18 TappedResonator

Technical Report #USC 04-1111
Tapped Resonator LC Matching Filters
Dr. John Choma

Professor of Electrical Engineering
Consultant, Raytheon Space and Airborne Systems Electronics Center
University of Southern California

Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical Engineering
University Park: Mail Code: 0271
Los Angeles, California 900890271
2137404692 [USC Office]
6269150944 [Home Fax]
8183841552 [Cell]
johnc@usc.edu
ABSTRACT:
This report details analyses, design strategies, and example designs, of two passive networks that enable a mathematically tractable and predictable transformation of a stipulated load resistance to a desirable input resistance. The two networks addressed herewith are the tapped capacitor resonator and the tapped inductor resonator. Both of
these considered filters accomplish the desired resistance transformation over a
designable passband of signal frequencies that is centered about a user-defined tuned
center frequency.
February 2012
Technical Report
1.0.
University of Southern California//Raytheon Space & Airborne Systems
Choma
INTRODUCTION
The broadband and radio frequency (RF) electronic circuits that are foundational to
state of the art communication systems commonly incorporate passive inductor-capacitor (LC)
subcircuits. These ideally lossless structures are filters satisfying diverse application specific
requirements. Included among these requirements is impedance modification to encourage
maximum signal power transfer from a signal source to a load termination. Such matching is
particularly critical when the amplitudes of input communication signals are so anemic as to be
in danger of being masked by electrical noise[1]-[2]. A second filter requirement is mitigation of
energy storage parasitics within transistors and other monolithic components. This neutralization
of electrical parasitics is a necessary condition for satisfactory network broadbanding. Filters are
also used to reject unwanted out of band signals and in the process, they can circumvent some of
the effects of noise and other spurious signals that routinely invade a communication channel.
As noted above, the filters utilized in the foregoing and similar other applications are
ideally lossless. A lossless subcircuit is inherently divorced of thermal noise generation, it
avoids unnecessary signal losses, and it dissipates no quiescent power. Of course, practical filters are never lossless. Even if resistors are not explicitly deployed in the branches of a filter network, capacitors are plagued by at least modest amounts of shunt conductive parasitics and
contact resistances[3]-[5]. Inductors are especially offensive in that they suffer from finite quality
factors manifested by lumped or distributed resistances associated with their coil windings.
Moreover, skin effect and eddy current losses at high signal frequencies exacerbate inductive
quality factor issues in that they coalesce to increase, as a function of signal frequency, the net
parasitic resistance appearing in series with the inductive coil[6]-[7].
An LC filter used for impedance matching purposes satisfies several engineering design
objectives. First, the filter architecture must enable a reliably designable impedance transformation ratio, say . In terms of a given load resistance, Rl, which terminates the output port of the
filter, and a desired input resistance, Rin, targeted for the filter input port, this transformation ratio
is defined as
R
in .
(1)
R
l
If > 1, the considered network is termed an up conversion filter (UCF), which is to say that the
subject filter boosts the load resistance to a desired larger input resistance. On the other hand, a
down conversion filter (DCF) has < 1, which implies that the load resistance is reduced to a
smaller driving point input resistance. A second requirement of an LC matching factor is its
ability to realize the required impedance conversion at a stipulated tuning frequency, o. At this
radial frequency, which is dictated by the nature of the communication system or other application in which the LC filter is deployed, the driving point input impedance of the filter is purely
resistive and indeed equal to the aforementioned driving point input resistance, Rin. For reasons
of noise reduction and rejection of undesirable out of band signals and frequency spurs, the desired input resistance of the designed filter is rarely maintained perfectly resistive over a broad
signal passband. In general, the filter input impedance is generally sustained to within an
acceptable factor of, or deviation from, input resistance Rin over a prescribed frequency interval,
say Bin, about tuning frequency o. This frequency interval defines, in conjunction with the tuning frequency, the quality factor, Qf, of the filter.
In summary, a lossless LC filter desirably achieves at least three operational goals.
Tapped Resonator Matching Filters
-2-
February 2012
Technical Report
Choma
First, it delivers a targeted impedance transformation ratio, , in accordance with (1). Second,
this impedance transformation ratio must be obliged at a given tuned radial frequency of o.
Third, the desired input resistance, Rin, must be sustained within a stipulated error over a bandwidth, say Bin. In concert with frequency o, bandwidth metric Bin proscribes the filter quality
factor, Qf. Aside from satisfying these engineering mandates, the filter must assuredly be practical. In the present context, practicality embraces inductances that are amenable to monolithic
realization, which is to say that generally, they can be no larger than several nanohenries, while
boasting acceptable intrinsic quality factors. The deleterious effects of these quality factors, together with the impact of parasitic cross-under and oxide capacitances, and parasitic bulk (substrate) impedances associated with all inductances must be duly factored into the finalized form
of the filter design. A similar design-motivated statement applies to the fringing, stray, and other
parasitic capacitances associated with the branch capacitances of the LC filter.
2.0.
TAPPED CAPACITOR RESONATOR
A popular impedance matching filter is the tapped capacitor resonator diagrammed in

Figure (1). In this architecture, Rl is the load resistance that terminates the output port of the filter, while resistance rq accounts for losses associated with the metallization used to synthesize
inductance L. In other words, rq is not an explicit branch element of the resonator; instead, it is a
parasitic series resistance implicit to the utilized inductance. Since capacitance Cb appears directly across the filter output port, it can conveniently absorb reasonable amounts of parasitic
shunt capacitance that may accompany the load resistance. Through proper selection of capacitances Ca, Cb, and inductance L, it is possible to achieve a given input resistance within a signal
passband that is centered about a desired tuned center frequency.
Zin(j)
Za(j)
Vi
Ca
Zb(j)
Vo
rq
Cb
Rl
Figure (1). Schematic diagram of a tapped capacitor

resonator used in an impedance matching
application. Resistance rq accounts for nonzero
quality factor in the circuit inductor.
2.1.
TAPPED CAPACITOR FILTER ANALYSIS
The analysis of the tapped capacitor filter initiates by transforming the shunt
interconnection of load resistance Rl and capacitance Cb into a series combination of a resistance
and a capacitance. The net impedance, say Zb(j), of the aforementioned shunt RlCb subcircuit
is
-3-
February 2012
Technical Report
Zin(j)
Za(j)
Zin(j)
Vi
Choma
Za(j)
Vi
Ca
Vo
Zb(jx)
rq
rq
Rbb(x)
Caa(x)
Rbb(x)
Cbb(x)
(a).
Zin(j)
(b).
Za(j)
Zin(j)
Vi
Za(j)
Vi
L
Rcc(x)
rq
Ccc(x)
(c).
Lqq(x)
Rqq(x)
Rcc(x)
Ccc(x)
(d).
Figure (2). (a). The representation of the impedance comprised of the shunt interconnection of resistance Rl and capacitance Cb in Figure (1) by a series interconnection of resistance and
capacitance, Rbb(x) and Cbb(x), respectively. (b). The replacement of the series connection
of capacitances Ca and Cbb(x) in (a) by an equivalent capacitance of value Caa(x). (c). The
representation of the series interconnection of resistance Rbb(x) and capacitance Caa(x) in
(b) as a parallel connection of equivalent resistance Rcc(x) and capacitance Ccc(x). (d).
Replacement of the series connection of inductance L and resistance rq by the shunt
connection of an equivalent inductance of value Lqq(x) and equivalent resistance Rqq(x).
Z (j)
b
1 j R C
(2)
l b
If variable x is introduced as signal frequency , normalized to the tuned center frequency, o,

and if
Q RC
(3)
b
o l b
designates the quality factor of impedance Zb(j) at = o, (2) is expressible as
-4-
February 2012
Technical Report
Z (jx)
b
1 jQ x
Choma
(4)
where, of course, x is the normalized frequency,
.
o
(5)
A rationalization of the impedance in (4) leads directly to its representation as a resistance,

Rbb(x), connected in series with a capacitance, Cbb(x), as depicted in Figure (2a). In particular,
since
Z (jx)
b
1 jQ x
R 1 jQ x
l
1 Q x
b
2
R (x)
bb
1
,
j x C (x)
(6)
o bb
where
R (x)
bb
1 Q x
(7)
and
1 Qb x
C (x)
bb
2
Q x
b
Cb .
(8)
Norm. Resistance [R bb(x)/R l] / Norm. Capacitance

[C aa(x)/C net]
5
CapacitanceResponse:Cnet /Cb =0.8
4
3
2
1
ResistanceResponse
0
0
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
2.4
2.8
3.2
3.6
Normalized Frequency, Qbx
Figure (3). The frequency responses of transformed resistance Rbb(x) and

transformed capacitance Caa(x), in the network displayed in Figure (2b).
On the assumption that quality factor Qb is large, Rbb(x) in (7) is significantly smaller than load
resistance Rl. Indeed, and as is confirmed by the resistance plot in Figure (3), Rbb(x) approaches
zero at very high frequencies (large x). On the other hand, Cbb(x) in (8) is slightly larger than
capacitance Cb, but it approaches Cb at high signal frequencies. In Figure (3), capacitance Cnet
-5-
February 2012
Technical Report
Choma
represents the net capacitance associated with the series interconnection of capacitances Ca and
Cb; that is,
C C
a b .
(9)
C
net
C C
a
Since capacitance Ca is in series with resistance Rbb(x) in Figure (2a), the equivalent
network in Figure (2b) evolves. In this equivalent circuit structure, the frequency-dependent
capacitance, Caa(x), is
C
C
a
net
(10)
C (x)
,
aa
C
a
1
Cnet Cb
C (x)
bb
2
1 Q x
b
Observe in (9) and in Figure (3) that for large Qb and/or high signal frequencies, capacitance
Caa(x) diminishes to Cnet.
The series combination of resistance Rbb(x) and capacitance Caa(x) in Figure (2b) is
equivalent to the shunt interconnection of resistance Rcc(x) and capacitance Ccc(x) delineated in
Figure (2c). To this end, the admittance, Ya(jx), corresponding to impedance Za(jx) in the network of Figure (2b) is
j xQ (x)C (x)
1
1
o a
aa
Y (jx)
,
(11)
a
1
Z (jx)
Q
(x)
j
x
R (x)
a
a
bb
j C (x)
aa
where Qa(x), the frequency-dependent quality factor of the series connection of resistance Rbb(x)
and capacitance Caa(x), is
1
Q (x)
.
(12)
a
R (x)C (x)
o bb
aa
With the help of (7) -through- (9), a rationalization of the right hand side of (11) results in
2
2
R
Qa (x)
Qa (x)
R (x) 1
R (x) 1
.
cc
x bb
x
2
1 Q x
In addition,
Q (x) 2
a

C
net
2
Q (x) 2
Qa (x)
a
x
x
C (x)
C (x)
.
cc
aa
2
Qa (x)
Cnet Cb
1

1
2
x
1 Q x
b
(13)
(14)
-6-
February 2012
Technical Report
Choma
From a design perspective, it is efficacious to combine (12), (13), and (14) to establish factually
that at the tuned center frequency,
1
Q (1)
R (1)C (1) .
(15)
a
o cc
cc
R (1)C (1)
o bb
aa
This result asserts that the time constants associated with a series RC subcircuit and its shunt RC
network equivalent are related to one another. The result at hand also establishes the tuned center frequency as
1
.
o
(16)
R (1)C (1)R (1)C (1)
bb
aa
cc
cc
Before proceeding, it is enlightening to study the network in Figure (2c) under the special condition of a very large inductor quality factor, Ql; that is, the condition of an implicit
inductor resistance that approaches zero. For this condition, inductance L is placed directly in
shunt with capacitance Ccc(x), which at the center frequency, o, equates to Ccc(1). If L is
selected to resonate with capacitance Ccc(1) at = o (or at x =1), the network collapses to a
purely resistive one port whose input resistance, Rin, reduces to
1 Q 2 (1)
2
a
R .
R
(17)
R (1) 1 Q (1) R (1)
in Q
cc
a
bb
1 Q 2 l
l
b
This relationship highlights the fact that up conversion, for which the input resistance exceeds
load resistance Rl, requires Qa(1) > Qb. Using (3), (9), and (12), the fundamental requirement
that Qa(1) exceed Qb can be shown to imply the inequality,
C
C ,
(18)
net
which, by (10), is always satisfied. In other words, and to the extent that the inductor quality factor is large, the subject resonator necessarily functions as a UCF. This operational circumstance
reflects expectations since capacitance Ca in the network of Figure (1) appears in series with, and
therefore adds impedance to, the shunt interconnection of load resistance Rl and capacitance Cb.
The final conversion step underpinning the analysis of the tapped capacitor resonator
entails modeling the series connection of inductance L and resistance rq by the parallel combination of inductance Lqq(x) and resistance Rqq(x), as is depicted in Figure (2d). In view of the fact
that the admittance of the series Lrq branch is
1 jQ x
1
1
1
1
l
(19)
,
2
r j L
R (x) j L (x)
r
1
jQ
x
q
qq
qq
r 1 Q x
q
l
q
l
resistance Rqq(x) is
2
R (x) r 1 Q x ,
(20)
qq
q
l
where Ql, the = o value of the inductor quality factor is

L
Q o .
(21)
l
r
Moreover, the effective shunt inductance, Lqq(x), is
-7-
February 2012
Technical Report
1 Ql x
L (x)
qq
2
Qx
l
Choma
L .
(22)
An inspection of the final form network in Figure (2d) affirms that if the input port
impedance, Zin(jx), of the subject filter is to be purely resistive at = o, inductance L must be
chosen so that inductance Lqq(x) resonates with capacitance Ccc(x) at = o (or at x = 1).
Accordingly, (14) and (22) project
C
C
1 net b
2
1 Q 2 (1)
Q
1 Q
1
l
a
b
Q (1) 1 Q 2
LC
L (1)C (1)
a
net
qq
cc
l
(23)
In concert with the resonance stipulation of (23), it can be demonstrated that the resultant input impedance, Zin(jx), is expressible as
1
Z (jx)
in
1
1
j
jx C (x)
o cc
R (x) R (x)
x L (x)
qq
cc
o qq
(24)
R (x) R (x)
qq
cc
L (1)C (1)
qq
cc
1 jQ (x) x
f
xL (x)C (x)
qq
cc
where
Q (x) R (x) R (x) C (x)

(25)
f
o qq
cc cc
is the frequency-dependent quality factor of the resonator network. In (24) and in Figure (2d),
the input resistance, Rin, at the tuned center frequency is seen as
2
2 1 Qa (1)
(26)
R Z (j 1) R (1) R (1) r 1 Q
R .
in
in
qq
cc
l
q
2 l
1 Qb
It follows that the impedance transformation ratio in (1) must satisfy the relationship
1 Q 2 (1)
a
1 Q2
in
r 1 Q2
q
(27)
which implies immediately that the target input resistance, Rin, must satisfy the inequality,
in
r 1Q2
q
Rqq (1) .
(28)
-8-
February 2012
Technical Report
Choma
In a word, the desired input resistance can be no larger than the transformed shunt resistance of
the inductance utilized in the resonator. Observe by (20) and (21) that resistance Rqq(1) becomes
progressively larger with larger inductor quality factors.
In a sufficiently constrained neighborhood of the tuned center frequency, (24) can be
approximated as
R
in
Z (jx)
.
(29)
in
1
1 jQ (1) x
f
x
Equation (29) evokes an obvious bandpass nature to the frequency response of the driving point
input impedance. Maintaining constant input impedance about the tuned center frequency to
within the traditional 3-dB bandwidth factor of the square root of two is a dubious designoriented analytical strategy in that the approximations exploited to arrive at (29) are likely to be
violated over the relatively wide 3-dB bandwidth interval. In contrast, using (29) to explore the
design condition that sustains input impedance constant to within 10% of Rin over a relatively
narrow frequency passband (a small percentage of the tuned center frequency) is arguably more
realistic. To this end, if x1 = 1 /o < 1 < x2 = 2 /o, the passband in question, say Bin, is Bin =
o(x2 x1), where it is understood that
Z (jx ) Z (jx )
in
in
in
1 jQ (1) x
f
x x x x
1
2
0.9R
in
(30)
Equation (30) is satisfied if
1
0.4843
Q (1) x
f
1 x
1
1
0.4843
Q (1) x
f
2
2
The individual relationships in (29) can be solved for x1 and x2, with the final result that
0.4843
0.4843
1
o
B x x
,
in
o 2
1
Q (1)
R C (1)
2R C (1)
in cc
(31)
(32)
in cc
where (25) and (26) have been used. In other words, the bandwidth about the tuned center frequency over which the input resistance is maintained constant to within an error of no more than
10% is roughly the inverse of twice the time constant forged by capacitance Ccc(1) in Figure (2d)
and input resistance Rin.
The only remaining analytical metric for the filter at hand is its transfer function. To
this end, consider Figure (4), which shows the tapped capacitor resonator of Figure (1) driven by
a voltage source, Vs, whose Thvenin equivalent resistance is matched to the driving point input
resistance, Rin, established by the filter at its tuned center frequency. An inspection of the schematic diagram in Figure (4) reveals
-9-
February 2012
Technical Report
Choma
Zin(j)
Vi
L
Rin
Ca
Vo
rq
Vs
Cb
Rl
Figure (4). The tapped capacitor resonator used of Figure (1) driven
by a voltage source whose internal resistance is identical
to the driving point input resistance, Rin, manifested by
the filter at its tuned center frequency.
C
jxQ a
bC
V
1 j R C
b
o
l b
R
V
C
1
l
i
1 jxQ 1 a
b
1 j R C
jC
C
l b
a
b
(33)
Since
V
Z (jx)
i
in
,
V
Z (jx) R
s
in
in
(34)
the network I/O transfer function, Hc(jx), follows as
C
a
jxQ
bC
V
V V
Z (jx)
b
in
.
H (jx) o o i
c
R
V
V V
Z
(jx)
s
i
s
in
a in
1 jxQb 1
C
b
In the neighborhood of the tuned center frequency, (29) allows (35) to be approximated as
jxQ C
b a
2 C
V
b
H (jx) o
,
c
Q (1)
V
C
1
s
1 jxQ 1 a 1 j f
x
C
2
x
which, at the tuned center frequency, is
- 10 -
(35)
(36)
February 2012
Technical Report
Choma
jQb Ca
2 C
V
b .
(37)
H (j1) o
c
V
C
s
1 jQ 1 a
b
C
b
If quality factor Qb is large, which is certainly not assured in pragmatic design exercises, (37)
collapses to the real number,
V
1 Ca
o
.
H (j1)

(38)
c
C C
large Q
V
2
b
s large Q
b
a
b
It is a simple matter to confirm in (36) that at zero frequency, Hc(j0) = 0. This result is reasonable in view of the fact that in Figure (1), capacitance, Ca, which behaves as an open circuit at
zero signal frequency, couples the input node of the filter to its output port. Moreover, Hc(j) is
also zero, which reflects engineering expectations in that capacitance Cb, which emulates an
electrical short circuit at very high signal frequencies, effectively grounds the output port of the
resonator.
2.2.
DESIGN STRATEGY
The best way to develop, assess, and, if necessary, judiciously modify a filter design
strategy is to undertake and comment on a realistic example. To this end, let it be desired to design the filter shown in Figure (4) so that the input resistance, Rin, is 50 at = o = 2fo =
2(2.7 GHz) when the terminating load consists of a resistance of Rl = 20 , shunted by a parasitic capacitance say, Cl, of 500 fF. Note that Rin is identical to the Thvenin resistance of the applied signal voltage. The input resistance of 50 is to be maintained constant to within an error
of no more than 10% over a signal passband, Bin, of Bin = 2(400 MHz). Assume that the inductance utilized in the filtering network has a nominal quality factor, Ql, of Ql = 6.0.
The design procedure develops as follows.
STEP #1: With o = 2(2.7 GHz), Bin = 2(400 MHz), and Rin = 50 , (32) manifests a filter
quality factor, Qf(1), at = o of Qf(1) = 3.269. Moreover, the requisite value of
capacitance Ccc(x) at = o is Ccc(1) = 3.854 pF.
It is worthwhile interjecting that too demanding of a design requirement in the sense of a
very narrow 10% resistance error bandwidth, Bin, renders a monolithic implementation of the
tapped capacitor filter either difficult or outright impossible. For example, for the given center frequency and impedance conversion requirements, it turns out that Bin = 2(210 MHz)
yields an enormous (by monolithic standards) circuit capacitance, Cb, of the order of Cb =
115 pf. For Bin 2(217 MHz), capacitance Cb assumes the depressing posture of an imaginary number.
STEP #2: With Ccc(1) = 3.854 pF and o = 2(2.7 GHz), (23) yields Lqq(1) = 901.5 pH. Then,
for an inductor quality factor, Ql, of Ql = 6.0, (22) provides a circuit inductance, L,
of L = 877.2 pH. And by (21), this inductance produces a parasitic resistance in series with inductance L of rq = 2.480 . Equation (28) serves to test if the tapped
capacitor resonator can be designed to establish a center frequency input resistance
of Rin = 50 . For rq = 2.480 and Ql = 6.0, (20) offers Rqq(1) = 91.766 . Since
this number satisfies the input resistance constraint postured by (28), the design
work can continue.
- 11 -
February 2012
Technical Report
Choma
If Rin > Rqq(1), an inductance possessed of a larger quality factor is required.
STEP #3: With Rin = 50 and Rqq(1) = 91.766 , (13) yields Rcc(1) = 109.857 .
STEP #4: For Rcc(1) = 109.857 , Ccc(1) = 3.854 pF, and o = 2(2.7 GHz), (15) offers Qa(1)
= 7.183. By (14), Qa(1) = 7.183 and Ccc(1) = 3.854 pF combine to deliver Caa(1) =
3.929 pF. Returning to (13) resistance Rbb(1) computes as Rbb(1) = 2.089 .
STEP #5: With Rbb(1) = 2.089 and a load resistance, Rl, of Rl = 20 , (7) gives Qb = 2.928.
Accordingly, (3) stipulates a circuit capacitance, Cb, of Cb = 8.631 pF.
STEP #6: In (8), Cb = 8.631 pF, while Qb = 2.928, Then Cbb(1) turns out to be Cbb(1) = 9.637
pF and resultantly, (9) delivers a circuit capacitance, Ca, of Ca = 6.633 pF.
The fact that Cb in this case exceeds the parasitic load capacitance, Cl, by a factor of more
than 17 is laudable for it implies that the parasitic load capacitance exerts minimal impact on
overall filter performance.
Zin(j)
Vi
50
6.633
877.2
Vo
Vs
8.131
2.480
20
0.500
Figure (5). Schematic diagram of the tapped capacitor filter designed in Section
(2.2). Branch element values are in ohms, picohenries, and femtofarads. The 2.480 resistance represents parasitic loss in the 877.2 pH
inductance. The 0.500 pF capacitance reflects parasitic energy storage
associated with the 20 load.
Figure (5) is the fruit of this design strategy in that it gives the schematic diagram of the
preliminary version of the designed filter. Of course, practical engineering considerations dictate
that the design awaits hopefully minor changes in designable elements to account for the deleterious effects of lossy and lossless parasitics extracted from the layout of the circuit.
2.3.
DESIGN ASSESSMENT OF TAPPED CAPACITOR RESONATOR
Several computer-aided HSPICE simulations of the tapped capacitor filter were executed for the purposes of verifying the propriety of the adopted design procedure for the matching filter.
2.3.1.
Steady State Input Impedance
Figure (6) shows the steady state HSPICE simulations for the real and imaginary parts
of the driving point input impedance of the subject filter. The targeted center frequency of 2.7
GHz is achieved in that the simulated imaginary part of the input impedance is zero at 2.7 GHz.
Below this tuned center frequency, the imaginary part of the driving point input impedance is
positive, which indicates that inductance L in the network of Figure (1) is dominant. Above 2.7
GHz, the capacitances in the filter precipitate an imaginary input impedance component that is
- 12 -
February 2012
Technical Report
Choma
negative. At 2.7 GHz, the real part is within 1% (a result of numerical round off error) of the desired 50 resistance level. The frequency interval about 2.7 GHz over which the real part input
resistance is no less than 90% of the 50 tuned center frequency design target is 412 MHz,
which is only 3% wider than the target bandwidth of 400 MHz. This minor error is arguably the
result of numerical round off and/or ignoring the frequency dependencies of quality factor Qf(x)
and other variables in (24). Clearly, the real part input impedance displays the anticipated bandpass frequency response, wherein the input impedance approaches zero at very high signal
frequencies and converges toward 2.48 (the resistance of the utilized inductor) at very low
frequencies. Zero ohms at very high frequencies mirrors expectations since capacitances Ca and
Cb in Figure (1) degenerate to branch short circuits at high frequencies. On the other hand, the
indicated 2.48 low frequency input impedance results from the fact that Ca and Cb behave as
open circuits at low frequencies, while inductance L emulates a short circuit at these frequencies.
412 MHz
60
Input Impedance ()
50
45
40
30
20
Real Part
10
2.48
0
-10
Imaginary Part
-20
-30
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.5
0.7
2.7
10
Signal Frequency (GHz)
Figure (6). HSPICE simulation of the real and imaginary parts of the driving
point input impedance for the tapped capacitor resonator in Figure (1).
2.3.2.
I/O Magnitude and Phase Responses
Figure (7) displays the simulated input/output magnitude and phase responses for a signal source resistance of 50 . Both plots exude bandpass properties, but the center frequency
shifts from the design value of 2.7 GHz -to- 2.86 GHz, which is a 5.93% increase. Said shift in
the tuned center frequency arises from the fact that for a nonzero Thvenin source resistance, the
I/O transfer function of the filter, which is given by (36), is not strictly the classic, second order
bandpass form because of the presence of the input port divider. Nonetheless, the response plots
are well behaved, in the sense of their ease of analytical predictability. Moreover, the quoted
center frequency error is not deemed a serious performance shortfall.
- 13 -
February 2012
Technical Report
Choma
I/O Gain (mV/V)
250
216.3
200
150
100
50
I/O Phase Angle (deg)
0
120
80
40
0
-40
-80
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.5
0.7
2.86
10
Figure (7). HSPICE simulation of the input/output magnitude and phase responses of the tapped-capacitor matching filter in Figure (1). The
internal resistance of the applied signal source is taken as 50 .
100
Vs /10
Voltage Response (mVolts)
60
20
-20
-60
Vo
-100
10
12
14
16
Time (nSEC)
Figure (8). HSPICE simulation of the transient pulse response for the filter in
Figure (5). The amplitude of the applied pulse is 1 volt, but the plot
displays this signal scaled by a factor of 10 to facilitate readability.
2.3.3.
I/O Transient Response
Figure (8) offers the transient pulse response of the resonator network given in Figure
(5). In Figure (5), input voltage Vs is a 1 volt pulse having rise and fall times of 5 pSEC, a pulse
width of 2 nSEC, and a period of 4 nSEC. The response delineated in Figure (8) reflects exTapped Resonator Matching Filters
- 14 -
February 2012
Technical Report
Choma
pected results for an essentially bandpass circuit. In particular, the damped oscillations shown in
the response plot have a period of roughly 356 pSEC, which in turn corresponds to a frequency
of 2.80 GHz. This frequency is very close to the target tuned center frequency of 2.7 GHz and is
certainly well within the coalesced errors attributed to numerical round off in designable parameters and the accuracy associated with numerically extracting the period implicit to the damped
oscillatory response. The settling time to both turn on and turn off of the pulse excitation is of
the order of only 0.94 nSEC.
3.0.
TAPPED INDUCTOR RESONATOR

Zin(j)
Za(j )
Vi
L1
rq1
Zl(j)
Vo
C
L2
Rl
rq2
Figure (9). Schematic diagram of a tapped inductor resonator used as

an alternative to tapped capacitor impedance matching.
Resistances rq1 and rq2 account for nonzero quality factors
associated with the inductances, L1 and L2, respectively.
An alternative to the tapped capacitor resonator is the tapped inductor matching filter
diagrammed in Figure (9). In this resonator, Rl is the load resistance driven by the output port of
the filter, while resistances rq1 and rq2 are parasitic series resistances associated with inductances
L1 and L2. Although the tapped inductor resonator functions as an impedance converter in much
the same way as does its tapped capacitor counterpart, it is less popular than the tapped capacitor
configuration. This estrangement stems from parasitic load capacitance that commonly
accompanies load resistance Rl and therefore superimposes with the cross under capacitance
implicit to the monolithic spiral layout of inductance L2. This parasitic load capacitance
exacerbates self-resonance issues implicit to L2 to the extent that it may even displace the selfresonant frequency of inductance L2 to the signal processing passband of the filter. Load
capacitance vulnerabilities notwithstanding, the proper selection of inductances L1, L2 and
- 15 -
February 2012
Technical Report
Choma
capacitance C, enables the realization of a realistic input resistance target within a signal
passband that is centered about a desired tuned center frequency.
3.1.
TAPPED INDUCTOR FILTER ANALYSIS
The analysis of the filter at hand begins by determining the real and imaginary parts of
the impedance, Zl(j), formed by the shunt interconnection of inductance L2 (inclusive of its
parasitic series resistance, rq2) and load resistance Rl. In particular,
j L
R r
l
Z (j)
l
q2
j L
R r
l
q2
R 1 j xQ ,
ll
l2
(39)
1 j xk Q
q2 l2
where, as introduced in (5), x symbolizes signal frequency normalized to the tuned center frequency, o, of the filter, while
L
(40)
Q o 2
l2
r
q2
is the quality factor of inductance L2 at = o. Meanwhile
ll
R r
l q2
(41)
is the low frequency value of the effective load impedance, Zl(j), and
r
q2
k
.
q2
R r
l
(42)
q2
The fact that parameter kq2 in (42) is smaller than one reaffirms the inductive nature of Zl(j) in
(39). The frequency dependence of this inductance, say Ll2(x), together with its effective series
resistance, Rl2(x), can be determined via a straightforward rationalization of (39), which produces
L (x)
l2
1 k
q2
1 xk
q2 l2
2
,
2
(43)
and
2
1 k q2 xQl2
R .
R (x)
l2
2 ll
1 xk q2 Ql2
Since
Z (jx)
l
R r
l
q2
R r
l
(44)
jx L
q2
o 2
jx L
o 2
R (x) jx L (x) R (x) j L (x) ,

l2
o l2
l2
l2
(45)
the filter shown in Figure (9) is electrically equivalent to the network offered in Figure (10a). In
turn, the circuit schematic in Figure (10b) derives directly from that of Figure (10a) in that the
inductances, L1 and Ll2(x) in Figure (10a) are replaced by the single inductance, La(x), such that
- 16 -
February 2012
Technical Report
Zin(j)
Za(j )
Zin(j)
Vi
Choma
Za(j )
Vi
L1
La(x)
C
Ra(x)
rq1
Zl(j)
Vo
(b).
Zin(j)
Ll2(x)
Vi
Rl2(x)
(a).
Raa(x)
Laa(x)
(c).
Figure (10). (a). The representation of the impedance comprised of the shunt interconnection of resistance Rl and inductance L2 (inclusive of parasitic resistance) in Figure (10) by a series interconnection of appropriate resistance and inductance,
Rl2(x) and Ll2(x), respectively. (b). The reduction of the series connection of
inductances L1 and Ll2(x) in (a) by the series connection of equivalent inductance, La(x), and equivalent resistance, Ra(x). (c). The reduction of the
structure in (b) into an equivalent shunt interconnection of capacitance, C,
resistance Raa(x), and inductance Laa(x).
2
L (x) L L (x) L
a
l2
1 k L
1 xk Q
q2
2
.
2
(46)
q2 l2
Additionally, resistance Ra(x) in Figure (10b) is simply
2
1 k q2 xQl2
R .
R (x) r R (x) r
a
q1
l2
q1
2 ll
1 xk q2 Ql2
(47)
Continuing the circuit manipulations, the series combination of resistance Ra(x) and
inductance La(x) can be represented, as depicted in Figure (10c) by the shunt interconnection of
resistance Raa(x) and inductance Laa(x). It is a straightforward matter to confirm that
R (x) 1 x 2Q 2 (x) R (x) ,
(48)
aa
a a
and
- 17 -
February 2012
Technical Report
Choma
1 x 2Q 2 (x)
a L (x) .
(49)
L (x)
aa
x 2Q 2 (x) a
a
In the preceding two relationships, resistance Ra(x) and inductance La(x) are given by (47) and
(46), respectively, while
L (x)
(50)
Q (x) o a .
a
R (x)
a
The reduced network in Figure (10c) postulates that the driving point input impedance,
Zin(jo) = Rin, at = o (or equivalently, at x = 1), is Raa(1), provided capacitance C is selected
to resonate with inductance Laa(1) at = o. From (47), (48), and (50), this resultant input resistance at the tuned center frequency of the tapped inductor resonator is
Z (j ) R R (1) 1 Q 2 (1) R (1) ,
(51)
in o
in
aa
a a
where
R (1) r
a
q1
1 k Q R
1 k Q
2
q2 l2
ll
,
2
(52)
q2 l2
and
1 k
L
q2
2
o L1
2
1
k
Q
L (1)
q2 l2
Q (1) o a
a
2
R (1)
1 k Q R
a
q2 l2 ll
r
q1
1 k Q
q2 l2
(53)
We should note that if inductance L1 is characterized by a quality factor, Ql1, such that
L
Q o 1,
l1
r
(54)
q1
(53) is expressible as
1 k
L L
q2
2 1
Q 1
l1
2
1 k Q
o La (1)
q2 l2
Q (1)
.
a
R (1)
2
a
1 k q2Ql2 Rl rq2
2
r
q1
1 k q2 Ql2
(55)
- 18 -
February 2012
Technical Report
Choma
The impedance transformation ratio, z, follows directly from the foregoing declarations. Specifically,
1 k Q2 k
rq1
R
q2 l2 q2
.
(56)
in 1 Q 2 (1)
z
a R
2
R
l
l
1 k Q
q2 l2
where Qa(1) is given by the preceding expression. Finally, the tuned center frequency, o, of the
filter is, using (46) and (49),
Q (1)
1
a
o
(57)
,
L (1)C
2
aa
1 k
L
q2
2
1 Q 2 (1) L
C
a 1
2
1 k Q
q2 l2
3.1.1.
Approximate Filter Performance
The cumbersome nature of the foregoing disclosures renders challenging the formulation of a meaningful and understandable design strategy for the tapped inductor resonator. It is
therefore prudent to initiate the design procedure by examining the foregoing results for the idealized condition of infinitely large quality factor in both inductors; that is rq1 = rq2 = 0. To begin,
while kq2 in (42) is zero if rq2 = 0, (40) allows writing
1 k
q2 l2
q2
1
R r
l q2
L
o 2
r
q2
L
1 o 2
R
l
1 Q2
Rl ,
2
Q
Rl
(58)
where
Q
Rl
o L2
(59)
is introduced as a pseudo quality factor associated with the shunt interconnection of inductance
L2 and load resistance Rl. Recalling (41),
2
2
r
L R r
q2 o 2 l q2
o 2
l . (60)
1 k Q 2 R 1
q2 l2 ll
2
R r r
R r
R
Q
l
l q2 q2 l q2
Rl
From (46) and (47), the case of infinitely large inductor quality factors is now seen to
result in
2
L
Rl
2 ,
L (1) L
a
1
2
1Q
Rl
(61)
and
R (1)
a
1 Q2
(62)
Rl
- 19 -
February 2012
Technical Report
Choma
It follows in (55) that
Q2 L
o L1 Rl 2
1 Q2
o La (1)
Rl
Q (1)
Q 1
a
Rl
R
R (1)
l
a
2
1Q
L
L
1
1 ,
L
Q L
2
Rl 2
(63)
Rl
where (59) is adopted. Continuing with the approximations ensuing from infinitely large quality
factors in both of the tapped resonator inductances, the expression for the tuned center frequency
in (57) collapses to
Q (1)
Q (1)
1
a
a
o
, (64)
L (1)C
2
2
1 Q (1) L (1)C
Q L
aa
a a
1 Q 2 (1) L Rl 2 C
a 1
2
1Q
Rl
while the center frequency input resistance, Rin, in (51) is approximately

1 Q 2 (1)
a
R .
Z (j ) R R (1)
in o
in
aa
1 Q2 l
Rl
Note then that the impedance conversion factor is given approximately by
in
R
l
2
a
2
1Q
Rl
1 Q (1)
Rl
2
1Q
Rl
L L
1
2 ,
(65)
(66)
Rl
which implies that the inductance ratio, L1/L2, is pivotal to establishing this conversion metric.
By returning to (63) it is a simple matter to demonstrate that quality factor Qa(1) is always larger
than quality factor QRl, which is to say that up conversion (z > 1) is guaranteed.
In Figure (10c), the input impedance, Zin(j), is
Z (j)
R (x)
aa
,
(67)
L (1)
1 jQ (x) x aa
g
xL (x)
aa
aa
aa
where, of course, x is the radial signal frequency normalized to the radial tuned center frequency
(x = /o), while
Q (x) R (x) C .
(68)
in
1
j C
R (x) j L (x)
o aa
In the immediate vicinity of the tuned center frequency,

R (1)
R
aa
in
Z (j)
,
in
1
1
1 jQ (1) x
1 jQ (1) x
g
g
x
x
where (65) is invoked and, of course,
Q (1) R (1) C R C .
g
o aa
o in
(69)
(70)
Appealing to (32), the signal passband, Bin, over which the input impedance magnitude, |Zin(j)|,
- 20 -
February 2012
Technical Report
falls from its = o value, Zin(jo) = Rin, by no more than 10% is

0.4843
1
o 0.4843
B
.
in
Q (1)
R C
2R C
g
in
Choma
(71)
in
Clearly, capacitance C, which shunts the input port of the tapped inductor filter, is the dominant
energy storage element insofar as setting the filter bandwidth is concerned.
If the parasitic series resistances associated with inductances L1 and L2 are tacitly ignored in the filter schematic of Figure (9), the voltage transfer ratio, Vo/V1, can be approximated
as
L
o
V
i
R j L
l
L L
1
,
(72)
L
R j L j L
jx
1
l
2
1
1
Q L L
Rl 1
2
where (59) and (5) have been invoked. It follows that if the resonator is driven at its input port
by a voltage source, Vs, whose Thvenin resistance is numerically equal to Rin, which is the filter
input impedance at = o, the resultant voltage transfer function, Hl(j(x), of the filter is, by (69),
L
2
V V
L L
Z in (jx)
1
2
H (jx) o i
V V
Z
(jx)
R
jx
i
s
in
1 in
Q L L
Rl 1
2
(73)
L
1
2
2 L L
1
2
.
Q
(1)
L
jx
1
1 1 j g
1
Q L L
2
x
Rl 1
2
This disclosure suggests that the nominal bandpass frequency response of the driving point input
impedance is preserved in the overall transfer relationship, at least for signal frequencies near the
tuned center frequency of the filter. At zero frequency, Hl(j0) = 0, which mirrors expectations
since at zero frequency, inductance L2 short circuits the filter output port. Very large signal
frequencies also precipitate zero transfer function, because inductance L1 acts as an open circuit
that effectively disconnects the output port from the filter input port. Moreover, the short circuit
nature of capacitance C at very high frequencies, imposes a short circuit directly across the filter
input port.
3.1.2.
First Iteration Design (Infinitely Large Q Inductors)
The foregoing approximate assessment of filter performance, which is predicated on

ideally infinitely large quality factors for both of the inductors utilized in the filter, forges a first
iteration design procedure. To this end, consider the design of the tapped inductor filter of Figure (9) so that the input resistance, Rin, is 50 at = o = 2fo = 2(1.2 GHz) when the
terminating load is a resistance of Rl = 15 . This input resistance is ultimately matched to the
Thvenin resistance of the applied signal source. No capacitance in shunt with the load resisTapped Resonator Matching Filters
- 21 -
February 2012
Technical Report
Choma
tance is explicitly addressed. Nonetheless, it is desirable to investigate the largest possible load
capacitance commensurate with an effective self-resonant frequency in inductance L2 that is at
least a factor of three larger than the tuned center frequency of the entire filter. The input resistance of 50 is to be maintained to within a deviation of nominally 10% over a signal passband,
Bin, of Bin = 2(200 MHz). As noted, the quality factors of both inductors are initially taken to be
infinitely large. This simplifying presumption must be eventually mitigated in the finalized design for the cases of a quality factor, Ql1, of inductance L1 that is 6.5, and a quality factor, Ql2, of
inductance L2 that is 7.0.
STEP #1: We commence the design by arbitrarily assigning a reasonable value (from the
perspective of a monolithic realization) to one of the two inductances deployed in
the tapped inductor resonator. To this end, set L2 = 2 nH.
It should be understood that this initial inductance stipulation is merely a reasonable guess at
a suitable inductance value. Following several computations, the value of L2 will need to be
adjusted to ensure that the realized filter satisfies all performance targets. Because several
computational iterations may be required, it is strongly recommended that the computations
delineated in the following procedural steps be programmed into MATLAB or perhaps even
into Microsoft EXCEL to ensure reasonable engineering design efficiency.
STEP #2: With Rin = 50 and a load resistance of Rl = 15 , (66) gives an impedance conversion factor of z = 3.333.
STEP #3: With Rl = 15 , o = 2(1.2 GHz), and L2 = 2 nH, (59) yields a load quality factor
of Qrl = 0.995.
It can be interjected that the load quality factor for most filters of the type considered herewith is rarely larger than two or so.
STEP #4: Given z = 3.333 and Qrl = 0.995, a return to (66) produces Qa(1) = 2.373.
STEP #5: From (63), Qa(1) = 2.373 and Qrl = 0.995 combine to produce L1 /L2 = 0.689. In
view of our initial inductance guess of L2 = 2 nH, inductance L1 follows as L1 =
1.378 nH.
STEP #6: Using (61), L1 = 1.378 nH, L2 = 2 nH, and Qrl = 0.995 yield La(1) = 2.373 nH.
STEP #7: With Rl = 15 and Qrl = 0.995, (62) provides Ra(1) = 7.540 . Then, since La(1) =
2.373 nH and o = 2(1.2 GHz), (63) confirms Qa(1) = 2.373.
This calculation agrees with the analytical fruits of STEP #4, thereby inferring an absence of
both computational and interpretive errors at this phase of the design procedure.
STEP #8: From (65), Qa(1) = 2.373, Qrl = 0.995, and Rl = 15 generate Raa(1) = 50 .
As discussed previously, the driving point input resistance at the tuned center frequency of
the tapped inductor resonator is precisely the resistance, Raa(1). The fact that Raa(1) = 50
matches the targeted input resistance of Rin = 50 reaffirms computational propriety at this
juncture.
STEP #9: Using (49), Qa(1) = 2.373, and La(1) = 2.373 nH, establish Laa(1) = 2.794 nH.
STEP #10: Recalling (57), capacitance C resonates against inductance Laa(1) = 2.794 nH at the
tuned center frequency of o = 2(1.2 GHz). Accordingly, C = 6.295 pF.
This capacitance value is suitable for monolithic integration.
STEP #11: From (54), Ql1 = 6.5, L1 = 1.378 nH, and o = 2(1.2 GHz) deliver a parasitic resistance, rq1, associated with inductance L1 of rq1 = 1.599 . Similarly in (40), for Ql2
= 7.0 and L2 = 2 nH, the parasitic series resistance, rq2, associated with inductance
L2 is found to be rq2 = 2.154 .
- 22 -
February 2012
Technical Report
Choma
STEP #12: Recalling (71), the nominal 3-dB bandwidth, Bin, of the subject filter computes, with
Rin = 50 and C = 6.295 pF, as Bin = 2(244.9 MHz).
This computed bandwidth is almost 45 MHz larger than the specified bandwidth requirement
of Bin = 2(200 MHz). This disparity derives from our initial guess for inductance L2. Computer-aided analysis suggests that Bin diminishes with reductions in L2. Further engineering
analysis confirms that setting inductance L2 to L2 = 1.47 nH, produces the acceptable
bandwidth result of Bin = 2(200.1 MHz). A repeat of the preceding eleven (11) computational steps, using the updated value for inductance L2, delivers the relevant numerical results itemized below.
z = 3.333
Qrl = 1.353
Qa(1) = 2.905
L1 /L2 = 0.742
L1 = 0.742L2 = 0.742(1.470 nH) = 1.090 nH
La(1) = 2.041 nH
Ra(1) = 5.297
Raa(1) = 50
Laa(1) = 2.283 nH
C = 7.706 pF
rq1 = 1.265 ; rq2 = 1.583
Real Part, Infinite Qs
Real Part, Finite Qs
Imaginary Part, Finite Qs
Imaginary Part, Infinite Qs
60
Input Impedance, Zin(j) ()
40
20
-20
-40
0.1
1
10
Figure (11). SPICE simulations of the real and imaginary components of driving point
input impedance, Zin(j), for the tapped inductor resonator in Figure (9).
The infinite quality factor cases correspond to rq1 = rq2 = 0, while the finite quality factor curves reflect rq1 = 1.265 and rq2 = 1.583 .
Figure (11) displays the simulated real and imaginary part input impedances for the filter
shown in Figure (9). With reference to Figure (9), the infinite inductance quality factor case
reflects rq1 = rq2 = 0, while the finite quality factor case corresponds to rq1 = 1.265 and rq2
= 1.583 . Interestingly, the tuned center frequency, fo, of the filter, which is the signal frequency at which the imaginary component of the input impedance is null, is not substantively affected by inductor quality factor. In particular, for the infinite quality factor case, fo
embraces its target design value of 1.2 GHz, while for finite inductor quality factors, fo is
1.179 GHz, which is a scant 1.76% lower than the design target. But dramatic differences
- 23 -
February 2012
Technical Report
Choma
accrue in the real part input impedances. Specifically, the infinite Q value of the real
component of the input impedance at 1.2 GHz is 49.940 , which differs slightly from the
desired 50 value, arguably because of numerical round off in the various branch elements
of the filter. On the other hand, the finite Q case delivers a real part input impedance at
1.179 GHz of 36.885 , which is 26.23% lower than the desired 50 value.
The indicated significant performance sensitivity to finite inductive quality factors motivates
adopting a modified design procedure that correctly incorporates the effects of coil losses.
As is delineated below, this new design procedure is partially iterative with respect to inductance L2 and resistance rq1 owing to the complexities of the algebraic expressions for the
branch elements in the circuit models for the tapped inductor resonator.
STEP #13: Set inductance L2 to the value, L2 = 1.47 nH, to which the iterative computation of
STEP #12 converges. For documentation clarity, this first guess value of L2 is
referenced herewith as L21. Similarly, let rq1 = 1.265 , which is the series resistance value associated with inductance L1 that derives from the computations
implicit to STEP #12. Let this first guess value of rq1 be denoted as rq11. Resistance rq2, which is implicit to inductance L2 remains initially equal to the value computed in STEP #12; namely, rq2 = 1.583 .
STEP #14: With Rl = 15 and rq2 = 1.583 , (41) delivers Rll = 1.432 . And from (42), kq2 =
0.095.
STEP #15: Given Ql2 = 7.0, kq2 = 0.095, and L2 = L21 = 1.47 nH, (43) establishes Ll2(1) = 831.3
pH.
STEP #16: For Ql2 = 7.0, kq2 = 0.095, and Rll = 1.432 , (44) offers Rl2(1) = 5.622 .
STEP #17: For rq1 = rq11 = 1.265 , and Rl2(1) = 5.622 , (47) gives Ra(1) = 6.886 .
STEP #18: Using (51), Rin = 50 and Ra(1) = 6.886 combine to yield Qa(1) = 2.502.
STEP #19: In view of the fact that o = 2(1.2 GHz), Qa(1) = 2.502, and Ra(1) = 6.886 , (50)
produces La(1) = 2.285 nH.
STEP #20: For La(1) = 2.285 nH and Ll2(1) = 831.3 pH, (46) delivers L1 = 1.454 nH.
STEP #21: Appealing to (48), Qa(1) = 2.502 and La(1) = 2.285 nH, results in Raa(1) = 50.0 .
Additionally, (49) provides Laa(1) = 2.650 nH.
The first half of this step is incorporated merely as a computational affirmation of the design
procedure to this juncture. Specifically, (65) shows that Raa(1) must be identical to the targeted input resistance, Rin, which indeed is 50 .
STEP #22: Using (57), C = 6.637 fF if o = 2(1.2 GHz) and Laa(1) = 2.650 nH.
STEP #23: From (71), Rin = 50 and C = 6.637 fF results in a 10% down bandwidth of Bin =
232.3 MHz. A return to (54) also enables an updated calculation of the resistance,
rq1, associated with inductance L1. Specifically, Ql1 = 6.5, o = 2(1.2 GHz), and L1
= 1.454 nH infer rq1 = 1.686 .
While all requisite computations are complete, the design awaits optimization. Such
optimization is mandatory because the bandwidth, Bin = 232.3 MHz, computed in this
computational step is substantially larger than the target bandwidth of Bin = 200 MHz.
Moreover, the parasitic resistance, rq1 = 1.686 , differs from its initial estimate of rq11 =
1.265 . If the foregoing calculations are programmed into MATLAB or even into something as simple to use as Microsoft EXCEL, the optimization can be effected efficiently and
expediently in accordance with the following procedure.
(a). Since the computed bandwidth is larger than the desired bandwidth, repeat STEPS #14
-to- #23 by decreasing L2 from its value of L21 -to- a suitably smaller value, say L22.
- 24 -
February 2012
Technical Report
Choma
Evaluate bandwidth Bin. If this evaluated Bin remains large, repeat the procedure by
initiating the process with an inductance decrease from L22 -to- L23. During these first
set of iterations, ignore any differences between the computed values of resistance rq1
and the initialized rq1 value of rq11.
(b). When and if the computed bandwidth falls below target, the next iteration entails a
suitably small increase in inductance L2. The process continues until computed and target bandwidths match, to at least two decimal places.
(c). At the completion of the previous iterative step, examine the computed value of resistance rq1, as per STEP #23, and compare to its initialized value, rq11. Note that this
comparison is made using the last iterative value of inductance L2. If the resistances
differ, as they likely will at this stage of the optimization process, replace rq11 by the
computed resistance value, rq1. For clarity, refer to this replacement resistance value as
rqr.
(d). Examine the resultantly computed bandwidth. Repeat STEPS (a) and (b) until a bandwidth match is achieved.
(e). Now, repeat STEPS (c) and (d), as required, and continue until both the computed
bandwidth, Bin, and computed resistance, rq1, respectfully match (to at least two decimal
places) the targeted 10% bandwidth and the replacement resistance, rqr.
The foregoing procedure was executed using Microsoft EXCEL. After a net twelve manual
iterations, the following optimized results, inclusive of the effects of inductor quality factors,
were obtained.
rq2 = 1.135
L2 = 1.054 nH
Rll = 1.055
kq2 = 0.070
Ll2(1) = 733.1 pH
Rl2(1) = 3.778
Ra(1) = 5.294
Raa(1) = 50
La(1) = 2.040 nH
L1 = 1.307 nH
Laa(1) = 2.282 nH
C = 7.709 pF
rq1 = 1.516
STEP #24: The only remaining computational requirement is an estimate of the allowable shunt
output capacitance commensurate with a self-resonant frequency in inductor L2 that
is at least three-times the desired center frequency, fo, of the filter. This parasitic
capacitance, say Cpar, is Cpar = 1/o2L2 = 1.854 pF. Thus, the load capacitance
shunting the filter output port can be no larger than approximately 1.8 pF.
Figure (12) displays the finalized designs of the tapped inductor resonator. Figure
(12a) offers the design for the idealized (and impractical) case of infinitely large inductor quality
factors, while Figure (12b) diagrams the practical filter for which the inductor quality factors are
finite.
- 25 -
February 2012
Technical Report
Zin(j)
Choma
Zin(j)
Vi
Vi
1.09
1.307
1.516
Vo
7.706
Vo
7.709
1.47
1.054
15
15
1.135
(a).
(b).
Figure (12). (a). The schematic diagram of the tapped inductor resonator designed with the
quality factors of both inductors taken to be infinitely large. (b). The optimized
design of the resonator with the quality factors of both inductors set to their
respectively stipulated values of 6.5 and 7.0. In both figures, resistances are in
units of ohms, inductances are couched as nanohenries, and capacitances are in
dimensioned as picofarads.
3.2.
DESIGN ASSESSMENT OF TAPPED INDUCTOR RESONATOR
Several computer-aided HSPICE simulations of the tapped inductor filter were performed for the purposes of verifying the propriety of the adopted design procedure and
characterizing the performance of the matching filter.
3.2.1.
Steady State Input Impedance
Figure (13) shows the steady state HSPICE simulations of the real and imaginary parts
for the driving point input impedance projected by the subject filter. For both the finite and infinitely large quality factor cases, the targeted center frequency of 1.2 GHz is achieved in that the
simulated imaginary part of the input impedance plots is zero at 1.2 GHz. Below this tuned center frequency, the imaginary part of the driving point input impedance is positive, which indicates that the inductances in the networks of Figure (12) are dominant. This observation mirrors
engineering expectations because the shunting capacitors in the two filter networks of Figure
(12) behave as open circuits at low signal frequencies. Above 1.2 GHz, these shunting capacitances precipitate an imaginary input impedance component that is negative. At 1.2 GHz, the real
part input impedance, which measures as 49.983 , is within 0.033% of the desired 50 resistance level.
- 26 -
February 2012
Technical Report
Choma
Real Part, Infinite Qs

Real Part, Finite Qs
Imaginary Part, Infinite Qs
Imaginary Part, Finite Qs
60
Input Impedance, Z in(j ) ( )
40
20
-20
-40
0.1
1
10
Figure (13). The frequency responses for the real and imaginary parts of the input impedance, Zin(j), for both the idealized and finite quality factor forms of the
tapped inductor matching filter.
The simulated magnitude response of the driving point impedance is depicted in Figure
(14). As expected, the input impedance magnitude is very nearly 50 at the 1.2 GHz tuned center frequency, where the impedance phase angle is zero. An assiduous investigation of the
impedance magnitude response indicates that the frequency band over which this magnitude of
the practical (finite Q) filter is no smaller than 90% of the 50 tuned center frequency design
target extends from 1.127 GHz -to- 1.348 GHz. This interval is a 211 MHz passband, which is
only 5.5% larger than the desired 10% bandwidth of 200 MHz. The minimal bandwidth error is
hardly surprising in light of the approximations invoked to deduce (69) from (67) and (68).
I/O Gain (mV/V)
250
200
150
100
50
I/O Phase Angle (deg)
0
50
0
-50
-100
-150
-200
0.1
10
Figure (14). HSPICE simulation of the magnitude and phase responses of the input
impedance for the finite Q, tapped-inductor matching filter in Figure (12b).
- 27 -
February 2012
Technical Report
3.2.2.
Choma
I/O Magnitude and Phase Responses
Figure (15) displays the simulated input/output magnitude and phase responses of the
tapped inductor resonator driven from a 50 signal source. Both plots exude bandpass properties, but the center frequency shifts from its design target. Said shift in the tuned center frequency arises from the fact that for a nonzero Thvenin source resistance, the I/O transfer
function of the filter is not the classic, second order bandpass form because of the input port divider. Nonetheless, the response plots are well behaved in the sense of their good analytical
predictability.
60
Input Impedance
Magnitude ()
50
40
30
20
10
Input Impedance
Phase Angle (deg)
0
80
40
0
-40
-80
-120
0.1
10
Figure (15). HSPICE simulation of the input/output magnitude and phase responses of the finite Q, tapped-inductor matching filter in Figure
(12b). The internal resistance of the applied signal source is 50 .
3.2.3.
I/O Transient Response
Figure (16) is the schematic diagram of the filter used in the transient response simulation, while Figure (17) depicts the actual transient response to an input signal, Vs, which is a 1
volt train of 5 nSEC pulses having rise and fall times of 2 pSEC and a period of 10 nSEC. The
response in Figure (17) reflects expectations for an essentially bandpass circuit. In particular, the
damped oscillations shown in the response plot have a period of approximately 789 pSEC, which
in turn corresponds to a frequency of 1.27 GHz. This frequency is within 5.6% of the target
tuned center frequency of 1.2 GHz and is certainly well within the error associated with
numerically extracting the period implicit to the damped oscillatory response. The settling time
to both turn on and turn off of the pulse excitation is less than 3 nSEC.
- 28 -
February 2012
Technical Report
Choma
Zin(j )
Vi
1.307
1.516
50
Vo
7.709
Vs
1.054
15
1.135
Figure (16). The schematic diagram of the tapped inductor resonator

when it is driven by a 50 signal source. In the transient response simulation, voltage Vs is a 1 volt train of
5 nSEC pulses having rise and fall times of 2 pSEC and
a period of 10 nSEC.
4.0.
CONCLUSIONS
A definitive circuit analysis of two narrowband matching filters that are commonly
deployed in state of the art communication systems has been executed. These filters are the
tapped capacitor resonator shown in Figure (1) and the tapped inductor resonator given in Figure
(9). The analyses incorporate the first order effects associated with finite quality factors in all
utilized inductors. Aside from developing simple circuit models that insightfully delineate the
performance attributes of the two considered filters, these analyses forge systematic engineering
design strategies that are couched in terms of desired impedance transformation ratio, the tuned
center frequency at which the impedance transformation ratio is to be achieved, and the frequency passband over which said ratio is to be sustained. Not only are the design procedures
systematic, they are easily programmable in MATLAB or even in such commonly available software as Microsoft EXCEL. In effect, MATLAB or EXCEL serves as the automated vehicle that
produces the values of the branch element parameters, inclusive of parasitic resistances and
capacitances, for the considered filter topology. Sample designs are executed in this report. The
propriety of these design realizations is verified through steady state HSPICE simulations of
driving point input impedances and I/O magnitude and phase responses, as well as HSPICE transient simulations of responses to pulsed excitations.
- 29 -
February 2012
Technical Report
Choma
150
Vs /8
Voltage Response (mVolts)
100
50
Vo
-50
-100
0
10
20
30
40
Time (nSEC)
Figure (17). HSPICE simulation of the transient response of tapped inductor topology
shown in Figure (16). The input signal is a 1 volt train of 5 nSEC pulses
having rise and fall times of 2 pSEC and a period of 10 nSEC. The
amplitude of the applied pulse is 1 volt, but the plot displays this signal
scaled by a factor of 8 to facilitate readability.
5.0.
REFERENCES
[1]. A. Bevilacqua and A. M. Niknejad, An Ultrawideband CMOS Low-Noise Amplifier for

3.110.6 GHz Wireless Receivers, IEEE J. of Solid-State Circuits, vol.39, pp. 2259-2268,
Dec. 2004.
[2]. A. Ismail and A. A. Abidi, A 310-GHz, Low-Noise Amplifier With Wideband LC-Ladder
Matching Network, IEEE J. of Solid-State Circuits, vol.39, pp. 2269-2277, Dec. 2004.
[3]. E. Barke, Line -to- Ground Capacitance Calculation for VLSI: A Comparison, IEEE Trans.
Computer-Aided Design, vol.7, pp. 295-298, Feb. 1988.
[4]. T. Sakurai and K. Tamaru, Simple Formulas for Two- and Three-Dimensional Capacitances,
IEEE Trans. Electron Devices, vol.30, pp. 183-185, Feb. 1983.
[5]. T. Sakurai and K. Tamaru, Simple Formulas for Two- and Three-Dimensional Capacitances,
IEEE Trans. Electron Devices, vol.30, pp. 183-185, Feb. 1983.
[6]. J. Choma, Electrical Characterization of the Monolithic Inductance, USC Ming Hsieh
Department of Electrical Engineering, Tech. Report #1204-001, Sept. 2010, [accessible at
www.jcatsc.com].
[7]. T. H. Lee, The Design of CMOS Radio-Frequency Integrated Circuits. Cambridge, U.K:
Cambridge University Press, 2004, pp. 136-163.
- 30 -
February 2012

18 TappedResonator

Diunggah oleh

Informasi Dokumen

Judul Asli

Hak Cipta

Format Tersedia

Bagikan dokumen Ini

Bagikan atau Tanam Dokumen

Opsi Berbagi

Apakah menurut Anda dokumen ini bermanfaat?

Apakah konten ini tidak pantas?

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

18 TappedResonator

Diunggah oleh

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

Technical Report #USC 04-1111

Tapped Resonator LC Matching Filters

Dr. John Choma

University of Southern California

University of Southern California//Raytheon Space & Airborne Systems

University of Southern California//Raytheon Space & Airborne Systems

TAPPED CAPACITOR RESONATOR

A popular impedance matching filter is the tapped capacitor resonator diagrammed in

Figure (1). Schematic diagram of a tapped capacitor

TAPPED CAPACITOR FILTER ANALYSIS

Tapped Resonator Matching Filters

University of Southern California//Raytheon Space & Airborne Systems

If variable x is introduced as signal frequency , normalized to the tuned center frequency, o,

designates the quality factor of impedance Zb(j) at = o, (2) is expressible as

Tapped Resonator Matching Filters

University of Southern California//Raytheon Space & Airborne Systems

where, of course, x is the normalized frequency,

A rationalization of the impedance in (4) leads directly to its representation as a resistance,

Norm. Resistance [R bb(x)/R l] / Norm. Capacitance

Normalized Frequency, Qbx

Figure (3). The frequency responses of transformed resistance Rbb(x) and

Tapped Resonator Matching Filters

University of Southern California//Raytheon Space & Airborne Systems

Tapped Resonator Matching Filters

University of Southern California//Raytheon Space & Airborne Systems

where Ql, the = o value of the inductor quality factor is

Moreover, the effective shunt inductance, Lqq(x), is

Tapped Resonator Matching Filters

University of Southern California//Raytheon Space & Airborne Systems

Q (x) R (x) R (x) C (x)

Tapped Resonator Matching Filters

University of Southern California//Raytheon Space & Airborne Systems

Equation (30) is satisfied if

Tapped Resonator Matching Filters

University of Southern California//Raytheon Space & Airborne Systems

the network I/O transfer function, Hc(jx), follows as

which, at the tuned center frequency, is

Tapped Resonator Matching Filters

University of Southern California//Raytheon Space & Airborne Systems

University of Southern California//Raytheon Space & Airborne Systems

If Rin > Rqq(1), an inductance possessed of a larger quality factor is required.

DESIGN ASSESSMENT OF TAPPED CAPACITOR RESONATOR

Steady State Input Impedance

University of Southern California//Raytheon Space & Airborne Systems

Signal Frequency (GHz)

I/O Magnitude and Phase Responses

Tapped Resonator Matching Filters

University of Southern California//Raytheon Space & Airborne Systems

I/O Gain (mV/V)

I/O Phase Angle (deg)

Signal Frequency (GHz)

Voltage Response (mVolts)

I/O Transient Response

University of Southern California//Raytheon Space & Airborne Systems

TAPPED INDUCTOR RESONATOR

Figure (9). Schematic diagram of a tapped inductor resonator used as

Tapped Resonator Matching Filters

University of Southern California//Raytheon Space & Airborne Systems

TAPPED INDUCTOR FILTER ANALYSIS

is the quality factor of inductance L2 at = o. Meanwhile

R (x) jx L (x) R (x) j L (x) ,

Tapped Resonator Matching Filters

University of Southern California//Raytheon Space & Airborne Systems