Interferometers and Interferometry

Interferometers and Interferometry
Plane Waves
direction cosines of a plane wave
Plane wave interference.
i 2n
(x+y+z)
E(x, y, z) = E0pe
Spherical wave interference
2 + 2 + 2 = 1
Division of Wavefront Interferometers

2-slit interference, Lloyds mirror, biprism
N-slit interference, Array theorem
= E0pei(kxx+ky y+kz z)
2

2n
2
2
2
2 2
kx + ky + kz = n k0 =
0
where k0 = |~k| = 2n/ in medium of index n.
2n/
k-space
x
k
Division of Amplitude Interferometers

Mach-Zehnder, Michelson, Sagnac
beamsplitters and multiple reflection artifacts
Shearing Interferometers. Wedged collimation tester
In 2-dimensions
E(x, z; t) = A0 peik0(x sin +z cos )ei2t + cc
Polarization Interferometry
where = sin / and = cos /.

5 1014 Hz
.63 106m (HeNe)
Temporal Coherence and Fourier Transform Spectroscopy

Kelvin Wagner, University of Colorado
Physical Optics 2011
Spherical Waves
Interference
2n/ k-space
I(x)
Intensity = |Field|
2
2EoEr
i(~k1 ~r1 t)
E 2o+E2r
E1(~r, t) = A1p1e
+ cc
i(~k2 ~r2 t)
E2(~r, t) = A2p2e
+ cc
ko
-ikr
Isophase surfaces are spherical, (r) = const, where r2 = x2 + y 2 + z 2

Nonparaxial Spherical Wave
Ao
Ao 2 2 2
A(r, t) = eikr eit + cc = eik x +y +z eit + cc
r
r
Paraxial Regime
z max(x, y) so that (x2 + y 2)/z 2 1
r
x2 + y 2
x2 + y 2
r =z 1+
z
+
z2
2z
2
using 1 + = 1 + /2 /8 + ...
Paraxial Focusing Sphereical Wave
2
~
= |A1|2 + |A2|2 + A1A2 (

p1 p2)ei[(k1hk2)~r+(12)t] + cc
i
= |A1|2 + |A2|2 + A1A(
p1 p) cos (~k1 ~k2) ~r + (1 2)t
2
Typically require and define the following

p1 p2 = 1
Co-polarized
1 2 = 0
Same Frequency
A1A2 = a1a2ei(12) = a1a2ei amplitude and phase
~ G = ~k1 ~k2 = 2 K
Grating wave vector
K
G
2 I1 I2
ImaxImin
m = Imax+Imin = I1+I2 (
p1 p2) modulation depth
i
i
h

h
p
~ g ~r + = I0 1 + m cos K
~ g ~r +
I(~r) = I1 + I2 + 2 I1I2 cos K
I(x) = |E1(~r, t) + E2(~r, t)|
ikr
Kg
kr
A(r, t) = Aoei(kzt)eik
3
x2 +y 2
2z
+ cc
4
Spherical Wave Interference
Parabolic Approximation
A(x, y, z, t) = eik
2

A2
A1
i(k|~r~r1 |t)
i(k|~r~r2|t)
e
+ p2(~r ~r1)
e

|~r ~r1|
|~r ~r2|
2
2
A
A1 A2
A
p1(R1) p2 (R2))
cos [k(R1 R2) ]
= 12 + 22 + 2 (
R1 R2
R1 R2
Ri = |~r ~ri|
k(R1 R2) = 2n
when Z max(x, y)
Youngs Double Slit

uniform cone
angle
Point
Source
y
x
d/2
R2
radius
a
R1 =
z2
Slit Width
R1
-d/2
s
E(R)
a1 i(kzt) i 2zk (x d2 )2+y2

e
e
z

2
a2
i k x+ d +y 2
A2(x, y, z, t) = ei(kzt)e 2z ( 2 )
z
d
2
2
Interference gives intensity
x2 dx+ d4 (x2+dx+ d4 )
i
a 2 a 2 a a k h d 2
2
2
1
1 2 i 2z (x 2 ) (x+ d2 ) +y2 y2
I(x, y, z) = + = 2 e
z
z
z

k
1
2
2
= 2 |a1| + |a2| + 2(a1a2 ) cos 2dx + (a1a2)

z
2z

minima
x2+y 2
A1(x, y, z, t) =
maxima
k(R1 R2) = (2n + 1)
x2+y 2 +z 2 it
1 can make Fresnel approx

d
a0 i(kzt) i k (x2+y2)
e 2z
A(x, y, z, t) = e
z
2 point sources in paraxial regime
R2
R1

I(~r, t) = p1(~r ~r1)
d
2
2
+ y2 + z 2
R2 =
z
s
x+
d
2
2
+ y2 + z 2
R22R12 = 2xd
2xd
(R2 + R1) R22 R12
=
=
R2 + R1
R2 + R1 R2 + R1
Fringes strongest near x, y = 0 especially for sources with noticable bandwidth, large
pinholes, or large sources
xd
R2 + R1 2z
R =
z

p
2 xd
P 2
I(x, y) = 2 4a I1 + I2 + 2 I1I2 cos
z
4A

R = R2 R1 = (R2 R1)
Separation of adjacent fringes x =
z
d
k=
2 2x
z

Z
x d
I0(1 + cos kx)dx = I0wo +
cos kxdx
w
o
dwo /2

2 2x
2 2x
= I0wo + I0wosinc kwo cos kd = I0wo 1 + sinc
wo cos
d
z
z

Imin
2x

= sinc 2
Visbility= IImax
z wo
max +Imin
z
High visibility for w < 24x = wmax
I(x) =
d+wo /2
varies with wavelength

Polychromatic Illumination
Array Theorem
window
Combination of mutually incoherent monochromatic components

Each component produces a fringe pattern of varying scale
x
Sum to get total intensity
comb
*
Fringe spacing between maxima s = z/d

For a center frequency 0
and bandwidth
fringes will blur out if x > s/4
# zeroes =N-1
x x0
z
x0 <
x
max
d
Fringes will blur out at an off-axis position x0
x0 =
z
d
orderp
element
2D
# subpeaks =N-2
To represent diffraction gratings and other finite width periodic structures

Consider a finite width periodic structure

x
1
G(u) = W (u)[F (u)comb (uX)]

g(x) = w(x) f (x) comb
X
X
x y
1
comb
,
g(x, y) = w(x, y) f (x, y)
XY
X Y
G(u, v) = W (u, v) [F (u, v) comb (uX, vY )]

10
Optical Stethoscope
(Gedankin Expt)
Limiting form of coherence
Two PM fibers of equal length. Output of two fibers (cleaved, polished, oriented) held
at a constant separation, D, and the radiated spherical waves are allowed to interfere.
Spatially Coherent
Spatially Incoherent
Temporally single mode CW laser laser thru moving diffuser
Coherent
monochromatic source
filtered Hg arc
passed thru pinhole
Temporally 11fs Ti:Sapphire laser
sunlight
Incoherent sunlight thru pinhole
flourescent light
Coherence Volume
Fringe visibility as a function of off-axis position allows the determination of ( )
Spatial Coherence
Vary transverse spacing between fibers
(x1,x 2)=u(x 1) u *(x )2
Temporal Coherence
Sampling position vary longitudinally
quasimonochromatic
source
P()
l=c
(x1,x 2)=I(x 1)(x 1-x )2

Determine source size/distance

11
Determine source spectra

12
Partial Coherence Temporal
Coherence Time
Typical Interference experiment:

E2 is a copy of E1 with different OPD. Correpsonds to relative delay =
Since process is stationary interference term only depends on
(t) = e
13
|(t)| =
1
0

< 0
> 0
(t)
2
0
2 (t)-(t-)
|()|
2
0
14
Source with random phase jumps at equal

intervals
Spectra of the Source

Z
Z
1
1
it
E() =
ei(t)eitdt
E(t)e dt = E0( 0)
2
2
X Z (n+1)0
X
E0
1
ein 0sinc 0
ein eitdt = ( 0)
E0( 0)
=
2
2
n
0
n
n
Power Spectra
P () = |E()|2 = |E0|202sinc 2[( 0)0]
Spectral width =
= 10
2
Coherence time 0
c
Coherence length c0 =
=
=
= Lc
5000A
1A
5500A
1250A
7
6328A
10 A = 7.5KHz
6.67 105A
= 500M Hz
6328A
Lc
N waves
2mm
5000
2m
4
40km 6.3 1010
.6m
106
15
t
Self coherence
E
D

Z T
E0ei[0t(t)]E0ei[0(t+ )(t+ )]
E(t)E (t + )
i0
( ) =
=
e
lim
=
ei[(t)(t+ )]dt
2
2
T
|E(t)|
|E0|
0
i0
Imax Imin 2 I1I2

V =
=
|12| |12|
Imax + Imin
I1 + I2
when I1 = I2
0
0
(t)
Visibility
1 < 12 < 1
Contributions over width are random, average to 0.
p
I = I1 + I2 + 2 I1I2{12( )}
Degree of Partial Coherence
(t)
2
E(t) = E0ei0tei(t)
Fringe Pattern
Mutual Coherence Function

D
E
12( ) = E1(t)E2(t + )
12( )
12( ) =
I1I2
OP D
c
Consider a source with random phase jumps each 0. Obviously unrealistic, a better
model would have random time between phase jumps.
PDF()
Light Source not perfectly monochromatic has time varying amplitude and phase.
Need to time average to get interference pattern.
Eo
E
nD
E D
E D
E D
D
~1E
~
~ 2|2 + 2 E
~ 1 |2 + |E
~1+E
~ 2 ) (E
~1+E
~ 2 ) = | E
~ E
~ = (E
I = E
2
Z T
1
= I1 + I2 + lim
2{E1(t)E2(t)} dt
T T 0
16
Source with random phase jumps at random

intervals
Coherence Length
t = 1/
= 1/t
l = ct
Fringe pattern
Z
I() = 2 i(k0)(1 + cos k0)dk0
coherence time
source bandwith
coherence length
2
0
0
For an OP D = the phase difference = k0
V =
ImaxImin
Imaxr+Imin
Fringe modulation depth, m (aka visibility) goes to 0 at

x0 =
17
Fourier Transform Spectroscopy
Translating Mirror
on precision rail
Spectrum I()
True Monochromatic Waves
I() = I0 ( 0 )
I()
Complex Coherence ( )
2 Monochromatic Components
I()
Detector
I(z)
Fringes
I( ) = 2I1 [1 + ( ) cos (arg (( )))]
Integrate interference over all wave-numbers to give FT of band shape envelope B(k)
Z
Z
1
B(k)eikz dk
I(z) =
B(k)(1 + cos kz)dk = I0 +
2
0
So by subtracting out DC term, FFT1 fringes we can get spectrum
Z
[I(z) I0]eikz dz
B(k) =
I1
ei21
I1 +I2
I2
ei22
I1 +I2
2
l
1+
i
0 2
L
4I1 I2
2 sin2 [(2
I1 +I2
1 ) ]
V()
I()
i
D 2
2 ln 2
V()
| cos[(2 1 ) ]e
2 ln 2
i2
V()
Area=I0
2
0
1
ei20 el
2
(21 )
2(2 )
D ln 2
Lorentzian line
I() = I0
V()
Doppler Broadened Line

2
i
h
q
2(0 )
2
D
2I0
ln 2
I() =
ei20 e 2 ln 2
e D ln 2
D
Area=I0
q
I()
T
where D = c0 2 2k ln 2 M
T = temperature K
0
M = mass of one atom Kg
k = Boltzman 1.38 1023 JK
Two Doppler Broadened
Lines of equal intensity and equal width
"
2
q
2(1 )
I0
ln 2
D ln 2
I()=
e
D
I()
2 #
+e
Fringe Visibility V ( ) (I1 = I2 )
|( )|
i20
I() = I1 ( 1 ) + I2 ( 2 )
L2 /2
18
Coherence Functions for typical laser sources
Mirror
L1/2
c
2
=
= l = ct
k
el
(21 )
V()
1/
19
20
Generalized Imaging Model

Diffraction and Aberration Effects
Object
Aberrations
Aberration Free System
Exit pupil illuminated by perfect spherical
wave that focusses toward the geometric image
Aberrated Imaging System
Exit Pupil with

Phase Aberration
Entrance
Pupil
y
Image
x y0
x0
Mh
Aberrations can be modeled as a complex phas shifting

plate at the exit pupil.
zo
zi
P(x, y) = P (x, y)e
W (x, y) is the effective path length error

Can be characterized
by peak-to-valley or RMS OPD
RR
RMSOPD = A1 A W (x, y)2dA
y
yt
xs
Peak to Valley OPD
CTF in the presence of aberrations
Abbe Theory
Only some components of object spectrum are captured by the entrance pupil. High
frequency components are blocked giving limit s on image resolution.
Rayleigh Theory
Diffraction effects resulting from finite exit pupil with imposed phase aberrations.
Reference
Sphere
ikW (x,y)
H(fx, fy ) = P (zifx, zify )eikW (zifx,zify )

Impulse Response
h(x, y) =
21

o
n
1
y
x
ikW (zi fx ,zi fy )
,
F
e
p
(zi)2
zi zi
Off-axis
aberrated
wavefront
22
OTF with Focussing Error: Notice phase

shift of spokes
Focussing Error
Phase distribution across exit pupil to focus to ideal image plane zi
2
i(x, y) =
(x + y 2)
zi
Misfocussed spherical wave focussing to distance za
2
(x + y 2)
A(x, y) =
za
Path length error

1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
W (x, y) = k (A i) = k
(x + y ) = 2
(x2 + y 2)
za zi
za zi
w0
is cutoff for square pupil)
Aperture of width 2w0, maximum error is (f0 = z
i

1
1
Wm
Wm = 21
w02
W (x, y) = 2 (x2 + y 2)
za zi
w0
OTF
GM (fx, fy ) =
RR
ik Wm
2
A(fx ,fy ) e
w0

z
x+ 2 i fx
2
2
2
2
z
z
z
+ y+ 2 i fy x 2 i fx y 2 i fy
RR
dx dy
A(0,0) dx dy
23
24
OTF with Focussing Error: 1.25 and 1.5

phase of TFFS as edge of nonzero MTF
Geometrical Calculation of Wave Aberrations

Consider a ref sphere of radius r centered at Po = (xo, yo, zo) that passes through x, y, z
origin in Exit pupil, and a point P = (x, y, z) on the distorted wavefront.
wavefront error
p
p
w = r PPo = x2o + yo2 + zo2 (xo x)2 + (yo y)2 + (zo z)2
s
s
x2o + yo2
(xo x)2 + (yo y)2
= zo 1 +
((zo z) 1 +
2
zo
(zo z)2

h

2 2
4
x2 + y2 x4 + 2x
x2 2xox + x2 + yo2 2yoy + y 2
y + y
= zo S1S + o 2 o o o 4 o o zo S1S + o
2zo
8zo
2zo2

1

2
4 +4x2 x2 +x4 + y4 +4y 2 y 2 +y 4 +2(x2 x2 + x
4 x
y 2 +x2o y 2 +x2yo2 +x2y 2 +yo2y 2 )
o
o
o
o
o o
8zo o
o
2
3
2
2
2
2
3
3
+ 2(4xxoyyo 2xxo 2x xo 2xxoyo 2xxoy 2yyoxo 2yyox 2yyo 2y yo)
1 h 4 4
2xxo x2 +2yyo y 2
2
2
+ 4 x
+y {z
+2x2y}2 + |4x3xo +4y 3yo +4x
{z yyo +4xxoy}
2zo
8zo |
spherical
coma
i
6x2x2o 6y 2yo2 2x2yo2 2y 2x2o 8xxoyyo +4xx3o +4yyo3 +4yy 3 +4xxoyo2 +4yyox2o
{z
}
|
distortion
=
25
The monochrmoatic wave aberrations can be expressed as a Taylor expansion that only
depends on the vector to the object point ~r = (x, y) and the vector ~ = (x, y ) in the
pupil plane at which the ray strikes. We can expand the wave aberration function as
X
W (xo, yo, x, y) =
Wklmnxk y l xmy n
Amplitude just after aperture of transmittance t0(x, y)

k 2
A
2
u(x, y ; d+) = eikdei 2d (x +y )t0(x, y )
d
Propagate through a distance z is given by a convolution
k,l,m,n
But when the system is rotationally symmetric, simultaneous rotation around the optical axis leaves the wave aberration function W unchanged, and traditionally we rotate
to bring the object to be aligned with the y axis (so that ~r = (0, h) for an off axis object
height h, and ~ = ( sin , cos ) ) making it easy to identify y z as the Meridonal
plane and x z as the sagittal plane This tells us the wave aberration can only depend
on the combination of coordinates invariant to rotation:
~r ~r = h2,
~ ~ = 2,
and
~ ~r = h cos
piston
defocus
lateral mag.
3rd ord piston
spherical
z }| {
z }| {
z }| {
z }| {
}|
{
z
2
2
4
W = W200h + W020 + W111h cos + W400h + W0404
2 2
2 2
3
3
cos2 } + |W220
+W
{z cos } + |W222h {z
{zh } + |W311h{z cos }
| 131h
coma
astigmatism
field curvature
distortion
26
Converging Spherical Wave Illuminating an

Aperture: Scaled FT at focus
Rotationally Symmetric System
t0(x,y)
eikz i k (x2+y2 )
d
e 2z
iz
u(x, y; d+) hd(x, y)
Z Z
k
eikd
2
2
u(x, y ; d+)ei 2d [(xx ) +(yy ) ]dxdy
id
Z Z
k 2
2
eikd i k (x2+y2)
2
u(x, y ; d+)ei 2d (x +y )ei d (xx +yy )dxdy

e 2d
id
n
o u=x/d
k 2
2

Fxy u(x, y ; d+)ei 2d (x +y )
v=y/d

x y
A i k (x2+y2)
T0
,
Since quadratic phase factors cancel
e 2d
id2
d d

2
A
x y 2

I(x, y; 0) =
,

T
0
d2
d d
hz (x, y) =
u(x, y; 0) =
=
=
27
28
Aberrations viewed as wavefront error and

visualized with FT that gives impulse
response
Aberrations describe the imperfections of lenses
Alos intrinsic aberrations for off-axis free-space focusing
Diffraction Limited
Peak: jinc(0)2 = .616
Can be affected by lens choice, orientation, and alignment
Can look at focus or instead viualize with interferometric wavefront
Difference between actual and ideal wavefront yields interferogram
Many types of interferometers can be used for such optical testing
Use ideal component as reference to test unknown component

or can use CGH reference to test singular optical component
Can test individual lenses or entire optical system
Simplest test is to use lens as a collimator

compare collimated beam with planar wavefront
We will explore a library of the primary Seidel aberrations
29
Spherical Aberration: .25 wave

Strehl Ratio .78
30
Spherical Aberration: .5 wave

Strehl Ratio .4
31
32
Spherical Aberration: 1 wave

Strehl Ratio .09

Strehl Ratio .05
33

Strehl Ratio .026
34
MisFocus: .25 wave

Strehl Ratio .95
35
36
MisFocus: .5 wave
Strehl Ratio .39
MisFocus: 1 wave
Strehl Ratio .05
37
38
1 wave MisFocus partially compensates 1

wave
Spherical -2 waves 5th order spherical : SR
.31
-1 wave MisFocus partially compensates

1 wave Spherical : Strehl Ratio .94
39
40
Spherical Aberration OTF plots from

literature
Field Curvature
Optics, Born and Wolf

Introduction to the Optical Transfer Function, C.S. Williams and O.A. Becklund, SPIE 1989
to
to
ti
ti
Curved Focal Surface
Petzval
to
to
ti
ti
t2 2
1
thin lens.
Field
even(h
for
Radiuscurvature
of curvature
t1 ) 2 2f Sag:
h
=
f
2
j
For j surfaces with flat object 0 = , Image curvature
sum
X
(nk+1
nk )ck+1
1 given by Petzval
= nj+1
j+1
nk+1 nk
k=0
41
Curvature of Field: 1/4 wave

Diffraction limited on-axis, misfocused off-axis
42
Curvature of Field: 1/2 wave

Diffraction limited on-axis, misfocused off-axis
43
44
Curvature
of Field: 1 wave
2 wave along diagonal
Coma: .25 wave
45
Coma: .5 wave
46
Coma: 1 wave
47
48
Coma: 2 wave
Coma: 4 wave
49
Coma OTF plots from literature
50
Astigmatism from Cylindrical lens or laser

diode: .5 wave
Optics, Born and Wolf

Introduction to the Optical Transfer Function, C.S. Williams and O.A. Becklund, SPIE 1989
51
52
1/2 Wave Cylindrical Astigmatism

compensated by 1/2 wave misfocus
1/2 Wave Cylindrical Astigmatism

compensated by -1/2 wave misfocus
53
What is Astigmatism?
54
Geometry of Astigmatism
Circle of least Sagital

Focus
Confusion
Tangential
Focus
Tangential Fan
Paraxial
Focal
Plane
object
Sagital Fan
T
S
Petzval
Off-axis rays launched in tangential fan (in plane off off-axis point) or sagital fan (perpendicular plane) come to focus in different curved
focal surfaces.
Tangential focus where tangential features have highest resolution.
Sagital focus where radial features have highest resolution.
All focal surfaces converge on axis to the paraxial focus.
55
56
Curved Focal planes, Astigmatism and

Petzval surface: Placement of flat CCD
Astigmatism and Moving the Focal Plane
Focal length and field curvature can vary with wavelength
Astigmatism: Varying Focal Planes
Tangential and Sagital focal surfaces (T P ) = 3(S P ) (T S) = 2(S P )

Uncompensated
At Paraxial focus, any orientation is in focus, but as we move off-axis lines misfocus
No Astigmatism
Sagital and Tangential features go out of focus at different rates, first T then S
No Field Curvature
Misfocused (d = 1.5mm) brings sagital (radial) features into focus at field edge
Negative Petzval for flat average

T +S
on axis not too blurry, but tangential features still blurry at field edge
Misfocused by 3 (d = 4.5mm) brings tangential features into focus at field edge
With balanced 4th order Field Curvature
on axis totally out of focus and sagtital (eg radial) features blurry
57
3rd order Astigmatism : .25 wave
58
3rd order Astigmatism : .5 wave
59
60
1/2 wave 3rd order Astigmatism with 1/4

wave misfocus
3rd order Astigmatism : 1 wave
61

wave misfocus
62
1/2 wave 3rd order Astigmatism with 1 wave

misfocus
63
64

wave curvature of field

wave curvature of field
65
Interferometric visualization of aberrations
66
Interferometric visualization of aberrations
67
68
Varieties of Interferometers
Fizeau Interferometer
Twyman-Green
Michelson
Mirror
Mirror
Compensating
Plate
BS
Source
Mirror
Mirror
object
under
test
Sagnac -- rotational sensing
Mach-Zehnder
null port
BS
BS
BS
object
under
test
69
Beamsplitters
tr
70
Multiple Reflection Artifacts in Beamsplitters

Cube Beamsplitter
rt
Plate Beamsplitter
tt
H
L
H
L
H
L
H
rr
4
2
4
4
r
Conservation of Energy
33
53
Reciprocity
|r|2 + |t|2 = 1
Rotated Beamsplitter
(constant deviation
reflection artifacts)
|r|2 + |t|2 = 1
Wedge Beamsplitter
2 2
tt + rr = 1
0
tr + rt = 0
Z.Y. Ou and L. Mandel, Am J. Phys 57(1), Jan 1989
3
1
r t = /2
1
71
72
Multiple Reflection Artifacts in Beamsplitters
Stokes Principle of Reciprocity

1
MachZehnder Interferometer
Michelson Interferometer
r12
n1
n2
r12* r12
t*12t21
r12*
Time reversing all the inputs and combining

should recombine light to send it back where
it came from.
t12
* r
t12
21
*
t12
r12* t12

t12t21 + r12
r12 = 1

t12r21 + r12
t12 = 0
r12 = r21
conservation of Energy
2
r12
+ t212
From Fresnel relations

cos i
ts12 = n1 cos2n1i+n
2 cos t
p
cos i
t12 == n2 cos2n1i+n
1 cos t
n2 cos 2
=1=R+T
n1 cos 1
cos t
ts21 = n2 cos2n2t+n
1 cos i
p
cos t
t21 == n1 cos2n2t+n
2 cos i
t12
t21
=
n1 cos 1 n2 cos 2
73
Shearing Interferometry
= (x x0, y) (x, y)
74
Focusing or Defocusing wave has quadratic phase factor

(x, y) = k OP D =
2 2
(x + y 2)
z
shearing gives
2
2xx0
z
Corresponds to tilted plane wave. Gives linear phase interferogram with spatial frequency proportional to curvature.

2
2xx0
I(x, y) = 1 + cos
z
(x, y) =
Birefringent device
Wollaston or walkoff
Parallel Plate or wedge
Mach-Zehnder
Grating
Linear Shear of Wavefront
n2 cos 2
=T
n1 cos 1
Defocus measurement using shear plate
Self referencing
Can be used with collimated or diverging light
Laser or white light
Linear Shear or rotational shear
Used to Measure
Shear introduced by:
Wavefront aberrations
Lens performance and OTF
Fluid and plasma diagnostics
AO atmospheric compensation
t12t21 = t212
Gaussian beam: R1(z) =
d
x0
dx
2z
z 2 +z02
z0 =
w02
Interferogram
I(x, y) = 2(1 + cos )
The New Physical Optics Notebook: Tutorials in Fourier Optics by G.O. Reynolds, J.B. Develis, G.B. Parrent, B. Thompson, SPIE 1989
75
76
Wedged Shear Plate Collimation Tester
Wedged Shear Plate Aberration Testing
Wedged Shear-Plate Collimation Tester

Collimated
Tilted Wedge
Uncollimated
Wedge perpendicular
to tilt direction
Perpendicular to
fiducial line
Engineering Synthesis Design, Inc. 2003
77
Real-time Atmospheric sensing and

compensation
78
Shack-Hartman Wavefront sensing

Shack-Hartman Wavefront Sensor
Lenslet
array
CCD
Crossed dual
frequency
shearing grating
Lenslets focus segment of wavefront
Wavefront tilts estimated by spot shifts

Tradeoff between number of lenslets and
maximum tilt which can be measured
Ideal Planar
Wavefront for
Callibration
The New Physical Optics Notebook: Tutorials in Fourier Optics by G.O. Reynolds, J.B. Develis, G.B. Parrent, B. Thompson, SPIE 1989
79
Aberrated
Wavefront
Focal Local
PlaneGradients
Works best once well collimated
Can accurately measure aberrations
80
Shack-Hartman Wavefront sensing data in 2D
Zernike polynomials to represent wavefronts
Orthogonal Polynomials in Circle. Polynomials in u, v written in ,
RMS wavefront error is square root of weighted sum of zernike coefficients squared
81
82
Polarization splitting Mach-Zehnder

Interferometer
Fitting data to Zernike polynomials
Polarization Splitting Mach-Zehnder Interferometer
BS
PBS
Aquire SH image
Determine centroids
Find Gradients
Integrate gradients to get sampled representation of wavefront
MSE fit to sum of Zernike polynomials to get coefficients

83
Can orthogonal polarizations interfere? How can they be made to interfere?

Note that photons DO traverse both paths
but they do it in a way that is labeled with which path encoding.
A quantum eraser that destroys the which path encoding is needed for interference
84
Vectorial Interference
s-polarized
Vectorial Interference
p-polarized
k
p
k
s
=
= sin
= cos
p
1
1 = 0
p
1 k
p
2
2 = 0
p
2 k
modulation depth
2 I1I2
2 I1 I2
2
2
2
2
p
1 p
2 = m0( ) = m0(cos sin ) =
cos 2
m=
I1 + I2
I1 + I2
I1I2
modulation depth m = 2I +I
1 2
85
86
3-D Polarization State

Interference of Orthogonal Circular
Polarization
3D Polarization State
Interference of p-polarization
/2
2 = 60o
kz
k0
2

ik0 (x+z) it
ik0 (x+z) it
)e
e
+
E
(
x
+
z
)e
e
I(x, y) = E1(
x
z

2
| {z }
| {z }

2

I(x, y) = y
E1ei(kxx+kz zt) + y
E2ei(kxx+kz zt)
kx
k0
/4
2 = 5o
/2
= 0:514m at 514nm
/4
/4
/4
/2
/2
X
Y
X
Y
= 5:9m at 514nm
X
Y
60o
Z
Interference between in-plane p-polarization produces only in-plane components, but

for large angles the interference will contain z-components, with phase that varies
perriodically across the interference fringe. For small angles these z-components can
be neglected.
87
One period of the spatially varying polarization state of total recording field shown
in three-dimensional perspective with projections onto the XY and Y Z planes for
orthogonal circular recording beams with beam ratio mo = 4, where (a) is a large angle
case with 2 = 60o and (b) is a small angle case with 2 = 5o.
88
Orthogonal Linear Polarization Interference
m o= 4
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
ho
riz
on
tal
on
tal
vertical
Right
Circular
Left
Circular
Ir
Is
(a)
Spatially varying polarization state of the total amplitude field formed by two orthogonal linearly polarized beams incident o n the input face of the DPOM. (a). Beam ratio
mo = 1. (b). Corresponding Poincares sphere representati on to (a). (c). Beam ratio
mo = 4. (d). Corresponding Poincares sphere representati on to (c).
vertical
gn
(si
tal
on
riz
left circular
I sy
I rx
I sy
ho
Horizontal
left circular
I rx
right circular (reference)
right circular (reference)
al)
vertical (reference)
ho
riz
on
tal
(si
gn
al)
vertical (reference)
Vertical
Horizontal
m o= 4
m o= 1
right circular
right circular
ho
riz
m o= 1
Vertical
Orthogonal Circular Polarization Interference
89
left circular (signal)
(b)
Right
Circular
Left
Circular
Ir
Is
(c)
left circular (signal)
(d)
Spatially varying polarization state of the total amplitude field formed by two orthogonal circular polarized beams. (a). Beam ratio mo = 1. (b). Corresponding Poincares
sphere representati on to (a). (c). Beam ratio mo = 4. (d). Corresponding Poincares
sphere representation to (c).
90

Interferometers and Interferometry

Diunggah oleh

Informasi Dokumen

Hak Cipta

Format Tersedia

Bagikan dokumen Ini

Bagikan atau Tanam Dokumen

Opsi Berbagi

Apakah menurut Anda dokumen ini bermanfaat?

Apakah konten ini tidak pantas?

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

Interferometers and Interferometry

Diunggah oleh

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

Interferometers and Interferometry

Plane wave interference.

Spherical wave interference

Division of Wavefront Interferometers

where k0 = |~k| = 2n/ in medium of index n.

Division of Amplitude Interferometers

where = sin / and = cos /.

Temporal Coherence and Fourier Transform Spectroscopy

Physical Optics 2011

Kelvin Wagner, University of Colorado

Physical Optics 2011

Isophase surfaces are spherical, (r) = const, where r2 = x2 + y 2 + z 2

= |A1|2 + |A2|2 + A1A2 (

Typically require and define the following

I(x) = |E1(~r, t) + E2(~r, t)|

Physical Optics 2011

Kelvin Wagner, University of Colorado

Physical Optics 2011

Spherical Wave Interference

Physical Optics 2011

Kelvin Wagner, University of Colorado

Youngs Double Slit

Physical Optics 2011

a1 i(kzt) i 2zk (x d2 )2+y2

= 2 |a1| + |a2| + 2(a1a2 ) cos  2dx + (a1a2)

Kelvin Wagner, University of Colorado

k(R1 R2) = (2n + 1)

1 can make Fresnel approx

Separation of adjacent fringes x =

Kelvin Wagner, University of Colorado

varies with wavelength

Kelvin Wagner, University of Colorado

Physical Optics 2011

Combination of mutually incoherent monochromatic components

Fringe spacing between maxima s = z/d

Kelvin Wagner, University of Colorado

Physical Optics 2011

To represent diffraction gratings and other finite width periodic structures

G(u) = W (u)[F (u)comb (uX)]

Kelvin Wagner, University of Colorado

Physical Optics 2011

Limiting form of coherence

(x1,x 2)=u(x 1) u *(x )2

(x1,x 2)=I(x 1)(x 1-x )2

Determine source size/distance

Kelvin Wagner, University of Colorado

Determine source spectra

Partial Coherence Temporal

Typical Interference experiment:

Kelvin Wagner, University of Colorado

Physical Optics 2011

Source with random phase jumps at equal

Spectra of the Source

P () = |E()|2 = |E0|202sinc 2[( 0)0]

Physical Optics 2011

Imax Imin 2 I1I2

Contributions over width are random, average to 0.

Degree of Partial Coherence

Mutual Coherence Function

Kelvin Wagner, University of Colorado

Physical Optics 2011

Source with random phase jumps at random

For an OP D = the phase difference = k0

Fringe modulation depth, m (aka visibility) goes to 0 at

= 2 |a1| + |a2| + 2(a1a2 ) cos 2dx + (a1a2)