Africa - Asia

Mount Kilimanjaro (1)

Mount Kilimanjaro, with its three volcanic cones, Kibo, Mawenzi, and Shira, is a dormant volcanic
mountain in Tanzania. It is the highest mountain in Africa and the highest free-standing mountain in
the world at 5,895 metres or 19,341 feet above sea level (the Uhuru Peak/Kibo Peak).[4]

Geology[edit]
Kilimanjaro is composed of three distinct volcanic cones: Kibo, the highest at 5,895 m (19,341 ft);
Mawenzi at 5,149 m (16,893 ft); and Shira, the shortest at 3,962 m (13,000 ft). Uhuru Peak is the
highest summit on Kibo's crater rim.
Kilimanjaro is a large stratovolcano. Of its three peaks, Mawenzi and Shira are extinct, while Kibo,
the highest, is dormant and could erupt again. The last major eruption has been dated to between
150,000 and 200,000 years ago.[5]
Although dormant, Kibo has gas-emitting fumaroles in its crater. Several collapses and landslides
have occurred on Kibo in the past, one creating the area known as the Western Breach.

History[edit]

Name[edit]
The origin of the name "Kilimanjaro" is not precisely know

History[edit]

Name[edit]
The origin of the name "Kilimanjaro" is not precisely known, but a number of theories exist.
European explorers had adopted the name by 1860 and reported that "Kilimanjaro" was the
mountain's Kiswahili name.[6] But according to the 1907 edition of The Nuttall Encyclopdia, the
name of the mountain was "Kilima-Njaro".[7]

Johann Ludwig Krapf wrote in 1860 that Swahilis along the coast called the mountain "Kilimanjaro".
Although he did not support his claim,[8] he claimed that "Kilimanjaro" meant either "mountain of
greatness" or "mountain of caravans". Under the latter meaning, "Kilima" meant "mountain" and
"Jaro" possibly meant "caravans".[6]
Jim Thompson claimed in 1885, although he also did not support his claim, [8]
The term Kilima-Njaro has generally been understood to mean the Mountain (Kilima) of Greatness
(Njaro). This is probably as good a derivation as any other, though not improbably it may mean the
"White" mountain, as I believe the term "Njaro" has in former times been used to denote whiteness,
and though this application of the word is now obsolete on the coast, it is still heard among some of
the interior tribes. Either translation is equally applicable.... By the Wa-chaga[,] the mountain is not
known under one name, the two masses which form it being respectively named Kibo and
Kimawenzi.[9]

Lhotse
Lhotse (Nepali: ; Chinese: ; pinyin: Luz Fng; Tibetan: , Wylie: lho rtse, ZYPY:
Lhoz) is the fourth highestmountain on Earth (after Mount Everest, K2 and Kangchenjunga) and is
connected to Everest via the South Col. Lhotse means South Peak in Tibetan. In addition to the
main summit at 8,516 metres (27,940 ft) above sea level, Lhotse Middle (East) is 8,414 m (27,605 ft)
and Lhotse Shar is 8,383 m (27,503 ft). It is located at the border between Tibet (China) and the
Khumbu region of Nepal.

Climbing[edit]
An early attempt on Lhotse was by the 1955 International Himalayan Expedition, headed by Norman
Dyhrenfurth. It also included two Austrians (cartographer Erwin Schneider and Ernst Senn) and two
Swiss (Bruno Spirig and Arthur Sphel), and was the first expedition in the Everest area to include

Americans (Fred Beckey, George Bell, and Richard McGowan). The Nepalese liaison officer was
Gaya Nanda Vaidya. They were accompanied by 200 local porters and several climbing Sherpas.
After a brief look at the dangerous southern approaches of Lhotse Shar, they turned their attention,
during September and October, to the West Cwm and the northwest face of Lhotse, on which they
achieved an altitude of about 8,100 metres (26,600 ft). They were beaten back by unexpectedly
strong wind and cold temperatures. Under Schneider's direction they completed the first map of the
Everest area (1:50,000 photogrammetric). The expedition also made several short films covering
local cultural topics, and made a number of first ascents of smaller peaks in the Khumbu region. [3]
The main summit of Lhotse was first climbed on May 18, 1956 by the Swiss team of Ernst
Reiss and Fritz Luchsinger from the Swiss Mount Everest/Lhotse Expedition.[4] On May 12,
1970, Sepp Mayerl and Rolf Walter of Austria made the first ascent of Lhotse Shar.[5] Lhotse Middle
remained, for a long time, the highest unclimbed named point on Earth; on May 23, 2001, its first
ascent was made by Eugeny Vinogradsky, Sergei Timofeev, Alexei Bolotov and Petr Kuznetsov of
a Russian expedition.
The Lhotse standard climbing route follows the same path as Everest's South Col route up to
the Yellow Band beyond Camp 3. After the Yellow Band the routes diverge with climbers bound for
Everest taking a left over the Geneva Spurup to the South Col, while Lhotse climbers take a right
further up the Lhotse face. The last part to the summit leads through a narrow couloir until the Lhotse
main peak is reached.
As of December 2008, 371 climbers have summitted Lhotse and 20 have died. [6]