Subject: Geography HL

Candidate name: Elizabeth Kitange

Candidate Number: 0028
School Code: 002582
Fieldwork Research Question: Does the rate of security affect the provision of social services in
Manzese and Mikocheni regions in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania?

Syllabus Section: Part 1- Patterns and Change; Core Theme 2: Disparities in Wealth and Development
Date of submission: 06 August 2014
Word count: 2,389 words

Contents
INTRODUCTION (327 words).....................................................................................................................................3
QUESTION:..................................................................................................................................................................3
METHODS OF INVESTIGATION:............................................................................................................................6
ANALYSIS................................................................................................................................................................... 10
CONCLUSON............................................................................................................................................................. 12
EVALUATION............................................................................................................................................................12
APPENDIX.................................................................................................................................................................. 13
Questionnaire:...........................................................................................................................................................13
REFERENCES............................................................................................................................................................15

INTRODUCTION (327 words)

Development is the improvement in the standard of life. It can be in the form of economic wealth, security, health,
infrastructure and education among others. However, in an LEDC's like Tanzania, development occurs in different
stages and at different rates, in different areas which causes a great disparity in different districts. Areas that are closer
to the city centre and the boarder tend to be more developed due to more imports, employment opportunities and
investments. However, as you move towards the outskirts of the city where not a lot of goods and services reach,
development levels tend to be much lower as the majority of the population in the outskirts are poor, uneducated
and/or are immigrants among others. Inequality and disparities occur in such area due to ethnicity, level of security,
income, education and employment among others.

QUESTION:
Does the rate of security affect the provision of social services in Manzese and Mikocheni regions in Dar es
Salaam, Tanzania?
The geographic context that this investigation falls on is "Disparities in Wealth and Development". The fieldwork
question assesses whether the rate of security is the reason for the level of provision of social services between the two
areas in the city - one at the outskirts (Manzese) and another closer to the city centre (Mikocheni).
The two areas are chosen because they openly portray the disparities between them. Mikocheni is more developed
with a wealthier and quite educated population where security is high. This attracts a lot of investment of social
services such as schools, hospitals and supermarkets - which hence increase the level of security in the area.
Manzese on the contrary, is less developed with a much poorer and less educated population. The living standards are
so low giving the area a slum profile/shanty-town, hence the security there is low with higher crime rates. There is
hence low provision of social services due to the high rates of robbery in the area, depriving it from developing.

MAPS:

Map. 1- General map of Manzese

3

Map. 2 General map of Mikocheni area

Map. 3 Safe and Dangerous areas of Manzese

Map 4: safe and dangerous areas in Mikocheni

M500

METHODS OF INVESTIGATION: (264 words)

At the beginning of our investigation, we divided ourselves into groups of five and split into different areas of our
destinations (not too far from the main roads). We used both qualitative and quantitative data.
For quantitative data, we walked around both regions with questionnaires. We each had 50 questionnaires for each
area and talked to the people living and working there. Although we were accompanied by teachers, we were advised
to stay away from narrow, untrustworthy roads and instead stay on the main road for safety. The questionnaire
comprised of 10 questions from which we gathered information on the security issues and availability of social
services. The time chosen was in the morning for Manzese (10.00 to 12:00) and afternoon for Mikocheni (13:30 to
15:00) as we were aiming to be able to interview people in their workplaces and homes as well.
For qualitative data, we took pictures and drew maps of both areas. In order to gather physical information about the
area, we took the pictures of different stores and shops as well as the streets to show the contrast in the quality of life
in the two areas.
In Manzese (map 1) and Mikocheni (map 2), we got the opportunity to talk to people in their workplaces and asked
them to educate to us about a few things on the area. Not only did we gather information from the questionnaire but
also from stories on their own experiences in working in the area. There was not much of an influence on our work
since the day chosen was sunny and dry.

Comparison of Manzese and Mikocheni

70%

30%

99%

45%
90%
60%

Manzese
30%
40%
30%

100%

Mikocheni
70%

50%
80%

52%

98%

15%
70%

GRAPH 1

95%

Hospitals
Primary Schools
Secondary Schools
Banks & ATM's
Clinics/ Health centres
University/ college/ institute campuses
Supermarkets
Embassies
Military Bases
Police Stations

GRAPH 2

25 March 2014

25 March 2014

Figure. 3 Low quality drainage system

Figure. 4 - Low quality drainage system

7

25 March 2014

5 Overcrowding and small shops

25 March 2014 10:32:48

Figure.

Figure. 6 - Unsanitary and unemployed man from Manzese

25 March 2014
Figure. 8 Shopping centre

25 March 2014
12:50:41
Figure. 9 High number of wealthy cars in shopping centre

25 March 2014
Figure. 10 - high numbers of shops in Mikocheni area

25 March 2014
13:40:12

Figure. 11 Health clinic and shopping centre in Mikocheni

ANALYSIS (1,357 words)

The sanitation level is quite low Manzese at 30% as shown in figure 1. This not only portrays the low government
involvement in sanitation in the area but as well as the level of poverty. Sanitation companies, working in Tanzania as
a whole (for example, Tirima), collect garbage with a return of a monthly pay from each house. However, due to the
poverty in Manzese, the companies are not paid hence are not interested in servicing the area. This not only creates a
risk of the spread of diseases like Malaria and cholera among others, but also demotivates other businesses in
investing in the area. Mikocheni however, has a more well-off community with the ability to pay for such services
hence their sanitation level at about 70%. The area has the ability to pay for such services since the malls and shops
have the financial ability to in order to attract customers. Figure 3 and 4 clearly illustrate the low sanitation with a bad
drainage system and garbage. This clearly portrays how the welfare of the population affects the provision of a
sanitary social service.
Despite with the awareness of the importance of an educated economy, education in Manzese is at a low rate.
Notwithstanding most of the population (90%) being given the right to a primary education, only 45% of the
population has access to secondary education and most of them do not accomplish in completing high school
education (fig. 1). This is due to the fact that there is a lack of teachers who leave secondary schools to find better paid
jobs elsewhere in the city, resulting to only the being of only one secondary school in Manzese in comparison to six in
Mikocheni. When addressing security, however, people in Manzese claim that the teachers do not leave due to the low
security but rather because of the low pay. There are barely any secondary schools in Manzese because there are no
teachers to teach in them, the facilities for the children as well as the money to build them in the first place. Mikocheni
area however, has a wide range of education. It has three primary and 6 secondary schools in the area. Furthermore,
there is a wide provision of nursery schools as well as tuition centres. This is due to the ability of the majority of the
population to pay for these services as well as the security. The schools are confident about the security for the
children as well as for their facilities in the area. According to figure 2, Mikocheni has twice as much secondary
school campuses than primary along with a number of university and college campuses in comparison to Manzese
which has more primary schools. This portrays the high security and wealth of the population in Mikocheni
concluding that along with the level of security, wealth plays a big role in the provision of education in both areas.
Manzese region, despite the expectations, has gotten safer over the past few years. Despite the existence of a number
of unsafe areas, people have learnt to care for themselves. Over the years, people had increasingly started moving
closer towards the city for different pull factors. This not only decreased the crime rates but also decreased
overcrowding of the area. "Furthest that can be stolen from you here is a phone. Otherwise there are quite rare cases
of murder or strangling - which only now happen at night and about twice a year... (Housewife, 2014) The area is
safe despite there being only one small police station. In regards to figure 1, security in Manzese is weak with a crime
rate at 50%, with little police involvement and no military base, as illustrated in figure 2. As illustrated on map 3,
Manzese has higher areas that were indicated to be more dangerous whilst areas closer to the main road were safer. As
of internet research, Manzese is one of the most dangerous areas in Dar es Salaam city (Msongo, 2014); In some
parts of Kariakoo, Buguruni, Manzese Tandale most people living and/or working such areas are in constant
struggle for survival. Sometimes criminality notwithstanding (Dar es Salaam City Council , 2004)
In Mikocheni, all shops visited claimed to have high security and that there were very rare cases of robbery. All
supermarkets have security cameras and guards. People claim that it is safe to walk at night in the area due to the
lights and guards almost at every side of the road. With that, there is a Tanzanian Main Military Base (JKT) in
Mikocheni, making it a rather safe place to live and work. Map 4 clearly illustrates a much higher amount of safer
areas in comparison to Manzese in map 3.
In figure 1, Mikochenis security is strong with crime rates just at 30% with a military base in the area along with
more police stations as illustrated in figure 2. Therefore, security somewhat affects the provision of social services in
both areas as any businesses prefer a much safer environment to invest in. Baraka Plaza is the second most visited
trading mart in Mikocheni, with SANITAS hospital on its third floor, being a closer and affordable supply of
healthcare service for the well-off population in the region (figure 11).

10

Regarding the disparity in healthcare, Manzese has a very weak provision of healthcare with only cynical clinics and
hospitals available within a long travels reach outside of the region. The clinics and dispensaries not only have a lack
of doctors, but have inexperienced and unregistered doctors and nurses that are unreliable. Opening a hospital in the
area is said to be unsafe as the expensive procedural equipments might be stolen and they are not willing to take the
risk.
Mikocheni however, has a wide supply of clinics, health centres and hospitals available in the area with plenty of
doctors with experience. Due to good security and affordability of the service in the area, many small clinics and
health centres are opening e.g. SANITA'S, all with proper facilities available (figure.11), illustrating how the welfare
of the population along with the level of security affects the provision of such social services.
Being a great social service, shops and supermarkets are at very wide supply in Mikocheni. Big supermarkets like
Shoppers Plaza, Mikocheni Complex and Hydery Plaza are available along with small supermarkets and shops selling
foodstuffs, basic goods, carpentries, jewelleries and clothes. This not only provides a number of employment in
Mikocheni but also a wide variety of quality goods and services. As shown in figure 1 and 2, 80% of the population in
Mikocheni are within reach of proper goods and services. There are plenty of banks and ATM's showing good security
and need to purchase money in the area showing how well-off the population is, able to afford the goods and services.
On the other hand, only 52% of the population in Manzese is within reach of such services with both affordability and
transport to reach them. There are no supermarkets or ATM's in the area - vividly portraying how the population are
not in the financial state to afford such services. There has not been any case of shops or supermarkets closing down in
the area due to security but most close due to lack of profit and buyers. This is clearly illustrated in figure 1 showing
the percentage of the population able to afford and be within reach of such goods and services and figure 2 showing
the amount of availability of such social services.
The importance of this investigation mainly based upon researching on the disparity of the supply social services
corresponding to the level of security. Manzese area is generally/publicly known to be at a much lower rate of security
than Mikocheni and this hinders the supply of goods and services that are of good quality. However, with our research,
our findings established that the level of security is merely one among others to cause this. However, our acquired
knowledge has grown through this investigation, allowing us to learn more about the two areas in regards to disparity
of wealth and development.

11

CONCLUSON (199 words)

Throughout this investigation there is a clear conclusion that the provision of social services is not alone affected by
the level of security in an area but moreover by the financial welfare of the population. Manzese area is provided with
little or no proper social services not only because of the low level of security but also by the poverty of the people
living there -if people cannot afford to pay for these goods and services it is only not profitable to invest in the area.
However, with the rich and well-off community of Mikocheni, firms are able to supply the goods and services because
the affordability according to the population, hence bringing profit into the firms.
The security level is also high, being a confidence to the firms to in the area.
Both areas clearly show a development disparity where Manzese is at a lower development than Mikocheni due to its
less well-off economy. Therefore, the rate of security is not the main factor affecting the provision of social services
in Manzese and Mikocheni regions in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania but rather the wealth of the people living in the areas,
clearly portraying a wealth and development inequality.

EVALUATION (242 words)

The main three methods used in this investigation (photos, questionnaire and online research) were very useful. The
photos helped to display a clear physical disparity between Mikocheni and Manzese as well as provide true illustrative
evidence for the fieldwork question. The questionnaires helped provide a reliable analysis of both areas, on specific
aspects regarding social services and security. Despite the number of errors due to personal bias of picking the people
to ask as well as the majority being only workers in the area, the questionnaire helped support the research question to
a somewhat extent. The online research helped gather background information of both areas over the past years.
Despite the biasness of the found information, online data partially helped create a notion for a concrete analysis.
Predominantly, the investigation methods were good and provided a much clearer view to the research question.
However, there are several ways that could have been used to improve the research in the future. Firstly, the data
collection could have improved if we were more aware of the safe areas to be in and had an opportunity and time to
visit not only the work areas, but also the homes. Secondly, an extension of time up to two days one day for one
area- would make the data collection more diverse and efficient to analyse.
Finally, I could modify the research question into Does the financial welfare of an area affect its provision of
social services?

12

APPENDIX
Questionnaire:
1. How many schools or education institutions
are there in the region?
2.
A. Secondary
3.
5 10
10 - 20

10. What is the percentage of children attending

school in the region?
11.
A. Secondary

0-5

12. 0 - 5
5 10
10 - 20

4.
B. Primary

13.
B. Primary

5.
0-5
5 - 10
10 - 20

14. 0 5
5 10
10 12

6.
7. How many medical institutions/ clinic/
hospitals are there in the region?

15. Do you;
a) Listen to news on the radio?

8.
1-5
5 - 10
10 - 20
9.
20.

Once a day

21.

Everyday

22.

Once a week

23.

Other (specify)

35.

No

18.

If yes how many times?

26.

Yes

27.

No

Every several hours

Specify:
_____________________________________
_______

c) Read the newspaper on security & police

records?
37.
38.

Yes

39.

No

40.

b) Watch news on the television?

41.
42.

If yes how many times?

29.

Every several hours

30.

Once a day

31.

Everyday

32.

Once a week
33.
34.

17.

36.

Specify:
_____________________________________
_______

28.

Yes

19.

24.
25.

16.

If yes how many times?

43.

Every several hours

44.

Once a day

45.

Everyday

46.

Once a week
47.
48.

Other (specify

49.

13

Other (specify

Specify:
_____________________________________
_______

50.

70. If yes to question 9, which sectors closed

down?
71.
Education
72.
HealthCare
73.
Super markets?

51.
52. Do you feel secure when you go about your
activities after hours?
53.
54. _____________________________________
_________________
55.
56.
57. Is there a shortage of doctors or clinics in
different parts of the area due to the state of
security?
58.
59. Yes
60.

74.
75.

5 10
10 15
15 20

76.

Other (specify)

77.

No

No

80.

Every several hours

81.

Once a day

82.

Everyday

83.

Once a week
84.
85.

Yes
67.

__________________

79. How many times do robberies occur in the

area?

65. Have there been any firms/social service

sectors that have been closed down due to the
state of security in the area?
66.

Specify:

78.

61. Is there a lack of teachers in the surrounding

schools due to the state of security?
62.
63. Yes
64.

If so how many closed down?

86.

No

68.

87.

69.

14

Other (specify)

Specify:
_____________________________________
_______

88.
89.
90.
91.
92.
93.
94.
95.
96.
97.
98.
99.
100.
101.
102.
103.
104.
105.
106.
107.
108.

109.

REFERENCES

110.

111.

Dar es Salaam City Council . (2004, November). Dar es Salaam City Profile. Retrieved from
https://www.google.co.tz/search?
q=Dar+es+Salaam+city+profile+2014&oq=Dar+es+Salaam+city+profile+2014&aqs=chrome..69i57j69i60l2.
6530j0j7&sourceid=chrome&es_sm=93&ie=UTF-8

112.

Housewife. (2014, 03). Housewife explaining on security levels. (E. Kitange, Interviewer)

113.

Msongo. (2014, April). Dar-es-salaam most dangerous areas. Retrieved from Msongo:
msongo.blogspot.com/2013/04/dar-es-salaam-most-dangerous-areas.html

114.
115.
116.
117.
118.

15