HEALTH EDUCATION PLAN

Diabetes Mellitus

General
Diet

Exercise

Specific
Avoid salt whenever possible.
- Do not season foods with salt
or salt containing spices
- Limit use of foods with
hidden sodium content (e.g.
ceackers, cheese, processed
meats)
Prepare foods to retain vits. &
minerals & reduce fats
- Do not fry foods
- Eat raw vegetables or steam
vegetables to retain fiber
Consistency in timing of meals &
amts. Of food eaten on a day-to-day
basis help regulate blood glucose
levels.
- Avoid skipping or delaying
meals
- Measure portion sizes using a
scale or measuring cup
- The insulin-dependent client
must regulate activity so that
the rate of energy expenditure
balances the amt. & type of
insulin & food intake
- Encourage non insulin
dependent client to exercise in
order to foster weight loss,
improve blood glucose control
& burn excess calories
- Common benefits of exercise:
Lowers blood glucose
level
Reduces cardiovascular
risk
Improves circulation &
muscle tone
Decreases total
cholesterol &
triglyceride levels

Monitoring Blood Glucose

Foot care

Encourages weight loss

-instruct client that this must be

performed with extreme care &
accuracy. The devices are technique
dependent & because treatment is
based on the results, accuracy is a
major concern
Use the proper procedure for
obtaining the blood glucose level.
Perform the procedure precisely to
obtain accurate results. Follow the
manufactures instruction for the
glucometer.
Wash hands before and after
performing to avoid infection.
Calibrate the monitor as instructed by
the manufactures
- If blood glucose results do not
seem reasonable, reread the
instructions, reassess
technique, check the
expiration date at the test
strips and perform the
procedure again and verify
results.
- Normal foot care activities can
be so real difficulty for the
diabetic client. Careful foot
care is required to prevent
trauma
- Provide meticulous skin care &
proper foot care
- Inspect feet daily & monitor
feet for redness, swelling or
break in skin integrity
- -notify the physician if redness
or break in the skin occurs
- Avoid thermal injuries from hot
water, healing pads and baths
- Wash feet with warm (not hot)
water & dry thoroughly (avoid
foot soaks)

Do not heat corns, blisters or

ingrown toenails
Do not cross legs or wear tight
garments that may constrict
blood flow
Apply moisturizing lotion to the
feet but not between the toes
Wear loose socks and wellfitting shoes & instruct the
client not to go barefoot
Cut toenails straight across
and smooth nails with an
emery board

Hypertension
General
Lifestyle modification

Promote nutrition

Specific
-decrease intake of foods rich in fats,
NA, sugar
-avoid smoking, and alcohol
consumption
-lose weight if overweight
-soft diet food
-DASH diet
DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop
hypertension) Diet
FOOD GROUP
NO. SERVINGS
PER DAY
-grains and grain 7-8
products
-vegetables
4-5
-fruits
4-5
-low fat or
2-3
fat0free dairy
products
2 or fewer
-meat, fish, and
poultry
4-5 weekly
-nuts, seeds and
dry beans

(Type 2 diabetes Mellitus): Update on Diagnosis

SIXTEEN million individuals in the United States with type 2 diabetes mellitus and an
additional 30-40 million with impaired glucose tolerance result in health care costs
exceeding 100 billion dollars annually. Treatment is predominantly directed at
microvascular and macrovascular complications. In type I diabetes mellitus the
relationship between the glycemic control and microvascular complications has
been well established. The relationship between tight glycemic control and
microvascular disease in type 2 diabetes mellitus appears to be established in the
recently completed United Kingdom prospective diabetes study.
Despite the morbidity and mortality associated with retinopathy, nephropathy and
neuropathy, cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of death in type 2
diabetes mellitus. Consequently, the treatment of confounding risk factors of
obesity, hypertension and hyperlipidemia assumes major importance and must be
coordinates with good glycemic control for reduction in total mortality in type 2
diabetes mellitus.
Based on the emerging relationship between the degree of glycemic control and
microvascular complications as well as the contribution of hyperglycemia in the
development of macrovascular disease, it is the purpose of this review to
summarize the current state of knowledge to provide a rational basis for the
treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.