Termocinetica e

Termofluidodinamica
Formulario di conduzione

01MURMK

Heat Transfer and Thermal Energy (cont.)

DO NOT confuse or interchange the meanings of Thermal Energy, Temperature

and Heat Transfer
Quantity

Meaning

Units

Thermal Energy+

Energy associated with microscopic

behavior of matter

J or J/kg

Temperature

A means of indirectly assessing the

amount of thermal energy stored in matter

K or C

Heat Transfer

Thermal energy transport due to

temperature gradients

Heat

Amount of thermal energy transferred

over a time interval t 0

Heat Rate

Heat Flux

Thermal energy transfer per unit time

Thermal energy transfer per unit time

and surface area

+
U Thermal energy of system
u Thermal energy per unit mass of system

J
W
W/m2

Heat Equation

The Heat Equation

A differential equation whose solution provides the temperature distribution in a
stationary medium.
Based on applying conservation of energy to a differential control volume
through which energy transfer is exclusively by conduction.
Cartesian Coordinates:
T T T
T
k k k q c p
x x y y z z
t
Net transfer of thermal energy into the
control volume (inflow-outflow)

Thermal energy
generation

Change in thermal
energy storage

Cylindrical Coordinates:
1 T 1 T T
T
kr

c
p

r r r r 2 z z
t

Spherical Coordinates:
1 2 T
1
T
1

T
T
kr

k
sin

c
p

r r 2 sin 2 r 2 sin

t
r 2 r
3

Heat Equation (Special Case)

One-Dimensional Conduction in a Planar Medium with Constant Properties

and No Generation
T
k
x x

c
p

becomes
2T
x 2

1 T
t

k
thermal diffusivity of the medium m2 /s

c p

Plane Wall

The Plane Wall

Consider a plane wall between two fluids of different temperature:

Heat Equation:
d dT
k
dx dx

Implications:
Heat flux qx is independent of x.

Heat rate qx is independent of x.

Boundary Conditions: T 0 Ts,1, T L Ts,2

Temperature Distribution for Constant k :

x
T x Ts ,1 Ts ,2 Ts,1
L

Tube Wall

Heat Equation:
1 d dT
kr
r dr dr

The Tube Wall

Temperature Distribution for Constant k :

Ts ,1 Ts ,2 r
T r
ln Ts ,2
ln r1 / r2 r2

Spherical Shell

Spherical Shell

Heat Equation
1 d 2 dT
r
2 dr
r
dr

Temperature Distribution for Constant k :

T r Ts ,1 Ts ,1 Ts ,2

1 r1/ r

1 r1 / r 2

Heat flux, Heat Rate and Thermal Resistance:

Rt ,cond

1/ r1 1/ r2
4 k
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Implications

Implications of Energy Generation

Involves a local (volumetric) source of thermal energy due to conversion
from another form of energy in a conducting medium.
The source may be uniformly distributed, as in the conversion from
electrical to thermal energy (Ohmic heating):
Eg I 2 Re
q

or it may be non-uniformly distributed, as in the absorption of radiation

passing through a semi-transparent medium. For a plane wall,

q e x
Generation affects the temperature distribution in the medium and causes
the heat rate to vary with location, thereby precluding inclusion of
the medium in a thermal circuit.
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The Plane Wall

The Plane Wall

Consider one-dimensional, steady-state conduction
in a plane wall of constant k, uniform generation,
and asymmetric surface conditions:
Heat Equation:
d dT
k
dx dx

d 2T q

q0 2 0
dx
k

Is the heat flux q independent of x?

General Solution:
T x q / 2k x 2 C1 x C2

Radial Systems

Radial Systems
Cylindrical (Tube) Wall

Solid Cylinder (Circular Rod)

Heat Equations:
Cylindrical
1 d dT
kr
r dr dr

q0

Spherical Wall (Shell)

Solid Sphere

Spherical
1 d 2 dT
kr
q0
r 2 dr
dr
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Exercise 1

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Exercise 1 (cont.)

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Exercise 1 (cont.)

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Exercise 1 (cont.)
Interactive Heat Transfer (IHT) software (Incropera book)
free download

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Exercise 1 (cont.)

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