we . ADAMIEE) = = 2 2 ee ee | IX, K, XI, XH, B.Sc. B.Com ADAMJEE PUBLICATION www.iqbalkalmati.bloaspot.com :U7Prepared By: PROF. K.M RASHEED Scientific Reasons & Short Answer Questions By: PROF. QAZI NAEEM ALAM (Faiza Degree College) Revised By: MR. HIFZ UR REHMAN KHAN Session: 2012-2013 www.igbalkalmati.blogspot.com : 1a ay—————— mh aS = CONTENTS z pavsics set = Tg Pao.” Chapters Description ‘age numbep eee. | P20 1 The Scope of Physics 25-27 pe ore Oe aii eet 2 Scalars & Vectors | 28-33 3 Motion 39- 54 al Seem | 4 Motion & Two Dimension) 55-61 > Torque Angular c) ? Momentum & Egulibrium, © 690 aes (al 6 Gravitation 70-81 _ @) 7 Work, Power & Energy 82-93 : @ : 8 Wave Motion & Sound 94-120. m tt v7 Nature of Light 1214 134 4 @ 134 De | 10 Geometrical Optics 135-147 ty om | Scientific Reasons /Short a ta et: Questions 148-182 ate au —— _ (c)PHYSICS NOTES ae CLASS : Xi Multiple Choice Questions Chapter _1 THE SCOPE OF PHYSICS Physics can be defined as the study of: (a) Chemical Properties of matter (b) Physical properties of matter (c)_ Relation between matter and energy (d) Both (b) and (c) 2 Physics can be defined as a branch of science based on a: (a) Aberration. and analysis of facts (b) Experimental observation and quantitative measurement {c) Mathematical calculation and interpretation. (4) __ Replication and verification of known facts. 3. ‘The branch of physics deals with the study if production propagation and properties: (a) Magnetics (b) Optics () Statics {de® Aconstics: 4. High energy physics deal with the: {a) Study of electron behaviour (b) _ Study of electronic charges (c) Study of mechanics of energetic bodies. (d)__ Study of properties and behaviour of elementary particles, 5. The ancient Greeks originated the idea that: (a) Matter and energy are the same thing (b) Perpetual motion is not possible. (©) Matter is discontinues (d) _ Matter does not exist in different forms. 6. Archimedes the Greek physicist has made significant contributions in the field of, (a) High energy physics and electronics (b) Nuclear and atomic Physics {c) Mechanics hydrauties and hydrostatics (4) _ Special theory of relativity 7. _ Al-Beruni is famous for finding out the (a) Distance of moon from earth (b) Mass of the earth (c) Diameter of earth’s orbit (a) Circumference of the earth 8. The book “Kitab-ul-Qanoon-ul-Masoodi” was written by (a) Iben-e-Sina (b) AL-Razi (9) Abu-Rehan Al-Beruni piensa 9. Dr, Asalam was awarded noble Prize for has work on. (a) Electronics (b) Radiations (c) Optics (@) Grand unification theory 10. The first book on analytical “Hisab-ul-jabrwai-Moqab” was written by (a) Al-Khawarzmi (bo) Al-Beruni (ce) AL-Razi (d) Tbn-e-sina 11, “Kitab-ul-Manazir” the famous book on optical is written by (a) Ibn-e-Sina (b) Al-Khawrzmi (c) Jabir-bin-Hayan (4) Ibn-ul-Hailham SSS) ONY; www.iqbalkalmati.blogspot.com ns ah i VALS payPHYSICS NOTES. 2 7 Ge tenth mass time electric tem of units: e, ight and quantity gem re 12. In international sy' temperature, intensity Of light called a (a) Derived i fc) jamental . 13. Written of the flowing. physical qua” compared to that of otner® oy {a) Weight f os (c) _ Buoyant Force - 14, Which one of the following js not the o (a) _ Horse (bo) _ Calorie () 15, The S.1 unit of current !8: Fy (a) one volt (b) (c). One ampere 16. fhe famous mfighematical and the founder (a). Al kindi ip (c)._ Al beruni (a. 17. Light year is. a unit fa), Distance. (0) Light () 18. Some of the basic S: | units are fa) Second Ampere mole () {o._ Candela Mole volt (@. tone 10” Second are equivalent to: © (a). Deci Second (b)- (c), _ Milli second (a). 20. The S, Tunit of temperate is (a). Fahrenheit (>) Kelvin (> 21. One Angstron equal (a) 10%cm jom 22, In Physics the term “dimension” repre’ of a quantity 23. 24 26. 27. (a) mechanical nature (b) (o) Physical nature (d) electric nal Dimension of pressure is- (a) ML? T? (b) Which one of the () wT Which one of the follow fa) 0.0084 has (a) 2 (b) ‘The dimension of angular momentunt ‘similar to that of. (a) energy (8) chemical nature of qu: (b) M2 LT? (b) ML? T? 4 heat jantity of quantity ture of quantity ML? T? following represen! Mi ity wil (c) () ng represent dime! (0) significant figure. () (o) only (0) and () i be different Units as 1 of algebra was. AL Khwarizmi Naserudin tusi Centigrade (d). sent the c Kelvin Ampere watt ¢ the dimension of power: nsion for the unit of torqu; rc. Plank’s constant aaEE_ LASS x PHYSICS NOTES Which (ay Electromotive Force a ee Which (a) @) 2 Bru Sit teen (a) 1 () 4. Which fa) 4 fe) 4 Cla Prose 5. BS fo Meter Si ve jeter Second watt 6. Vector (a) (o), 7. Scala F (c) oad 8. Auni 108 min a 9, Avec (a) 10. Wher (a) (e) MLT1 11. Avec any ML27 (a) m4 (c) LT? 12. Ave (a) 1 () 13. The @) myen a fa) (o) 14, Neg (a) {e)PHYSICS NOTES 23. CLASS : XL 10. 1. 12. 13. 14, www.iqbalkalmati.blogspot.com ns ah i Leh ay Chapter 2 SCALARS AND VECTORS a Which of the following is a vector quantity’ (a) Mass (b) Speed. {c), Temperature {d). Acceleration Which one of the following is scalar? (a) Acceleration(b) Velocity (c) Force (a Work In contrast to a scalar a vector must have a. {a) Direction (b) Weight (c) Quantity (4) None of the above Which is the following group of quantities represent the vector (a) Acceleration, Force, Mass. (b)__ Mass Displacement, velocity {ce} Acceleration, Electric flux force (d) Velocity, Electric field momentum ‘The following physical are called vectors” (a) Time and mass (b) ‘Temperature and density (c) Force and Displacement (d) Length and volume Vectors are physical quantities which are completely specified by: (a) | Magnitude-only (b) Direction only (c] Magnitude and direction only (d) A&B Scalar quantities have: (a) Only magnitudes (b) Only directions (©) Both magnitude and direction (d) _ None of these A unit of a vector A is given by: - . (a) ia TEP a ES ey (a) A vector in space has components. (a) one (b) Two () Three (4) Four When a vector is multiplied by a negative number its direction. (a) is reversed (b) remains unchanged () make and angle of 60° (@) may be changed or not A vector which can be changed by display parallel to itself and applied at any point is known as: (a) Parallel vector (b) Null vector (c) Free vector (@)__ position A vector in any given direction whose magnitude is unity is called: (a) Normal vector (b) parallel vector (c)_ Free vector (@) unit vector ‘The position vector of a point p is a vector that represent its position with respect to: (a) Another vector (b) Center of the earth (c) Any point in space (a) _ origin of the coordinate system Negative of a vector has a direction that of the original vector. (a) Same as (b). Perpendicular to (c) Opposite to (a) Inclined to Clein magnitude, The Tele PHYSICS NOTES. 7 ua 15, The sum and different of two vector are ea between the ‘veetor is: 20 (a) 5 Moh ve 18 o 90 in ofthinis pees 16. ae forces act agtier on anol yest a of their resultan, Twe hen the angle Bete the £0 ot a is (a) 0" 4 8) 1800 17. The dot product of Land J is: " (a) more o 2 @ ° (@) any van, 1a. Sealar product obtait when ie fay A Scalar is multiplies Be feta a) pealar is mulUiplicg 7 a ‘Two vectors are F ultiplied 0 BY a scalar (d) Sum of two scalars iS . 19. (ee product of two veCt which are not erred © each om, weieten either of the Yertor wb tain by adding wo oF more ee alled: iy fa) Aunit vector (by) opposite to the other (2) A mull vector Position vector 20, The vector obtain By adding two oF MOTE vectors is called: (a) Product Vector (b) ae peor (c) Resultant vector 5 (4) Final vector 21, Scalar product of tw ‘vectors ODCYS: fa) Commutative Law (o) Associate Law {c) Both"a” and “b” (d) None of the above 92, If the dot product of Ewe non-zero veotors A and Bis zero. Their ero, product will be of magnitude: 85 py aBsin® — () Be eC 60 @) AB 23. If the angle between. J ne two vectors is 2er degree then their (a) Dot product is zero _ ©) Cross product is zero {c) | Either dot or cross product is 22r (a) _ Both dot & cross product is 2ero 24, kxi* . fa) J (b) “5 @ k @ -« 25. inex = Oandalso axh = 0 then (a) @andhare parallel to each other (b) aandhare perpendicular to each ()_aand his anull vector (4) Bither @or his a null vee 26. The magnitude of product vector ie AxB=C (a) Sum of the adjacent side (b) Area of the parallelo; (o) Product of the parallelogram (4) Pararieter ofthe gram parallelogram 97. if two vectors lie in xy-plan then they cross product lies. fa) In the same plane (b) Adjacent plane plan (4) Parallel to the plane (c) Alone parallel to that www.iqbalkalmati.blegspot.com suse 28 29 30. 31 32. w __PHYSICS NOTES _ Two foc resultas (1 Two for angle 1 3 When t magnit (a) The res angles fa (6i + 43 (a): The dit What | fa) {c) Ifans {a} tc) If the fa) (©) Accel (a) () The: fa) (6) Chai (a) (6) Iner (a) (i A be (a) (b) ()PHYSICS NOTES 5 CLASS : Xt 8. Two focus of 8N and 6N are acting simultancously at right angle the resultant force will be: (a) 1aN (b) 2N (a 10N (12) ‘Two forces each of magnitude F act perpendicular to cach other. angle made by the resultant force with the horizontal will be. fa) 30° (by) 2N (c) 60" (d) 90° 30. When two equal forces F and F makes an angle 180° with each other the magnitude of their resultant is. (a) F 0 (©) 2F (@) 0.SF 31. The resultant of a’ 3N and 4N force acting simultaneously on an at right angles to each other is in Newtons’s. 29. {a) oO (b) 1 (ce) 3.5 (dd) 5 32. (61 + 4) —ky(4i +2) - 2k) = > fa) 241 +8j+ 2k (b) 30 {e) 34 (a) 40 33. The diagram shows four acting on a block 3N aN < > oy w What is the resultant force? {a) Zero (b) 5 N to left (co) 6.N to right {@) 11 Ntoright Chapter 3 MOTION 1. Ifan object is moving towards, its acceleration pointed towards. (a) North (b) East (c) West (a) May be any direction 2. If the velocity of a body changes it may be termed as: (a) Instantaneous velocity (b) speed of the body () Magnitude of displacement (d) _Deceleration 3. Acceleration isa physical quantity that can be specified completely by: (a) Both magnitude and direction (b) Only magnitude () Only direction (d) None of the above 4, The shortest distance between two .points in a specific direction is called; (a) Distance (b) Acceleration (©) Speed (@) Displacement 5. Change in velocity per unit time same is equal to: (a) Distance / time (b) displacement / time (c) Acceleration (a) Force / mass 6, Inertia of a body is measured in terms of (a) its weight (b) its applied force (c) its reaction {d) its mass 7. A body moving with constant velocity be: (a) Changing its direction of motion (b) inequilibrium (©) Accelerating (4) Traveling in circle Ee ee Sas ot 8 4 DY www.iqbalkalmati.blogspot.com len a Koss 4 GUIS CS tearADA Es syoaty ten te acccleraten ts 8. Acar is moving we be Boat 7 sacra a Does Cece Sone er prance isequal ta 9. The aren between fy) Distan the (a). Velocity {a)__ Acceleration Displacement 10. (inal velocity is rua rae ot © Velocity of ight in. wate, 9 . vity + i eee. A which air resistance palance gravity fa) _Allof the above Te laws of motion dea! ee oy Width and length - fal (a) Viscosity and density f 12. Swimming count a (bo) Second law of motion w (o) Newton's law of gravitag, is 1 etatement” sion there is always ‘equal anid opposite” : of reaction. i : (u) Newton's second law a » Bret Je (i) _ Newton's gravitational trey jon of fe an Fs fhe mat a expression of ——— 5 ‘a ma, is the Im jaw of mouio? ib) Newton's 2°" law of moto, (co) 3n¢ law of motion te a . get 's law of Bravitation vewrrat law of motion VSS fgition° . Bewteas es don eves defy Botha) & () (4) None egligible then acceleration of bod lea 16. (a) Force _Inerti free fall, of air friction is ™ During (b) Different for diffe TENE masse, different masses 15: The same for allthe MASSeS 5 (c)_- Different for different vertical positions. (¢) Both A&B 17, If the resultant force op 7 Spject fs zero the object will move with {a) _ Constant speed - (b) Constant velocity fe) _ Constant deceleration (a) Constanit deceleration 18, The force of friction, generated co resist ‘he motion, occurs between, (9 _ Gases @ aN Of these 19. 20. 21. connecting media in, (a) Liquids (0) Solids. He concept of force might, best pe described as: (a) The push or pull (b) Aquantity, tending to change body state of rest or state of moti of a body otion (co) Energy in motion (d) Power transmitted from 0} Stoke's law holds for fa) bodies of all shapes (vb) Motion through free (c) horizontal motion of particles ‘pace (d) motion through a viscous medium When the body is stationary (a) There is no force acting on it (b) The force acting on it are not in contact each other (c) The forces acting on it are balanced with it (@) The body is in vacuum ne place to another www.iqbalkalmati.blogspot.com ike 26. 28. 29. 30. The coe! NOT dey jw 7 (7 i * (a) ‘The tric (a) (oF If there i I two t ay hy (cht yo Ithe 1 fa) j (b) (c) (d) If lines (a) (o) A colli called (a) eo) Mom«e (a) (c} The tPHYSICS NOTES t CLASS : Xi 22. The coefficient of frictional foree between two surfaces in contact docs NOT depends upon. [a) The normal force passing one against the other *| (b) The area of surfaces {ch Whether the surfaces are stationaryor in relative motion (@) whether a fubricant is used or not 23. The frictional resistance between its various layers of fluids is called (a) Viscous drag (bh) Vincosity {ce} Friction {d) Up thrust 4. If there is no external force applied to a system then the total momentum of that system: {a} Turn to zero (b) remains constant {ce} is maximum {d) is minimum 25. If two bodies of equal mass collide elastically then (a) their velocities are added to cach other (b} their velocitics.are subtracted (c) their velocities do not changed (d)~ they exchange their velocities 26. Ifthe rate of change momentum with respect to time is zero then. (a) ‘The momentum is a function of time {b) . The momentum is not conserved (c) ‘The momentum is constant (dj) Some force acts 27. If linear momentum of a particle in doubled, its kinetic energy will. (a) be double (b) be halved (c) be quadrupled (d) Remains unchanged 28. Acollision in which momentum conserved but K.E is not conserved is called (a) Elastic collision (b) In elastic collision () BothA&B {d)_ cither Aor B 29. Momentum of a moving mass is the amount of: (a) Bnergy possessed by body (b)__Inertia possessed by a body (c) work possessed by abody (a) _~—- Motion possessed by a body. 30. The time rate of change of linear momentum of a body is equal to (a) The applied torque (b) The applied force () | Impulse (d) _ None of the above 31 __ is also called to quantity of motion: (a) Acceleration(b) Momentum (c) Force {d) Energy 32. The net force acting on the body of 10 kg moving with uniform velocity of S* is: 40N (ob) 4N () 4N (a) zero. 33. The velocity of the body is increase to 100% then linear momentum of the body increase to; fa) 50% (b) 100 % ) 10% (a) 35% AD, ae war a ss OP ae ot nb Sis oh OS6, fi 9. 10. a 12. © fe has maximum Tange Whe, F Pen fey g friction prover 45° with the vertical) (a) (o) inthe absence of IF an angle () fo with the norizotal io Peer the oriedh fo) 30° with the Ter rotion, the porvontal component of ve ‘ontal (2 mgthe project moun’ (b) SE ate locity < constant. with time of ee but email! (ce) Does not ea with time fe erent niet of a projectile is directly proportional to Tye mitpe initial YOO ocity (o) Launch angle re gre of the iniaal velo ia Fie friction between DF > «of eyele and road vanishea a circle at a constant speed which of the follow, ing (a) ay ip moving in & CHC ST ep statements about the ly is is no acceleration {e) There is no force actin ‘There is force acing fat a tangent to the circle, ing at aids the centre of the circle is expressed (a) There is for a body rotates about an axi {o) Angular acceleration The rate at None of these 8 oni, (a) Velocity {fo _Angular momenturt @ oN 10 vate of charge of aneular displacement is (bh) angular acceleration (a) Angular momentum (c) Angular velocity. (d) _ velocity form circular motion. ‘The acceleration in unifor (a). varies inversely with the elocity of the particle (8) varies inversely with the yadius of the orbit. i the square of the velocity: () (@)___ is both (b) and ) (6) ody is rotating in a circle with variable linear speed, it mu (a) Only centripetal seeieradon, (0) Only tangential acc st har (6) Both centripetal and tanger ‘acceleration (d) None “eran ese Te Free er atgular velocity can be find out Py (a) Left hand rule (b) Angular displac . io Direction of movement (@) Right hand ls al ‘a particle moves ina circle describing ¢ yal angles i say ig equal angles in equal intervay (ey Angular velocity change and lincar velory erate d linear velocity constant (b) Angular velocity constant ant (c) Angular velocity constant and linear velocity changes. @ None of these rate of change of angular displacement with time (a) Angular acceleration. (b) Linear ee (d) None of these (c) Angular velocity PHYSICS NOTES. 13, The cent due to 1 fa) M {e) Vi 14, Amobje initial v (a) _ Pe 15. The vel distanc (a) P {c) H 16. A proje (a) E E 17, The ho {a) 7 () I 18. Ifa pre have tl (a) 19. The lin circle (@) 20. A ball horizo fa) 21, Acar 100m (a) 22. Then horiz« is res (a) (c) 23, A 10( find t (a) 24. Mab linea _ & 25. The (a) www.iqbalkalmati.blogspot.com whePHYSICS NOTES: 9 CLASS : XI 13. 14. 16. 17. 18. 19 20. 2 22, 23 24. aor AD www.iqbalkalmati.blogspot.com len ‘The centripetal acceleration produced in a rotating body is commonly due to the change in of the velocity (a) Magnitude, (bo) Direction () Value (dj None of these An object is hunched in an arbitrary direction in space with a certain initial velocity and of moves freely under gravity. Its path will be a (a). Straight line (b) circle (parabola (a) hyperbola The velocity component with which a projectile covers certain vertical distance is minimum at the moment of (a) Projection (b) Hitting the ground (6) Highest point (d)__ None pf these A projectile has its speed maximum at the moment of (@) Projection {b) Hitting the ground (c) Both of these (d) _None of these The horizontal range of a projectile depend upon. (a) The angle of projection (b) . The velocity of projection {c) Both of these (d),__ None of these If a projectile is projected at an angle of 35°, it hits certain target. [t will have the same range if it is projected at an angle of (a) _ 45° (b) 55° () 90° (@) 70° The linear and angular velocity of a particle, moving about the centre of a circle of radius r, are related by (a) V=oxF (b) v-Txo (c) @svxr (@) GATX A ball is thrown at 40 m/s with the angle of projection of 30° with the horizontal, the vertical velocity, of the projectile after 1 sec. (a) A.20m/s (b) 15m/s (c) 10m/s_ (a) Zero Acar moving at a constant speed of 20 ms‘! on a circular path of radius 100m what is the acceleration? (a) 0.4ms?_ (6) 6 sec () 4.0ms* (@) 33 ms? The missile is fired at 20 m/s at 60° with respect to the horizontal, the horizontal and vertical component of the velocity at the maximum height is respectively : (a) 10 m/s, 10 m/s (b) 10 m/s, 5 m/s () 10 m/s, 0 (d) 0,10 m/s A 100 kg body is rotating in circular path of radius 200m, at 50 m/sec. find the centripetal force acting on the body (a) 225N (bo) 125 () 525.N (@) 500N If a body covers 5 rotations in 2 seconds, around a path of radius 2m the linear velocity of body is (a) xm/s (b) 10xm/s (c) Sam/s (@) 20nm/s ‘The angular speed of an hour's hand of a watch in radian / minute 1s (a) 2/6 (b) 7/30 (). -*/180 (a) x/360 ae OP ee ot ok Sis 0) oe A Koss 4 GUIS CS tearEa Sis aptet __pwysies NOTES _ chat [AR MOMENTUM 16. Accordir fa) Yr ronouE AnauAMOE G TORQUE AN! AND DILIBRIUM 17. A body # fa) M 1, Torque is synonymous of () Angular momentum OM (a) A. Angular speed {@)_Moment of force M (6) Moment of ic mentum is called 18. A body: 5. necate of chans® 0 ange nam Momentum (4) Alt velocity Force is a} to the i of , 3 The aac of foree and moment a oot magnitude — ‘Mt a . (a) Momentum (@)__ Angular momentu 19. A body tripetal force m ody Beenie range ee tigger arm see Oo (b) ri Ree ae 6 1800 20. Ifthea 5. {ne motion of the Body $0” describe By pa ofita eS (Ser ae (a) None of these ee 1 ‘ : 6. (0) ody is rotating ck wise direction: ater ot oed (a) Positive Nest ae () (@) Minin, (ee : stitute CO z ; z ‘a aT Spagnitude ae direction bg (c) _ Notacting valong the same ling (a) __ All of these fg, The centre of gravity ofa body of irregular poste hee: ; (a) Atits centre i () its intersection of meg, [cq] Atthe intersection of diagonals any (a) At the surface of the body. 9, The point at which whole weight of the body is concentrated is calf i (a) Centre of mass (b) Centre of gravity led, The fo fq) Origin (@) Centre of action (a) - b) 40. Torque equals to: ( fa)» Mass xf acceleration (o) Force x momentum arm ‘ () ()__ Force x centre of gravity, (@)__Mass x mass arm Ther 41, Physical quantity not directly involved in rotational motion is: (a) (a) Moment of inertia (b) Mass ‘5 © (c) Angular velocity (a) Torque Accor 12, The centre of mass coincides with contre of gravity of body, if iti (a) iy, if itis (a) Inanon-uniform gravitation field. Pacey (b) {b) In a uniform gravitation field {o) At the centre of earth (@) At the poles © 13. The magnitude of the angular momentum is given by: (@) Al=msin@ (b) i=sp/sin 0 ' @ , () L=rpsin@ (@) onlyA&B ore 14, ie sanguler momentum of pe conserved it the net torque i (a) infinity Zero is (co) Constant (a) None of these " 15. (Pihenot torque acting of a bodys zero then the ofthe bed () conserved. — the bedyas é)onee (a) ‘ ‘sy oe @ Liner momentum (a) (@) Angular momentum (b} (o) (a) www.iqbalkalmati.blegspot.com susePHYSICS NOTES 1 CLASS : XI 16. According to law of conservation of angular momentum, fa) T-d (bo) T=dydl () P=dtxd fd) =dl/dt. 17. A body acted is said to be in equilibrium when it: we} (a) Move with a variable velocity (b) Moves with a uniform velocity (c) Moves very fast in space {d) Moves very slow in space 18. A body is said to be in____if it is at rest or is moving with uniform. velocity. (a) Period motion (b) Rotator motion (6) Arbitrary motion (4) Equilibrium 19. A body will be in translation equilibrium if the vector sum of external forces acting on a body is (a) Maximum (b) Minimum (c) Square (d)_ Zero 20. If the axis of rotation passes through the body itself. the corresponding rotator motion is called the: (a) Spin -motion (b) Orbital motion {c) vibratory motion {@) _ To-and for motion 21. The object in equilibrium may not have any: (a) force acting (b) Acceleration (co) velocity (d) Torque acting upon it Chapter 6 GRAVITATION 1. The force of attraction acts along the. (a) axis of rotation. (b) Line joining the interacting bodies. (c]_ Line perpendicular to the interacting (@) None of these 2. ‘The range through which the gravitation force acts is: {a) Limited to 1.x 101° m (b) Limited to 1 x 10 m (c) Extremely long {d) About 1x 106m 3. According to the law of universal Gravitation. (a) _ Every body in the universes attracts every body. (b) _ The force of attraction is directly proportional to the product of their masses () The force of attraction is inversely proportional to the squire of their distance (@) Allof the above G 5. The force of attraction or repulsion between two bodies is: (a) __ Inversely proportional to the distance (b) Directly proportional to the distance (ce) Inversely proportional to the square of the distance (d) None of the above 4. Force of gravitational attraction of earth on other bodies is given by @, rset, (reo RE G Fee Met rer ain m www.iqbalkalmati.blogspot.com Lease ZE Shear2 ‘= 1/6 of that on 7. Theaccelera mass on-earth i will be the ™ m (d)-m/3 zero (d) None o} f them () 8. The value of 8 ef ete pove the earth iS 2 Te me ted surface of pee, ae earth. o ay the same a8 20 * eae a Ea ecreer on te variation of the earth radius 10, The value of sis maximum at Bin tees Centre of the earth: 0 fe) quater of thee (3) Surace of the cart our umes large, the value of 11, Irthe mass of the earth becomes eat (a) remain unchanged (b) Becomes four times large, Be double (d) __ sixteen. times larger iC) e 12, Thevalue of ‘eis ao (a) At the surface 0 rl 6) ‘an infinite distance jor thee ; i. ‘At the centre of earth | a) Below the surface of earth 13, When a lift is moving, coward with a uniform YS focity, the apparcey weight of a bods inside the jift will be. oe igh! equal to i ‘actual weight ) Less than the actual wei (9 More than the actus! ierent (@) FO ght 14. He source of electric enerey i" 62 ean is: ini tor (a) Amini nuclear reac re (c}) _ A thermo pile | 15, Artificial gravity can De created in the space craft by: fa) Revolving it aro {b) Spinning it around it {c) _ Increasing its velocity Chapter_7 WORK, POWER AND ‘The example of negative work is: (a) Work done under a conservative force {b) Work done perpendicular to @ conservation force ()_ Work done against friction, (@)_ Work done against gravity The work done by centripetal force iS: (a) Equal to that of centrifugal force. (b) Greater than that of centrifugal force (c) Variable in different cases: Work is defined as (a) Scalar product of force and displacement. (b) Vector product of force and displacement {o) Scalar product of force and velocity (a) Vector product of force and velocity (4) Zero www.iqbalkalmati.blegspot.com : ike E PHYSICS NOTES 4, The wor fa) 7 ) T ( T (dT Work is fa) A (b) fe) F “git Malye 6. The wo (a) 1 (Cm 7, Aloft fa) (ob) (c} (d) 8, Work (a) © 9. Thee! (a) () 10. The a (a) {c) @ 11, Powe: {a) (c) 12. Thes (a) ( (a) 13. Potet (a) (0) (a) 14. If th Eis (a) 15, The (a) (c) (a) 16. The fa) (b) (c) (a)PHYSICS NOTES 13 CLASS : XI 4. 10. 1s 12, 13. 14, 15. 16. www.iqbalkalmati.blogspot.com ns ah 2 fet The work done on a body under going a certain displacement is given by: (a) The area under-a force vs. time curve (b) The area under a force ys. distance curve ~ (c) The area under a velocity vs time curve (4) The area under an acceleration vs time curve Work is always done in a body when (a) A force action on it (b) It covers some displacement. (c)_ Force moves it in its direction or in opposite directions (4) The resultant force on its is zero. ‘The work given to the machine is called: (a) Input {b) Output (ce) _ Velocity ratio (d) Mechanical advantage All of them are true accept (a) Work is defined as the product of force and distance. (b) Joule is the unit of work. (c)_ Force moves in its direction or in opposite directions. (@) The resultant force on it is zero. Work done will be zero when force and displacement are (a) In the same direction (b) Imopposite direction (c) Perpendicular to each other (d)_ Not.zero ‘The energy due the motion of a mass is known as. (a) _ A. Potential energy (b) Motion energy (€) Mobile energy (d) Kinetic energy The amount of work required to stop a moving object is equal to the: (a) Velocity of the object (b) Kinetic energy of the object (c) Mass of the object times its acceleration (a) Mass of the object times its velocity Power is the dot product of. (a) Mass & velocity (b) Force & velocity (c)__ Force & Energy (@) Force & mass The sum of kinetic and potential energies of a falling body (a) Isconstant at all points. (b) Is maximum in the beging (c) Is minimum in the beginning (d) _ Is maximum in the middle of the path Potential energy is increased when the work is done, (a) Along the field (b) Against the field (c) By the field (4) Allof the above in different cases If the velocity of the moving particle is double the factor by, which the K. Eis increased is. fa) 4 (b) % @ 2 (a) 6 The heat energy is transferred to a body, it is converted into: (a) _ Internal energy of the body (b) work done by the body (c) Mass of the molecules (4) _ Potential energy of the body ‘The tidal energy is due to: (a) The rotation of earth about sun (b) The rotation of earth relative moon (c) The radio active decay inside earth (a) Attraction of sun and moonthe ability to d porce divided by are for = 31+ 35 ~ gusta he jeasural! arone in HOVE (vor core Ma IK oe) Od @ 9 a jgnt up to the height of 5 m ig. Thepower™® fy” 200-wattts 74000 watts will be go watts (a) gata speed of BO km/hr wilt 24.7x107 J (a) a 4 Ft S ar moving 100085 547x109 (o) ing ‘the oscillatory ™° roportional nt of the oscillatin, 8 Bodies iy i the displaceme forthe aigplacement OF ¢ GIS iy) Translating motion (a) PEIBSOS P (@)__ Harmonic motion M is directly ly Proportional, ‘motion I (c)___ Transverse rtiele performing SH (e) ee square root of am {@)_ The reciprocal of amc (b) The periods de] nd on The period and freaenr (a) The period an wuency are i 4, When astone in.water, any n the amplitude independent of the amplit ore draw with its cent cay (p) Stationary wave stone is a. E fa) Longitudinal wave (c) _ Circular wave (aj) Wave front 5, Which one of the followin andengoing a simple harmonic mot (o) vibration of a vole String (a) Motion of a pendulum (o) Motion of body in (a) Oscillation ‘of mass on 4 string reduced disturbance i” 6. Mechanical wave are P? fj Vacuum (b) Space {c) Materiel (a). No of these 7. Ifasecond pendulum 1s taken upon the moon, 1" order to hay city period same: fa). The length of the pendulum must be in fo) The length of the pendulum must be dec {o)_ The length of the pendulum must be kept the same (d) None of the above www.iqbalkalmati.blogspot.com whe = CRs, PHYSICS NOTES. 8 10. u 12, 13. 16, 17. 19. An ordir 7 (b) () 7 @) 7 Which i (aT (bo) () 7 (d) 7 Which wave? (fa) ©) The vel is: (@) | ‘The on (a) 1 @ | Which @ () All the (a) (b), () (d) Itis cl trans (a) (c) The v MHz, (a) Asin sm/s (a) Whe: medi (a) (c) Whe the (a) {c) The is. fa) {e). PHYSICS NOTES. -15- CLASS : XI 8. Anordinary clock loses time in summer this is because (a) The iength of the pendulum increases (b) ‘The length of the pendulum decreases (c) The length of the pendulum decreases and time period increases. (d) The length the pendulum decreases and time period increases. 9. Which is the true for gamma - rays? (a) They move with half the speed of light. (b) They are stopped by a thick sheet of paper. (c)_ The have no mass (4) The can not pass through a sheet of Aluminum. 10. Which one of the following contains a pair of transverse and longitudinal wave? (a) Radio & X - rays (b) Infra - red & ultra- violet () Sound & radio wave {@) Wave in a ripple tank & light 11, _ The velocity of a particle moving with a frequency ‘f and wave length 7 is: fa) f% (ob) f/m () asf (a) 28 12. The one which has the longest wave length in the following is? (a) Red light (ob) X-rays (c) Infra-red (a) radio waves 13, Which of the following has the shortest wavelength? ‘ (a) Gamma rays (b) Ultraviolet (ce) Microwaves {d) Radio waves 14. All the points on a wave front, formed by throw a stone in water will (a) Be in the same phase (b) Have the same phase & displacement (c) Have the same displacement only (4) None of these 15. It is common characteristics of all types of wave motion that without the transport of particles. (a) Particles (b) Down (c) Energy transferred (4) Mass decrease 16. The wave length of a radio wave when transmitted as a frequency of 150 MHz, will be : (a) 20m (bk) 2m (J. 10m (@ 0.75m 17. A-simple pendulum completes one vibration in one second. If g = 981 sm/s? its length will be: (a) 248m = (b) 24.8 () 248em (d) 248m 18. When two waves traveling through the same medium arrive at the same medium arrive at the same point 180° out of phase, they give rise to. (a) Polarization (b]_ Destructive (co). Diffraction (4) Constructive interferes 19. When a string which is tied at both the ends is plucked from the centre the wave produced i (a) Transverse wave (b) Longitudinal wave (c}_ Standing wave {d) Electromagnetic wave 20. The wave phenomenon that definitely classifies light as a transverse wave is, (a) Polarization (b) Diffraction (c) __ Interference (d) Scattering of electrons eS ee a8 Sis a) 8 AD. www.iqbalkalmati.blogspot.com Leas 2 say 4 We cS tearNOTES 21. Whictvof the following ¥¢ a ww eras re 22, Thedistanc between a jax ox e berry a @ @) m 23, Transverse waves prepa: (yy Inagns but notin mee {ay _ neither in any ot these (a) Both in gas and® fe) not in gas put ina ™ ate ‘The travelling wave 0 which P fthe disturbed mediy, re direction ©! im (o) move perpendicular (0 the fa) Longitudinal wave ci Standing wave ) bby the transverse wave 25. The direction travel associated disturbance will (a) parallel (co) Perpendicular ) (0) stretched string, ifthe jength and Si tim particle of ole agation of the Wave if propast ave is caliey transverse wave station’ . to the dire 24 26. tension will be me (a) (4 i a7. Frequency of a stretched string *© proporti y ‘) linear-density {g)_ Square of the tension ts at which the particle is a (a) Tension {c) reciprocal of the length jn a string the Pon fhe mean position aTe called. 28, Fora stationary wave Forximum displacement 7" {a) nodes anti nodes {e) compression OG) sate friction 9, A string fixed at two ends vibrates invtwo whole segment The.stanth s called ing second overtone wave pattern set UP H (a)... First overtone (a) (¢) Fundamental fected from rigid SUPPOT” Second harmonics the phase change will be 30. When a wave is rel equal to. (a) 4/2 (b) * () 4/4 (d) -B Electro-magnetic waves i Sound waves are fa) Transverse waves >) (<) Longitudinal wave (d) Standing waves 2. he difference between a noise and & qusical note is that a noi (a) Louder (b) Of higher pitch Seah (2) Gouder and usually lower Pitch (d) Formed by irregular vib 3, Which of the following properties of sound is affected by chan, (0) Amplitude Se re Frequency (¢) Wave length (d). Intensi 4, The bodies travel at vel = called, te) reso (b) _ Infrasonic ) _ Supersonic (d) _ Revelberator jocities greater than velocity of sound in air are PHYSICS NOTES t Two sou (a) at 10, 13, 15. 16. 18. 19, (ce) to In order (a) A () Re Which « (a) () a Velocit fa) os (b) a 1 {c} (a) Which 1 1 Ses (ay (a Presen (a) 1 (b) i {c) (a) Speed PitePHYSICS NOTES 17. CLASS : Xi 10. 16. 17. 18, 19 rN DY www.iqbalkalmati.blogspot.com :Uf/ 27+ vig. Two sounds of the same frequency in air must have the same (a) amplitude (b) intensity () loudness id) “Wavelength Cy In order to emit sound a body must (a) Absorb sound waves (b) Vibrate {c) Reflect sound waves (a) Move towards the hearer Which of the following phenomenon cannot take place with sound wave: (a). refection (b) Interference (c)_ diffracti (4) polarization Velocity of sound in a gas is proportional to: {a) square root of proportional elasticity (b) adiabatic elasticity {c) square root of adiabatic elasticity (d) __ Isothermal elasticity Which of the following factor(s) effect(s) the velocity of sound in air? 1, Frequency of the source 2, Loudness of the sound 3. The temperature of the air (a) 1 only (b) only (©) 3 only (d) 1 and S only Presence of moisture in air. (a) increases the velocity of sound (b) decreases the velocity of sound (c) may inereases or decreases the velocity (d) does not have any effect Speed of sound at 0° in the air is: (a) 33.13 m/s (b) 3.313 m/s () 331.3m/s (d) 3313 cm/s The speed of sound in a compressible medium which has a bulk modulus B, and density p, Bf, = /BIP V% (oe) v~BIP (a) Pp P= \%m .@) Vv VPIB Space of sound is __ speed of lig (a) greater then (b) lesthan (c) equal to (a) nothing can be said In which of the following is the speed of sound greatest? (a) Air (b) Water () Vacuum (d) Steel ‘The velocity of sound in air is not affected by changes in the; (a) Moisture content of the air (b) Temperature of the air (c) Atmospheric pressure (d) Compression of the air Which one of the following is correct? (a) The louder the sound, the greater is the amplitude: {b) The louder the-sound, the greater is the velocity (c) The louder the sound, the greater is the frequency (d) _ The louder the sound, greater is the wavelength The intensity level of faintest audible sound is: (a) Odb (b) 10ba () 20bd (4) 20d The term loudness of a sound is most intimately with the: (a) Wave amplitude (b) wave intensity (c) intensity level of the sound (@)_ sound pitch Pitch is a sensation produced by sound that depends upon its: (a) velocity (b)_ intensity (c) amplitude (d) Frequency Sa are a ss oe ee oe nb Sis ah DBi” plitude (d) Pe, od 20. The pitch of the ‘sound depen ‘ fa) Frequency Speed und depends on i 21. The sweetness OF harshnes? of a 0" Pvave ampl wavelength) prequenes puieude (<) frregularity a the frequency ra sound in the FEqUENCY FA 22, The human ear is poet vcnife #70 10.40 hertz 1 from 3000 to 4000/herty — sh SS ome fa) 210 4 here 93, the team. LE er ng same Feiavonslue to light a8 Pitch beap in colour (a) 4 (b) Frequency ¢ Sha ee ease eran Froguetion and propagation sound is shad, Te Si ppotometsy () en tic) Mechanics (d) alla 25. Quality is the difference in Sounds avin: ies : : (a) Same pitch (b) same loudness The wa fe) Different natural ff equencies @ All of the above ¥ fa) ¢ 26, Number of beats FI juc al € Electro fa) Differes FF frequencies Ty superimposing ° (a) F (b) Sum of frequencies of superimposing. waves 3. Yellow (c) uct of frequencies of sul imposing waves . fa) 3 (d)__ Ratio of frequencies of superimposing waves 4. The ch 27. Ifthe wo sound waves P! ruced beats, tS necessary that the mediu: (a) peThesame frequencies (b) Slightly di fferent fre, "0 haps (a) (c) Slightly different amplitur (@ the same'time Seen When 28, Beats are the result of: 5 (a) (a) _ Diffraction constructive interfer e & (ce) Constructive and destructive interference (d) None ae 5. Color: 29, The sound waves give rise to the phenomenon of beats due to these (a) (a) _ Reflection (b) Refraction their, (co) (c) » Interference {@) Polarization 7. Amor 30, At the end of the open pipe x (a) (a) Always anode is produced The (b) Always an antinode is produced fa) (c) Both can be produced {d) none of the abov arr (oy 31. Ifa body is set to be in resonance with another body its na - Huyg frequency must be! i tural (a) (a). half of that of the other body (o) (b) vibrates in greatest amplitude 10. A thi {c) Double of that ‘of the other body (a) i a ‘equal to that of the other body (b) . -Aregiment to ers is crossing a SusPensio? bridge. They are ort ote (a) A-March in steps a (a) eed bodies a Fiera ata co » © tO enon maanes towards stationery source. Fateh of ares pat (a) Increases (0) of sound heard, (a) ora J Decreases (c) Remains constant © Seen e measures the change in eeeee x ) zeta igs “rh ion of source & observer. Ie to the ine Frequen quency (c) Velocity (4)_—Energy ® c (d) fa) Intensity —(b) YP) Wew.iabalkalmati.blogspot.com : if hom yePHYSICS NOTES 19 CLASS : XI as 9, 10. 11 13, 74 DY www.iqbalkalmati.blogspot.com len Mark the false statement (a) Doppler effect is used in measuring the speed of automobile (>) Doppler effect provides a method for tracking satellite {Each proton has total energy E.= hv (where h ~ plank's, v= frequency of the electromagnetic field's) fd) -X- rays are clectromagnetic waves with long wavelength. Chapter 9 NATURE OF LIGHT The wave theory of light was proposed by Galileo (b) Huygens (oc) Kepler (a) Hewton gnetic theory of light was proposed by; {a) araday (b) Maxwell (c)_ Ampere (ad) De Yellow light of a single wavelength ¢an't be: (a) Reflected (bh) Refracted {c)_| Dispersed (a) Red The characteristic property of light wave which does not vary with the medium is: (a) Frequency (by) Amplitude (c) Velocity (d)_—_ Wave When light is incident on a substance it can be: (a) Absorbed (b) Reflected {c)_. Transmitted {d) All of above Color of light is determined by its. (a) Frequeney (b) Amplitude (c) Speed (4) Wavelength A monochromatic red light appears to be: (a) Blue (b) Red () Black {d) White The locus of all points in the same phase of vibration is: (a) Wave front (b) interference (c) diffraction (a) polarization Huygens theory of light says that light consists oft (a) Wave fronts (ob) Discvek particle (c)_ Photons (d) dual nature A thin layer of oil on the surface of water looks coloured due to: (2) Polansation of light. (b) different elements presenting the oil {c)__ Interference of light (a) The transmission of light In Newton's rings experiment the piano convex lens used should be of (a) Small focal length (b) Large focal length (c)__ Neither of the two (d) None of the above In Newton's rings seen throughout reflected light: (a) The central spot is dark (b) The central spotis dark (c) Both of above (a) None of the above ‘The phenomenon of interference comeout because wave obey: (a). The impulse moment theorem (b) The 1** law of thermodynamics (©) The inverse square law (4) ‘The principle of superposition ee a aS Sis 3) oS A Koss 4 GUIS CS tearPHYSICS NOTES 14, 15, Newton's rhe air between the IONS hg pattern js replaced by water ing patter”, Expands (a) Contracts fo) one of the above (Remains P ig acceleration. faced BY ; uniform "A lighted cigarette falling Ponce of oreveral g's interference te suby ig), Polarization of light Heh (a) {o) _ Alighted olga (interference of Jr ja yance the lors i soa 16. Which of the following PI en ore Siffraction (a) P Dubs Ls anterference must be: Sper fa). Interference) ee tthe path difference dest fy) d= M2 S212 Sh /2 v d= 0; 34/4, 54/4 17. (a) d=0,2%, 3 ee Eid 1G; Bao Ore 3 ces 18, one eet jnterference > shat the two soUrcES SHOU be cope a my an ge together By Eacace = (c) Opposite to each other A 19. Wa Oppoelinterference fines jonas double silt enPerimene iy slit separation Wave length it sep: eg {e) order of the fringes, (a) 4 co of the source 90. ‘he property which enabiet waves to ben edge of any or obstacle in its path i© ‘allel: yy _piffraction 4 (a) _ Dispersion 3 Super position {@)_interference 21. Which of the Hollowing are tYPCS of diffraction? (a) Interfering and non interfering, (b) Transparent— semi nt {g._ Fresnel - Fraun hoflet diffraction (a) Gratingy- ‘element attraction 22, Diffraction when'source 6% reen are very near the slit then aig is said to be ciffraction. racy (a) Fresnel (o) Fraunhofer (o) Maxwell (a) Huygens 93, ‘Which of the following is used plane polarize light? i (b) A thick glass sheet rr a) A sheet with small opening () Aplano-convex Jens (a) Apaper sheet Chapter 10 GEOMETRICL OPTICS When light passes from air to glass it: (a) Bends towards the normal yithout changing speed. (b) Bends toward (c) Bends towards (d) Bends away from is the normal and slows down the normal and speed UP the normal and slows down PHYSICS NOTES. 2. 10. 11 12. 13, 14 The refr (a) (b) tr fc} oD (@) tr When Ii (fa) ov (co) It Light fr @ 8 Alens 1 (a) fc) A The sig fa § {d) "Mirag fa)! (a) In ace {a) (d) Image (a) (b) {o) (4) Two c length (a) Powe! (a) () The f (a) (c) ‘The f (a) (b) (co) (a) Ater (a) {c) In ai (a) (b) {e) (a)PHYSICS NOTES. -21- CLASS : XI i 2. The refractive index is. (a) Directly proportional to the wave length of light. (b) Inversely proportional to the wave length of light a (c). Directly proportional to the square of the wave length of light (d)__ Inversely proportional to the square of the wave length of light. 3 When light enters from a rarer toa denser medium its (a) Velocity increases (b) Wave length increases (c)__ Its velocity remains same (d)_Its frequency remains same 4. Light from the sun reaches us in nearly : fa) 8 min (b) 16 min. (c) 8 sec (a) 16 sec 5. Alens that is thicker at the edge thin it is in the middle is: (a) Converging lens (b) Diverging lens (ce) Angular lens: (a) Plain lens 6. The sign convention for virtual images is: (a) Positive (b) Negative {c) Sometimes positive and sometimes - Negative (@) Allof these 7. “Mirage” is based on the phenomenon of, (a) Reflection (b) Diffraction (c) Refraction (a) Total internal reflection 8. In aconvex lens when the object lies at infinity, the image formed is: i (a) Real (b) Inverted (c)__ Extremely small in size (a) All of the above 9, Image formed by a concave lens is: (a) Real, inverted magnified (b) Virtual , erect, magnified (c) Virtual, erect, diminished. (d)_ Real, erect, diminished 10. Two convex lens of same focal length ‘F’ are placed in contact: The focal length of this lens combination is > (a) F (bo) 2r () F/2 (a F/4 11. Power of a lens is equal to (a) Focal length in meters {b) Reciprocal of focal length {c) Dobbin of focal length (@) Half of focal length 12. The poorer or converging lens is. (a) Positive (b) Negative () Natural (@) None of these 13. The focal length of a lens depends upon. (a) The radius of curvature of its surface (b) ‘The material of the lens (c) The refractive index of the medium in which it placed. {d) All of these 14. A terrestrial telescope can be made by adding an erecting lens toa (a) Prism spectroscope (b) Reflecting telescope (c)__ Field telescope- (@) _ Astronautically telescope 15. In an astronomical telescope objective is a: (a) Concave lens of large focal length (b) Convex lens of large focal length (©) Concave lens of small focal length (d) Convex lens of small focal length. eS eS ) PUD www.iqbalkalmati.blogspot.com len Z PW LS seareeeeeeee-—S—SM PHYSICS NOTES ANSWI aif the SU axe (ual 0 Ot rae 17, AGalilean telescoPe re and a converging eve Piece ai 2 fa) Aconvs ng object? Ld a diversing eye piece i in ) A converging. objec" nd 2 diverging eye piece i i? fq Adiversing opjective APE converging eve Fee ge. Tae id) A diverging ‘objective und microscOPe is given by a 3 (a) iverBine OT, of a COMPO ¥ (wh 18. The magnifying Five fa" Tocal length of & piece} te focal length of objective (b) Ma Lfa(d/fe +1) . Chapter 2 fecal atte meagre of the above Ce ic) Both have the ally the intermediate image j; d a t normally 1 is, 3 19. In compound microscoP® TT cea — (b) Virtual erect enlar, 12 (a) Virtual erect rand magni (2) virtual inverted a reed z fo) Real inverted enter eration De corrected ena 21 20. Howean the sPHer convex ten (h By using a cylindr; i 31 (a) By using ® plano-Co! Rothe above ical ie, eee thin ema telescone is: : d 21, The final image of Ad Virtual erect enlargeg Chapter 3 (a) Real erect east (@)_ Virtual inverted eniay oa 22 ie pee of different vyavelength oF light at different angles a 4 : defected called. int 1 oo a convex lens produce a 2 a te Mu St Astor) aberration (a) Short sightedness An Ze 4 22. ae i used are. ie we Qa0ee mpound microscope the lenses i 5 is Z Sooo 7 Small focal length sand eye-piece of large focal z 2 (b) Objective of small focal ae pt eye-piece =A small focal a ive O rge focal length and eYe-P-°re of small focal tt a @ Beiice oeraree focal length and e¥e PISCE of large {Scape Chapter 4 94, Chromatic aberration can be removed by combining. eng, in 2 fa) A convex ens and concert tens of same type of glass, war be (b) Two convex lenses oF different types of glass @ : {g)___ Two concave lenses of different types of glass enn (a) Acconcave lens of one 1YPS of glass and a convex lens of anogp rere types of glass a 25. Long sightedness can be cured PY (b) Concave lens (@) Bifocal lens (a) _ Convex lens () Cylindrical lens 26. The fact that energy point on any adv ain dered as a gource of secondary WAVE neiple attributed to, fancing wave front may be hich move forwe forward 5 spherical wavelets is @ Pr (a) Faraday (0) Michelson (c) Huygen (d) Calite 1 Chapter | 1 2 b e 1 12 b a www.iqbalkalmati.blegspot.com suse‘ PHYSICS NOTES -23- CLASS : Xt ANSWER: Chapter 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 d b d d a ce a c D a 1. 12, 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 d d d A c b a a B b 2. 22, 23 24 25 26 27 a c a c b a c 3 4 Ss 6 7 8 9 10 a a c c a a c a 13 14 45 16 7 18 19 20 a b b d c c iC c 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 b a d b c © B b 33 c 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 a d c d b a es c 13° 14 «15 «6 s17_'ssa1BC 1D 20 c b © a b d B d 23 24 «25 2 27 «28 29. 30 b b d c © b Ds} 33 b 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 c c a a c d © d 13. 14 15 16 17 §18 19° 20 c c b é c © d b b s ory 22" “Oye 24. = “25 c c b b a Chapter 5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 d B b a c b d b b lL 12 13 14 1s 16 17 18 19 b B d b a a b d d 21 b Chapter 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 b c a b c d & e c nN 12 13 14 15 b a a d b a rN www.iqbalkalmati.blogspot.com wi feagete ca =PHYSICS NOTES. TH Spe 7 2 . IMPOR aa We is 19S 1 2 a d 45 16 b b ° 20 Q1(a) What is scier a c 14 b 2 9 a (b) Also write de ReszeeeS eee, 27 D8 be 5 a Bog 2 Aieee.: .° b Ans. (a) Definit 6 Scienc b B 6 if 8 9 ie investis oe cere, ¢ eo ) Brancl 1 2 3 i c 6 17 18 19 as The su Dene eee A a re sf a ied i 12 1 d c 27 28 29 a ii a iB E 24 28 . b i . . 2 «Defi oe aes 5 Q2. Define a bd b 35 (i) Physic oc a aml (ii) Biolog 4 as a b Ans. (i) The Z 8 9 Itis c 6 19 s divi Chapter 2 4 5 b a a ae ee 1 2 a a d e 17 18 19 Mi (ii) The] Does ee? Pee ib = it des 12 ¢ 6 b a « Q3. Give an ace a1”, 22a 28 Ans. Physics is d c a e. (i) Atomi 8 9 (iv) Astro Chapter 10 4 5 6 a a a 10 These are d 1 2 3 4 b b = 18 19 gs i, Atom b B d 16 1 20 t+ 15. b a d AAS ro 12 13 b b d it. santo lee ae eet = 28 | 22 ay fa. 29,428 2 4 Unt amg d b = 35 iii. Plas a1 6782 89 c Itis b b © mixt iv. Astr Itis ofas v. Bio! Itis expl vi. Soli Itis www.igbalkalmati.blogspot.com ; us =PHYSICS NOTES -25- CLASS : XI Q1(a) What is science? Ans. (a) Definition of Sci: Q2 Ans. (i) The Physical Sciences:- Q3. Ans. Physics is divided into several branches such as: CHAPTER # 1 THE SCOPE OF PHYSICS * IMPORTANT QUESTIONS & ANSWERS (b) Also write down the names of main branches of Science. Science is the name of identification, description, experimental investigation and theoretical explanation of natural phenomena, (b) Branches of Science:- The subject science is classified into two main branches. i The Physical Sciences and ii. The Biology Science Define (i) Physical Sciences (ii) Biological science It is concerned with the properties and behavior of non-living matter”. It is divided into “Physics, Astronomy and Chemistry’ (ii) The Biological Sciences: “it deals with the living things. It is divided into Botany and Zoology" Give an account of different branches of Physic: (i) Atomic Physics (ii) Nuclear Physics (iii) __ Plasma Physi (iv) Astro Physics (v)_ Bio Physics (vi) Solid Stale Physics ‘These are defined as follows: i Atomic Physics: It is concerned with the structure and properties of atoms. ii. Nuclear Physics: It is concerned with the structure, properties and reaction between the nuclei of Atoms. iti, Plasma Physics: It is concerned with the properties of highly ionized atoms forming in a mixture of bare nuclei and electron called ion plasma. iv. Astro Physics: It is concerned with the application of modern physics, to the problems ofastronomy. v. Bio Physics: It is concerned with the application of physical methods and types of explanation to bio-physical systems and structures, vi. Solid Stale Physic: It is concerned with the properties of crystalline materials.CLASS =x (i) ‘al-Haitham. (ii) {fii © Yaqub Kindi () ~ Dr, Abdul Salam (iv) m scientists. re given below: Al-Beruni M. Bin Moosa Khawarzini Dr, Abdul Qadeer Khan n of Muslim Scientists. scribed as follows: mportant achievement way ted the term Q5. Briefly describe the contributio tation of Muslim scientists de: ‘Ans. The contrib’ ical Algebra. His in W Al- He was the founder of Analyt Mugabla. He also inven! the Hisab~ ul - Jabr- wal ~ logarithm. ial Sse panic erate HO = gt. He wrote many books. His masts rpiece work x 5. He developed the He was a great Ph was the book name: laws of reflection and refraction. H (uy AL-Razi:- A rote about two hundred (200) original mont pertained medicine (tv) Abu- Rehan Al- Berunt: fie was the most famous scholar of golden age than one bundred and fifty books on such subjects #8 Mathematics, Physics, History, Geography etc, He discussed ‘the measurement of earth the ehape of earth, the movement of sun and moon, Orr of his famous pecs seas Qanoon — ul -Masoodi. He also determined the density of d “Kitab ~ ul - Manazir" on optic ¢ also constructed pinhole camera ographs, half of which of Islam. He wrote more metals. (vy) Yagoob Kindi:- Fea eeiced on metrology, specific gravity and on tides, but his most ally on reflection of important work was-done in the field. of optics, ¢sPon light. (jv) Ibn-e- Sina: He worked a lot in medicine. Philosophy. (vit) Dr, Abdus Salam:- He established Internation was awarded Noble prize in Unification Theory (GUT). He also wrote Al - Shifa an Encyclopedia of coretical Physics at Trieste. He al center for ths rk on Grand Physics in 1979 for his wo (viti) Dr. r He established nuclear research Laborato! number of Pakistani scientists are engage of nuclear Physics: ry at Kahuta, where a large 'd in research work, in the field What are different systems of units? Defined them. ms of Units: eee ecuc different systems of units, which are defined as follows: i. MKS system (meter, Kg, second sy stem) CGS system (em, gm, second system) ifi, FPS system (ft, pound, second system) iv. S.1. Units (international system of Units) www.iqbalkalmati.blegspot.com ike PHYSICS NOTES i MKS S InMKs meter, k In€ taken a centime iii, FL In F fundan force, basic v basic v [S.No x] a] a] a} 2} Q7. What are D Ans. Derived U The units o} known as I Example:- i. Thew ii, The Q8. What do y« Ans. Dimensic Dimension! Dimension of fundame quantities. [ S.No. |_ HeePHYSICS NOTES “2 CLASS : XI . the fundamental units of length, mass and time are meter, kilogram and second respectively. 2 i C.G.8. System:- In CGS system, the fundamental units of length, mass and time are taken as centimetre, gram and second respectively, iii FLB,S, System:- In FPS system, the unit of force, length and time are chosen as the fundamental units. In it, the unit of mass is derived unit, The unit of, force, length and time are pound, foot and second respectively. iv S.Lunite:. The SI units are derived from the earlier M-K.S system. It was introduced in 1960 and is now in use all over the world, The S.1 units unlike three basic units of the F-P.S, the C.G.S and the M.K.S system comprise seven basic units, These are ‘S.No. Quantity ~~ S.1 Units Length Metre (m) Mass: Kilogram (kg) Time Second (s) Electric Current Ampere (A) 5. Temperature Kelvin (k) 6. Amount of Substance Mole (mol) 7, Luminous Intensity ‘Candela (ed) Q7. What are Derived Unite? Ans. Derived Unite: ‘The units of other Physical quantities derived from the fundamental units are known as. Derived units’. Example: i. The unit of speed or velocity is m/s. ii, The unit of force is Newton. Q8. What do you understand by dimension? Ans. Dimensions: Dimensions of a quantity represent the physical nature of quantity. Dimensions of quantities can be expressed as some combination by dimension of fundamental quantities. Length, mass & time is taken as fundamental quantities. Dimensions of fundamental quantities are L, M & T respectively. Example: S.No. Quantity Dimensions 1 Area ea 2 Acceleration Le 3 Force MLT? 4. Work ML?T2Chas: Say __ PHYSICS NOTES _ puysics NOTES preR #2 CHAP eCTORS = Ql. Define scalars and vecto! | ‘Ans. 5: if only by magnitude hay + wre spec” x ~. ing “Those Physica aun, wich antes oF IY ply called SCALARS: = appropriate uni | Stalnre are i vgumber (posit PEALE OF 2 multiplied sented by an ordinay uf ecalars. zerg)) Lee rey do nOt FEALITE ANY meng, QB. Deft ; . Define unit Ans, Definition r Scalars are repre! nm own re know? in ordinary ‘Pe a nerd by letters mn. OrUN resentation A ctor; They are d wy letters if ai rection for their specifica? i stiplied and divided Py ordinary ani tracted, mult! thei “A vector w Consider a v The unit vec Scalars are added, s, etc are the examples of rules. ‘Example:- OO 2 Temperature, length, speed, ime, density, ma ‘scalars. Vectors:- Those Physical quantities which are specified DY eee a and as well ay Friate units are called Wector quantities Or simply caja, 24. Define rect Ans. Rectangular positive y direction with appro! vector". Represe: Representation: ing all tor an arrow head Ree tor is represented bY Putting line seeme™ : over th om ppropriate voll ‘They are denoted by Bae faced Kettets ran an arrow, fi These are d 2 Bend their magnitudes are denoted by |A1 Or & and |B] or Fespectivai, figure mired Methodeis ait res ie, head to tail rule and th r vo different rules i-¢- A ponent method © Second or by rectangular com Vectors are added by moment of force are all vector s method is addition of vect gle :~ Displacement, velocity, acceleration, force, Q2. Differentiate between scalars and vectors. Ans. = S. No Scalars Vectors Q5. How-do yc 1, _[Definition: Definition: Abe, roma Those Physical quantities, which Those Physical quantities, which are co -ordini lare specified only by magnitude specified by magnitude and directio positive x, arth but any direction are called _Jealled vectors. a rectangula Ax Ay and. PHYSICS NOTES 29. CLASS : x1 eel = a |S. No} Scalars Vectors [=2-[Repreechiation [Representation 5 ‘Scalars are represented by an JWestors ‘are represented by putting @ line ordinary no, &are denoted by _|Segment or an arrow-head over the [letters in ordinary type appropriate symbol 3. Example: ‘Mass, time, length, temperature, |Force, velocity, acceleration, displacement volume etc __ _| [ Required Methods: Required Methods: Scalars are added subtracted, Vectors may not be added, subtracted, multiplied & divided by ordinary _|multiplied and divided by ordinary |____ arithmetical rules. arithmetical rules. _ Q3,_ Define unit vector and also write its formula: Ans. Definition: ‘A vector; whose magnitude is unity, i, ¢ (A =I) in any given direction is called unit vector” Qs. Ans. Consider a vector * whose unit vector is represented by ‘a”. The unit vector ‘an be obtained by dividing the vector b its magnitude, ie A A Define rectangular unit vectors; Rectangular unit vectors is the set of vector, which have the directions of the positive x,y and z axes of a three; dimensional rectangular co-ordinate system: These are denoted by 7,) and k respectively, it can be shown by the following figure z : t [eek Gy 5 y PAY = How-do you find the magnitude of a resultant vector in a three of a resultant vector in a three dimensional rectangular co-ordinate system? Consider a vector ‘A’ with its initial points placed at the origin of.a rectangular co-ordinate system. The rectangular components of the vector "A ' along positive x, y, & z axes are ‘Ax’, ‘Ay ‘ & ‘Az’ respectively. By adding the rectangular components such as Ax Ay and Az we get the original vector A. ie ha ait biraleto itselt & applied at ANY poing 6 . translational motion Example © The velocity of Free vector ca Pros by v Th Position Vector: ‘ ch determines the position of @ point relative to the fixed point 18 ‘called position vectos Consider a fixed reference point 0 ‘and specify the position of a given: point ip with respect the point ‘0’ by means of vector having magnitude and direction represented by a directed line segment OP. This can oO be shown by the following Hgue™ about Null vector? Q7. What do you know Ans. Null Vector: dentical in magnitude and oP posite in direction, th Chen thy “If two vectors are ¥ difference vector 1S called)Null oF ZERO vectors”. eee rmall vector has zero magnitude ‘and has no direction or it may have direction. 2 & Ps 8. Proof the commutative and associative laws of vector addition, EB ‘Ans. Commutative Law of Vector Additio > w Consider a parallelogram: OACB. Let The two vectors A’and B represent . Sdjacent sides of the parallelogram. The diagonal OC of the parallelogaatll 5 represents the resultant vector R—— PHYSICS NOTES 5 - From fig: it . Therefore ROR-Rok This is know? as commutative law Associative Law of Vector i a Consider the felling Tue ier Adalsion:: representa the vector Ay PQ greene vector B, G8 represents the vector C and OS represents the vector Point, . i% Le cs tc — ; a =" From the AOQS, in which OO represents the resultant X + 8, which is obtained by using "head to taal? rule Thus K+ B+ S-R aut Similarly in AOPS, the line PS, represents tile resultafit, B + Thus K+ G+ Gok Therefore, Se Al (A+B) + 2K + BO) 5 This is known as associative law of vector addition. Sas Q9. Define and explain resolution of vector. ‘Ans. Definition: The process of splitting a vector into its components is called resolution of vector” ae Explanation:- A vector can be resolved into a number of components, but generally a vector is resolved into two components at right angle to each other, i.e. the components along x-axis is called x-components or horizontal components & the D, then the components along y-axis is called y-component or vertical components. Such y have any components are called rectangular components, q Consider a vector’ A ', whose initial point is Y placed at the origin of two dimensional ; yn. co-ordinate system, is making an angle 'Q' ay which the x-axis =r TeSeNt they Q Aa 2 lelogram From the terminal points 'P’ of the vector ara two perpendiculars‘on X-axis and y-axis From figure the resultant vector 'A’ can be obtained by using Head- To-Tail rule, i.e. eae www.iqbalkalmati.blogspot.com lenClass: vies at a Serko AG reced no so be written i ogee of ig compo . ‘The vector Aimay al ie unit vector, such as components: al ies of horizontal & verti Magnitudes « SET oe, iE magnitudi cal By using the {Figen Te components can be obtmine Ag 9 And magnitude of resujian, t From thg Pythagorous ie. ection: Direction can be find out @= tn where 0‘ gives the atiection of the vector s-E the positive X-axis measure, counter clock wise. Q10. Explain addition of vector rectangular Sata Bend r ‘Ans. Consider two eis ty to which are making 2" with ig positive x-axis. y e added by head-to-tail rule, then we obtain the resultan, When 8; and Re ar re ponents Ais and iy. The magnitudes of vector A, ; Now resolve the vector A into its com these components are as follows. Aix = Ai cos: O1 And Ary = Avsin® s Similarly the vector, Ka is also resolved into its components Azx & Azy, and wl magnitudes areas follows: ‘Aus = Azcos 62 And ‘Ag = Azsin 8 Ann of the component vectors along x-axis is equal to the x-components, resultant vector. Rea Fic tBox or Bex (Ane + Aad D www.iqbalkalmati.blogspot.com :U./ 27 PHYSICS NOTE Similarly: or Now the s the x-cor Similarly The magi The dire: Q11. Define s Ans. “Iftwo called sc In other “The pre them is Mathe Conside is math Where | produc Q12. Write Ans. Chara if the v waeee i “a PHYSICS NOTES -33- Siassi A Similarly the sum of the gomponeng vectors along Ay = Aiy +Aay x im Ry = (Ai, + Aavli % ym YAty + Aa Now the sum of the magnitudes of x-components is équal to the magnitude of the x-components of resultant vector, ie: Ag Arc + Aze i Al= Ai 6680) *Ayoos tant Similarly the sum of the magnitudes of y-components is Ay = Aty + Ay ‘Ay = Ai cos 01 +A2-co8 O2 ‘The magnitudes of the resultant vector is obtained as A- a ‘A, cos 8, + Ay cos0,)' + (A, sind + The direction of the resultant vector is 4 A= 4 sin @, reg @ = tan’ Q11. Define scalar product or dot product: hij, ANS. “If two vector: are multiplied and their product is @ scalar, then the product is ie called scalar product or Dot Product”, Or In other words, the scalar product of two vectors A and B is defined as: “The product of magnitudes of two vectors and the cosine of the angle between them is called scalar product or Dot product”. Mathematical Expression:- Consider two veciorg A an@l B having angle @ between them, then their product is mathematically expressed as RB =A Bcos0 Where the quantity ‘AB cos "isa scalar, therefore this prodyct is galled scalar product and is also called dot product of two vectors @ and B. Q12. Write down the characteristics of dot product? tant == Ams. pire Serer of dot product: If the vectors A and B are parallel i.e. 0= (0, then CS of cos 8 =1 AB cos 0 B cos (0) AB(1) 16 the; AB -ABcoso 1% =B, ie. A is parallel and equal to 8 (@ = 09), then AB =ABcoso rents ¢ RA = AAcos (0) www.iqbalkalmati.blogspot.com ny =iEE c. pecs Ca or nro PHYSICS NOTES. Sporbleny citothelyeny —eevsieuvion 1 &B are perpendicular 1° pete tectors is a ull vector thet 7? . nn RB -AB OR’ » Cos90 = Gand th = AB cos 6 ce =ABO ar yn other, th 7 jo each other, then ifthe unit vectors 7, jamd kare perpendicular edie ij lpie= kis tive law for dot product: ve and distribu 013. Explain the commutatl ey for do! 3} having ansle Ans. Commutative law grbetween them Siar ar Consider two vectors ‘A’ an Now tak bre B ‘The dot product of vectors -4 and B is equal to the magnitude of vector 4 But fro: i of times projection of vector B ‘onto the direction > er: ie she Fine = ABA = AB cos@___—) aod A Therefc o or ‘Also the dot product of vectof B afd Ajs equal tothe magnitude of vector Hence a projection of A onto the “airection of vector B, 1-<. rN A = BA = BA cos 8 Q14. Defin: .A = AB cos 8 (2) A Qa copgering equation (and (2), we gt Ans. Defin B= BA : eo produ Mopars 7 Matt This means that, if the order of vectors to be multiplied is changed, then th Consi is no effect on the scalar product of two vectors Hence scalar product obeyel by A> commutative law for dot product. fives Distributive law for dot duct:- sot near Re : Mag uct, we consider three vectors A, 8 The t ‘To prove the distributive law for dot prod and C. First optain the resultant vector R by applying head to tail rule on vector B andC. www.iqbalkalmati.blogspot.com :U BeSi , PHYSICS NOTES. -35- CLASS : XI “0 Tien draw the projection af vector €; i.e, OG from the terminal post of vector ‘and the projgetion of the resultant vector Rye. ORs from the terminal point ° of vector (B + © ) onto the direction of vector A. ‘ > > Now taking L. H. S of the distributive law, The dot product A (B+) isequal 9 thg product of magnitude A of tig veo ‘and the projection of the vector (B + C) on to the cissene} vector Ser kk ! But from figure, a +) = A[CaRa + OCA] + @}= A [CaRa]+A(OCa] Pe Where CaRa = projection of vector B onto the direction of vector A CaRa = Ba And > OCA = projection of vector © onto the direction of vector A OCA = Ca Sa ‘Therefore, from the abgve ¢xplanation the equation (1) becomes, _ B. (B + C) = ABa+ACa Or RG+A-RG+KRS Hence we have proved the distributive law for dot product. Q14. Define cross or vector Broduct and also show that: xB=-Bxi Ans. Definitio: “If two vectors are multiplied mid their resultant product is vector then the product is called vector product or cross product.” Pa Mathematical Expression:- Ci aes two vectors Rand’ and the prduct of these two vectors is denoted consi : en by hor, that’s why it is read as A cross'B and the product of these two vectors ys aes a new vector C. Mathemotigally it can be expressed as: pe Magnitude of vector C: > ‘The magnitude of vectof,C is given by A eee a Es | = ABsind =|C| www.iqbalkalmati.blegspot.com LengCLASS: y 6: ics NOTES __puysics no o i c= AB sin® sive direction of Rand B. Chara Were ® ‘is the smaller angle ‘between POS! @ & Proof: i xB BK crop product orAand Bis Gi) xB ic cross oF STE and the point in the direc i Tha vector Brepreetts 6 THEOL + .r to the plane ©o! z ystem. We gen it ro the pl dca right anded sy generalize ae | : perpendicula: ech a way as to make Ay Ban definition. @ ceoaxB- [AB sel” = r j to the plane containing A and vector, perpendicular 4-4 screw advances when Bang (vi) Where w is the unit the point in the direction » rotated from A to B, asishew | GeAx! (vii) 1 i $ Then t A js rotated from ‘which right in wi ene following HEMT B to A then the unit vect OF similarly a right handed screw be (-u) 4 3 a= [BA sin al (4) or 2DZBRA Basin elt) sey uly F ge PD PB A= BA sin OI) ——— Gi) a . ian Ans. Proo Cons! Ares D Since the quantities (AB sin 6) in equati being the magnitudes are equal. therefor at tab- Bok ession shows that the vector pro ‘on () and (BA sin @) in equation (i, 2 on comparing equation (i) and (jj ® The above expr duct is not commutative www.iqbalkalmati.blogspot.com :U; aRa $8": XL ~ \\ __ PHYSICS NOTES a7 CLASS: Characteristics of Cross Product: @ axh-- 0 Ae are (ii) x B+ +. Gi) (A eee: REARS, (ivy 10K are iEe: FeCtion then A and B are parallel lize the gt (vy) ix =O pe g=0 nds ick =o Vitis (i) kjk or jxk=i or kei=j oor (vii) IPA = Ani + Aaj + Ask =Bii+ Ba +B, Then the cross produet of A afd B is i j k AxBe= AL Aa Ag Br Ba Bs SOE wil =i] A> As| -j)Ar Aal+k | Ar Aa Br Bs BB BB: = (Aa Bs - AgBa)i-(A1 Bs - AsBi) j + (Ai Bz - AoBi)k Q15. Using the definition of vector product, prove the law of sines for plane triangles of'Sides a, band c. “4 = a ne @ Ans. Proof:- Consider a triangle ABC % Area of the triangle: o a {a s) A Fabsinc —__ () on (ii), and (i) y Q) ive. RE 7. www.iqbalkalmati. blogspot.com :www.iqbalkalmati.blegspot.com : Use a= deasinB — () Now comparing equation : 1 pesind 3 gion (2) and @) TV yesind = A easinB Comparing eau Pina asin oe oe, Me b @ comparing equation (1) and @) abSinC = peasin® 5 sin C= esinB a m6 a 2 ai, 46) we gel hen (Os Sc 7 ed ‘This is known as law of sines From eq (4); == qu. Ans. Q2. _ PHYSICS NO IMP Define : Defini ‘he ch Displac B item displac “The di: Define {a) Uni Veloc Defin “The 1 “The | direct “The Veloci Math Math« Wher ThisASS PHYSICS NOTES -39- CLASS : XI CHAPTER # 3 MOTION . IMPORTANT QUESTIONS & ANSWERS Ql. Define displacement? Ans. Definition: “The change of position of a body in a particular direction is Displacement” Displacement is a vector, because if a body moves from a position A to position B, its motion from A to B determines the direction of motion. In other words displacement defined as “The distance covered by a body in specific direction is called Displacement” Displacement is usually represented by ‘S’. Units: 1. InM. K.§ system, it is measured in metre (m). 2. In C.G.S system, it is measured in centimetre (em) Q2. Define velocity and explain the types of velocity, (a) Uniform Velocity (b) Variable Velocity _(c) Instantaneous Velocity Ans, Velocity: Definition: “The rate of change of displacement is called velocity”. Or “The distance covered by a body with respect to time in a specified direction is called velocity. or “The speed of a body in a particular direction is called velocity”. Velocity is a vector, because it has direction. It is denotéd by V. Mathematical expression: Mathematically, velocity can be expressed as Velocity = Displacement time at where, &r = change of displacement R= At = change in time This velocity is called average velocity, Hence it may also be written as Units: 1. In M.K.S system, its unit is metre per second and written as m/s or m.s? 2. InC.G.S system, its unit is centimetre per second and written as cm/s or cms ———————— SS aaa E. y. www.iqbalkalmati.blogspot.com “lenge LeperCLASS. 9 ts aie Q3. Define » follows: Types of Velocity: The types of velocity Are, defined (a) Uniform Velocit¥i niform, COTS OU Cistancy, ABS ~ id to be cs etary of 2 body 3 ser ce careats of me 2 species (b) Variable Velocity Je velocity, if its Spee dor its di = sariob) TA body ix said to possess 0" changes contiisousl gy Se or tan be See BH aces equal intervals Of tine, cover ‘invariable velocity” "® “The body does not ‘ pected d then wr is said to move 0" specified direction te) Instantaneous Velocity! Definition: a boty measured foF yery small interval of time Instantaneous velocity”. Mathematical Expression: If the time is very small such that Sty 'S call rr) “ Fa = tim sous velocities are equa: then the Body iy When the average and instantan to move with uniform velocity: Beare {d) Graphical dete’ tion of uniform and Varia le (non. uniform] velocities: When we plot the displacement (s) of a moving body from some fixeg point against the time (t), @ displacement time graph of the motion of y, body is obtained. One must note the following points about the displacement time grapp, (ne mitthe slope of the graph is constant for different points on the” curve, it means that the velocity *S constant. That is the body ig moving, ry. with uniform velocit IThe slope of the curve is different for different points on the ¢ Feene une that the body is moving with variable velocity. un, iii, ithe slope of the curve is zero, then it means that the body ig at ii. rest. s iv. Ifa body is moving with uniform velocity, 5 then ite displacement time graph is a straight line as shown in figure. S time Ifa body is, not moving with uniform velocity then its displacement-time graph is not a straight line, it is curved as shown in figure. Note that it may take any shape depending upon the situation. time v ene (a) Unifo fe} Insta Accele Definit “The rate When th change i Accelera They t (a (b) (c)S$ oy PHYSICS NOTES 41 CLASS : XI Q3. Define acceleration and explain different types of acceleration. {a} Uniform Acceleration, (b) Variable Acceleration (c} Instantancous Acceleration, Bb Ans. Acceleration: Definition; f change of yelocity is called acceleration’. velocity of a body changes, then the body possess acceleration, The Pet C. ing *S calla IY is say on. ixed of ty staph the ody is he cu is at cin velocity may be due to the change in its magnitude or direction, itas denoted™by a because it has direction. If the cased, then the acceleration ix positive and if the the acceleration is negative acceleration is called Retardation or Deceleration. Mathematical Expression: Mathematically change in velocity lorditiom w MaNse . in_veloctty ‘ ime i In MKS system, its units is meter per second square and it is written as m/sec? or ms? ii In ©.GS system, its unit is centimeter per second square and it is written as cm/sec? or em.s? Types of Acceleratio: They types are defined as follows: (a) Uniform Acceleration: Definition: “If the velocity of a body moving along a straight line changes uniformly in equal intervals of time, however short the interval may be, the acceleration so produced is called Uniform Acceleration". (b) Variable Acceleration: Definition:- “If the velocity of a body does not change equally in equal interval of time, then the acceleration produced is called Variable Acceleration”. (c) Instantaneous Acceleration: Definition. “The acceleration of a body measured for a very short interval of time, and then this acceleration is called Instantaneous Acceleration”. In the limits of a very small Ar the average acceleration will approach the value of instantaneous acceleration, It is denoted by dm.CLASS 29 PHYSICS NOTES 42 oieion thematical Expression: Mathematically it can ‘be expressed as ~ si Gm = lim a Where AV is the change in velocity - (d) Graphic: determination of | uniform at nd variable (non- uniform) acceleration: ti aaa ody is moving with uniform acceleration then i Bar : graph is as shown in figi Firs! The figure shows that the slope of the velocity-time A 1B graph is positive ‘and constant. Itmeans that the g Det erPity ie increasing at a uniform rate. Tha | rate of 2 nm change of velocity is constant, In other words, the body * \4 Boe is moving with uniform ‘acceleration then the value of ne this acceleration is equal to the slope of the'curve. “ine Exp Ifa body is not moving with uniform acceleration, aN p/ a then its welocity-time graph is as shown in figure a tne ty grap! z 2, This figure shows that the slope of its velocity ime graph will be different at different points, If may take any shape depending upon the situation yl Q4. State and explain Newton's law o f motion? Ans, Issac Newton studied motion of bodies and formulated the following three important laws of motion. 1. Newton's first law of motion. 2. Newton's second law of motion. 3. Newton's third law of motion. 1, Newton's first law Motion: Introduction: ortant definitions first is the fore In this law Newton explain the two imp & the second one is inertia: Statement: *A body remains at rest or continues to move wi it is acted upon by an unbalanced force”. Explanatio: Fann the statement of Newton's first law of motion, we'draw the followig conclusion that, That law consists of two parts; the first part states that a body cannot change its state of rest or of uniform motion in a straight line unless it is acted upon by some unbalanced force to change its stay Example! This Jaw can also be explained with the help of following examples: ‘A book lying on a table will remain there forever in the same position unless someone comes and removes it, A bullet is fired from a gun. Its motion is opposed both by air resistance and the pull of earth. If the pulll of the earth and the air ith uniform velocity unless iv ii. Paton es GP mm am) nb. A i) www.iqbalkalmati.blogspot.com yheagseie.20N. time viform, s the fore ity unless 1¢ followin tates that a straight ze its stat ples: ame y air nd the ait PHYSICS NOTES -43- CLASS : XI resistance could be eliminitted, the bullet could go on movingyn & Straight line for ever The second part of this law gives us the qualitative definition of Hgnet force, which is stated as follows: “Force is an agent, which produces or tends to produce a change in the state of rest or of uniform motion of an object, te. produces the acceleration in the body”. First Law of Motion is also called Law of Inertia: First law of motion is also called law of inertia, because it points towards important property of matter. This is called INERTIA. ition of Inertia: 's that properly of matter by virtue of which if it is in state of rest or motion it tries to remain in that state”. Or simply it is defined as: “Inertia is the tendency of an object resists @ change in its state”. Experiments show that the inertia of an object is directly proportional to the mass of the object, i.¢, the greater the mass of an object, greater will be the inertia yery 2. In this law of motion Newton provide a means for the quantitative measurement of force as well as mass. Statement: “When a force acts on an object, it produces an acceleration in its own direction, which és directly proportional to the magnitude of the force and inversely proportional to the mass of the object”. Explanatio: If we push a body harder, it moves faster. Its velocity changes in the direction of the force exerted, From such experiences it is established that when a force acts upon a body, the acceleration produced is directly proportional to the force symbolically it can be expressed as: Faa Or F=ma Where “F” is a (vector) sum of all the forces acting on the body, and “m” is the mass of the mathematical expression of Newton's second law of motion. It can be written as: ‘The above equation explains that the acceleration is directly proportional to the resultant force acting on a body and the direction of acceleration is same as that of the force and the acceleration is inversely proportional to the mass of the body. RE AMNARIDD ONACHINIG CON" www.iqbalkalmati.blogspot.com Leng A Kany ft We LataPHYSICS, e Sine jon: ee 5 ee, Sie vion explain the action and reaction of the force. Itis than stated as follows. Statement: eet, 4 oe Bevery action, there is an equal ‘and opposite reaction Explanation: F men But Peer erpody “A” exerts a force on another body |Faeits, ee ab" itis called the action of force “A’ on Be Foe The body "B" will also exerts a force on body "A", ns iuhich will be equal in magnitude, but opposite in bod) direction. This force is called the reaction of "Bon "A Y ‘The force of body "A on body "B” is written 2S Fur and the force of body ae ual in magnitude, but the .B" on the body “A” is written as Fa,which be eq i opposite in direction and these force lie on the line joining the two ; bodies. Symbolically, it can be expressed as eu ir mo F ctu = F rear Th Frcap = Foon Where negative sign shows that the two forces are acting in opposite ga direction. ‘o Q5, Two bodies of unequal masses are attached £0 the two ends of a string which passes which Pration less pulley. If the bodies are moving vertically, find the expression for Correa ion a the string and the acceleration of the system: ‘ans. when both the bodies move vertically: Zonzider two bodies of unequal masses “mi” and “m2 eo are connected by a string, passes over a frictionless G Te pulley as shown in figure. Both the bodies move vertically. Let m: be the greater mass as compound to the mass m2 Henos body A have greater massi.e. “m:” it will accelerate in downward direction with an acceleration “a” and the body B due to less mass “ma” will move up with the same acceleration. Let “T” be the tension in the string. me mi are two forces Let us first consider the motion of body A. There acting on the body A, i, The weight of the body Wi = mg, which is acting in downward direction ii. _ The tension "T” in the direction string, which is acting in upward www.iqbalkalmati.blogspot.com :U./ 27ASS : x = Itis au ree of body tude, but » two posite , string ind the PHYSICS NOTES 45. CLASS : XI Since the body A moves downward, therefore the weight of body A ise greater than the tension. Thus the net force F, which moving downward with an acceleration “a” is given by vie F-wWi-T . Or Femig-T But according to Newton's second law of motion, the net force is ma. Thus the equation of motion for body Ais mja = mig -T (i) yi Now consider the motion of body B. There are also two forces acting on the body B. 1. Weight of the body Wa and 2, The tension T in the string. Since the body B is moving upward therefore the net force F which is moving the body upward is F=T-Wa or F=T-mg Similarly the foreeion body B by the application of Newton's second law of h motion is mg, Thus the equation of motion for body B is 3 maa = T-mog —__ fii) Calculation of Acceleration: 4 To calculate the acceleration “a” adding equation (i) & (ii), we get mia=mig-T mga = T- mg mya + maa = mig - mag (mi + ma) = g (mi + ma) = Wmtm)g (mm +m) Calculation of Tensio: Tension in the string can be calculated by dividing equation (j) & (ii). ma _mg-T T-m8 m,_mg-T m, T=mg By cross multiplication we get mi(T — mg) = ma(mig - T) myT ~ mimog = mimag - maT mT + mgT = mamag + mimg, Tomi + ma) = 2 mimag, [ 2mm, ] Lm, +m, |6. : PHYSICS NOTES. \ds of 4 to the ends of a stri masses 8Fe sea $ moves vertically ae __PHYSics e the tenets A mression for the t ag Q6. Two bodies of unequal in such awa) surface: over a pulleys Cree one hedsontll re t sereleration- moves © Ans: eae cleravertically 284 other moves O8 B smey, horizontal surface: Consider two ‘bodies A a! id Cond mzrespectivel¥, to the ends of @ string acceleration “a” frictionless pulley. The body A moves vertically down ard TO oface towards and the body B moves on & ‘smooth horwOne’ rowing figure. oI the pulley with same ‘acceleration = od eT Let us first consider the ‘motion of body The weight “ ite there are two forces acing ou beet Be ection 2 a fe Fal Wi = mig, which is acing in ng ii wre ri a ii The os ‘Tis the suing ‘which is acting *) ae a direction, tim i ce the body A moves downward therefore the WET of body A is grea mo} than the tension. Thus the net force “F” which Is e ody A downy, L is given by | 4 with an acceleration “a” peWi-T peme-T ; 18-7 emotion, the net force is mia, Or But according to Newton's second law of t ae are equation of motion for body ‘Ais, man ms — T —————_} Now consider the motion of body B. There are three forces acting on it, io The tension ‘Tim the string Ff acts horizontally towards the py fe i. The weight Wa= mag, which act vertically downward lls iii, The reaction "R" of the smooth horizontal surface on the body B, ag Fr vertically upward. g: if Since there is no motion of body “B” in vertical direction, hence the two f th be the weight of the body and the reacliO® iene surface are equal ang ie opposite. Therefore they cancel each other. Now consider the horizontal motion of body B. Ifwe neglect the force of EX friction, then the horizontal force, which pulls the block towards pulley, j Re tension Tin the string. Thus the equation ‘of motion for body B, by apes a Newton's second law of motion is sh z F-T 2 eet Pee a Calculation of Acceleration: Qs. (a Te obtain the vaiue of acceleration, add equation (1) and (2) (b mia = mag -T Ans. (2 ma =T ™ a mia + ma = Mig (my +_m) = mg.mia, 3 ON it, Is the put ody B, aoty Ihe two fo tal and force of Pulley, ig Y Applying Te, PHYSICS NOTES At CLASS : XI Calculation of Tension: To obtain the expression for tension, put the value of ‘a’ in equation (2) Tama we Tmt pe {mm Q7. Write down the equations of a uniformly accelerated rectilinear motion. Which is the most common example of a uniformly accelerated motion? “What is the free fall method? Ans. Equation of a Uniformly Accelerated Rectilinear Motion: fa body is moving with constant acceleration ‘a’, its initial velocity is "Vi" after time "t" it covers the distance "S" and its final velocity will be "Vi". Then the motion of the body is governed by the following equations. 1 VreVi + at 2. S=Vit+ wae 3, 2aS=Ve-Ve Example of a Uniformly Accelerated Motion: The most common example of motion with nearly constant acceleration is that | of a body falling towards the earth. This acceleration is due to pull of the earth ; (gravity), which is known as acceleration due lo gravity and is denoted by "g” Its unit is meter per second square (m/s?). Its value 9.8 m/s? in S. I. units. Free Fall Methos If the body moves towards earth, neglecting resistance and small changes in the acceleration with altitude. This body is referred to as free falling body and the motion is called Free Fall. Equations for Free Fail Motion:- Replacing acceleration “a” by acceleration due to gravity "g”, the equations of motion become 1. VreVi + et 2 S=Vit+ Mgt 3 2gS = VP - Vi? Q8. (a) Define momentum. Also write down its unit. (b) Derive the unit of momentum. Ans, (a) Define momentum: “The quantity of motion, which increases with the increase of mass and as well as of velocity and decreases with the decreases of mass as well as of velocity, is called momentum”. Or in other words, It can be defined as; “A moving body having greater velocity has a greater quantity of motion than the body having lesser velocity. This quantity of motion is called momentum”CLASS : x) PHYSICS NOTES. Mathematical Expression: in be expressed a5 cet Mathematically it cai J ‘Momentum = mass X Unit: (by Deriv f ° Uz t of Momentum: 5) Derivation of the Unit o! entum: eer (b) Det ementum is the product of mass ord velocity, so its unit is derive As jos, Momentum = mass xvelocity = kgx m/s . Divide and multiply the above expression py second (S) kex @ m, its unit is = kgx 7x5 m N since kgx 5 ‘Therefore the unit of momentum is N—s. Q9. State and explain law of conservation of momentum, aos. Law of Conservation of Momentum: Statement: ferpie muamentinaiof susleelated-syStermaievas Meru T'S constant”. Or in other words. Oe eae exterialfonce applied toieystem, then the total momentum of that system remains constant’ Explanation: of two bodies A and B of masses m: and m2 Consider a system consisting ht line, with velocities u: and u2 respectively. These are moving in a straig! Lee ietision. On colliding with each other, their final velocities will be vi ay vo respectively, Thus the total momentum of system before collision. = mui + M22 sand the rotaldMementant of the system after Collision, = miv3 + m2v2 When the two bodies collide with other, they come in contact for a time inten; ‘t. According to Newton’s third law ‘of motion, if body A exerts a force on body’ B then the body B also exerts a force on body but in opposite direction, The average force acting on body B is also equal ‘9 the rate of change of its The average turing the time interval *' ie, its equal fo. mys = 1 Similarly the average force acting upon the body, m¥ = Ps Ais. t ‘As these forces fire oppositely directed therefore mgt, iY — Mt 1 1 my — MM zy, +myj= Mth, +m! OR im, + gly = mY; +s ee PHYSICS The Tota This shor sam syst Q10. Def Ans. Ela “An kin Ine “In cor tot ii, iii iv. Ans. El