Q7: Explain Bezier curve and its properties.

Generated by approximation method

Can be fitted to any number of control points.

number of control points is approximated and their relative position

determines the degree of Bezier polynomial

Bezier curves are of different degrees which is one less than the control
points

a Bezier curve can be specified with boundary conditions, martix and

blending function.

For Bezier blending function specification is the most convenient. Bezier

spline are useful and convenient for curve and surface design .they are easy
to implement

Widely used in CAD systems, graphics, drawing and painting packages.

Suppose we have n +1 control points, denoted as

where k varying from 0 to n &these coordinate points can be blended

The approximating Bezier function between p0 and pn called P(u)(which

describe the path) can be calculated as

Individual curve coordinates can be obtained as:

Properties of Beziers curves:

Curve always passes through first and the last control point Po and Pn,

The curve is tangent at the endpoints to the corresponding edges of polygon of

control points
The boundary condition at 2 end of the curve are:
p(0)=Po and P(1)=Pn

Values of the parametric first derivatives of a bezier curve at the endpoints

can be calculated from control-point coordinates as

the parametric second derivatives of a Bezier curve at the endpoints are

calculated as

Another important property of any Bezier curve is that it lies within the
convex hull (convex polygon boundary) of the control points. This follows
from the properties of Bezier blending functions: They are all positive and
their sum is always 1,

Cubic Bezier Curves:

Cubic Bezier curvesare generated with four control points. The four
blending functions for cubic bezier curves, obtained by substituting n = 3
into are

Therefore, p(u)=p0 BEZ 0,3(u)+ p1 BEZ 1,3(u)+ p 2 BEZ 2,3(u)+ p3

BEZ 3,3(u)

Bezier curve do not allow for local control of the curve shape.

Matrix form of cubic Bezier curve:

2 set of orthogonal Bezier curve can be used to design a Bezier surface.

Q8: distinguish between Raster scan and Random scan display

Raster scan

Most common type of display, based on TV technology

Used in home TV and printers

Electron beam is swept one row at a time from top to bottom.as the beam
moves across each row, the beam intensity is turned on and off to create a
pattern of illuminated spots

Picture definition is stored in refresh buffer or frame buffer(holds set of

intensity values of all screen points)

The stored intensity values are then retrieved from refresh buffer and painted
on the screen one row(scanline) at a time.

Screen point is called pixel/pel/picture element

As it store intensity information for each screen point it is used for realistic
display

In back and white system each point is either on or off so only one bit/pixel is
needed

for a bi-level system,1indictes beam intensity is on and 0-->off here frame

buffer is called bitmap

Additional bits are needed when color and intensity are varied upto
24bits/pixel and several megabytes of storage are needed for a frame buffer,
here frame buffer is called pixmap

At the end of each scan line ,the electron beam returns to left side of the
screen to begin display of next scan line horizontal retrace.

At the end of each frame the electron beam returns to the top left corner of
the screen to begin the next frame vertical retrace.

Refreshing rate 60 to 80 frame /sec or 60Hertz

Random scan

The electron beam is directed only to the parts of the screen where a picture
is to be drawn

It draws one scan line at a time therefore Random scan systems are also
called vector, stroke-writing, or calligraphic displays.

Example pen plotter

Picture definition are stored in an area of a memory called as refresh display

file/display list/display program

Works with system commands in refresh display file

Designed to draw line 30 to 60 times each second.

high quality vector system is capable of drawing 100,000 short lines and each
refresh cycle is delayed to avoid refresh rate greater than 60 frames /sec

faster refreshing rate will bun the phosphorous

Random scan/vector scan

1. The beam is moved between the end points of the graphics primitives.
2. Flickers when the number of primitives in the frame buffer becomes too large.
3. Scan conversion is not required .so doesn't need a scan conversion hardware
4. Draws continuous and smooth lines
5. Cost is more

6. Draws lines and characters only

raster scan
1. The beam is moved all over the screen one scan line at a time, from top to
bottom and then back to top.
2. The refresh process is independent of the complexity of the image.
3. Graphics primitives are specified in terms of the endpoint and must be scan
converted into their corresponding pixels in the frame. So real time dynamics
is far more computational and requires separate conversion hardware
4. Can display mathematically smooth lines, polygon and boundaries of curved
primitives only by appxomating them with pixel on the raster grid .
5. .Cost is low
6. Has the ability to display areas filled with solid colors or patterns

diagram ..