7, JULY 2012
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I. INTRODUCTION
HE explosive growth of cell phone users and the increasing demand for broadband wireless access has led
to the development of long term evolution (LTE) to replace the
wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA)-based air
interface by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP).
Several minimum requirements of LTE include packet data
support with peak data rates of 300 Mbps in the downlink and
75 Mbps in the uplink, a low maximum latency of 10 ms MAC
layer round trip delay, and flexible bandwidth scalability. These
requirements result to the adoption of orthogonal frequency
division multiplexing (OFDM)-based modulation and multiple access, multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) antenna
schemes, and adaptive modulation and coding with advanced
channel coding, space time coding and hybrid automatic repeat
request (ARQ) protocols.
Synchronization sequence is more important because its detection affects not only search time but also performance of
demodulation. The 3GPP working group undertakes plenty of
rigorous evaluation of different kinds of sequence to enhance
Manuscript received August 26, 2010; revised January 20, 2011; accepted
April 20, 2011. Date of publication May 31, 2011; date of current version June
01, 2012.
The authors are with Beijing Embedded System Key Lab, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China (e-mail: machixiang@emails.bjut.
edu.cn; jackycaohao@emails.bjut.edu.cn; pinglin@bjut.edu.cn).
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available online
at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TVLSI.2011.2152866
is the normalized
-by-
is
(3)
can be ex-
(4)
In fading channels, a time-domain guard interval, which is
named as cyclic prefix (CP), is created by copying the last
samples of the IDFT output and appending them at the beginning of the OFDM symbol to be transmitted. So the transmitted
samples.
OFDM block consists of
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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VERY LARGE SCALE INTEGRATION (VLSI) SYSTEMS, VOL. 20, NO. 7, JULY 2012
TABLE I
DELAY PROFILES FOR E-UTRA CHANNEL MODELS
TABLE II
EXTENDED PEDESTRIAN MODEL
TABLE III
EXTENDED VEHICULAR MODEL
CP samples,
(5)
is obtained [9]
(6)
where represents the normalized CFO, and
represents
the effect of the accumulated phase rotation caused by the CFO
on the time domain samples
TABLE IV
EXTENDED TYPICAL URBAN MODEL
(7)
(8)
denotes the channel frequency response during the th
OFDM block
(9)
represents a zero-mean complex white Gaussian noise
.
sample with variance
Assuming that the receiver sampling clock is aligned to that
can be expressed
of the transmitter, then the th element of
as
TABLE V
CHANNEL MODEL PARAMETERS
(10)
B. Channel Propagation Model
The evolved universal terrestrial radio access (E-UTRA)
channel model is recommended, since PSS is a component of
LTE. It can evaluate the proposed method more reasonable and
practical to use of E-UTRA channel model.
There are delay profiles, Doppler spectra and channel correlation matrices in E-UTRA channel model. Then there are too
many combinations of these components. First of all, delay profiles are introduced.
The delay profiles are selected to be representative of low,
medium and high delay spread environments. The resulting
model parameters are defined in Table I and the tapped delay
line models are defined in Tables IIIV [5].
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TABLE VI
DIFFERENT CORRELATION CONSTANT
(13)
is
where is the successive 64-by-1 received signal vector,
is 64-by-1 vector composed of
the DFT matrix, and
punctured at DC.
Then, from (13), the coefficients of the matched filter can be
obtained
TABLE VII
ROOT INDICES FOR THE PSS
(14)
where
next section, thus 4-by-4 correlation matrices is provided as
follows [5]:
(15)
and the matched filter can be expressed
(16)
(11)
where
denotes Kro-
C. PSS
A synchronization channel (SCH) is specified in LTE system
to transmit PSS and secondary synchronization signal (SSS) [1].
used for the PSS is generated from a
The sequence
frequency-domain ZC sequence [1] according to
(12)
where the ZC root sequence index is given by Table VII [1].
The three different ZC sequences are orthogonal to each
other, and each sequence corresponds to a sector identity which
is in the range of 0 to 2. The ZC sequence is chosen for its
good periodic autocorrelation and cross-correlation properties.
In particular, these sequences have a low frequency offset
sensitivity, which is described in [8]. Thus, it is easy to detect
PSS during the initial synchronization because the ZC sequence
has the flat frequency domain autocorrelation property and the
low frequency offset sensitivity.
From the power consumption perspective, a 10-bit analog-todigital converter (ADC) uses more power than a 1-bit ADC since
the 10-bit pipelined ADC has several power amplifiers in it.
Typically, the power consumption of a 1-bit 122.88 MHz ADC
composed of one comparator is about 200 W, while the power
consumption of a 10-bit 122.88 MHz pipelined ADC is about
50 mW. To come up with a low-power solution, a method of
PSS detection using 1-bit ADC is proposed.
PSS is transmitted periodically, twice per frame which lasts
10 ms. The sampling rate of the receiver is 122.88 MHz; however, the date rate of input data to the matched filter is 1.92 MHz.
Thus, 9600 samples at the output of the matched filter need
to be buffered during the 5 ms period, which is not area and
cost efficient. To come up with a low cost solution, a method of
down-sampling by 8 is used at the output of matched filter.
A. Method Without Down-Sampling by 8 for 10-Bit ADC
From the last section, the matched filter as expressed in (16)
can be reformulated when using a 10-bit, 122.88 MHz pipelined
ADC
(17)
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TABLE VIII
SIMULATION ASSUMPTIONS
(19)
where
is the output of the down-sampling module.
Now, only 1200 outputs need to be buffered during 5 ms with
an additional comparator of 1 out of 8 implementing the downsampling module. This results in less area which translates to
lower cost in a practical system.
With the practical method introduced above, its implementation architecture is discussed in Section VI after the simulation
performance is discussed in Section V.
V. SIMULATION RESULTS
Primary synchronous signal is designed for cell search and
handover in 3GPP LTE systems, which is transmitted every 5
ms. Search time of PSS detection is an important criterion when
measuring its performance.
To compare the performance using a 10-bit 122.88 MHz ADC
without down-sampling and that using a 1-bit 122.88 MHz ADC
with down-sampling by 8, the parameters listed in Table VIII are
used in the simulation.
We assume that there are four receive antennas and four
transmit antennas in the simulated LTE MIMO system.
Replica-based method is very useful for symbol timing detection since a diversity gain of 3 dB can be obtained when
two PSSs are received in different time slot. Higher diversity
gain can be achieved when more than two PSSs are used in the
detection. At most 16 PSSs are transmitted in the simulation,
that is, the detection gives up after 16 PSS correlations are
calculated at the receiver. From Section II, we know that there
are different combinations of delay profiles, Doppler spectra
and channel correlation matrices defined in E-UTRA channel
model. To demonstrate different simulation assumptions in the
channel model, we simulate both the original method and the
Fig. 1. Performance of both methods using low correlation channel matrix and
EPA 5 Hz channel model.
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Fig. 3. Performance of both methods using high correlation channel matrix and
ETU 300 Hz channel model.
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TABLE IX
COMPARISONS OF TWO ARCHITECTURES
[4] P-SCH Sequences, Huawei, Kobe, Japan, 3GPP TSG RAN WG1
Tdoc R1-072321, 2007.
[5] 3GPP TS 36.101 v8.9.0 3rd Generation Partnership Project; Technical
Specification Group Radio Access Network; Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); User Equipment (UE) Radio Transmission and Reception (Release 8), 3rd Generation Partnership Project,
Tech. Rep., Dec. 2009, 3GPP.
[6] G. Colavolpe and R. Raheli, Noncoherent sequence detection, IEEE
Trans. Commun., vol. 47, no. 9, pp. 13761385, Sep. 1999.
[7] G. L. Stuiber, Principles of Mobile Communication, 2nd ed. Norwell,
MA: Kluwer, 2001.
[8] S. Sesia, I. Toufik, and M. Baker, LTE-The UMTS Long Term Evolution: From Theory to Practice. New York: Wiley, 2009.
[9] Y. Yao and G. B. Giannakis, Blind carrier frequency offset estimation in SISO, MIMO and multiuser OFDM systems, IEEE Trans.
Commun., vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 173183, Jan. 2005.
REFERENCES
[1] 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), Sophia-Antipolis Cedex,
France, 3GPP TS 36.211 v8.9.0 3rd Generation Partnership Project;
Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network; Evolved
Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Physical Channels
and Modulation (Release 8), 3rd Generation Partnership Project, Dec.
2009, 3GPP.
[2] K. Manolakis, D. M. Gutierrez Estevez, V. Jungnickel, X. Wen, and
C. Drewes, A closed concept for synchronization and cell search in
3GPP LTE systems, in Proc. IEEE Wirel. Commun. Network. Conf.,
2009, pp. 16.
[3] B. M. Popovic and F. Berggren, Primary synchronization signal in
E-UTRA, in Proc. IEEE 10th Int. Symp. Spread Spectrum Techn. Appl.
(ISSSTA), 2008, pp. 426430.
Ping Lin (M10) received the M.S. degree in electrical engineering from University of Rhode Island,
Kingston.
She is the Director of Beijing Embedded System
Key Lab, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing,
China. Her research interests include DSP algorithms, VLSI design, wireless communications, and
embedded SOC.