Additional

Mathematics
Project Work
2014
Name:

Nabila Syuhada binti Mohd Kamal Azmy

IC no.:

970222-02-5690

Matrix no.:

M000337

Class:

5K2

Instructors name:

Puan Nurul Nadiah binti Md Lani

CONTENTS

Introduction

Part 1

Part 2

Part 3

Further Exploration

Reflection

INTRODUCTION

The idea of calculus had been developed earlier in Egypt, Greece, China, India, Iraq,
Persia and Japan. The use of calculus began in Europe, during the 17th century, when Isaac
Newton and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz built on the work of earlier mathematics to introduce
the basic principles. The development of calculus was built on earlier concepts of
instantaneous motion and area under the curve.
Applications of differential calculus include computations involving velocity and
acceleration, the slope of curve and optimization. Applications of integral calculus include
computations involving area, volume, arc length, centre of mass, work and pressure. Calculus
is also used to gain a more precise understanding of the nature of space, time and motion.
The problem of finding the tangent to a curve has been studied by many
mathematicians since Archimedes explored the question in Antiquity. The first attempt at
determining the tangent to a curve that resembled the modern method of the Calculus came
from Gilles Persone de Roberval during the 1630's and 1640's. At nearly the same time as
Roberval was devising his method, Pierre de Fermat used the notion of maxima and the
infinitesimal to find the tangent to a curve. Some credit Fermat with discovering the
differential, but it was not until Leibniz and Newton rigorously defined their method of
tangents that a generalized technique became accepted.
The path to the development of the integral is a branching one, where similar
discoveries were made simultaneously by different people. The history of the technique that
is currently known as integration began with attempts to find the area underneath curves. The
foundations for the discovery of the integral were first laid by Cavalieri, an Italian
Mathematician, in around 1635. Cavalieris work centred around the observation that a curve
can be considered to be sketched by a moving point and an area to be sketched by a moving
line.

PART 1

Somerset
House,
London,
England

Edmonton,
Middlesex,
England

Discovered
Taylor's
expansion

Born:
18 August
1685

Invented
integration
by parts

Died:
29 December
1731

New branch of
maths: Calculus
of finite
differences
Linear
Perspective
(Book)

Musician
and painter
Brook
Taylor

St John's
College
Cambridge:
3 April 1703

Graduated
with an LL.B.
in 1709

First
mathematics
paper: 1708

Solve problem
of the centre of
oscillation of a
body
Published in
1714

Methodus
incrementor
um directa
et inversa
(Book)
Secretary to
the Royal
Society:
1714

Solve problem
in Kepler's
second law of
planetary motion

The Philosophical
Transactions of
the Royal Society

14 January
1714 - 21
October
1718

PART 2
(a) (i)

(ii)

(b)
(i) Moving in positive direction or positive velocity.
(ii) Moving in negative direction or negative velocity.

(c)
First method: Graphical solution

Second method: Integration

(d)
The car is moving with an initial velocity of 20kmh-1 and accelerating constantly until it
reaches the final velocity of 80kmh-1 in the first hour. Then, the car is moving with a constant
velocity of 80kmh-1 for half an hour to reach point P. The car starts to decelerate constantly
for another half an hour and stops at point Q. The car rests for half an hour. At R, the car
takes a turn and accelerates constantly for half an hour until it reaches a velocity of 80kmh-1
at point S. Then, the car moves with the velocity of 80kmh-1 for half an hour and decelerates
constantly for half an hour until it stops exactly at the fourth hour.

PART 3

(a) (0, 4), (4, 5) and (-4, 5)

1.
2.
3.

Equation 2 equation 3

Equation 2 equation 1

(b)

(i) Area

(ii) Area

(iii) Area

(c) (i)

(ii) Diagram 3(iii) gives the best approximate area.

(iii) The value can be improvised by dividing the region into more vertical strips before
adding the area of all the strips. Thus, more accurate value of area under a curve will be
obtained.

(d)

FURTHER EXPLORATION
(a)

(b) Gold price

REFLECTION
All knowledge requires a lot of wise and diligent people to expand a certain principle, so do
calculus. Humans are created to complete and correct each other. Concepts in calculus help
us to understand and acknowledge situations in daily activities. For example, with the help of
a velocity graph, we can understand a journey accurately without long explanation. Also,
when conducting this project, I realized that concepts in calculus are widely implemented
throughout our lives indirectly. Therefore, I think knowledge of calculus is indeed very
important. Every person who is given opportunity to learn this subject should be grateful and
make full use of the knowledge by practicing it in daily lives. However, some people just do
not notice the importance of those concepts, similar to peoples described in Sophie
Doomknuckles poem, See.
You can't see them
but I can
They're everywhere
Your fingers just traced eight of them
Unnoticed by you
but not me
I count them every day
even though
you can't see them
Lastly, knowledge in this subject helps us to keep doing a lot of things in our lives. In my
opinion, Matthew Miklavcics poem, Invincible, metaphorically reflects the importance of
the subject.
I stand next to you,
Watching and learning.
I move things,
When you need them moved.
I tell you an idea,
When you are looking for one.
I help you with things,
When you need it,
But even this goes unnoticed.

I hold the door,

To let you in.
I give you my coat,
When you are cold.
I help you with problems,
You cant figure out,
But this even goes unnoticed.
I know I ask for a lot,
But all I want,
Is to know,
Im not invisible.