ME2307 DYNAMICS LABORATORY MANUAL

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
EX. NO
1.

DATE

TITLE

MARK

Signature

a. Study of kinematic gear and pairs

b. Study of static and dynamic balancing

2.

Spring mass system

3.

Bifilar suspension system

4.

Flywheel and axle system

5.

Compound pendulum

6.

Motorized Gyroscope

7.

Universal governor apparatus

8.

Whirling of shaft apparatus

9.

Turn table apparatus

10.

a.Vibration table setup

b. Transverse vibration free-free beam set up
c. Transverse vibration fixed-free beam set up

11.

Torsional vibration - Two rotor system

12.

Cam analysis Machine

Ex No:1a
Date:

STUDY OF KINEMATIC GEARS & PAIRS

AIM:
To study various types of kinematics gears,links, pairs, chains & Mechanisms
APPARATUS USED:
Arrangement of gear system,
Kinematics links, pairs, chains & Mechanisms.
GEAR:
Gears are used to transmit motion from one shaft to another shaft or between a shaft or slide.
This is accomplished by successively engaging teeth.
CLASSIFICATION OF GEAR:
Gears can be classified according to the relative position of their shaft axis are follows:
A:

PARALLEL SHAFT

(i) Spur gear

(ii) Spur rack and pinion
(iii) Helical gears or Helical spur gear
(iv) Double- helical and Herringbone gear
B:

INTER SECTING SHAFT

(i) Straight bevel gear

(ii) Spiral bevel gear
(iii) Zerol bevel gear
C:

SKEW SHAFT

(i) Crossed- helical gear

(ii) Worm gears ( Non-throated, Single throated, Double throated)

Spur gear:
They have straight teeth parallel to the axes and thus are not subjected to axial thrust due
to teeth load.
Helical gears:
In helical gears, the teeth are curved, each being helical in shape. Two mating gears have
the same helix angle, but have teeth of opposite hands. At the beginning of engagement, contact
occurs only at the point of leading edge of the curved teeth. As the gears rotate, the contact
extends along a diagonal line across the teeth. Thus the load application is gradual which result
in now impact stresses and reduction in noise. Therefore, the helical gears can be used at higher
velocities then the spur gears and have greater load carrying capacity.
WORM GEAR
Worm gear is a special case of spiral gear in which the larger wheel, usually, has a hollow
or concave shape such that a portion of the pitch diameter is the other gear is enveloped on it.
The smaller of two wheels is called the worm which also has larger spiral angle.
BEVEL GEAR
Kinematically, the motion between two intersecting shafts is equivalent to the rolling of
two cones, assuming no slipping. The gears, in general, are known as bevel gear. When teeth
formed on the cones are straight, the gear are known as straight bevel and when inclined, they
are known as spiral or helical bevel.
APPLICATION:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Bevel gears are used for the drive to the differential of automobiles.
Spur rack and pinion are used in a lathe
Helical gears are used for greater load at higher velocities
Gears are used in different machinery.

KINEMATIC LINK:
A mechanism is made of a number of resistant bodies out of which some may have
motions relative to the others. A resistant body or a group of resistant bodies with rigid
connections preventing their relative movement is known as a link. A link also known as
kinematic link or element.
Examples:
A slider-crank mechanism consists of four links: frame and guides, crank connecting rod
and slider, the crank link may have crankshaft and flywheel also, forming one link having no
relative motion of these.

CLASSIFICATIONS OF LINKS:
1. Binary link
2. Ternary link
3. Quarternary link
KINEMATIC PAIR:
A kinematic pair or simply a pair is a joint of two links having relative motion between them.
CLASSIFICATIONS OF PAIRS:
1. Kinematics pairs according to nature of contact
(i) Lower pair (links having surface or area contact)
Examples: Nut turning on a screw, shaft rotating in a bearing, universal joint etc.
(ii)

Higher pair (Point or line contact between the links)

Examples: when rolling on a surface, cam and follower pair, tooth gears, ball and roller bearings
etc.
2. Kinematics pairs according to nature of Mechanical Constraint
(a)
Closed pair (when the elements of a pair are held together mechanically)
Examples: all the lower pairs and some of the higher pair.
(b)

Unclosed pair (when two links of a pair are in contact either due to force of gravity or
some spring action), Example: cam and follower pair.

3. Kinematics pairs according to nature of relative motion

(i) Sliding pair
(ii) Turning pair
(iii) Rolling Pair
(iv) Screw pair (Helical pair)
(v) Spherical pair
KINEMATIC CHAIN:
A kinematic chain is an assembly of links in which the relative motions of the links is
possible and the motion of each relative to the others is definite. If indefinite motions of other
links, it is a non-kinematic chain.
Types of kinematics chains
(i) Four bar chain or quadric cycle chain
(ii) Single slider crank chain
(iii)
Double slider crank chain
5

MECHANISM:
A linkage is obtained if one of the links of a kinematics chain is fixed to the ground. If
motion of each link results in definite motions of the others, the linkage is known as a
mechanism. If one of the links of a redundant chain is fixed, it is known as a structure. The
degree of freedom of a structure is zero or less. A structure with negative degree of freedom is
known as a superstructure.
OBSERVATION & CONCLUSION
1. Comparison between kinematics links, Pairs, chains & Mechanisms.
2. Type of Motion to be named

RESULT:
Thus the types of kinematics gears, links, pairs, chains & Mechanisms and their applications
have been studied.

Ex No:1b
Date:

BALANCING OF ROTATING MASSES

AIM:
This apparatus has been designed to allow the student to check experimentally the normal
method of calculating the position of counter balancing weight in rotating mass systems.

DESCRIPTION:
The apparatus basically consists of a steel shaft mounted in ball bearings in a stiff
rectangular main frame. A set of six blocks of different weights is provided and may be clamped
in any position on the shaft, and also be easily detached from the shaft.
A disc carrying a circular protractor scale is fitted to one side of the rectangular frame.
Shaft carries a disc and rim of this disc is grooved to take a light cold provided with the
cylindrical metal containers of exactly the same weight.
A scale is fitted to the lower member of the main frame and when used in conjunction
with the circular protractor scale, allows the exact longitudinal and angular position of each
adjustable block to be determined.
The shaft is driven by a 230v single-phase 50hz electric motor, mounted under the main
frame, through a belt.
For static balancing of individual weights the main frame is suspended to the support
frame by chains and in this position the motor driving belt is removed.
For dynamic balancing of the rotating mass system the main frame is suspended from the
support frame by two short links such that the main frame and the supporting frame are in the
same plane.
PROCEDURE:
STATIC BALANCING
Remove the drive belt. The value of Wr. For each block is determined by clamping each
block in turn on the shaft and with the cord and container system suspended over the protractor
disc, the number of steel balls, which are of equal weight, are placed into one of the containers to
exactly balance the blocks on the shaft. When the block becomes horizontal, the number of balls
N` will give the value of Wr. for the block.
For finding out Wr during static balancing proceed as follows:
Remove the belt.

Screw the combined hook to the pulley with groove. (This pulley is different than the
belt pulley.)

Attach the cord ends of the pans to the above combined hook.
7

Attach the block no. 1 to the shaft at any convenient position and in vertical
downward direction.
Put steel balls in one of the pans till the block starts moving up. (up to horizontal
position.)
Number of balls gives the Wr value of block 1. Repeat this for 2-3 times and find
the average no of balls.
Repeat the procedure for other blocks.

DYNAMIC BALANCING:
It is necessary to leave the machine before the experiments. Using the values of Wr
obtained as above, and if the angular positions and planes of rotation of three of four blocks are
known, the student can calculate the positions of other blocks(s) for balancing of the complete
system. From the calculations, the student finally clamps all the blocks on the shaft in there
appropriate positions. Replace the motor belt; transfer the main frame to its hanging position and
then by running the motor, one can verify that these calculations are correct and the blocks are
perfectly balanced.
DYNAMIC BALANCING OF 4 BLOCKS
Obtain dynamic balance on a set of four blocks with unbalance as shown, by properly
positioning them in angular and lateral position on the shaft.
No.

UNBALANCE (W.r product)

0.220 kg

0.210 kg

0.230 kg

0.230 kg

Distance between each block is 3cm. The arrangement is as shown in fig bellow

3cm
3cm
3cm
(Planes 4 and 1 are unbalance planes 3 and 2 are balancing planes)

First of all assume that reference plane is 3. Then find out the couples for blocks 4, 1, &2
with respect to 3 and then draw couple polygon.
Plane

Wr

Distance from N0.3

Couple

Angle

m3

0.210

30

6.3

135

0.230

60

13.8

240

0.230

90

20.7

RESULT:
Thus the given unbalanced masses are balanced by using rotating mass system.

Ex No:2
9

Date:

SPRING MASS SYSTEM (SDF)

AIM:
To study the longitudinal vibrations of a helical spring and to determine the Natural
frequency of vibration theoretically and actually.
DESCRIPTION
One end of open coil spring is fixed to the screw, which is firmly fixed to the upper
bracket of vertical frame.
The spring is properly gripped by means of lock nut to the screw.
Lower end of the spring is attached to the platform carrying the weights.
PROCEDURE
1.
Fix one end of the helical spring to the screw provided to the horizontal bracket.
2.
Determine free length of the spring.
3.
Put some weight on the platform and note down the deflection.
4.
Stretch the spring through some distance and release.
5.
Count the time required (in sec.) for some, say 10, 20 oscillations.
6.
Determine the actual period.
7.
Repeat the procedure for different weights.
CALCULATIONS
Observed Data:
Mass suspended

= __________ kg

Weight suspended

mg

=__________ N
Free length of spring, h1

= ________

cm

Deflected length

h2

= ________

cm

Deflection

= h1 h2
= _________ cm
=____________ m

Number of oscillations

=____________

Time for n oscillations

=_____________ sec.

1. To Find Stiffness of the spring (S)

10

=W/

Stiffness of the spring S

=__________N/m
OBSERVATIONS

Mass

Weight
'W'

Natural
Natural
Frequency
Stiffness
Periodic
Frequency
No. of Time for 'n'
of
Time
fn
fn
Oscillations oscillations
Spring
'Tp' (Experiment (Theoretic
al)
al)

Deflection

Sl.
No.
Free
Deflectio
Deflected
m' W = mg length
n
h1 length h2
h1
h2

S=

kg

N/m

cm

cm

cm

sec

Tp = t /
fn = 1/ Tp
n
sec

fn =

Hz

Hz

1
2
3
4
5
6
MEAN VALUE

Smean

2. To find Periodic Time of oscillations (Tp)

Periodic Time

Tp

= t/n

seconds

= __________ seconds
3. To Find Natural Frequency Experimentally (fn) ex.
Natural Frequency

fn

=
1/Tp Hz
= _______ Hz.

4. To Find Natural Frequency Theoretically (fn) Th

11

Natural Frequency

fn

Hz

= _______ Hz

Result:
Thus the longitudinal vibrations of a helical spring were studied and the Natural
frequency was determined both theoretically and experimentally.
EX NO:3

BIFILAR SUSPENSION

12

Aim: To determine the radius of gyration and the moment of Inertia of a given rectangular plate.
Apparatus required: Main frame, bifilar plate, weights, stopwatch, thread
Formula used:
Time period T=t/N
Natural frequency fn = 1/T hz
Radius of gyration k =(Tb/2)(g/L) (mm)
Where, b=distance of string from centre of gravity, T= time period
L= length of the string, N= number of oscillations
t= time taken for N oscillations
Procedure:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Select the bifilar plate

With the help of chuck tighten the string at the top.
Adjust the length of string to desired value.
Give a small horizontal displacement about vertical axis.
Start the stop watch and note down the time required for N oscillation.
Repeat the experiment by adding weights and also by changing the length of the strings.
Do the model calculation

Graph:
A graph is plotted between weights added and radius of gyration

Calculations:

Observation:
13

Type of suspension = bifilar suspension

Number of oscillation n=10
Tabulation:

Sl.
No.

Mas
s of
the
bar
(kg)

Mass
added
(kg)

Total
mass
(kg)

Length
of
string
L (m)

Time
taken
for N
osc.
T
sec

No of Periodi
oscilla c time
tions

Natural
frequency
fn (Hz)

Radius
of

Moment of
inertia

gyration
k (mm)

Result:

Ex No:4
14

Date:

FLY WHEEL

AIM:
To determine the torsinol frequency of fly wheel and moment of inertia of fly wheel.
DESCRIPTION:
The arrangement consist of a long elastic shaft gripped at the upper end by the chuck in
the bracket. The bracket is clamped to the upper beam of the main frame. A heavy steel fly wheel
clamped at the shaft suspends from the bracket.
PROCEDURE:
1. Support the fly wheel
2. Allow the fly wheel to oscillate then determine torsional frequency the time for
say 10 oscillation without mass.
3. Complete the observation table given below.
4. Determine the torsional frequency of fly wheel.
SI

Length of
suspension
No of fly wheel

CG

Time (t)
for n
oscillation

No of
oscillation
n

Periodic
time tp =
t/n

Torsional
frequency

1
2
3
4
5
Calculation:
1. Torsional stiffness kt
kt = GIp /L
G = modulus of rigidity = 0.8 * 106 Kg/cm2
Ip = polar moment of inertia of fly wheel = d4/32
d = dia of fly wheel
l= length of the fly wheel
15

2. Moment of inertia of fly wheel

W/g * D2/8
W = weight of the disc = 7.8 kg
D = dia of disc = 25 cm

I / Kt
Torsional frequency = 2 *

RESULT:
Thus the torsional frequency and moment of inertia was determined and tabulated.
Ex No:5

16

Date:

COMPOUND PENDULUM

Aim:
1.

To determine the radius of gyration KG of given compound pendulum.

2.
the

. To verify
relation

Tp

= 2

KG2+ (OG)2
g (OG)

Where,Tp

Periodic time in sec.

Radius of gyration about C.G.

OG

Distance of the C.G. of rod from support.

Free Length of suspended pendulum - m.

9.81 m/s2

m.
m

DESCRIPTION
The compound pendulum consists of steel bar.
The bar is supported in the hole by the knife edge.
PROCEDURE
1.
Support the rod on knife-edge.
2.
Note the length of suspended pendulum and determine OG.
3.
Allow the bar to oscillate and determine T by knowing the time for say 10 oscillations
without attaching lumped masses.
4.
Complete the observation table given below.
5.
Attach Lumped mass of desired wt. and carry out the above procedure and complete the
observation table.
CALCULATION:
Observed Data:
Length of the bar

= ____________ m

Distance of G from supportO OG= _____________ m

Number of oscillations

=____________

Time for n oscillations

=_____________ sec.

1.

To find Periodic Time - Tp

Tp

=t/n

sec
17

= ________ Sec
2.

To Find radius of gyration experimentally - KG

KG2 + (OG)2

Tp = 2

g . (OG)2

OBSERVATION TABLE
Table - 1.

Sl.
No.

Without Lumped Mass - Only bar

Length
Radius of Gyration
No. of
Time for 'n' Periodic
of the Distance OG
Oscillations oscillations Time
bar
Experimental Theoretical
L

cm

Tp = t/n

KG

KG

sec

sec

1
2
3
Where,
Tp

Periodic time.

3.

To find radius of gyration theoretically - KG

KG theoretical =

L
2 3

Table - 2. With Lumped Mass - Bar with attached mass

18

Sl.
No.

Time for
Length
No. of
Lumped
'n'
Periodic
of the
Distance OG Oscillation
Mass
oscillation Time
bar
s
s
L

OG

OG

kg

cm

Radius of Gyration
Exp.

Th

Tp = t/n

KG

KG

sec

sec

1
2
3
4
CALCULATIONS
Observed Data:
Length of the bar

= ____________ m

Distance of G from supportO OG= _____________ m

Number of oscillations

=____________

Time for n oscillations

=_____________ sec.

1.

To find Periodic Time - Tp

Tp

=t/n

sec

= ________ Sec
2.

To Find radius of gyration experimentally - KG

Tp = 2

Where, Tp

KG2+ (OG)2
g . (OG)2
=

Periodic time.

19

RESULT:
Thus the radius of Gyration for the bar and for various lumped masses were determined using
Compound Pendulum apparatus.

Ex No:6
Date:

MOTORISED GYROSCOPE

20

AIM:
To study the Gyroscopic Principles and to determine the Gyroscopic effect.
INTRODUCTION
A)

AXIS OF SPIN
If a body is revolving about an axis the latter is known as axis of spin OX

B)

PRECESSION
Precession means the rotation about the third axis OZ, which is perpendicular to both the
axis of spin OX and that of couple OY.
C)

AXIS OF PRECESSION
The third axis OZ is perpendicular to both the axis of spin OX and that of couple OY
is known as axis of precession.
D)

GYROSCOPE
It is a body, which, while spinning about an axis, is free to rotate in either direction under
the action of external forces.
Examples :
Locomotive, automobile and aero-plane making a turn. In certain cases the
gyroscopic forces are undesirable whereas in other cases the gyroscopic effect may be utilized in
developing desirable forces.
E)

GYROSCOPIC EFFECT

To a body, revolving (or spinning) about an axis say OX if a couple represented by a

vector OY perpendicular to OX is applied, the body tries to precess about an axis OZ which is
perpendicular both to OX and OY. Thus the plane of spin, plane of precession and plane of
gyroscopic couple are mutually perpendicular.
The above combined effect is known as precession or gyroscopic effect.
RULE NO.1
The spinning body exerts a torque or couple in such a direction which tends to make the axis of
spin coincide with that of the precession.
To study the rule of gyroscopic behaviour following procedure may be adopted.

a)
Balance the initial horizontal position of the rotor.
b)
Start the motor by increasing the voltage with the dimmer, and wait until it attains
constant speed.
Process the yoke frame No.2 about vertical axis by applying necessary force by hand to the same
( in the clockwise sense seen from above).
21

It will be observed that the rotor frame swings about the horizontal axis YY. Motor side is seen
coming upward and the weight pan side going downward.
Rotate the vertical yoke axis in the anti-clockwise direction seen from above and observe that the
rotor frame swing in opposite sense (as compared to that in previous case following the above
rule).
RULE NO.2
The spinning body precesses in such a way as to make the axis of spin coincide with that of the
couple applied, through 90o turn axis.
a)
Balance the rotor position on the horizontal frame.
b)
Start the motor by increasing the voltage with the dimmer and wait till the disc attains
constant speed.
c)
Put weight ( 0.5 Kg., 1.0 Kg. or 2 Kg) in the weight pan, and start the stop watch to note
the time in seconds required for precession, through 90o or 180o etc.
d)
The vertical yoke precesses about OZ axis as per the rule No.2.
e)
Speed may be measured by the tachometer
f)
Enter the observation in the table.
OBSERVATION TABLE
OBSERVED DATA
1)

Mass of Rotor (M)

6.5 Kgs.

2)

Rotor Diameter (D) :

300 mm ( 0.30 m. )

3)

Rotor Thickness

010mm ( 0.01 m )

4)

Moment of inertia of the

I=

M x D2/ 8 kg.m2

disc, coupling and motor :

rotor about central axis (I)
5)

Distance of bolt of

L = 18.0 cm = 0.18 m

weight pan from disc

center (L)
Speed
Sl.
of the Load
No.
Rotor

Angle Turned

Time
taken

Precessional Angular Gyroscopic Gyroscopic

velocity Couple - Couple Angular
of the
velocity
Theoretical Actual
rotor

22

Mass - Weight
d
m
-W

rpm

kg

d x /
180

Degree Radians

dt

p = d/dt

=
C = Ip C = W.L
2N/60

sec

rad/sec

rad/sec Nm

Nm

Calculation:

= I x x p, where (Nm)

Cth

=
Cact

WxL

Nm.

RESULT
It is found that the equation T = I x x p is verified.

Ex No:7
Date:

GOVERNORS

AIM:

23

To study the characteristics of various types of Governors and to draw their characteristic curves.
a) Watt Governor b) Porter Governor c) Proell Governor
PROCEDURE:
1. The knob of the dimmerstat must be kept in zero position before switching on the main supply.
2.The main supply is switched on and gradually the speed of the motor is increased. Due to this
the center sleeve rises from the lower stop aligning with the marking on the scale. This is initial
lift of the sleeve.
3.The readings of the sleeve position and speed for the initial lift are to be noted. Speed of the
motor is to be measured by hand tachometer, from the counter hole provided on the spindle.
4.Then the speed is increased in steps to give suitable sleeve movement and the
corresponding sleeve displacement and the speed are noted.
A) WATT GOVERNOR:
1. Watt Governor set up is arranged as shown in Fig. by using the proper linkages provided.
2. The speed is increased gradually and the speed of rotation `N` and corresponding sleeve
displacement `X` are noted down.
CALCULATION:
Observed Data:
Length of each link

125 mm.
=

Initial height of Governor

ho

094 mm.
=

Initial radius of rotation

ro

________ m

136 mm.
=

Mass of each ball

________ m

_______ m

700 gms.
=

________ kg

To Find Radius of rotation `r` at any position:

1)

To Find height

=
=

2)

ho X/2

mtr.

__________

To find
24

Cos

3)

Then

h/L

_____________

0.05 + L Sin

mtr.

______________

m
4)

Angular Velocity

2N/60

rad/sec

= ___________ rad / sec

5)

Centrifugal force

Fc

m 2r

= ____________ N
OBSERVATIONS:
a)

b)

c)

d)

Sl.
No.

Length of each link

Initial height of Governor

Initial radius of rotation

ho

ro

Mass of each ball

125 mm.

________ m

094 mm.

________ m

136 mm.

_______ m

700 gms.

________ kg

Angular
velocity of the Height of the
Speed of the
Sleeve
Governor
Displacement Governor
governor
'
N

= 2 N/60

rpm

rad / sec

h = ho x/2

Radius of
rotation

Centrifugal
Force

Fc = m 2r

N
25

1
2
3
4
5
6
Graphs to be plotted:
a)
Force Vs Radius of rotation.
b)
Speed Vs Sleeve Displacement.
____________________________________________________________
B)
PORTER GOVERNOR
1. Arrange the set-up as shown in Fig. by using the proper linkages & weights provided.
2. The speed is increased gradually and the speed of rotation `N` and corresponding sleeve
displacement `X` are noted down.
OBSERVATIONS:
a)

b)

c)

d)

e)

Length of each link

Initial height of Governor

Initial radius of rotation

Mass of each ball

Mass of Sleeve weight

ho

ro

125 mm.

________ m

094 mm.

________ m

136 mm.

_______ m

700 gms.

________ kg

500 gms.

_________ kg

OBSERVATION TABLE

26

Sl.
No.

Angular
Speed
velocity of Height of the
of the
Sleeve
Govern Displacement the Governor
governor
or
'
N

= 2 N/60

rpm

rad / sec

h = ho x/2

Radius of
rotation

Centrifugal Force

Fc = m 2r

1
2
3
4
5

CALCULATION:
Observed Data:
Length of each link

Initial height of Governor

ho

Initial radius of rotation

ro

Mass of each ball

Mass of Sleeve weight

125 mm.

________ m

094 mm.

________ m

136 mm.

_______ m

700 gms.

________ kg

500 gms.

_________ kg

To Find Radius of rotation `r` at any position:

1)

To Find height

= ho X/2

mtr.
27

= __________
2)

3)

To find

Cos

Then

m
h/L

_____________

0.05 + L Sin mtr.

=______________
4)

Angular Velocity

=
=

5)

Centrifugal force

Fc

2N/60 rad/sec
_______ rad / sec
m 2r

=
=

____________ N

Graphs to be plotted:
a)
Force Vs Radius of rotation.
b)
Speed Vs Sleeve Displacement.
________________________________________________________________
C)
PROELL GOVERNOR
1. Arrange the set-up for Proell Governor as shown in Fig. by using the proper linkages &
weights provided.
2. The speed is increased gradually and the speed of rotation `N` and corresponding sleeve
displacement `X` are noted down.
a)

b)

c)

d)

e)

Length of each link

Initial height of Governor

ho

Initial radius of rotation

Mass of each ball

Mass of Sleeve weight

125 mm.

________ m

094 mm.

________ m

ro

141.5 mm.

_______ m

700 gms.

________ kg

500 gms.

28

f)

Extensiion of length BG

_________ kg

075 mm.

_________ m

OBSERVATION TABLE

Sl.
No.

Angular
Speed
Sleeve
velocity
of Height of the
of the
Displacemen the Governor
Govern
governor
t
or
'
N

= 2 N/60

rpm

rad / sec

Radius of
Centrifugal Force
rotation

h = ho x/2

Fc = m 2r

1
2
3
4
5

CALCULATION:
Observed Data:
Length of each link

Initial height of Governor

Initial radius of rotation

Mass of each ball

ho

ro

125 mm.

________ m

094 mm.

________ m

136 mm.

_______ m

700 gms.
29

Mass of Sleeve weight

________ kg

500 gms.

_________ kg

To Find Radius of rotation `r` at any position:

1)

To Find height

ho X/2

= __________

mtr.
m

2)

To find radius of rotation, lift manually at different heights.

3)

Angular Velocity

4)

Centrifugal force

Fc

2N/60

___________ rad / sec

=
=

rad/sec

m 2r
____________ N

Following graphs to be plotted:

a)

Sleeve Disp. 'X' Vs 'r' Radius of rotation.

To draw this graph proceed as follows :

1)

Keep the Governor in static position.

2)
By lifting the Governor Mechanism manually measure the sleeve displacement and
corresponding radius of rotation r of balls.
a)

Force Vs Radius of rotation 'r'.

b)

Speed Vs Sleeve Displacement.

30

Results:

Thus the characteristic of various types of governors are studied and their characteristic
curves were drawn.
Ex No:8
Date:

WHIRLING OF SHAFTS

AIM:
To study the vibrations of the whirling shafts and to determine the frequency of
vibrations.
PROCEDURE:
31

1. Fix the given shaft for suitable end condition. (Free-Free or Fixed Free).
2. Slowly increase the speed of rotation and find the minimum speed where the
amplitude is maximum for the first mode.
3. Note down the speed.
4. Again slowly increase the speed of rotation and find the minimum speed where the
amplitude is maximum for the second mode.
5. Note down the speed.
6. Repeat the procedure for variuos sizes of the shafts and for various end conditions.
WHIRLING OF ELASTIC SHAFTS
Let

Length of the shaft in m.

Youngs Modulus = 2.060 x 106 Kg/cm2

2nd moment of inertia(Area) of the shaft m4

(/64) x d4

Weight of the shaft per unit length N/m.

Acceleration due to gravity in m/sec2 = 9.81

Then the frequency of vibration for the various modes is given by the equation

E.I.g
f =

Dia. Of
Sl.No.
Shaft

W.L

Condition K' value

(C.P.S.)

Speed of
rotation

WI - MI of
Weight per Frequency of vibration
shaft
unit length

1
2
3

The various values for K are given below :

32

End Condition

Value of K
1st Mode

2nd mode

Supported, Supported

1.57

6.28

Fixed, Supported

2.45

9.80

Fixed, fixed

3.56

14.24

Shaft Dia.

I = m4

W = Kg/m

5 mm

6.14 x 10-11 m4

0.12 kg/m

6 mm

1.275 x 10-10 m4

0.26 x 10 kg/m

8 mm

4.02 x 10-10 m4

0.38 x 10 kg/m

DATA

TYPICAL TEST OBSERVATIONS

1)
Both ends of shaft free (supported) 1st and 2nd mode of vibration can be observed on
shafts with 3/16 dia and dia.
2)
One end of shaft fixed and the other free; 1st and 2nd mode of vibration can be observed
on shaft with 3/16 dia.
3)
Both ends of shaft fixed 2nd mode of vibration can not be observed on any of the shafts
as the speeds are very high and hence beyond the range of the apparatus.
4)
There is a difference between theoretical speed of whirling and actual speed observed,
due to following reasons .

33

RESULT:
Thus the vibrations of whirling shafts are studied and the frequency of vibration is determined.
Ex No:9
Date:

TURN TABLE APPARATUS

AIM:
To determine the moment of inertia of the given disc.
INTRODUCTION:
The moment of inertia of a body depends upon its mass distribution and shape.
For a symmetrical, homogeneous object, the MI can be derived theoretically and
expressed in terms of the objects total mass and dimension.

34

However the the MI of any object can be determined experimentally from the dynamical
equation of torque = I by measuring & , or from energy considerations, KE of rotation =
I2/2.
PROCEDURE:
1. A wire cord is attached to the weight pan.
2. Weight is added in the weight pan.
3. The turn table is rotated in such a fashion that the pan moves upward and hold the table
when the point of weight pan reaches at the mark made on the angle frame.
4. Now the turn table is released and the weight pan will move downwards.
5. When turn table is released and the weight pan starts to move downwards, the stopwatch
is started to note down the time taken.
6. Time taken is noted until the pan reaches the bottom position.
7. This procedure is repeated with the turn table be rotated in same direction for 3 to 5 times
with varying weights.
8. Moment of inertia of the turn table is found out from the calculations.

Sl.
No.

Time
Angular
Moment
Height
Torque
Reboun taken Acceler acceleration Tension
of
Weight of travelle
produce Friction
cing
for ation of
of the
in the
inertia
the pan d by the
d on the al torque
height height the pan rotating
string
of the
weight
cord
h1
table
table
Wei
Mass ght
m W=
mg
kg

cm m cm m

t
s

m/s2

rad/s2

Nm

Nm

Kg m2

1
2
3

35

4
5

1. To find acceleration of the pan moving downwards (a)

h1 = Ut + (1/2)(at2)
U=0 (starting from rest)
a = (2h1)/(t2)
2. To find the angular acceleration = a / r
3. To find tension on the cord (T)
T = W ma = mg ma
= m(g-a)
4. To find the torque produced by the cord on the system (c)
c = Tension force x radius of rotation
=Txr
5. The average frictional torque during the motion is given by
f = mgr (h1-h2)
(h1 + h2)
6. To find the moment of inertia of the table experimentally,
Net torque (c - f) = I
I = _______ kg.m2
7. Mean value of the moment of inertia of the table = ______________ kg.m2.

36

Result:

Ex No:10 a
Date:

VIBRATION TABLE SETUP

AIM:
To determine the transmissibility ratio by using the vibrating platform.
PROCEDURE:
1. Starts the units by giving some speed say around 100 150rpm initially. Wait for few
seconds for achieving the stability of the system.
2. Note down the readings speed, rpm and load on the indicator and enter it in the table.
3. By varying the speed take readings and enter it in the observation table.
4. See that take at least 5 readings before stopping the unit. Ensure that the dimmer stat is on
zero before restarting the unit.
TABULATION:

37

S.
No

Speed

Load

Natural
Amplit- Angular
frequen
ude
speed
-cy

Theoretical
amplitude

Force
observed

TR th

TR ex

Calculations:
1. Weight of the motor, exciter plate and base plate W 17.3 kg
2. Weight of exciter W1 = 0.15 kg- 2 Nos.
3. Total spring stiffness (4 Nos) K = 0.4545 kg/mm x 4 = 1818kg/m.
4. Radius of eccentric weight attached e = 60mm = 0.06
5. Natural frequency n = (K/M)
Where M = W/g
6. Angular speed = 2N/60
7. Theoretical Amplitude X =
8. F0 = Total spring stiffness x Amplitude = K x X .kg
9. TR th = Ft/Fo
10. TR ex = Ft / (K.Y)

38

Result:

Ex No:10 b
Date:

TRANSVERSE VIBRATION
(FREE FREE SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM)

AIM:
To determine the Youngs Modulus of Elasticity of the given material of the Beam and the
natural frequency using a Simply supported Beam.
TOOLS REQUIRED:
1.
A Bar of uniform cross section.
2.
Simple supports setup
3.
Dial Gauge with magnetic Base
4.
Point Load setup
5.
Measuring Tape.
PROCEDURE
1.

The bar is placed on the given supports and it is simply supported at its ends.
39

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Measure the length of the bar between the supports (L).

Also measure the lateral dimensions (B & H)
Apply some point loads at any point on the beam.
Measure the distances of the point load P from the ends A and B. (a & b)
Fix the dial gauge on the loading point and measure the deflection of the beam at the
loading point ().
7.
Repeat the experiment by varying the positions and magnitudes of the point load.
8.
Using the theoretical relation determine the Youngs Modulus of Elasticity of the material
of the Bar.
9.
Also calculate the natural frequency.
CALCULATIONS:
Observed Data:
Length of the bar between supports AB
L
= ___________m
Width of the bar
B
= ____________m
Thickness of the bar
H
= ____________m
Moment of Inertia of the cross section
of the bar (Second moment of Area)
I
= B x H3
12
= __________ m4.
Mass loaded
m
= _________ kg
Weight or Load in (N)
W
=
mg
= ________ N
OBSERVATIONS:
Length of the bar between supports AB
Width of the bar
Thickness of the bar
Distance of
Point load
P from
end 'A'

Load
Sl.
No.

L = ___________ m
B = ____________ m
H = ____________ m

Distance of
Point load
'P' from
end 'B'

Mass
'm'

Weight
W = mg

b=L-a

kg

Young's
Modulus of
Elasticity - 'E'
Deflection at
loaded point -

mm

E = Wa2b2
3I L
N/m2

Natural frequency
fn

fn = g
2
Hz

1
2
3
4
5

40

Distance of Point load P from end 'A'

= __________ m

Distance of Point load P from end 'B'

Deflection of beam at the point P
To Find Youngs Modulus E

= __________ m
= ____________ m

Hence

Wa2b2
3EIL
=
Wa2b2
3IL
= _____________ N/m2

fn

To Find Natural frequency.

g
2

= __________ Hz
Result:
Thus the Youngs Modulus of the material of the bar and the natural frequency of the
Simply supported beam were determined.

Ex No:10c
Date:

TRANSVERSE VIBRATION
(FIXED FREE - CANTILEVER BEAM)

AIM:
To determine the Youngs Modulus of Elasticity of the given material of the Beam and the
natural frequency using a Cantilever Beam.
TOOLS REQUIRED:
1.
A Bar of uniform cross section.
2.

Dial Gauge with magnetic Base

3.

Point Load setup

4.

Measuring Tape.

41

PROCEDURE
1.

The bar is placed on the system such that its one end is fixed by the support and the other
end remaining free.
2.
Measure the length of the bar (L).
3.
Also measure the lateral dimensions (B & H)
4.
Apply some point loads at any point on the beam.
5.
Measure the distance of the point load P from the fixed end A
(a)
6.
Fix the dial gauge on the loading point and measure the deflection of the beam at the
loading point ().
7.
Repeat the experiment by varying the positions and magnitudes of the point load.
8.
Using the theoretical relation determine the Youngs Modulus of Elasticity of the material
of the Bar.
9.
Also calculate the natural frequency.
CALCULATIONS:
Observed Data:
Length of the bar between supports AB

___________m

Width of the bar

= ____________m

Thickness of the bar

= ____________m

= B x H3

Moment of Inertia of the cross section

of the bar (Second moment of Area)

12
= __________ m4.
Mass loaded

= _________ kg

Weight or Load in (N)

mg

= ________ N
Distance of Point load P from fixed end 'A'

Deflection of beam at the point P

= __________ m

= ____________ m

OBSERVATIONS
Length of the bar

L=

Width of the bar

B = ____________ m

___________

42

Thickness of the bar

H = ____________ m

Distance
of Point
load P
from fixed
end 'A'

Load
Sl.
No.
Mass
'm'

Weight
W = mg

kg

Deflection at
loaded point -

Young's
Modulus of
Elasticity - 'E'

E = Wa3
3I
mm

N/m2

Natural frequency fn

fn = g
2

Hz

1
2
3
4
5
6
To Find Youngs Modulus E

Hence

Wa3

3EI
Wa3

3I
= _____________ N/m2
To Find Natural frequency.
fn

g
2

= __________ Hz

43

Result:

Thus the Youngs Modulus of the material of the bar and natural frequency of the
Cantilever Beam were determined.

TORSIONAL VIBRATION OF TWO ROTOR SYSTEM

EX. No: 11
Date

Aim:
To study the undamped torsional vibration of two rotor shaft system.
Apparatus required:
1. Rotor assembly
2. Weights
3. Stop clock
4. Measuring tape
Procedure:
1. Fix the bracket at any convenient position along the lower beam.
44

2. Fix the rotor on the each end of the shaft.

3. Twist the through some angle and release.
4. Note down the time required for 10 oscillations.
5. Repeat the procedure for different mass attached in disc B.
6. Make the following observations:
a. Diameter of the disk A

= 250 mm.

b. Diameter of the disk B

= 200 mm.

c. Weight of the disk A

= 3.8 kg.

d. Weight of the disk B

= 2.5 kg

e. Length of cross arm

= 150 mm.

f. Diameter of the shaft

= 3 mm.

g. Modulus of rigidity of the shaft (G) = 0.8*106 kg/cm2

h. Length of shaft between rotors

= 1100 mm.

Tabulation:
Mass
Mas of
No. Of
S.
Mass
s of disc
Total oscillati
N
attach
disc B +
mass
ons
O
ed
A cross
n
arm
1

Time
Natural Natural
For n Periodic Moment Moment
Frequen Freque
Oscillat Time Texp of inertia of inertia
cy Fexp ncy Fth
ions t
sec
of disc A of disc B
Hz
Hz
sec

2
3
4
5

Model Calculation:
45

1. Torsional stiffness Kt = G*Ip / L

Where ,
Ip = polar moment of inertia of the shaft
= *d4 / 32
=
2. T theoretical

= Ttheoretical = 2*(I/Kt)0.5

Where ,
M . I of the disc Ia = (MA)*DA2/8
=
M . I of the disc Ib = (MB)*DB2/8
=
3. Natural frequency of torsional vibration theoretically
fn = ____________ Hz
4. Natural frequency of torsional vibration Experimentally
fn = 1/Tp Hz
fn = ____________ Hz

46

Result:
Thus the undamped vibration of the two rotor system is studied.

Ex No:12
Date:

CAM ANALYSIS MACHINE

Aim:
To study the profile of given can using cam analysis system and to draw the displacement
diagram for the follower and the cam profile. Also to study the jump-speed characteristics of the
cam & follower mechanism.
Apparatus required: Cam analysis system and Dial gauge

Description:
A cam is a machine element such as a cylinder or any other solid with a surface of contact so
designed as to give a predetermined motion to another element called the follower.A cam is a
rotating body importing oscillating motor to the follower. All cam mechanisms are composed of
at least there links viz: 1.Cam, 2. Follower and 3. Frame which guides follower and cam.

Procedure:
47

Cam analysis system consists of cam roller follower, pull rod and guide of pull rod.
1. Set the cam at 0 and note down the projected length of the pull rod
2. Rotate the can through 10 and note down the projected length of the pull rod above
the guide
3. Calculate the lift by subtracting each reading with the initial reading.
Jump-speed:
1. The cam is run at gradually increasing speeds, and the speed at which the follower
jumps off is observed.
2. This jump-speed is observed for different loads on the follower.
Graph:
Displacement diagram and also the cam profile is drawn using a polar graph chart.
The Force Vs Jump-speed curve is drawn.

Tabulation:
1.Cam profile
Sl.
No.

Angle of
rotation
(degrees)

Lift in mm

Lift + base circle radius (mm)

2. Jump-speed.
Sl.

Load on the

Jump-speed

No.

Follower, F (N)

N (RPM)

48

Result.

49