RECOMMENDATION
Safety glasses with side shields shall be worn at all times during the experiment.
Prior to operation of the system, familiarize yourself with the equipment. Trace all
process lines, test all valves, and ensure that all valves are closed.
Open and close the switch of the instrument safely.
Keep the laboratory working space clean and uncluttered
There is no waste associated with this experiment.
Each experiment we must do the start-up and shut-down experiment first in
order to make sure there are no gas are left in the chamber.
We must ovoid the parallax error during taking the reading of pressure and
temperature.
Repeat the experiment three time to get the average and more accurate result.
Open and close the valve carefully according to the procedure given.
The experiment should be conducted at the stable and unshaken place.
All the data must be recorded into a table.
Tighten the hose before pumping
THEORY
Boyles law experiment and determination of volume ratio
Boyle's Law states that the product of the pressure and volume for a gas is a constant
for a fixed amount of gas at a fixed temperature. Written in mathematical terms, this law
is
P x V = constant
A common use for this law is to predict on how a change in pressure will alter the
volume of gas or vice versa. Therefore, for initial values of P1 and V1, which change to
final values of P2and V2, the following equation applies
The graph shows how the pressure and volume vary according to Boyles Law at two
difference temperatures. Then it can be conclude that, the pressure and volume gas is
indirectly related which is if the pressure of the chamber is increase then the volume of
the gas inside the chamber also decrease. Besides, it also involves the kinetic energy. If
we decrease the volume of a gas, thus means that the same number of gas particles
are now going to come in contact with each other and with the sides of the container
much more often. The pressure is also measure the frequency of collision of gas
particle with each other and with the side of the container they are in. Thus if the volume
decrease, the pressure will naturally increase. The opposite is true if the volume of the
gas is increased, the gas particles collide less frequently and the pressure will
decrease.
At lower temperatures the volume and pressure values are lower. Any volume or
pressure units can be used as long as both P's and both V's have the same units. The
particle theory and simple arithmetical values are used to explain Boyles Law.
When the volume of gas is compress into half, the collision of the gas will
increase and thus the pressure will increase double compare to the origin value.
But if the volume of the gas is doubled or increase in the factor of two, the
collision drop and decrease thus the pressure will decrease into half compare to
the origin.
At constant volume the heat capacity relates the change in temperature to the
change in internal energy
dU = CvdT
Substituting in to equation x,
CvdT = -pdV
Therefore,
CV ( In Pi / Ps + In Vi / Vs ) = -R In Vi / Vs
Rearranging and substituting in from equation x,
In Pi / Ps = (-CP / CV ) In Vi / Vs
During the return of the temperature to the starting value,
Vi / Vs = Ps / Pf
Thus,
In ( Ps / Pf ) = ( CP / CV ) In ( Ps / Pf )
Rearranging gives the relationship in its required form:
CP / CV = ( In Ps - In Pi ) / (In Ps - In Pf )
APPARATUS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Pressure Transmitter
Pressure Relief Valve
Temperature Sensor
Big glass
Small glass
Vacuum pump
7. Electrode
INTRODUCTION
The Perfect Gas Expansion Apparatus comes with one pressure vessel and one
vacuum vessel .Both vessels are made from glass. The vessels are interconnected with
two sets of piping and valve set allows fast charge and a small diameter pipe and
needle valve set provides gradual charge. Vacuum pressure air pump is provided to
pressurize or evacuate air inside the vessels with the valves configured appropriately.
The pressure and temperature sensors and clearly displayed by digital indicator on the
control panel. With an optional automatic data acquisition system, the modern version of
classic Clement and Desormes experiment can be conducted as pressure and
temperature changes can be monitored continuously with the PC. Experiment of
measurement properties or PVT deals with ideal gas. An ideal gas is a gas that obeys
the relationship PV=RT. In this definition P and T are the absolute pressure and
absolute temperature respectively and R is the particular gas constant. The particular
gas constant depends on the molecular weight of the gas. The perfect gas expansion
which allow students familiarize with several fundamental thermodynamic processes
can be manipulate by monitored the digital indicator on the control panel. Therefore, this
apparatus should not harm students. However, students should take care about their
safety during the experiment. The most important thing that student should do is open
the valve slowly when releasing the gas inside the vessel to atmosphere because there
are high pressure gas inside the vessel that being released by the valve that can be
harm to students. Gas particles in a box collide with its walls and transfer momentum to
them during each collision. The gas pressure is equal to the momentum delivered to a
unit area of a wall, during a unit time. Ideal gas particles do not collide with each other
but only with the walls .A single particle moves arbitrarily along some direction until it
strikes a wall. It then bounces back, changes direction and speed and moves towards
another wall. The gas expansion equations are derived directly from the law of
conservation of linear momentum and the law of conservation of energy.
CONCLUSION
Based on the experiment that we conduct , we can concluded that the experiment was
to determining the properties measurement/PVT according to Boyles Law, Gay-Lussac
Law, heat capacity equation and isentropic expansion process. Sometimes when we
conducted this experiment we make some parallax error but we still manage to get the
result of what we want such as in experiment one which me manage to prove the
Boyles law that is when pressure decrease the volume will increase and vice versa. On
top of that, we also manage to prove the Gay-Lussac law that is pressure is proportional
to temperature. In conclusion, this experiment is successfully done and the objective of
the experiment is achieved.
REFERENCES
<http://cnx.org/content/m12598/1.2/>.
Laugier, Alexander; Garai, Jozef. "Derivation of the Ideal Gas Law." Journal of
Chemical Education. 2007, Vol. 84, Iss. 11, pgs. 1832 -1833.
Draper, John William (1861). A Textbook on chemistry. p. 46.
Jump up ^ Levine, Ira. N (1978). "Physical Chemistry" University of Brooklyn:
McGraw-Hill.
AIMS
depressurization.
To study the response of the pressurized vessel following a brief
depressurization.
RESULTS
EXPERIMENT 1: Boyles Law Experiment & Determination of Ratio Volume
TABLE1: From pressurized chamber to atmospheric chamber
PT 1 (Kpa abs.)
PT 2 (Kpa abs.)
Before expansion
152.0
134.9
After expansion
145.9
145.2
Before expansion
108.0
58.8
After expansion
91.2
90.8
Before expansion
153.5
58.8
After expansion
121.4
121.6
110
120
130
140
150
160
TRIAL 1
TEMPERATURE (C)
TRIAL 2
TEMPERATURE (C)
TRIAL 3
TEMPERATURE (C)
Pressure
rise
vessel
22.6
22.9
23.5
24.5
25.4
26.3
Pressure
rise
vessel
22.1
22.3
22.8
23.9
24.8
25.9
Pressure
rise
vessel
22.2
22.4
23.0
23.8
24.8
25.6
Depressur
e rise
vessel
22.3
22.8
23.6
24.8
26.6
27.9
Depressur
e rise
vessel
22.6
23.3
24.5
25.7
26.8
27.3
Depressur
e rise
vessel
23.1
24.1
25.3
26.6
26.9
27.0
INITIAL
160.0
26.7
INTERMIDIATE
138.2
26.2
FINAL
141.6
24.4
Before expansion
163.0
25.2
After expansion
103.5
21.7
PROCEDURES
4.4
4. The pressure reading is monitored until it is stabilized. The pressure and temperature
reading, PT1 and TT1 are recorded.
5. The V01 is slightly opened and closed back after 3 seconds. The pressure and
temperature reading is monitored and recorded
6. Ratio of heat capacity is determined and it is compared with theoretical value.