A.

Related Foreign Literature

Result
Hatfield (n.d.) asserted that infidelity can shatter even the strongest relationship resulting to
feelings of betrayal, guilt, and anger. She made mention of how extremely difficult it is to
overcome these feelings. It was given hope by the American Association for Marriage and
Family therapy suggesting support of family, friends, good therapist and each of the couple. For
others, an affair is too heavy than parting ways may be the only answer. Michelle Weiner-Davis
said that "There are many reasons why someone engages in an affair, namely, poor judgement or
search for an emotional connection". She even elaborated on how boldly it can affect the victim:
rocking the victims sense of self, trust and marriage; leaving him or her questioning his or her
sanity.

The responses of men and women to the threat of infidelity range from intense pangs of
jealousy to elaborate displays of attention to who their partner back. Jealousy can also trigger
harmful and violent behaviour, so it is important to understand the most potent triggers of
jealousy according to Dr. Frederick. The likelihood of infidelity decreases the more religious
you are, as you age, or if youre better educated. They also found that the risk for cheating was
greater for women who were remarried compared to those who were on their firdt marriage or
for either gender with the greater num,ber of sexual partners they have (Whisman and Snyder,
2007)

B. Related Local Literature

Result
A woman lawmaker is pushing to amend certain Gender bias provisions o revised penal
code to ensure that women and men will be more equally liable for marital and sexual infidelity.
Negros Occidental Rep. Mercedez Alvares file House bill 5290 requiring the state to apply the

law regardless of ones gender under Article II, Section 14 as provided for the constitution on
the codes provisions on adultery and concubinage.
She furthured "The bill seeks to amend provisions under the revised Penal code to ensure
the fundamental equality before the law of women and men". She seeks to amend Article 333 of
the Revised Penal Code which provides that adultery may only be committed by married woman
and by the man who shall have sexual intercourse with her.
Under Alvarez measure, "Sexual infidelity is committed by any legally married person
who shall have sexual intercourse with another person other than married person, knowing that
person to be legally married, even if the marriage is subsequently declared void." Article 333 of
the Penal code states that adultery is committed by any married woman who shall have sexual
intercourse with a man not her husband and by man who has carnal knowledge of her to be
married, even if the marriage be subsequently declared void. Alvarez also wants to amend Penal
Codes Article 334, which provides that concubinage may be committed by a husband only
under certain conditions which are difficult to prove.
She reiterated that "These provisions have allowed other married persons not failing
within the coverage to persuade marital infidelity but remaining unscathed from the application
of the law. This seeks measure to eliminate those gender biases". She said under bill seeking to
amend the codes article 334, the words Adultery and Concubinage" will be referred to sexual
infidelity.
HB 5290 provides that those who commit sexual infidelity shall be punished by prison
correctional in its maximum period and shall be imposed upon an offend who shall keep a
paramour in the conjugal dwelling. According to HB 5290, The Penal of prison correctional and
its medium and maximum periods for adultery and cooncubinage shall cohabit with a paramour
in any other place". Further, the penalty of prison correctional in its maximum period shall be
imposed if the offense was commited when the accused spouse had been abandoned without just
cause for more than one year and when the accuse spouse had been subjected to repeated
physical violence or grossly abusive conduct by the offended spouse. Huang,in (2013)

C. Related Foreign Studies

Result
According to a Rutgers University study, 56% of men who have affairs claim to be happy in
their marriages (Birch,n.d.). Men who cheat have not fallen out of love, they have just become
unsatisfied with the current state of it. Andra Bosh, PhD, said that "cheating usually occurs in
the phase of compassionate love,settling down, having kids and solidified life. While theyre
fulfilled in some areas, the romance is missing," (Birch,n.d.). They suffer in silence. In order to
avoid this, it is suggested to plan nights out together, aet aside time for sex and discuss hopes and
dreams. Intimacy expert Mary Jo Rapini explains that relationships are usually friendships first.
(Birch,n.d.). Moreover, according to focus on the family, more than 60% of affairs start at work
and s, one must make sure that her husband feels more connected to her than to his business
partners. Rapini suggested of going to bed at the same time and cuddling (Birch,n.d.). Susan
Mandel, PhD, said "men love their spouses, but they dont know how to fix their relationship
problems so they go outside their marriages to fill anyholes. (Birch,n.d.).

D. Related Local Studies

Result
A common concern emerging from family ministry in the Philippine setting is of a
marriage affected by infidelity. Infidelity is the breaking of marital vows. In the Philippine
culture, infidelities or extramarital relationships range from casual relationship to keeping a
querida of paramour (Medina,1991). The act of infidelity by the husband is a major concern in
Filipino marriages (PCP II, 1992). Carandang (1987) notes that wives ranks infidelity as the
number one family stressors. Lacar (1993) reports that male infidelity is the most frequent
reason for marital separation. Vacion (1980, 1977) cites male infidelity as a major issue for
marital break-ups in Metro Manila.

According to Genevieve Beaulieu-Pelletier, a PhD student at the Universite de

Montereals Department of Psychology, "contrary to popular belief, infidelity isnt more
prevalent in men". She interviewed those people who had thought about cheating and those who
had actually cheated. Her researched revealed no difference between men and women. Just as
many men and women had an avoidant attachment style and the correlation with infidelity is just
as strong on both sides. Due to the differences, "men are more likely to cheat because they
display strong sexual impulses than women", according to a new study conducted by researchers
from the University of Texas. Researchers also said that women have better self control than
men. "Overall these studies suggest that men are more likely to give in sexual temptations
because they tend to have stronger sexual impulse strength than women do." said Natasha
Tidwell, a doctoral student in the Department of Psychology at Texas A&M University.
For the Filipino women in particular, her society constructed female sexuality within the bounds
of marriage and the standards of "marianismo", that is, she expected to be self-restraining and
serving as "moral mother" who is ought to be a model of chastity and forgiving martyr in case of
husband infidelity. (Aguilar, 1989; Estrada-Claudio, 1990- 1991; Mulder , 1990- 1991)

In the McCann Metro Manila Male Study (1995), reflected a strong disapproval of extramarital
relationships and at present, a strong disapproval of divorce as a way out of bad marriage. While
infidelity may be a major marital stressor especially for the wife, it does not mean that it is a
problem from her husbands perspective. While more men engaged in extramarital relations, a
husband is less tolerant or less forgiving when is wife become unfaithful.