conditions should
be considered. Size and length of anchor chain/cable/rope should match the anchor in terms of
horizontal load and be long enough to provide for a scope of seven times the depth of water. It
is recommended that anchors be ready for immediate use in an emergency.
SOURCES: 46 U.S.C. 4502, 46 CFR 28.235
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29 RADAR REFLECTORS
Boundary Line, OR
Vessels that have a non-metallic hull must be equipped with a radar reflector, unless the
vessel is outfitted with gear in such a way that it provides a radar signature (image) from a
distance of 6 miles. (The regulations do not state any standards for the quality of the radar
receiver, or the conditions under which such a vessel should be visible on radar at 6 miles.)
If the hull of your vessel is constructed of wood, fiberglass or like material it is recommended
that you equip the vessel with a radar reflector. Again, the regulations do not specify any
particular type of reflector, but a reflector of the type used on "high-fliers" or by yachts should
make your vessel visible on radar. If you have doubts about whether your vessel makes a good
radar signature, ask a fellow mariner to check the image your vessel makes on his/her set.
The purpose of this requirement is to reduce the chance of collisions at sea by ensuring that
fishing industry vessels are visible on the radars of other vessels, particularly in adverse
weather conditions.
SOURCES: 46 U.S.C. 4502, 46 CFR 28.235
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30 GENERAL ALARMS SYSTEMS

Boundary Line, OR
A vessel with an accommodation space or work space that is not adjacent to (near) the operating
station must be equipped with an audible general alarm system. The system must be able to be
operated from the operating station, and be capable of notifying individuals in any accommodation or
work space where they may normally be employed in the event of an emergency.
In noisy workspaces such as the engine room where it may be difficult to hear, the alarm system must
include a flashing red light in the space. Each general alarm bell or flashing red light must be identified
with a sign in red lettering at least one-half inch high as follows:
ATTENTION
GENERAL ALARM WHEN ALARM SOUNDS GO TO YOUR STATION.
The "station" is the emergency station assigned to each crewmember for specified types of
emergencies: fires, flooding, abandon ship, etc. A public address (PA) system or other means of
alerting persons on board may be utilized as an alternative to an alarm system provided it is as
effective as a dedicated general alarm system as described above.
TESTING of the general alarm system (or alternative) is required before the vessel gets underway, and
at least once each week while underway. The testing of the general alarm should be noted in the
vessels log.
While vessels may opt to use a public address system to meet the requirements for a general alarm,
there are several areas of concern. Can the public address system be heard clearly and distinctly in a
noisy machinery space? Is the PA system able to withstand a harsh marine environment, and is the
amplifier system secured to the vessel? Does the PA broadcast to all spaces deck, accommodation
and machinery spaces or must a switch be changed to sound the alarm in all spaces? Are all
speakers operational? The master must check to make sure that no one has disabled the speakers in
any accommodation spaces.
If there is any doubt about the effectiveness of a PA system it is recommended that a dedicated general
alarm system be installed a system that has one purpose and one purpose only: notifying crew
members in an emergency!
On smaller vessels not required to have a general alarm system - that is those with an unattended
machinery space, and an accommodation space in the forecastle forward of the operating station a
bell could be mounted adjacent to the companionway. Rapid ringing of the bell is a very effective
general alarm.
Some type of general alarm system is important on all vessels. Lives have been lost because there was
no rapid, effective way to alert all members of the crew of an impending disaster.
SOURCES:
46 U.S.C. 4502, 46 CFR 28.240

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31 COMMUNICATIONS EQUIPMENT
Documented fishing industry vessels operating beyond the Boundary Line are now required to
be equipped with communications equipment capable of communicating with a public coast
station or U.S. Coast Guard station serving the area in which the vessel is operating.
VESSEL REQUIREMENTS
a) Each vessel must be equipped with a VHF radiotelephone capable of transmitting and
receiving on frequencies in the 156-162 MHz band.
b) Vessels that operate more than 20 miles from the coastline must, in addition to a VHF,
be equipped with a radiotelephone transceiver capable of transmitting and receiving on
frequencies in the 2-4 MHZ band.
c) Vessels that operate more than 100 miles from the coastline must, in addition to VHF,
be equipped with a radiotelephone transceiver capable of transmitting and receiving on
frequencies in the 2-27.5 MHZ band.
A radiotelephone transceiver installed before September 15, 1991 that is capable of transmitting
and receiving on frequencies in the 4-20 MHZ band will satisfy the requirements outlined in
paragraph (c) above.
SUSTITUTIONS
The following may substitute for the radiotelephone requirements in paragraph (c) above:
satellite communication capability with the system servicing the area in which the vessel is
operating; or cellular telephone capable of communicating with a public coast station or U.S.
Coast Guard station serving the area in which the vessel is operating. However, it is unlikely
that a cellular telephone will satisfy the requirements for vessels operating more than 20 miles
offshore.
INSTALLATION
Communications equipment must be installed at the operating station in a manner to ensure
safe operation and repair, and be protected against vibration, moisture, temperature, and
excessive currents and voltages. It should be located to minimize the possibility of water
intrusion from windows broken by heavy seas.
FCC REQUIREMENTS
Communications equipment must comply with the technical standards and operating
requirements of the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), and each vessel REQUIRED
to be equipped with a radio must have a Ship Radio Station License issued by the FCC.
EMERGENCY POWER
An emergency source of power - independent of the main electrical power supply that is located
outside the main machinery space - must be provided to power all communications equipment
for at least three hours.
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MORE ON RADIOS, EMERGENCY POWER SUPPLIES, CELLULAR PHONES

Questions have arisen regarding the requirements for communications equipment, the use of
cellular telephones, and emergency (back-up) power supplies for this equipment. What follows
is an explanation and review of the requirements for radios and their back-up power supplies.
The commercial fishing vessel safety regulations require that all documented commercial fishing
industry vessel operating beyond the Boundary Line be equipped with communications
equipment capable of communicating with shore based search and rescue (SAR) facilities. [46
CFR 28.245]
VHF RADIOS
Each vessel is required to be equipped with a VHF radiotelephone that is capable of
communicating (on the 156 to 162 MHZ band) with a public coast station (marine operator) or
U.S. Coast Guard Station serving the area in which the vessel is operating. As most vessels are
equipped with an all channel VHF radio this should not prove to be any great hardship. Vessels
that are equipped with older crystal radios should ensure that they have the installed the
channels used by the Coast Guard in your area of operation. Channels 06, 16, and 22, are the
channels commonly used by the Coast Guard for SAR communications.
SSB RADIOS
Vessels that operate more than 20 miles from the coastline (meaning more than 20 miles from
any point of land) must, in addition to a VHF radio, be equipped with a SSB radio capable of
communicating with a public coast station or Coast Guard station on the 2 to 4 MHZ band.
Vessels that operate more than 100 miles from the coastline must be equipped with a SSB radio
capable of communicating with a public coast or Coast Guard station on the 2 to 27.5 MHZ
band. A vessel which was equipped with a SSB radio capable of communicating on the 4 to 20
MHZ band before 15 September 1991 may continue to use that radio to meet the requirement
for a vessel operating more than 100 miles from the coastline.
Vessels operating more than 20 miles from the coastline, that are not equipped with a SSB and there are probably a number of them - should have little difficulty obtaining a SSB radio
capable of operating in the 2-4 MHZ band.
A problem arises for vessels currently operating more than 100 miles from the coast line that
are not equipped with a SSB, as a radio capable of transmitting and receiving on frequencies in
the 2-27.5 MHZ band are not currently available. (This specification was included in the
regulations as the result of an international communications agreement.) So what is a person to
do? Answer: If it is not possible to purchase a radio capable of communicating on the full range
of 2 to 27.5 MHZ, then obtain a SSB radio that is capable of communicating with the a shore
stations (public coast and Coast Guard Communications Stations) in your area of operation. In
New England a SSB radio capable of transmitting and receiving on the 4 - 8 MHZ band would
meet these requirements.
CELLULAR PHONES
Cellular telephones capable of communicating with a public coast station or a U.S. Coast Guard
station serving the area in which the vessel is operating may be substituted for the SSB radios
required for vessels operating more than 20 miles offshore, as well as those more than 100
miles offshore.
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The Coast Guard does not encourage the substitution of cellular phones for emergency
communications for many reasons, including:
a) Other vessels in the area may not hear the emergency call,
b) The Coast Guard cannot DF (direction find) on your signal,
c) You may dial a wrong number, get a busy signal, or experience interference in an
emergency, or
d) You may be out of the service area.
When broadcasting a distress message you want as many people (vessels and stations) as
possible to hear you. A cellular phone cannot broadcast to multiple listeners. The Coast Guard
recommends that cellular phones be used only as a secondary means of emergency
communication.
If you are considering a cellular phone as a substitute for a SSB you should ensure that you can
call a Coast Guard Station from all your areas of operation.
EMERGENCY POWER FOR COMMUNICATIONS EQUIPMENT
Communications equipment must be provided with an emergency source of power meeting the
requirements of 46 CFR 28.375. The emergency power supply must be:
a) Independent of the main source of electrical power.
b) Located outside the main machinery space.
c) Capable of operating the communications equipment continuously for at least 3 hours.
Question: Would a portable (hand-held) VHF radio or a cellular phone with its own power supply
meet the requirements for emergency power?
Answer: To determine whether this equipment would meet the emergency power requirements,
answer the following questions:
For a VHF radio:
Can I communicate with a Coast Guard Station using my portable VHF radio? The range
of portable VHF radios is limited by their output, and the height of both the transmitting
and receiving antennas.
Will a fully charged battery in my VHF portable radio provide me with 3 hours of
continuous operation, meaning one-and-one-half hours of transmitting followed by oneand-one-half hours of receiving?
If the answer to both these questions is "yes" then your portable VHF radio could conceivably
be used to meet the requirements for emergency power for VHF communications. But, you
should be prepared to demonstrate to a boarding officer that you can communicate with a shore
station, and that the battery life is at least 3 hours, based on the specifications of the
manufacturer.
For a cellular phone used as a substitute for a SSB for vessels operating outside 20 miles,
similar questions must be answered:
Can I call a local Coast Guard Station using my cellular phone?
Will the fully charged battery in my portable cellular phone provide at least 3 hours of
continuous operation, meaning one-and-one-half hours of transmitting followed by oneand-one-half hours of receiving?
If the answer to both these questions is "yes" then your portable cellular phone could
conceivably be used meet the requirements for emergency power for offshore (beyond 20
31-3
miles) communications. But, again you should you be prepared to demonstrate to a boarding
officer that you can communicate with a shore station, and that the battery life is at least 3
hours. You should be able to demonstrate a three-hour battery life using manufacturer
specifications indicating that a fully charged battery will provide at least three (3) hours of
continuous operation.
RADIO REQUIREMENTS FOR POWER-DRIVEN VESSELS OVER 20 METERS
[33 CFR PART 26] Bridge-to-Bridge Radiotelephone Regulations
All power driven vessels, including ALL fishing industry vessels, 20 meters (65.6 feet) or
more in overall length (not registered length) must be able to simultaneously monitor VHF-FM
Channel 13 and Channel 16, while operating on the navigable waters of the United States. In
addition these vessels must be able to communicate on VHF-FM Channel 22A. Vessels 65.6
feet and over need two VHF-FM radios: One to monitor (and communicate on) Channel 16, and
a second radio to monitor (and communicate on) Channel 13. One or both of the radios must be
capable of communicating on Channel 22A. A portable (hand-held) radio can be used to meet
the new requirements provided it is permanently associated with the vessel, and can be
connected to an external antenna.
OPERATOR REQUIREMENTS
When operating inside the three-mile limit (on the navigable waters of the U.S.) the master,
operator or person in charge of directing the vessel (pilot) is required to maintain a listening
watch on Channel 13. The individual maintaining the listening watch must be able to speak in
English.
STATION LICENSE
Any vessel required to be equipped* with radio transmitting equipment (VHF, SSB radio,
RADAR and EPIRB) must be issued and carry on board an original "Ship Radio Station
License". The Station License, as it is called, must list the types of equipment and the
authorized frequencies on board the vessel. Many vessels, which are now equipped with the
406 MHZ EPIRB, have not amended the Station License to reflect this additional equipment.
Vessel owners and operators should check the FCC Station License to ensure that all types of
radio transmitting equipment is listed. The usual list for a fishing vessel would include:
Radiotelephone, VHF and SSB, RADAR, and EPIRB.
* A vessel voluntarily equipped with radio transmitting equipment (e.g. a state numbered
commercial fishing vessel) is not required to have an FCC Ship/Aircraft Radio Station
License.
RADIOTELEPHONE OPERATORS PERMITS
If the fishing vessel is less than 20 meters (65.6 ft) and has only a VHF radio and operates on
domestic voyages only, then no commercial radio operator license is required.
If the fishing vessel is 20 or more meters in length and has a VHF radio only and operates on
domestic voyages, and the vessel is less then 300 gross registered tons, then a restricted
radiotelephone license or higher is required.
If the vessel has a radio that will operate on medium or high frequencies, then a Marine Radio
Operator license/permit is required.
31-4
Marine Radio Operator licenses are required to operate radiotelephone stations aboard certain
vessels that sail the Great Lakes. They are also required to operate radiotelephone stations
aboard vessels of more than 300 gross tons and vessels that carry more than six passengers
for hire in the open sea or any tidewater area of the United States. They are also required to
operate certain aviation radiotelephone stations and certain coast radiotelephone stations.
Restricted Radiotelephone Operators Permits are obtained by completing and submitting a
permit application (Form 753) to the FCC along with a fee of $35.00, and are valid for the
lifetime of the holder. You do not have to be a U.S. Citizen to obtain a Permit.
Marine Radio Operators Permits are obtained by submitting an application (Form 756), taking a
written examination and paying a fee of $35.00, are valid for five years, and renewable without
re-examination. To obtain a Marine Radio Operators Permit you must be a U.S. Citizen, or a
registered alien permitted to work in the U.S.
EQUIPMENT INSTALLATION
If radio equipment is required, such as equipment to meet the requirements of the Bridge-toBridge regulations, it is required to be installed adjacent to the principal operating station.
Equipment for use on VHF Channel 13 must be capable of transmitting on 1 watt.
LISTENING WATCH AND LOG BOOKS
Any vessel that is required to be equipped with radiotelephone equipment such as a
documented fishing industry vessel must maintain a listening watch on VHF Channel 16
(156.8 MHZ) whenever the radio is not actively being used for communication on a working
frequency. Fishing industry vessels that are required to be equipped with SSB radios must
maintain a listening watch on 2182 KHz during the "silent periods", which are the three
minute periods immediately after the hour and the half-hour. During these "silent periods" only
messages or transmissions concerning distress or urgency are made on 2182.
Also any vessel that is required to have radiotelephone communications equipment is required
to enter into a "log" (it does not have to be a special Radio Log, but can be the Vessel Log) the
time that the equipment is turned on and off, and any emergency communication heard or sent.
PENALTIES
For vessels that are required to be equipped with radiotelephone equipment, the FCC can
impose penalties of up to $6,500 per day against the owner of a vessel, and up to $1,100 per
day against the operator of a vessel that does not have the required equipment. Penalties for
misuse can be as high as $11,000 per day, per violation. Lack of a Station License can result in
a penalty of up to $8,000 for most fishing vessels. Recently fishing vessels using unauthorized
SSB frequencies have received fines totaling $8,000. Vessels with SSB radios are reminded to
use only the frequencies that are authorized. The FCC licensed technician that installs the
radiotelephone equipment will set these.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION REGARDING FCC REQUIREMENTS
If you have questions regarding FCC requirements you can contact the nearest FCC office.
Applications for FCC Station License (Form 506), Restricted Radiotelephone Operators Permit
(Form 753), and Marine Radio Operators Permit (Form 756) can be obtained from most
radiotelephone equipment suppliers, or by calling 202-632-FORM. You may also contact the
31-5
FCC at 888-CALL-FCC or get more information from their web page at

http://wireless.fcc.gov/marine/
COMPLIANCE
Coast Guard boarding officers will be checking for the necessary radio equipment, FCC licenses
and permits, during routine boardings of power-driven vessels (recreational and commercial)
65.6 feet and over. The person responsible for monitoring the radios on vessels subject to the
Bridge-to-Bridge regulations is required to have a Restricted Radiotelephone Operators Permit,
and the radio equipment must be installed in accordance with FCC regulations.
SOURCES: 46 U.S.C. 4102, 46 U.S.C. 4502, 46 CFR 28.245, 46 CFR 28.375, 47 CFR Part 80
31-6
32 HIGH WATER ALARMS

Boundary Line, OR
Vessels that are 36 feet or more in length must be equipped with visual and audible high water
(bilge) alarms located at the operating station. The alarms must indicate high water levels in
each of the following unmanned spaces:
Any space with a through-hull fitting located below the deepest load waterline, such as a
lazarette;
Machinery space bilges, bilge wells, shaft alley bilges, or any other space subject to
flooding from seawater piping within the space; and
Any space with a non-watertight closure, such as a space with a non-watertight hatch on
the main deck. (This may include a fish-hold with a non-watertight hatch where water is
not exchanged with an installed pumping capability.)
It is recommended that any vessel with an enclosed space that uses water in the sorting
or processing of fish be fitted with a high-water alarm in each corner of the space.
Masters should test each high-water alarm at least weekly for proper operation.
SOURCES: 46 U.S.C. 4502, 46 CFR 28.250
32-1
33 BILGE PUMPS, BILGE PIPING, AND DEWATERING SYSTEMS

Boundary Line, OR
Such vessels must be equipped with a bilge pump or pumps and bilge piping capable of
draining any watertight compartment, other than tanks and small buoyancy compartments,
under all conditions. Large spaces, such as an engine room, must be fitted with more than one
suction line.
Except where a space is provided with an individual pump or a portable pump is used, vessels
79 feet or more in length must be equipped with a fixed, self-priming, powered, bilge pump
connected to a bilge manifold.
Each bilge suction line must be provided with a stop valve at the manifold and a check valve in
the bilge line to prevent unintended flooding of a space.
In addition, each bilge suction line and dewatering system suction must be fitted with a suitable
strainer to prevent clogging of the line. The strainer must have an open area of not less than
three times the open area of the suction.
If a portable pump is used to meet any of the above requirements it must be equipped with a
suction hose of adequate length to reach the bilges of each watertight compartment it must
serve, and a discharge hose of adequate length to ensure overboard discharge. A portable
pump must be capable of dewatering each space it serves at a rate of at least 2 inches of water
depth per minute.
In addition to the above requirements, there are special requirements for spaces used for
sorting or processing of fish where water is used as part of the procedure. Such spaces must be
equipped with a dewatering system capable of dewatering the space under normal conditions of
list and trim at the same rate that the water is introduced. A pump used as part of the
processing of fish does not count in the meeting of this requirement. The dewatering system
must be interlocked with the pumps supplying water to the space, so in the event that the
dewatering system fails, the water supply is shut-off.
SOURCES: 46 U.S.C. 4502, 46 CFR 28.255
33-1
34 ELECTRONIC POSITION FIXING DEVICES

Boundary Line, OR
Such vessels that are 79 feet or more in length must be equipped with an electronic positionfixing device.
The regulations require that such vessels "be equipped with an electronic position fixing device
capable of providing accurate fixes for the area in which the vessel operates." LORAN, OMEGA,
SATNAV, GPS, RDF or similar navigation equipment satisfies this requirement.
SOURCES: 46 U.S.C. 4502, 46 CFR 28.260
34-1
35 EMERGENCY INSTRUCTIONS / PLACARDS

Boundary Line, OR
Each vessel must have on board the following emergency instructions. On vessels with 4 or
more persons on board, the instructions must be posted in a conspicuous location,
accessible to the crew. Vessels with less than 4 persons on board are not required to post
these instructions, but must keep them readily available.
1. Survival craft (liferaft) embarkation stations aboard the vessel and the survival craft to
which each person on board is assigned.
2. The fire and emergency signal and abandon ship signal.
3. The location of immersion suits (if carried) and illustrated instructions on the procedure
for donning the suits.
4. Procedures for making a distress call.
5. Essential action that must be taken in an emergency by each individual.
The following instructions may be kept readily available as an alternative to posting.
6. Procedures for rough weather at sea, crossing hazardous bars, flooding, and anchoring
the vessel.
7. Procedures to be used in the event a person falls overboard.
8. Procedures for fighting a fire.
It is recommended that there be instructions on:
Procedures for launching the vessels survival craft;

Procedures for entering the vessels survival craft from the vessel and from the
water;
Procedures to maintain watertight integrity of the vessel, such as operation of closing
devices on doors and hatches, to prevent downflooding on the vessel and maintain
stability of the vessel;
Precautions to be followed when working around deck machinery, processing
equipment, and on an open deck; and
Procedures for entering a confined space, a space where hazardous materials have
been stored or used, a fish hold, spaces that may be oxygen deficient, or a space not
normally ventilated.
Procedures for making a distress call should include at a minimum the following
information:
Make sure the radio is on.

Tune to Channel 16 (156.8 MHz), 2182 KHz or other distress frequency used in area
of operation.
Press microphone button and speaking slowly clearly calmly say: MAYDAY
MAYDAY MAYDAY.
Followed by: "THIS IS F/V (NAME OF VESSEL), (NAME OF VESSEL), (NAME OF
35-1
VESSEL), OVER."
Release microphone button briefly and listen for acknowledgement. It there is no
answer, repeat above.
If there is still no answer, or if the Coast Guard or another vessel responds, say:
MAYDAY THIS IS THE F/V (NAME OF VESSEL)."
Describe your position using latitude and longitude, LORAN coordinates (TDs), or
range and bearing from a known point.
State the nature of the distress.
Give number of persons on board, and the nature of any injuries.
Estimate the present seaworthiness of the vessel.
Give a description of your vessel: (length; color of hull, superstructure, trim and
masts; hull type; propulsion; and, additional distinguishing features).
Say: "I WILL BE LISTENING ON CHANNEL (insert channel or frequency)."
End message with: "THIS IS (insert name of vessel and call sign)."
If the situation permits, stand by the radio to await further communications with the
Coast Guard or another vessel. If there is no answer, repeat, and then try another
channel.
Essential action that must be taken in an emergency by each individual should include at
a minimum the following:
Making a distress call.

Closing of hatches, airports, watertight doors, vents, scuppers, valves for intake and
discharge lines that penetrate the hull, stopping of fans and ventilation systems, and
operation of all safety equipment.
Preparing and launching of survival craft (liferafts) and rescue boats.
Fighting a fire.
Mustering of personnel including
o Insuring that they are properly dressed and have put on lifejackets or
immersion suits:
o Assembling personnel and directing them to their appointed stations
o Manning fire parties assigned to deal with fires;
o Special duties required for the operation of fire fighting equipment.
Procedures for rough weather at sea, crossing hazardous bars, flooding, and anchoring
the vessel should include at a minimum the following:
Close all watertight and weather-tight doors, hatches and airports to prevent taking
water aboard or further flooding of vessel.
Keep bilges dry to prevent loss of stability due to water in bilges. Use power driven
bilge pumps, hand pumps, and/or buckets to dewater.
Align fire pumps to use as bilge pumps, if possible.
Check all intake and discharge lines that penetrate the hull for leakage.
Insure that all personnel remain stationary and evenly distributed.
Insure that personnel don lifejackets or immersions suits if the going becomes very
rough, the vessel is about to cross a hazardous bar, or when instructed by the
master or individual in charge.
Procedures to be used in the event a person falls overboard should include at a minimum
the following:
Throw a ring buoy as close as possible to the person in the water.

Post a lookout to keep the person in the water in sight.
35-2
Launch rescue boat, if available, or maneuver vessel to pick up person in water.

Assign a crewmember to don lifejacket or immersion suit, attach a safety line, and
standby to go in water to assist in the recovery of person in water if necessary.
If the person in water is not immediately located, notify the Coast Guard and other
vessels in area.
Continue searching until released by Coast Guard.
Procedures for fighting a fire to include at a minimum the following:
Shut off air supply to the fire close hatches, ports, doors, ventilation, and similar
openings.
Shut off electrical systems supplying the space, if possible.
Immediately use a portable fire extinguisher or water in the case of ordinary
combustible materials. Do not use water on electrical fires.
If fire is in a machinery space, shut off the fuel supply and ventilation system and
activate fixed fire extinguishing system, if installed.
Maneuver vessel to minimize the effect of wind on fire.
If unable to control fire, immediately notify Coast Guard and other vessels in the
area.
Move personnel away from the fire, have them put on lifejackets or immersion suits,
and prepare to abandon ship, should it become necessary.
SOURCES: 46 U.S.C. 4502, 46 CFR 28.265
35-3
36 INSTRUCTIONS, DRILLS, SAFETY ORIENTATION

Boundary Line, OR
INSTRUCTION
The master or individual in charge of a fishing industry vessel must ensure that each individual
on board is given instruction and drills are conducted so that individuals are familiar with their
duties and responses to at least the following contingencies:
Abandoning the vessel;
Fighting a fire in different locations on board vessel;
Recovering an individual from the water;
Minimizing the affects of unintentional flooding (damage control);
Launching survival craft and recovering lifeboats or rescue boats (if carried);
Donning immersion suits and other wearable personal flotation devices;
Donning a fireman's outfit and a self-contained breathing apparatus, if the vessel is so
equipped;
Making a voice radio distress call and using visual distress signals;
Activating the general alarm; and
Reporting inoperative alarm systems and fire detection systems.
Instruction for these contingencies may be conducted as part of the required drills or at other
times provided that the instruction ensures that each individual is familiar with their duties and
responses.
USING VIDEO TRAINING AIDS
Viewing of instructional videos concerning the contingencies listed above, followed by a
discussion led by a person familiar with these contingencies will satisfy the requirement for
instruction, but not for the required drills or safety orientation.
DRILLS
Drills must be conducted on board the vessel at least once a month for the each of the
contingencies listed. All persons on board must participate. Drills must be carried out as if there
were an actual emergency on board. Emergency equipment must be used, alarm systems
tested, and immersion suits and protective clothing donned if the vessel is so equipped.
The person conducting drills / instruction a Fishing Vessel Drill Conductor must be trained in
the proper procedures for conducting the activity. [See Chapter 36 for details of instruction.]
NOTE: The person conducting the drills / instruction need not be the master, or individual in
charge of the vessel, nor a member of the crew.
SAFETY ORIENTATION
The master or individual in charge of the vessel must ensure that a safety orientation is given to
36-1
any individual on board who has not received the instruction or participated in the drills outlined
above. The safety orientation must be provided to these individuals before the vessel may be
operated. The orientation must explain the emergency instructions required by 28.265 (see
Chapter 34) and cover the specific contingencies as required above.
SOURCES: 46 U.S.C. 4502, 46 CFR 28.270
36-2
37 TRAINING
The person conducting drills / instruction a Fishing Vessel Drill Conductor must be trained in
the proper procedures for conducting the activity. The Commercial Fishing Vessel Safety
regulations establish qualifications for Fishing Vessel Safety Instructors who are authorized to
train Fishing Vessel Drill Conductors.
The Coast Guards Officer In Charge, Marine Inspection (OCMI) in the zone where a Fishing
Vessel Safety Instructor plans to conduct instruction must approve the course curriculum and
verify the experience of the instructor.
CURRICULUM
The Fishing Vessel Safety Instructor must
Submit to the OCMI a detailed course curriculum relating directly to the 10 contingencies
in Chapter 35 (also listed in 46 CFR 28.270(a)), OR
Submit a letter to the OCMI certifying the use of the national standard curriculum,
Personal Survival and Emergency Drills Course. (see below for address where
curriculum can be obtained)
EXPERIENCE
A Fishing Vessel Safety Instructor must present to the OCMI evidence of experience as follows:
Proof of at least one-year experience in a marine related field and experience relating to
the 10 contingencies found in 28.270(a) [See Chapter 36] including experience as an
instructor, or training in instructional methods; OR
A valid Coast Guard license as master of uninspected fishing industry vessels and proof
of experience relating to the 10 contingencies found in 28.270(a) including experience
as an instructor, or training in instructional methods.
RECORDS
Individuals who qualify as a Fishing Vessel Safety Instructor will receive a letter of acceptance
from the OCMI that is valid for five (5) years.
The Coast Guard Sector Office (OCMI) will maintain a list of accepted instructors.
Fishing Vessel Safety Instructors and / or organizations providing training shall issue documents
to Fishing Vessel Drill Conductors upon successful completion of all required training.
It is recommended that Fishing Vessel Drill Conductors renew their training every five (5) years.
SOURCES: 46 U.S.C. 4502, 46 CFR 28.275, Navigation and Vessel Inspection Circular 7-93
(NVIC 7-93)
37-1
The national standard curriculum, Personal Survival and Emergency Drills Course, can be
obtained from:
United States Marine Safety Association
Marine Safety Park, 5050 Industrial Road
Farmingdale, NJ 07727-3651
Phone: 732-751-0102 Fax: 732-751-0508
sales@usmsa.org , www.usmsa.org
37-2

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COMMERCIAL FISHING

Photograph by Jerry Dzugan, AMSEA

COMMERCIAL FISHING VESSEL

Commercial Fishing Vessel Safety Digest

INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 1-1

DEFINITIONS ........................................................................................................................ 2-1

RECORDING AND MARKING YOUR VESSEL ................................................................... 3-1

REGULATIONS APPLY TO ALL VESSELS SELLING CATCH........................................... 4-1

PERSONAL FLOTATION DEVICES (PFDs) ........................................................................ 5-1

IMMERSION SUITS............................................................................................................... 6-1

RING LIFE BUOYS................................................................................................................ 7-1

SURVIVAL CRAFT ................................................................................................................ 8-1

MARKING and MAINTAINING LIFESAVING EQUIPMENT................................................. 9-1

VISUAL DISTRESS SIGNALS (VDS) ............................................................................... 10-1

PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHERS................................................................................ 12-1

BACKFIRE FLAME ARRESTER REQUIREMENTS ........................................................ 13-1

VENTILATION REQUIREMENTS..................................................................................... 14-1

INJURY REPORTING AND PLACARD REQUIREMENT ................................................ 15-1

CASUALTY REPORTING AND CHEMICAL TESTING.................................................... 16-1

FISHING AGREEMENTS.................................................................................................. 17-1

RESPONSIBILITY OF CAPTAINS.................................................................................... 18-1

PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF THE NAVIGATION RULES FOR VESSELS ENGAGED IN

CORRECT USE OF STROBE LIGHTS ............................................................................ 20-1

POLLUTION PREVENTION REQUIREMENTS ............................................................... 21-1

FIREMAN'S OUTFITS AND SELF-CONTAINED BREATHING APPARATUS................ 22-1

FIRST-AID KITS AND MANUALS..................................................................................... 23-1

FIRST AID & CPR TRAINING ........................................................................................... 24-1

GUARDS FOR EXPOSED HAZARDS.............................................................................. 25-1

NAVIGATION INFORMATION .......................................................................................... 26-1

COMPASS ......................................................................................................................... 27-1

ANCHORS ......................................................................................................................... 28-1

RADAR REFLECTORS..................................................................................................... 29-1

GENERAL ALARMS SYSTEMS ....................................................................................... 30-1

COMMUNICATIONS EQUIPMENT .................................................................................. 31-1

HIGH WATER ALARMS.................................................................................................... 32-1

BILGE PUMPS, BILGE PIPING, AND DEWATERING SYSTEMS .................................. 33-1

ELECTRONIC POSITION FIXING DEVICES................................................................... 34-1

EMERGENCY INSTRUCTIONS / PLACARDS ................................................................ 35-1

INSTRUCTIONS, DRILLS, SAFETY ORIENTATION....................................................... 36-1

Commercial Fishing Vessel Safety Digest

Commercial Fishing Vessel Safety Digest

COLD WATER MAPS U.S. ATLANTIC COAST

JANUARY, FEBRUARY, MARCH & APRIL

Commercial Fishing Vessel Safety Digest

AUGUST & SEPTEMBER

Commercial Fishing Vessel Safety Digest

COLD WATER MAPS U.S. PACIFIC COAST

JANUARY & FEBRUARY

MARCH & APRIL

Commercial Fishing Vessel Safety Digest

JULY & AUGUST

Commercial Fishing Vessel Safety Digest

Commandant means the Commandant of the Coast Guard or an authorized representative of

Commercial Fishing Vessel Safety Digest

Inflatable liferaft means an inflatable liferaft that is approved by the Commandant.

Commercial Fishing Vessel Safety Digest

3 RECORDING AND MARKING YOUR VESSEL

Commercial Fishing Vessel Safety Digest

REQUIREMENTS FOR DOCUMENTED VESSELS

Commercial Fishing Vessel Safety Digest

MAXIMUM CIVIL PENALTY

The ownership of the vessel changes in whole or in part.

Commercial Fishing Vessel Safety Digest

4 REGULATIONS APPLY TO ALL VESSELS SELLING CATCH