Chapter 1
Achieving the 3-S system in the MIVAN formwork is quite easy. MIVAN
formwork has got the unsurpassed speed of construction due to saving time for required
time in masonry and plastering. The strength of raw aluminium is very less but when
alloyed with other materials prove to be strong enough to use as a formwork . To ensure
safety in the site, an integrated safety/ working platform is developed which ensures
labor safety during erection and striking of the formwork. Economy is also one of the
main factors of any system. The MIVAN formwork proves to cost efficient as it can be
used efficiently for 250 times.
Present Technologies Available in INDIA
Some of the advanced technologies of formwork catering to the speed of
construction are given below:
To name a few:1) The Prefabrication Technology: - The Pre-cast concrete elements in roofs, floors
and in walls have become more common as these eliminate shuttering; centering
& plastering labor and saves material cost.
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controlling the work of other construction trades such as; steel reinforcement, concrete
placement, and mechanical and electrical trades.
Chapter 2
2. FORMWORK
When concrete is placed, it is in plastic state. It requires to be supported by
temporary supports and castings of desired shape till it becomes sufficiently strong to
support its own weight. This temporary casing is known as the formwork or forms or
shuttering. The term moulds is sometimes used to indicate formwork of relatively small
units such as lintels, cornices etc.
2.1.1 Definition of formwork:Forms or moulds or shutters are the receptacles in which concrete is placed,
so that it will have desired shape or outline when hardened. Once concrete develops
the adequate strength to support its own weight they can be taken out. .. (ACC).
Formwork is the term given to either temporary or permanent moulds into
which concrete or similar materials are poured. (Wikipedia Encyclopedia).
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erection process is preferably handled by a single worker, with site work best done
independently to avoid possible waiting times. Due to reasons of size and weight, the
materials and construction of small-sized formwork are thus limited. At present, the most
common systems are made of timber and aluminium, and are usually in the form of small
panels. There is seldom medium-sized formwork. In cases in which large-sized formwork
is used, the size of the form can be designed as large as practicable to reduce the amount
of jointing and to minimize the amount of lift. The stiffness required by large-sized
formwork can be dealt with by the introduction of more stiffening components such as
studs and soldiers. The increase in the weight of the formwork panels is insignificant as a
crane will be used in most cases.
2.2.2
There are not many effective formwork systems for stairs and staircases. The complicated
three-dimensional nature of an element involving suspended panels and riser boards, as
well as the need to cope with very different spatial and dimensional variances as required
by individual design situations, cannot be achieved by a universally adaptable formwork
system (fig 2.1).
Fig 2.1 - Staircase under traditional formwork arrangement using timber (Raymond.
2001)
Classification according to materials of construction
Materials used for formwork are traditionally quite limited due to finding the
difficult balance between cost and performance. Timber in general is still the most
popular formwork material for its relative low initial cost and adaptability Steel, in the
form of either hot-rolled or cold-formed sections and in combination with other sheeting
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materials, is another popular choice for formwork materials.In the past two to three years,
full aluminium formwork systems have been used in some cases but the performance is
still being questioned by many users, especially in concern to cost and labor control (fig
2.2 & 2.3).
wall.
2.3
systems are equipped with a certain degree of mobility to ease the erection and striking
processes, or to allow horizontal moment using rollers, rails or tracks.
Timber and aluminium forms are the only manually-operable types of formwork.
They are designed and constructed in ways that they can be completely handled
independently without the aid of any lifting appliances. On the other end of the scale,
such systems are used in very large-sized and horizontally-spread buildings with
complicated layout designs which require the systems' flexibility. Fig 2.4 & 2.5 shows the
formwork system allowing the incorporation of pre-cast elements and self climbing form
with hydraulic jack devices respectively.
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Photo 2.4 - formwork system allowing the Photo 2.5 - example of a self-climbing form
with
Incorporation of pre-cast elements (govt. quarters)
(source Raymond,
2001)
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workmen on it. The vibration caused due to vibrators used to compact the concrete
should also be taken care off. Thus, the design of the formwork is an essential part during
the construction of the building.
For the design of planks and joists in bending & shear, a live load including the
impact may be taken as 370kg/m. It is however, usual to work with a small factor of
safety in the design of formwork. The surfaces of formwork should be dressed in such a
manner that after deflection due to weight of concrete and reinforcement, the surface
remains horizontal, or as desired by the designer. The sheathing with full live load of 370
kg/m should not deflect more than 0.25 cm and the joists with 200kg/m of live load
should not deflect more than 0.25cm.
In the design of formwork for columns or walls, the hydrostatic pressure of the
concrete should be taken into account. This pressure depends upon the quantity of water
in the concrete, rate of pouring and the temperature.
The hydrostatic pressure of the concrete increases with the following cases: Increase in quantity of water in the mix.
The smaller size of the aggregate.
The lower temperature.
The higher rate of pouring concrete.
If the concrete is poured in layers at an interval such that concrete has time to set,
there will be very little chance of bulging.
Aluminium as usual is not a very strong material. So the basic elements of the
formwork system are the panel which is a framework of extruded aluminium sections
welded to an aluminium sheet. It consists of high strength special aluminium
components. This produces a light weight panel with an excellent stiffness-to-weight
ratio, yielding minimal deflections when subjected to the load of weight concrete. The
panels are manufactured in standard sizes with non-standard elements produced to the
required size and size to suit the project requirements.
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The panels of aluminium formwork are made from high strength aluminium alloy,
with the face or contact surface of the panel, made up of 4mm thick plate, which is
welded to a formwork of specially designed extruded sections, to form a robust
component. The panels are held in position by a simple pin and wedge arrangement
system that passes through holes in the outside rib of each panel. The panel fits precisely,
securely and requires no bracing. The walls are held together with high strength wall ties,
while the decks are supported by beams and props.
Since the equipment is made of aluminium, it has sections that are large enough to
be effective, yet light enough in the weight to be handled by a single worker. Individual
workers can handle all the elements necessary for forming the system with no
requirement for heavy lifting equipment or skilled labor. By ensuring repetition of work
tasks on daily basis it is possible for the system to bring assembly line techniques to
construction site and to ensure quality work, by unskilled or semi-skilled workers.
Trial erection of the formwork is carried out in factory conditions which ensure
that all components are correctly manufactured and no components are missed out. Also,
they are numbered and packed in such a manner so as to enable easy site erection and
dismantling.
2.5.1 MERITS OF ALUMINIUM FORMWORK:i.
In contrast to most of the modern construction systems, which are machine and
equipment oriented, the formwork does not depend upon heavy lifting equipment and can
be handled by unskilled labors.
ii.
iii.
Construction carried out by this system has exceptionally good quality with
accurate dimensions for all openings to receive windows and doors, right angles at
meeting points of wall to wall, wall to floor, wall to ceiling, etc, concrete surface finishes
are good to receive painting directly without plaster.
iv.
System components are durable and can be used several times without sacrificing
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v.
structurally superior quality with very few constructions joined compared to the
conventional column and beam slabs construction combined with filter brick work or
block work subsequently covered by plaster.
vi.
In view of the four day cycle of casting the floor together with all slabs as
As all the walls are cast monolithic and simultaneously with floor slabs requiring
no further plasters finish. Therefore the time required in the conventional method for
construction of walls and plastering is saved.
viii.
ix.
i.
More seismic resistance: - The box type construction provides more seismic
resistance to the structure.
ii.
iii.
Lesser number of joints thereby reducing the leakages and enhancing the
durability.
iv.
Higher carpet area- Due to shear walls the walls are thin thus increasing area.
v.
Integral and smooth finishing of wall and slab- Smooth finish of aluminium can
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vi.
vii.
viii.
ix.
x.
xi.
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Sr.
No
FACTOR
Quality
CONVENTIONAL
Normal
week
cycle.
The
plastering
and
other
finishing activities can
commence only thereafter.
Aesthetics.
External
finishes.
Cement
plastered
brickwork, painted with
cement based paint.
Finishing needs painting
every in three years.
13
IN SITU ALUMINIUM
FORM SYSTEM
REMARKS
Superior.
In Situ casting of whole
structure and transverse walls
done in a continuous operation,
using controlled concrete mixers
obtained from central batching,
mixing plants and mechanically
placed through concrete buckets
using crane and compacted in
leak proof moulds using high
frequency vibrators
In this system, the walls and
floors are cast together in one
continuous operation in matter
of few hours and in built
accelerated curing overnight
enable removal and re-use of
forms on daily cycle basis.
Superior quality
in System
housing
System
construction is
much faster.
Permanent facia
finishes feasible
with
minor
extra initial cost
More
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efficient
area as % of
plinth area.
utilization
of
land for useful
living space.
Consumption
of basic raw
materials
Normal
Cement.
6
Reinforcing
Steel
Maintenance
14
Steel
requirement is
more, as it is
required for the
shear
wall
construction.
But shear wall
construction
increases safety
against
earthquake.
It
can
be
concluded that
maintenance
cost
is
negligible.
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Background
Mivan is basically an aluminium formwork system developed by one of the
construction company from Europe. In 1990, the Mivan Company Ltd from Malaysia
started the manufacturing of such formwork systems. Now a days more than 30,000 sq m
of formwork used in the world are under their operation. In Mumbai, India there are
number of buildings constructed with the help of the above system which has been
proved to be very economical and satisfactory for Indian Construction Environment.
The technology has been used extensively in other countries such as Europe, Gulf
Countries, Asia and all other parts of the world. MIVAN technology is suitable for
constructing large number of houses within short time using room size forms to construct
walls and slabs in one continuous pour on concrete. Early removal of forms can be
achieved by hot air curing / curing compounds. This facilitates fast construction, say two
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flats per day. All the activities are planned in assembly line manner and hence result into
more accurate, well controlled and high quality production at optimum cost and in
shortest possible time.
In this system of formwork construction, cast in situ concrete wall and floor
slabs cast monolithic provides the structural system in one continuous pour. Large room
sized forms for walls and floors slabs are erected at site. These forms are made strong and
sturdy, fabricated with accuracy and easy to handle. They afford large number of
repetitions (around 250). The concrete is produced in RMC batching plants under strict
quality control and convey it to site with transit mixers.
The frames for windows and door as well as ducts for services are placed in the
form before concreting. Staircase flights, faade panels, chajjas and jails etc. and other
pre-fabricated items are also integrated into the structure. This proves to be a major
advantage as compared to other modern construction techniques.
The method of construction adopted is no difference except for that the sub
structure is constructed using conventional techniques. The superstructure is constructed
using MIVAN techniques. The integrated use the technology results in a durable
structure.
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India and the willingness to use mechanized means of transport and placing of concrete,
the use of aluminium formwork system has received a boost. The quality of the resulting
concrete is found to be superior.
Structurally speaking, the adoption of the closed box system using monolithic
concrete construction has been found to be the most efficient alternatives. The stresses in
both the concrete and steel are observed to be much lower even when horizontal forces
due to wind or earthquake are taken into consideration.
The formwork system can be used for construction for all types of concrete
systems, that is, for a framed structure involving column beam slab elements or for boxtype structure involving slab-walls combination.
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3) Kicker: - It forms the wall face at the top of the panels and acts as a ledge to
support
4) Stub Pin: - It helps in joining two wall panels. It helps in joining two joints
- BEAM COMPONENTS:
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1) Beam Side Panel: - It forms the side of the beams. It is a rectangular structure
and is cut according to the size of the beam
2) Prop Head for Soffit Beam: - It forms the soffit beam. It is a V-shaped head
for easy dislodging of the formwork.
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4) Beam Soffit Bulkhead: - It is the bulkhead for beam. It carries most of the bulk
load.
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2) Deck Prop: - It forms a V-shaped prop head. It supports the deck and bears the
load coming on the deck panel.
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3) Prop Length: - It is the length of the prop. It depends upon the length of the
slab.
4) Deck Mid Beam: - It supports the middle portion of the beam. It holds the
concrete.
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5) Soffit Length: - It provides support to the edge of the deck panels at their
perimeter of the room.
6) Deck Beam Bar: - It is the deck for the beam. This component supports the deck
and beam.
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modulation drawings. All formwork begins at a corner and proceeds from there. (Fig.
No.3.19, Fig no 3.20).
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The panels are held in position by a simple pin and wedge system that passes
through
holes
in
the
outside
rib
of
each
panel.
(Fig.No.3.21)
The panels fit precisely, simply and securely and require no bracing. Buildings can be
constructed quickly and easily by unskilled labour with hammer being the only tool
required. Once the panels have been numbered, measuring is not necessary. As the
erection process is manually, tower cranes are not required. The result is a typical 4 to 5
day cycle for floor to floor construction.
3.2.7 EFFICIENT QUICK STRIP PROP HEAD:
One of the principal technical features which enables this aped to be
attained using a single set of formwork panel is the unique V shaped a prop head which
allows the quick strip to take place whilst leaving the propping undisturbed. The deck
panels can therefore be resumed immediately. (Fig.No.3.22).
3.3 CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES WITH MIVAN AS FORMWORK
The construction activities are divided as pre concrete activities, during
concreting and post concrete activities. They are as follows:
3.3.1 PRE CONCRETE ACTIVITIES:
a) Receipt of Equipment on Site The equipments is received in the site as ordered.
b) Level Surveys Level checking are made to maintain horizontal level check.
c) Setting Out The setting out of the formwork is done.
d) Control / Correction of Deviation Deviation or any correction are carried out.
e) Erect Formwork The formwork is erected on site.
f) Erect Deck Formwork Deck is erected for labours to work.
g) Setting Kickers kickers are provided over the beam.
After the above activities have been completed it is necessary to check the
following.
i.
All formwork should be cleaned and coated with approved realize agent.
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ii.
iii.
iv.
Check all horizontal formwork (deck soffit, and beam soffit etc.) in level.
v.
Ensure deck and beam props are vertical and there is vertical movement in
the prop lengths.
vi.
Check wall ties, pins and wedges are all in position and secure.
vii.
viii.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
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3.3.5 TRANSPORTING:
There are basic three methods recommended when transporting to the next floor:
i.
The heaviest and the longest, which is a full height wall panel, can be
carried up the nearest stairway.
ii.
iii.
Rose through slots specially formed in the floor slab for this purpose.
Once they have served their purpose they are closed by casting in
concrete filter.
3.3.6 STRIKING:
Once cleaned and transported to the next point of erection, panels should be
stacked at right place and in right order.
Proper stacking is a clean sign of a wall managed operation greatly aids the next
sequence of erection as well as prevents clutters and impend other activities.
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The formwork is designed using the most economical assortment of panel sizes
with the help of the state-of-the art design software. The use of the software along with
the experience and skill of the designers ensures an efficient construction process by
incorporating the optimum assembly procedures, economical panel selection and
ultimately minimizing capital and operational costs.
The formwork requirement depends upon various parameters such as desired
speed of construction, economy required. After considering all of these, various options
are offered at the estimate stage to the client. The system is flexible in design and can
form any architectural or structural configuration, such as stairs, bay windows, curved
features etc. Designers consult the architects and structural designers during design stage
in order to avoid costly modifications of RC members during construction stage.
It is thus essential to select the most practical and economic blend of standard formwork
components required for the building at the preconstruction design phase itself.
Using Bespoke design software, the formwork is designed using the most
economical assortment of panel sizes. The combination of bespoke software and the
experience of MIVAN designers guarantees:a) Most efficient construction process incorporating the optimum
assembly procedures.
b) Economical panel section.
c) Ultimately minimizing capital and operational cost.
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installation, and the placing of concrete, includes a highly efficient working schedule in
the system, not just for formwork but for all parallel trades as well.
Optimum use of the labour force is made by ensuring that each trade has
sufficient work on each working day. Experienced site supervisors are sent to site to train
supervisory staff and labour for proper handling of the equipment and to assist in
establishing the desired work cycle. The disciplined and efficient handling of work
ensures that all other trades follow in a united and predetermined manner. The improved
coordination and construction management enables the equipment to be used at optimum
speed and efficiency and speed of the output are outstanding. Thus a disciplined and
systemized approach to construction is achieved.
3.6 SPEED OF CONSTRUCTION
3.6.1 Work cycle
MIVAN is a system for scheduling & controlling the work of other connected
construction trades such as steel reinforcement, concrete placements & electrical inserts.
The work at site hence follows a particular sequence. The work cycle begins with the
deshuttering of the panels. It takes about 12-15hrs. It is followed by positioning of the
brackets & platforms on the level. It takes about 10-15hrs simultaneously.
The deshuttered panels are lifted & fixed on the floor .The activity requires 7-10
hrs.Kicker & External shutters are fixed in 7 hrs. The wall shutters are erected in 6-8 hrs
One of the major activity reinforcement requires 10-12 hrs. The fixing of the electrical
conduits takes about 10 hrs and finally pouring of concrete takes place in these.
This is a well synchronized work cycle for a period of 7 days. A period of 10-12
hrs is left after concreting for the concrete to gain strength before the beginning of the
next cycle. This work schedule has been planned for 1010-1080 sq m of formwork with
72-25cu m of concreting & approximate reinforcement.
The formwork assembling at the site is a quick & easy process. On leaving the
MIVAN factory all panels are clearly labeled to ensure that they are easily identifiable on
site and can be smoothly fitted together using formwork modulation drawings. All
formwork begins from corners and proceeds from there.
The system usually follows a four day cycle: -
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Day 1: -The first activity consists of erection of vertical reinforcement bars and
one side of the vertical formwork for the entire floor or a part of one floor.
Day 2: -The second activity involves erection of the second side of the vertical
formwork and formwork for the floor
Day 3: - Fixing reinforcement bars for floor slabs and casting of walls and slabs.
Day 4: -Removal of vertical form work panels after 24hours, leaving the props in
place for 7 days and floor slab formwork in place for 2.5 days.
3.7 Design Aspects
The comparison is done between buildings constructed by: i)
ii)
In the case of RC moment-resisting framed structures, the horizontal forces due to wind
or earthquake are resisted by the frames resulting in the bending moments in columns to
resist bending moment and vertical loads would be more than that required to resist
vertical loads without bending moment. Similarly, additional reinforcement will be
required in beams at supports.
In the case of RC load-bearing walls, monolithic casting of slab along with RC
walls results in a box type structure, which is very strong in resisting horizontal forces
due to wind or earthquake. In view of large depth of shear walls, the resulting stresses
due to bending moment and vertical loads are smaller and in many cases, concrete alone
is capable of resisting these forces.
On evaluating these alternatives, it is seen that the beam column frame system in
i)
Performs poorly against earthquake forces compared to RCC wall and slab
construction. Recent changes in the IS Codes, as well as recommended
good practice demand provision of additional reinforcement comply with
ductility requirements.
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ii)
The sizing and detailing of columns needed to be that they are 20%
stronger than beams they support.
3.8 Economics
Comparative costs of building using load bearing wall and slab system and
conventional framed system of column, beams, slab for the construction of a groundplus-seven building is given in Table 3.8.1. It can be seen that the total cost of groundplus-seven building using MIVAN System is Rs.5344/m which is lower than that in
conventional system is Rs.6034/m.( As calculated by Srinivaschar.P.H, July 2005).
The cost per flat (or per m built up area) using MIVAN shuttering system
depends upon the number of repetition and period of completion of the project. As the
formwork can be reused over 250 times, the initial cost per unit of forming area is less
when compared to traditional methods. The reduction of cost is also due to the
elimination of brickwork and plaster and also due to reduction in time. The cost of the
project gets substantially reduced due to shear wall construction. These are due to the
reduced consumption of steel, masonry, and plaster even though the use of concrete
decreases. For the same number of repetition, the cost will be less if the period of
completion is longer. This is because for a shorter completion period, the area of
formwork is more than required for longer completion period. Cost of formwork is
illustrated in Table no.3.8.2.
The aluminium formwork provides an integrated scaffolding system which
reduces the cost of scaffolding requirements. The mechanical and electrical installation is
simplified as conduits are embedded in the structure by precise engineering of outlets and
service ducts.
Thus, we can conclude that the overall cost of the project is lesser when compared
to project using traditional methods of formwork.
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Table 3.8.2: - Effect of construction speed on the cost of flat. (Courtesy: Jogeswari
Vikhroli link road, NNP Nivara Parishad,MMRDA)
Description
Construction
speed
Period of const.
Forming area
Misc formwork
Total formwork to
be ordered
Cost of formwork
Two third of the
loaded cost
Profit & Overhead
15%
Total Rs.
Cost per flat, Rs
A
3 flats/day
Construction Speed
B
C
4 flats/day
5 flats/day
D
6 flats/day
23 months
741.9
55.5
797.4
18.7 months
989.2
55.5
1044.7
16.2 months
1236.5
55.5
1292
14.2 months
1483.8
55.5
1539
14353200
9568800
18804600
12536400
23256000
1550400
27707400
18471600
1435320
1880460
2325600
2770740
11004120
9825
14416860
12872
17829600
15919
21242340
18966
Note:
Construction period is calculated as follows:
Average 22 pouring of concrete are considered per month.
About 3 months are required for mobilization and getting plinths ready.
About 3 months are required for finishing.
Cost of formwork = $ 360; dollar Exchange Rate = Rs50; No of flats = 1120
(Weight of aluminium formwork = 24 kg/m).
3.9 QUALITY:
High quality Formwork panels ensure consistency of dimensions. On the removal
of the formwork mould a high quality concrete finish is produced to accurate tolerances
and verticality. The high tolerance of the finish means that no further plastering is
required. Typically a 3mm to 4mm skin coat is applied internally prior to finishing and a
6mm build up coat prior to laying tiles. Care must be taken so that the concert and in
particular the enforcement does not become contaminated due to excessive or negligent
application of the releasing agent.
4.1 The Advantages of this system are:-
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The MIVAN formwork is specifically designed to allow rapid construction of all types of
architectural layouts.
1) Total system forms the complete concrete structure.
2) Custom designed to suit project requirements.
3) Unsurpassed construction speed.
4) High quality finish.
5) Cost effective.
6) Panels can be reused up to 250 times.
7) Erected using unskilled labor.
Quality and speed must be given due consideration along with economy. Good
quality construction will never deter to projects speed nor should it be uneconomical. In
fact, time consuming repairs and modifications due to poor quality work generally delay
the job and cause additional financial impact on the project. Some experts feel that
housing alternatives with low maintenance requirements may be preferred even if the
initial cost is high.
Because of small sizes finishing lines are seen on the concrete surfaces.
2)
3)
4)
5)
Large volume of work is necessary to be cost effective i.e. at least 200 repetitions
of the forms should be possible at work.
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6)
The formwork requires number of spacer, wall ties etc. which are placed @ 2 feet
c/c; these create problems such as seepage, leakages during monsoon.
7)
8)
4.3 REMIDIES
In external walls, ties used in shutter connection create holes in wall after deshuttering.
These may become a source of leakage if care is not taken to grout the holes. Due to boxtype construction shrinkage cracks are likely to appear around door and window openings
in the walls. It is possible to minimize these cracks by providing control strips in the
structure which could be concreted after a delay of about 3 to 7 days after major
concreting. The problem of cracking can be avoided by minimizing the heat of hydration
by using flyash.
5.0 CASE STUDY
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Location:
Navi Mumbai.
Country:
India.
Client:
Scope:
Design:
Cycle:
System formwork:
6000 sq.mt.
November 2003.
Architect:
Hafeez contractor.
5.1 DISCUSSION
The building in plan made an angle of 1720, 168 and 1610 with each other. The
quality of construction is maintained at the site with the use of RMC. The RMC plant has
a capacity of producing 90 cubic meter of concrete of concrete per hour. The concrete
used was of 25 grades. The construction from foundation up to stilt is done with
conventional practice while the upper floors are constructed using MIVAN technology.
The construction company has imported three sets of aluminium forms. The cost is about
Rs.500/- sq.ft as against Rs.650/- sq.ft using conventional methods. Thus it can be said
that even though the cost of construction is little bit high it has an unmatched quality
compared to the conventional method.
MIVAN formwork played a vital role in the construction of the project. The
project was completed not only on stipulated period of time but also paid off with its
attributes. Speedy & quality dwelling units were provided to the people of low income
groups at very reasonable costs. MIVAN is a definitely future of this ever growing
construction industry with lots of project still awaiting its touch of excellence.
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6.1 CONCLUSION:
The task of housing due to the rising population of the country is becoming
increasingly monumental. In terms of technical capabilities to face this challenge, the
potential is enormous; it only needs to be judiciously exploited.
Civil engineers not only build but also enhance the quality of life. Their creativity
and technical skill help to plan, design, construct and operate the facilities essential to
life. It is important for civil engineers to gain and harness the potent and versatile
construction tools.
Traditionally, construction firms all over the world have been slow to adopt the
innovation and changes. Contractors are a conservative lot. It is the need of time to
analyze the depth of the problem and find effective solutions. MIVAN serves as a cost
effective and efficient tool to solve the problems of the mega housing project all over the
world. MIVAN aims to maximize the use of modern construction techniques and
equipments on its entire project.
We have tried to cover each and every aspect related to aluminium (MIVAN) form
construction. We thus infer that MIVAN form construction is able to provide high quality
construction at unbelievable speed and at reasonable cost. This technology has great
potential for application in India to provide affordable housing to its rising population.
Thus it can be concluded that quality and speed must be given due consideration
with regards to economy. Good quality construction will never deter to projects speed nor
will it be uneconomical. In fact time consuming repairs and modification due to poor
quality work generally delay the job and cause additional financial impact on the project.
Some experts feel that housing alternatives with low maintenance requirements may be
preferred even if at the slightly may preferred even if at the higher initial cost.
List of figures
Figures
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List of Tables
Tables
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10. Telang., S., R., (2005). Providing transit shelter to project affected people.
Indian Concrete Journal, July2005, Volume 79, pp. 55-59.
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