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Module: Restorative Materials

Faculty Teaching Guide for Dental Materials

Module - Restorative Materials

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Faculty Teaching Guide for Dental Materials

Faculty Teaching Guide for Dental Materials


Module: Restorative Materials
Review of Previous Module
Review topics from the previous module to confirm understanding prior to presenting new material.

Module Overview
Advances in dental materials have been rapid in the area of esthetics, such as the expanded application of
composites for posterior restorations, and in the development of fluoride releasing glass ionomer cements and
filling materials. This module discusses a large variety of dental materials that the dental assistant will use every
day. Each material has unique properties in order to perform specific functions. Restorative dentistry, also called
operative dentistry, provides direct restoration of tooth structure by reproducing the original shape of the tooth.

The Big Picture

Faculty Teaching Guide for


Dental Materials
Module:
Restorative Materials

Section 1:
Dental Cements

Section 2:
Amalgam Restorations

Section 3:
Composite Restorations

Part A: Dental Material


Properties

Part A: Cavity
Preparations

Part A: Bonding Agents

Part B: Dental Cements

Part B: Amalgam
Restorative Material

Part B: Composite
Restorative Materials

Resources
This module utilizes the following learner resources:
Textbooks:
Dental Assisting, A Comprehensive Approach, 2nd edition, by Donna J. Phinney and Judy Halstead. Delmar
Learning, 2004. ISBN 1-4018-3480-9.
Materials and Procedures for Todays Dental Assistant, by Ellen Dietz, Delmar Learning, 2004. ISBN:
1401837336.

Module: Restorative Materials

Workbook: Workbook to Accompany Dental Assisting, A Comprehensive Approach, 2nd edition, by Donna J.
Phinney and Judy Halstead, prepared by Karen L. Waide, Delmar Learning, 2004. ISBN 1-4018-3483-3.
Instructors Manual: Instructors Manual to Accompany Delmars Dental Assisting, A Comprehensive Approach,
2nd edition, by Donna J. Phinney and Judy Halstead. Delmar Learning, 2004. ISBN 1-4018-3482-5.
Delmars Dental Assisting Video Series: Delmar Learning. ISBN 0-7668-1031-3.
Electronic CD-ROM: Delmars Dental Assisting Interactive Skills and Procedures CD-ROM, ISBN 1-4018-3485X.
Faculty CD-ROM: The faculty CD-ROM includes this Faculty Guide and the PowerPoint for Dental Materials.

Additional Resources
Safety Standards and Infection Control for Dental Assistants, by Ellen Dietz. Delmar Learning, 2002. ISBN 07668-2659-7.
Electronic Classroom Manager to Accompany Delamrs Dental Assisting, A Comprehensive Approach, 2nd edition,
by Donna J. Phinney and Judy Halstead. Delmar Learning, 2004. ISBN: 1-4018-3484-1.

Section 1: Dental Cements


Section Overview
The mouth is a harsh environment. It is warm and moist, has corrosive conditions, experiences drastic
temperature changes, as well as stresses involved during mastication. The properties of dental materials must be
able to withstand these tough conditions and be biocompatible with the body.

Outline of Section 1
Part A: Dental Material Properties
Part B: Dental Cements

Learning Objectives and Competencies

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Faculty Teaching Guide for Dental Materials

These learning activities directly address the Learning Objectives and Competencies
as stated.

Teaching Tip

Knowledge:
1. Define the Key Terms.
Comprehension
2. Explain properties of dental materials.
3. List materials used to restore cavity preparations.
4. Explain composition, uses, and manipulation of dental cements.

Practice good
facilitation skills when
conducting activities
and class discussion.
Pay attention to
learners who are not
participating. Attempt
to determine factors
that might motivate or
reduce their motivation,
and act accordingly.

Application:
5. Demonstrate manipulation of zinc phosphate, polycarboxylate, glass ionomer, and zinc oxide eugenol
cements.

Learning Activities
These learning activities directly address the Learning Objectives and Competencies as stated.
[Insert Homework Assignment icon] Key Term Glossary (Part A, All Objectives)
[Insert In-Class Activity icon] Set Up and Manipulating Calcium Hydroxide (Part A, Objective 3-4)
[Insert In-Class Activity icon] Prepare and Manipulate Resin Cements (Part A, Objective 3-4)
[Insert In-Class Activity icon] Prepare and Utilize Acid Etch Solution (Part A, Objectives 3-4)
[Insert In-Class Activity icon] Manipulate Bonding Materials (Part A, Objectives 3-4)
[Insert Homework Assignment icon] Textbook Assignment (Parts A-B, All Objectives)
[Insert In-Class Activity icon] Manipulate Zinc Phosphate Cement (Part B, Objectives 4-5)
[Insert In-Class Activity icon] Manipulate Zinc Ozide Eugenol Cement (Part B, Objectives 4-5)
[Insert In-Class Activity icon] Manipulate Polycarboxylate Cement (Part B, Objectives 4-5)
Insert In-Class Activity icon] Glass Ionomer Cement (Part B, Objectives 4-5)
[Insert Homework Assignment icon] Posttest (Part B, All Objectives)
The Adult Learner.

is time conscious
learners. Dont waste
time. Be prompt in
starting and ending
class, and avoid busy
work, unless it serves
a useful purpose.

Module: Restorative Materials

Part A: Dental Material Properties


Overview
Dental materials must be compatible with the oral environment. They must be
strong enough to withstand the forces of chewing, protect the tooth and oral
tissues, not harmful to the body, resemble natural dentition, and be easily formed
and placed in the mouth. This part examines the many diverse properties of
dental restorative materials. Understanding these properties will enable the
dental assistant to provide quality care and maximum patient comfort.

Initial Questions and Activities


1. Who of you have fillings in your teeth? Are they silver fillings or tooth colored?
There will be a variety of responses to this question depending on learners previous experience.
Encourage learners to share their experiences with the class. Discuss with them how they will learn
to help the dentist restore tooth structure for their patients, and that some of them may become
expanded function dental assistants, placing and finishing these restorations themselves after the
dentist prepares the tooth.

Key Concepts

References and Activities

Slides

Introduction to Module

Slides 1-2

Introduction to Section 1
Key Terms
Dental Material Properties

Slide 3
Slide 4
Slides 5-6

[Insert Home Ass icon] Key Term Glossary


Chapter ___, pgs. ____ (Phinney & Halstead)
Chapters ____ (Dietz)
[Insert In-Class Activity icon] Set Up and
Manipulating Calcium Hydroxide
[Insert In-Class Activity icon] Prepare and
Manipulate Resin Cements
[Insert In-Class Activity icon] Prepare and Utilize
Acid Etch Solution
[Insert In-Class Activity icon] Manipulate

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Faculty Teaching Guide for Dental Materials

Key Concepts

References and Activities

Slides

Bonding Materials
[Insert Home Ass icon] Textbook Assignment
[ ] Group Activities [ ] Homework [ ] Individual Activity [ ] Internet Activity [ ] In-Class Discussion [ ] In-Class Act [ ] Evaluation

[Insert In-Class Act icon]

In-Class Activities

Set Up and Manipulating Calcium Hydroxide (Part A, Objectives 3-4). Goal: To have learners set up for and
manipulate calcium hydroxide. Instructor should ensure enough materials and supplies are available for the
activity. Learners should be graded on the procedure steps as outlined on pg. ____, Chapter ____(Phinney &
Halstead). Learner workbooks contain check off sheets that can be utilized.

Prepare and Manipulate Resin Cements (Part A, Objectives 3-4). Goal: To have learners prepare and
manipulate resin cements in a two paste, powder/liquid, or syringe system. Learners should be placed into
teams for this activity. Learners should be graded on the procedure steps as outlined on pg. ____, Chapter
____(Phinney & Halstead). Learner workbooks contain check off sheets that can be utilized.

Prepare and Utilize Acid Etch Solution (Part A, Objectives 3-4). Goal: To have learners prepare and utilize
acid etch solution. Learners should be graded on the procedure steps as outlined on pg. ____, Chapter
____(Phinney & Halstead). Ensure proper PPE is used by learners. Learner workbooks contain check off
sheets that can be utilized.

Manipulate Bonding Materials (Part A, Objectives 3-4). Goal: To have learners manipulate bonding materials.
Instructor ensure enough materials and supplies are available for learners. Learners should be graded on the
procedure steps as outlined on pg. ____, Chapter ____(Phinney & Halstead). Learner workbooks contain
check off sheets that can be utilized.

[Insert In-Class Dis Ques icon]

In-Class Discussion

1. How should the patient be seated in the dental chair for the procedure if the filling is going to be in a
mandibular tooth?
The patient should be seated in a supine position with the light directed downward for mandibular
Teaching Tip

illumination.
[Insert Home Ass icon]

Homework Assignments

Focus on why learning


about this subject is
necessary, and an
obligation, to ensure the
highest standard of
patient care. Discuss
why each activity is
important for learners to
understand and to
practice skills until
proficient.

Module: Restorative Materials

Key Term Glossary. Learners will define key terms listed in the PowerPoint
presentation. They are to enter this glossary on disk, in a dedicated notebook or
in a designated part of a notebook. They are expected to augment information
from text or lecture with other resources including any available in the school or
public libraries or on the Internet and will be graded at the end of the module on
completeness and presentation.
Textbook Assignment. Learners are to read Chapter _____ (Phinney & Halstead).

Presentation Tools
Note: If you change Objectives or Assignments, dont forget to change the slides accordingly.

Slide 1

[Insert DM 2-1]

Power Point Presentation for Dental Materials with

DM Stands for Dental

Labs

Materials. The 1st number 2

Module: Restorative Materials

represents the Module called

Prior to introducing this module. Ask learners if any


questions remain from the previous module. If questions

Restorative Materials. The 2nd

remain review the material as needed.

number indicates the slide


Slide 2

Introduce this module.

number.
[Insert DM 2-2]

Module: Restorative Materials


Introduce the sections and each part.

Slide 3

[Insert DM 2-3]

Section 1: Dental Cements


Discuss each objective in detail. Learners need to know
what they will be learning and why. Try to relate it back to
their careers as dental assistants.

Slide 4

[Insert DM 2-4]

Key Terms (cont.)


Review each key term and discuss.
Homework Assignment: Stop here and go over the Key

Slide 5

Term Glossary assignment.


Part A: Dental Material Properties

[Insert DM 2-5]

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Faculty Teaching Guide for Dental Materials

Introduce learners to the many properties of dental


materials. Go through each term and explain what it
means.
Explain how many foods we eat are acidic and that even
plaque has some acidic properties.
Discuss how adhesion is necessary for dental materials
to be able to stay in place on the tooth.
Explain how normal biting forces in the posterior of the
mouth are stronger than in the anterior areas.
Discuss how metals and alloys for restorations are
susceptible to corrosion and tarnish.
Point out that aluminum, zinc, and nickel tend to oxidize
relatively easily and that the more precious metals silver,
platinum, and gold resist oxidation.
Explain that tooth structure and restorative materials in
the mouth will expand when warmed by hot foods and
beverages, but contract when exposed to cold
substances, and that such expansions and contractions
over time, may result in breaking the marginal seal of a
filling.
Address how the elastic limit is the maximum stress a
material will withstand without permanent deformation,
and that certain materials will change shape or flow.
Discuss galvanic response resulting from dissimilar metal
fillings in opposing or adjacent teeth, how this small
electrical current is carried through the saliva to the pulp,
and that the patient may call the office to say it is like they

Module: Restorative Materials

are biting on foil.


Explain that hardness is the toughness of a material, that
microleakage can take place between the tooth and filling
material at the margin where they meet, and discuss
mechanical verses chemical retention.
Make clear that many dental cements are used
underneath the stronger filling materials, to form a base
in deep cavities, and to insulate the pulp from possible
chemical and thermal trauma, because some cements
can be dissolved if exposed to oral fluids.
Ensure understanding of how materials may conduct
temperature, especially metal fillings, and how this
causes expansion and contraction, and therefore
dimensional change.
Question: Think of the last time you had a hot drink with
cold food, or hot food and a cold drink. How did these
temperature changes feel on your teeth and restorations?
Explain that viscosity is the resistance of a material to
flow and that many materials used in dentistry need to be
viscous. Explain that the wettability of a material is its

Slide 6

property to flow over a surface.


Biting Forces

[Insert DM 2-6]

Explain that tensile or tension forces are two sets of


forces directed away from each other in a straight line,
that compression is two sets of forces directed toward
each other, and shear is two sets of forces directed
parallel to each other.

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Faculty Teaching Guide for Dental Materials

Point out that force applied to a dental restoration may be


a combination of tensile, compressive, and shear.
Short Activity: Stop and show Video #4 from Delmars
Dental Video Series.

Part B: Dental Cements


Overview

Teaching Tip

A wide assortment of dental cements are used for various applications. They are
dispensed as powder and liquid, two-paste systems, or in a capsule. Each has
unique properties and specific functions. Dental assistants must thoroughly
understand how to manipulate cements at chairside as well as the function of

Remind learners that


they should know these
terms without thinking
like they know their right
and left. Use proper
terminology often when
discussing dental
concepts.

each.

Initial Questions and Activities


1. What would happen if a metal filling is placed near the tooth pulp?
The tooth would be very sensitive to temperature. Metal conducts temperature, so the dentist will line
the cavity with a base or cement to insulate the pulp from thermal trauma.
2. Why would it be important for adhesion of crowns and bridges to tooth structure?
The prostheses must be cemented on the tooth or teeth and should last a lifetime for the patient.

Key Concepts

References and Activities

Slides

Dental Cements

Chapter ___, pgs. ____ (Phinney & Halstead)

Slide 7-14

Chapter ___ (Dietz)


[Insert In-Class Activity icon] Manipulate Zinc
Phosphate Cement
[Insert In-Class Activity icon] Manipulate Zinc
Ozide Eugenol Cement
[Insert In-Class Activity icon] Manipulate
Polycarboxylate Cement

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Module: Restorative Materials

Key Concepts

References and Activities

Slides

[Insert In-Class Activity icon] Glass Ionomer


Cement
Assessment Questions

[Insert Homework Ass icon] Textbook

Slide 15

Assignment
[Insert Homework Ass icon] Posttest
[ ] Group Activities [ ] Homework [ ] Individual Activity [ ] Internet Activity [ ] In-Class Discussion [ ] In-Class Activity [ ] Evaluation

[Insert In-Class Act icon]

In-Class Activities

Manipulate Zinc Phosphate Cement (Part B, Objectives 4-5). Goal: To have learners Manipulate Zinc
Phosphate Cement. Instructor should ensure enough materials are available for learners. Learners should be
graded on the procedure steps as outlined on pg. ____, Chapter ____(Phinney & Halstead). Learner
workbooks contain check off sheets that can be utilized.

Manipulate Zinc Ozide Eugenol Cement (Part B, Objectives 4-5). Goal: To have learners Manipulate Zinc
Oxide Eugenol Cement. Instructor should ensure enough materials are available for learners. Learners should
be graded on the procedure steps as outlined on pg. ____, Chapter ____(Phinney & Halstead). Learner
workbooks contain check off sheets that can be utilized.

Manipulate Polycarboxylate Cement (Part B, Objectives 4-5). Goal: To have learners Manipulate
Polycarboxylate Cement. Instructor should ensure enough materials are available for learners. Learners
should be graded on the procedure steps as outlined on pg. ____, Chapter ____(Phinney & Halstead). Learner
workbooks contain check off sheets that can be utilized.

Glass Ionomer Cement (Part B, Objectives 4-5). Goal: To have learners Glass Ionomer Cement. Instructor
should ensure enough materials are available for learners. Learners should be graded on the procedure steps
as outlined on pg. ____, Chapter ____(Phinney & Halstead). Learner workbooks contain check off sheets that
can be utilized.

[Insert In-Class Dis Ques icon]

In-Class Discussion

1. What types of viscosity did you work with when taking alginate impressions and then pouring them with plaster
and stone materials?

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Faculty Teaching Guide for Dental Materials

The alginate material is thick and viscous. The plaster and stone are less viscous than alginate, so
that they can be poured into the patients impression, yet much more viscous than the water used
when preparing these materials.
[Insert Home Ass icon]

Homework Assignments

Textbook Assignment. Learners are to read Chapters ____ (Dietz).


Posttest. Have learners complete the Skills Mastery Assessment: Posttest in Chapters ____ (Dietz).

Ideas for learners struggling with this material


Develop Questions. Suggest learners develop questions for the exam as if they were the instructor. Then,
answer the questions. Encourage them to use this as a review tool for exams. They should assess how
close they are to the real questions on each exam. Soon they will be able to accurately predict the
questions.

Ideas for learners who are ahead and want to learn more
Web Research. Have learners go to the website http://www.dentsply.com and review the product catalogue
for new products. Be prepared to discuss their discoveries in class.

Presentation Tools
Note: If you change Objectives or Assignments, dont forget to change the slides accordingly.

Slide 7

[Insert DM 2-7]

Part B: Dental Cements


Review Part A. Review the homework and answer
questions as needed.
Introduce Part B.
Explain that a wide variety of dental cements are used in
dentistry.

Slide 8

Address the purposes for each type of cement.


Material Preparing for Restoration

[Insert DM 2-8]

Explain the purpose of a cavity liner.


Discuss how some liners, such as calcium hydroxide,
provide therapeutic benefits to the tooth.
Point out that fluoride compounds have been added to

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Module: Restorative Materials

certain cavity liners in an attempt to reduce the possibility of


secondary caries around permanent restorations or to
reduce sensitivity.
Discuss low strength verses high strength bases.
Explain that low strength bases are also referred to as
liners, intermediary bases, or pulp-capping agents.
Address how varnishes aid in the reduction of postoperative sensitivity when applied to dentinal surfaces
under newly placed fillings.
Explain that cements can be used to hold materials to tooth
structure, or used as a high strength base underneath
restorations.
Discuss how bonding agents work together with acid
etched enamel to create a combination of mechanical and
chemical bonding of dental restorative materials to tooth
enamel and dentin, and that there are a wide variety of

Slide 9

[Insert DM 2-9]

bonding material systems available.


Calcium Hydroxide
Inform learners that calcium hydroxide is used for lining
deep cavities or for direct pulp capping.
Explain how it provides some thermal insulation and
stimulates production of secondary dentin between the pulp
and the filling material.
Point out that sometimes a high strength base will be
placed over the calcium hydroxide material.
Ensure learners understand that they only need to mix a
small amount of equal portions of calcium hydroxide.

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Faculty Teaching Guide for Dental Materials

Slide 10

[Insert DM 2-10]

Copalite Varnish
Discuss how cavity varnishes are used to seal the dentinal
tubules that have been cut during the cavity preparation.
Ensure learners understand that varnishes are not used
under resin or composite materials as they affect the

Slide 11

setting of the filling material.


Luting Cements

[Insert DM 2-11]

Remind learners that luting means to bond or cement


materials together and that in dentistry we have permanent,
temporary, and intermediate cements.
Review each of the cements listed on the slide and inform
learners that they will have the opportunity to work with
each material every day in their dental office depending on

Slide 12

the preferences of the dentist.


Zinc Phosphate Cement

[Insert DM 2-12]

Discuss how a proper amount of powder should be


incorporated into the liquid slowly, and mixed on a cool
glass slab to slow the setting time.
Explain how the chemical setting results in an exothermic
reaction, giving off of heat, which must be dissipated or the
cement will become thick and set too fast. Tell learners that
is why a cool glass slab must be used and the cement
spread over the entire surface, in a figure eight motion as it
is mixed.
Ensure learners understand that the lid for the liquid must
be replaced immediately after dispensing because when
exposed to humidity, it will absorb water, and when
exposed to dry air, tends to result in a loss of water,

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Module: Restorative Materials

causing a changing its chemistry.

Slide 13

[Insert DM 2-13]

Glass Ionomer Cements


Explain that glass ionomers come in many different
dispensing methods, where the powder is a
fluoroaluminumsilicate glass.
Point out that glass ionomer cements bond chemically to
enamel and dentin during the setting process, and that they
have become popular due to their ability to release fluoride
into the tooth structure.
Ensure learners understand these materials are very

Slide 14

[Insert DM 2-14]

sensitive to moisture, so the tooth must be completely dry.


Polycarboxylate Cement
Explain that the liquid of the polycarboxylate cement liquid
is extremely viscous, so it is often dispensed with a syringe.
Point out that the dispensing of the liquid should be done
immediately before mixing, to prevent evaporation of water,
and that the mixed cement should be used only as long as
it still appears glossy on the surface. Explain that once the
surface appears dull, the cement develops stringiness and
is too thick to use.
Ensure learners understand that the cement spatula must
be cleaned immediately after use with alcohol, or it will be

Slide 15

[Insert IDA 2-15]

extremely difficult to remove after it is completely set.


Assessment Questions
Short Activity: Stop here and have learners answer the
questions on the slide. Review material as needed to
enhance understanding.
In-Class Activity: Stop here for the in-class activities.

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Faculty Teaching Guide for Dental Materials

Homework Assignment: Stop here to assign and discuss


the homework.

Section 2: Amalgam Restorations


Section Overview
The goal of restorative dentistry is to re-establish a tooth to its full function in the mouth, in an esthetically pleasing
manner, with as little loss of healthy tooth structure as possible. There are many choices of restorative materials
available. This section discusses the material that has been used in dentistry the longest.

Outline of Section 2
Part A: Cavity Preparations
Part B: Amalgam Restorative Material

Learning Objectives and Competencies


These learning activities directly address the Learning Objectives and Competencies as stated.
Knowledge

Teaching Tip

6. Define the Key Terms.


Comprehension
7. List the components of amalgam alloy.
8. Identify cavity preparation terminology.
Application
9. Demonstrate manipulation of calcium hydroxide and cavity varnish.

Bring up all the real world


things that can go wrong
when learners do not
acquire these skills and
understand this information
thoroughly. Share your
personal experiences in
the field about the subject
and the skills being taught.
We all had to practice to
acquire new skills in the
beginning.

10. Demonstrate the steps of an amalgam restorative procedure.

Learning Activities
These learning activities directly address the Learning Objectives and Competencies as stated.
[Insert Homework Assignment icon] Key Term Glossary (Part A, Objectives 7-9)
[Insert In-Class Activity icon] Manipulating Calcium Hydroxide (Part A, Objective 9)
[Insert In-Class Activity icon] Using Cavity Varnish (Part A, Objective 9)
[Insert In-Class Activity icon] Using Amalgamator (Part B, Objective 10)
[Insert In-Class Activity icon] Assisting an Amalgam Procedure (Part B, Objective 10)

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Module: Restorative Materials

Part A: Cavity Preparations


Overview
The shapes of all cavity preparations are designed for maximum retention of the restorative material within the
tooth, so that the filling is able to receive compressive forces and to minimize tension or shear of the restorative
material. Understanding this will help the dental assistant realize why the dentist prepares the cavity in a specific
form.

Teaching Tip

Initial Question and Activities


1. Why would it be important to seal the dentinal tubules?
The dentinal tubules lead to the tooth pulp, and after being cut by the
dentist, will be uncomfortable for the patient if not sealed.

When asking questions of


learners, count to thirty
before going on if you dont
get an immediate answer.
Remember learners need
time to process your
question, apply it to what
they know, formulate a
response, and sometimes
to get up the courage to
respond. Try not to answer
your own question.

Key Concepts

References and Activities

Slides

Introduction to Section 2
Key Terms
Cavity Preparations

[Insert Home Ass icon] Key Term Glossary


Chapter ____, pgs. ____ (Phinney & Halstead)

Slide 13
Slide 14
Slides 15-21

[Insert Group Activity icon] Manipulating


Calcium Hydroxide
[Insert Group Activity icon] Using Cavity
Varnish
[Insert Group Activity icon] Using
Amalgamator
[Insert Home Ass icon] Textbook
Assignment
[Insert Home Ass icon] Posttest
[ ] Group Activities [ ] Homework [ ] Individual Activity [ ] Internet Activity [ ] In-Class Discussion [ ] In-Class Activity [ ] Evaluation

[Insert In-Class Act icon]

In-Class Activities

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Faculty Teaching Guide for Dental Materials

Manipulating Calcium Hydroxide (Part A, Objective 9). Goal: For learners to again practice manipulating
calcium hydroxide. Instructor should ensure there are enough materials and supplies for the class and
separate learners into teams. Learners should be graded on the procedure steps as outlined on pg. ____,
Chapter ____(Phinney & Halstead). Learner workbooks contain check off sheets that can be utilized.

Using Cavity Varnish (Part A, Objective 9). Goal: For learners to gain experience using cavity varnish.
Instructor should ensure there are enough materials and supplies for the class and separate learners into
teams. Learners should be graded on the procedure steps as outlined on pg. ____, Chapter ____(Phinney &
Halstead). Learner workbooks contain check off sheets that can be utilized.

Using Amalgamator (Part A, Objective 10). Goal: For learners to gain experience using an amalgamator.
Instructor should ensure there are enough materials and supplies for the class and separate learners into
teams. Learners should be graded on the procedure steps as outlined on pg. ____, Chapter ____(Phinney &
Halstead). Learner workbooks contain check off sheets that can be utilized.

[Insert In-Class Dis Ques icon]

In-Class Discussion

1. What were some of the problems found with manipulating calcium hydroxide, the resin cement, the etchant,
and the bonding materials?

Teaching Tip

Discuss proper techniques for using these materials. Explain clearly to


learners how to perform each step again now that they have experience
manipulating these materials.
2. What does calcium hydroxide do for the tooth?
Calcium hydroxide is used for lining deep cavities or for direct pulp
capping. It provides some thermal insulation and stimulates production

Encourage learners to
critically think about the
material presented and
how it relates to the
workplace. Consider
having questions already
prepared to ask during
appropriate times. Also
write down good
questions posed by
learners for future
classes for even for
exam questions.

of secondary dentin between the pulp and the filling material.


[Insert Home Ass icon] Homework

Assignments

Key Term Glossary. Learners will define key terms listed in the PowerPoint presentation. They are to enter this
glossary on disk, in a dedicated notebook or in a designated part of a notebook. They are expected to augment
information from text or lecture with other resources including any available in the school or public libraries or on
the Internet and will be graded at the end of the module on completeness and presentation.
Textbook Assignment. Learners are to read Chapter ___ (Dietz).

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Module: Restorative Materials

Posttest. Have learners complete the Skills Mastery Assessment: Posttest in Chapter ___ (Dietz).

Ideas for learners struggling with this material

Take Time To Read. Encourage learners to read the textbook more than once or twice. Inform them that the
first reading is a preview. The second time it will be effective learning. The third will be an important review.

Ideas for learners who are ahead and want to learn more

Web Research. Suggest that these learners find web sites that are useful in learning the topic. This will help
them keep up with the latest news. Encourage them to consider finding at least two websites that can help
them keep current and review them each week. This is a good habit to take to the workplace.

Presentation Tools
Note: If you change Objectives or Assignments, dont forget to change the slides accordingly.

Slide

[Insert DM 1-16]

16

Section 2: Amalgam Restorations


Discuss each objective in detail. Learners need to know
what they will be learning and why. Relate it back to their
careers as dental assistants.

Slide

[Insert DM -17]

Key Terms
Review each key term and discuss the importance of

17

knowing the definition of each.


Homework Assignment: Stop here to discuss the Key
Term Glossary assignment.

Slide

[Insert DM 1-18]

Part A: Cavity Preparations


Inform learners that tooth structure will need to be

18

restored to its natural function due to the decay process,

Slide
19

[Insert DM 2-19]

fracture, abrasion, undesirable esthetics, or attrition.


Cavity Preparations (cont.)
Discuss the elements involved in cavity preparation.
Explain that the cavity preparation design helps keep the
restoration in place as well as to aid in resistance to
occlusal forces.

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Faculty Teaching Guide for Dental Materials

Slide

Cavity Preparations (cont.)

[Insert DM 2-20]

Address how each part of the prep relates to the name of

20

the surface of the tooth.


Note to Instructor: During this discussion refer learners
to the Cavity Preparation Identification section on pg.
____ in Chapter ____ (Phinney & Halstead).
Remind learners that a line angle is where two surfaces
meet and a point angle refers to where three surfaces

Slide

meet.
Steps of Cavity Preparation

[Insert DM 2-21]

Ensure learners understand the basic steps of a cavity

21

preparation.
Point out that the enamel is cut with a high speed bur,
which prepares the shape of the cavity, then the low
speed is used to remove any decay that is present, and
hand instruments are used to refine the outline of the
prep.
Explain that the area must be free of moisture before the
base or liner is placed in the tooth.
In-Class Activity: Stop here for the in-class activities.
Homework Assignment: Stop here and review the Key
Terms Glossary homework assignment.

Part B: Amalgam Restorative Material


Overview

Teaching Tip

A freshly mixed mass of silver alloy and mercury has a plasticity that permits it to
be packed or condensed into a prepared tooth cavity and shaped to re-establish
its form and function. The toxicity of mercury has forced dental material
manufacturers to create better quality restorative materials, although amalgam is
still an excellent replacement for tooth structure and is still the most popular filling

20

Create an environment
where group activities
are taken seriously and
learners are expected to
act in a professional
manner. These
behaviors will carry over
into the workplace.

Module: Restorative Materials

material. Understanding how to manipulate dental materials is the role of dental


assisting. Depending on state regulations, expanded function dental assistants
may be asked to place and shape restorations in patients mouths independently,
but under supervision of the dentist.

Initial Questions and Activities


1. What are some of reasons a tooth may need to be restored?
A tooth may need a restoration due to caries, a fracture, abrasion, attrition, or for esthetics.

Key Concepts

References and Activities

Slides

Amalgam Restorative Materials

Chapter ___, pgs. ___ (Phinney & Halstead)

Slides 22-23

Assessment Questions

Chapter ____ (Dietz)


[Insert Group Activity icon] Assisting an

Slide 24

Amalgam Procedure
[ ] Group Activities [ ] Homework [ ] Individual Activity [ ] Internet Activity [ ] In-Class Discussion [ ] In-Class Activity [ ] Evaluation

[Insert In-Class Act icon]

In-Class Activities

Assisting an Amalgam Procedure (Part B, Objective 10). Goal: For learners to gain experience assisting
during an amalgam procedure. Instructor should ensure there are enough materials and supplies for the class
and separate learners into teams. Instructor should be the operator for this procedure. Learners should be
graded on the procedure steps as outlined on pg. ____, Chapter ____(Phinney & Halstead). Learner
workbooks contain check off sheets that can be utilized.

[Insert In-Class Dis Ques icon]

In-Class Discussion

1. What is the pulpal wall?


The pulpal wall is the floor of the preparation over the pulp chamber.
2. What is a point angle?
A point angle is where three tooth surfaces meet.

Ideas for learners struggling with this material

Improve Concentration. Suggest learners improve their concentration by, working in a quiet
environment, eliminating external distractions, avoid internal distractions, take breaks when needed,
get sufficient rest, lower stress levels, and exercise.

- 21 -

21

Faculty Teaching Guide for Dental Materials

Ideas for learners who are ahead and want to learn more

Web Research: Have learners research on the web for more information on cements, restorative materials,
bases, and liners. Learners should be prepared to discuss their findings with the class.

Presentation Tools
Note: If you change Objectives or Assignments, dont forget to change the slides accordingly.

Slide

[Insert DM 2-22]

Part B: Amalgam Restorative Material

22

Review Part A. Make sure that any remaining questions are


answered.
Discuss the complete homework and review any areas that
need more clarification.
Introduce Part B.
Discuss how amalgam restorations are easy to insert,
maintain anatomical form well, maintain adequate
resistance to fracture, prevent marginal leakage, and
provide a long service for the patient.
Explain that the drawbacks of dental amalgam are that their
color does not match tooth structure, is more brittle than
desirable, subject to corrosion and galvanic action, and
eventually show marginal breakdown.
Ensure learners understand that amalgam alloy should not
be contaminated with moisture during its condensation or

Slide

expansion of the material will occur after placement.


Amalgam Restoration Set-up

[Insert DM 1-23]

23

Address the importance of the proper set up for an


amalgam restoration.
Explain to learners that they will have the opportunity to
practice setting up and going through the steps of an
amalgam restoration.

22

Module: Restorative Materials

Point out that the alloy powder and the mercury are mixed,
or triturated, inside a capsule with an amalgamator, and
that the material can be over-mixed or under-mixed, so it is
important to read the manufactures directions for how long

Slide

to mix when using any dental material.


Assessment Questions

[Insert DM 1-24]

Short Activity: Ask the group to answer these questions to

24

assess their comprehension of the material recently


presented. Review any material that does not seem clear.
In-Class Activity: Stop here to complete the in-class
activities.
Homework Assignment: Stop here to assign and discuss
the homework.

Section 3: Composite Restorations


Section Overview
Composite restorations are often called tooth colored fillings. They are dependent on etching and bonding
techniques and are usually distributed as composite restorative systems. This section discusses bonding methods
and materials used for ideal tooth replacement.

Teaching Tip

Outline of Section 3
Part A: Bonding Agents
Part B: Composite Restorative Materials

Learning Objectives and Competencies


These learning activities directly address the Learning Objectives and Competencies

Focus each overview on


why learners are studying
this information. Ask them
directly why they think it is
important. Sometimes the
act of trying to find the
reason is enough to
engage them and focus
their attention on what you
are about to teach them.

as stated.
Knowledge
11. Define Key Terms.
Comprehension
12. Explain the use of glass ionomer, resin reinforced glass ionomer, and compomer restorative materials.
13. Explain the composition of composite resins.
- 23 -

23

Faculty Teaching Guide for Dental Materials

Application
14. Demonstrate manipulation of etchant material and bonding agents.
15. Demonstrate the steps of a composite restorative procedure.

Learning Activities
These learning activities directly address the Learning Objectives and Competencies as stated.
[Insert Homework Ass icon] Key Term Glossary (Part A, Objective 11)
[Insert In-Class Activity icon] Using Acid Etch (Part A, Objective 14)
[Insert In-Class Activity icon] Using Bonding Material (Part A, Objective 14)
[Insert In-Class Activity icon] Manipulate Resin Cement (Part A, Objectives 13 and 15)
[Insert In-Class Activity icon] Assisting During a Light-Cured Composite (Part B, Objectives 13 and 15)
[Insert In-Class Activity icon] Assisting During a Self-Cure Composite (Part B, Objectives 13 and 15)
[Insert In-Class Activity icon] Glass Ionomer Restoration (Part B, Objectives 12 and 15)
[Insert Homework Activity icon] Instrument Set Up Review (Part B, All Objectives)
[Insert Homework Ass icon] Workbook Assignment (Part B, All Objectives)
[Insert Homework Ass icon] End of Chapter Activities (Part B, All Objectives)

Part A: Bonding Agents


Overview
Bonding agents are vital to the success of resin and composite restorations. When adequate bonding is achieved,
more conservative cavity preparations can be used, and the original strength of the clinical crown approximated,
due to less tooth structure being removed. Dental assistants must understand various bonding systems in order to
be able to perform the tasks required of them.

Initial Questions and Activities


1. How would a filling stick to tooth structure?
The shape of the cavity preparation is mechanical retention, but a combination of mechanical and
chemical retention is accomplished through etching the tooth surface and bonding materials together.

Key Concepts
Introduction to Section
Key Terms

References and Activities

Slides

[Insert Homeword Ass icon] Key Term

Slide 25
Slide 26

Glossary

24

Module: Restorative Materials

Key Concepts

References and Activities

Slides

Composite Restorations

Chapter ___, pgs. ___ (Phinney & Halstead)

Slides 27-31

Chapter ___ (Dietz)


[Insert In-Class Activity icon] Using Acid Etch
[Insert In-Class Activity icon] Using Bonding
Material
[Insert In-Class Activity icon] Manipulate
Resin Cement
[ ] Group Activities [ ] Homework [ ] Individual Activity [ ] Internet Activity [ ] In-Class Discussion [ ] In-Class Activity [ ] Evaluation

[Insert In-Class Act icon]

In-Class Activities

Using Acid Etch (Part A, Objective 14). Goal: For learners to again practice using acid etch. Instructor should
ensure there are enough materials and supplies. Separate learners into teams. Learners should be graded on
the procedure steps as outlined on pg. ____, Chapter ____(Phinney & Halstead). Learner workbooks contain
check off sheets that can be utilized.
Using Bonding Material (Part A, Objective 14). Goal: For learners again practice using bonding material.
Instructor should ensure there are enough materials and supplies. Separate learners into teams. Learners
should be graded on the procedure steps as outlined on pg. ____, Chapter ____(Phinney & Halstead).
Learner workbooks contain check off sheets that can be utilized.
Manipulate Resin Cement (Part A, Objective 15). Goal: For learners manipulate resin cement. Instructor
should ensure there are enough materials and supplies. Separate learners into teams. Learners should be
graded on the procedure steps as outlined on pg. ____, Chapter ____(Phinney & Halstead). Learner
workbooks contain check off sheets that can be utilized.
[Insert In-Class Dis Ques icon]

In-Class Discussion

1. What were some of the problems you encountered during the amalgam
procedure?
Discuss any problems learners had with the amalgam procedure. Explain
techniques to help them and tell learners that they will improve with more
experience.

Teaching Tip
Tell learners that you
expect discussion and
provide them with
guidelines for effective
discussion. Remind
them constantly of the
importance of this part
of the class.

- 25 -

25

Faculty Teaching Guide for Dental Materials

2. What will happen if the tooth gets wet with water or saliva during the condensing of an amalgam filling?
The amalgam restoration will fail due to the moisture causing the material to expand.
[Insert Home Ass icon] Homework

Assignments

Key Term Glossary. Learners will define key terms listed in the PowerPoint presentation. They are to enter this
glossary on disk, in a dedicated notebook or in a designated part of a notebook. They are expected to augment
information from text or lecture with other resources including any available in the school or public libraries or on
the Internet and will be graded at the end of the module on completeness and presentation.

Ideas for learners struggling with this material


Verbalize Thoughts. Encourage learners to try thinking about the concepts out loud. Tell them to verbalize
their thoughts as though teaching the information to others. Tell them the act of verbalizing uses a different
part of the brain and if able to explain something will really think about it and therefore understand it better.

Ideas for learners who are ahead and want to learn more
Research Dental Amalgam Filings. Have learners find out the latest information about dental amalgam
fillings at http://www.ada.org. and prepare a short report to present to the class.

Presentation Tools
Note: If you change Objectives or Assignments, dont forget to change the slides accordingly.

Slide

[Insert DM 2-25]

Section 3: Composite Restorations

25

Discuss each objective for this section in detail. Learners


need to know what they will be learning and why. Try to
relate it back to their careers as dental assistants.

Slide

[Insert DM 2-26]

Key Terms
Review each key term and discuss the importance of

26

knowing the definition of each.


Homework Assignment: Stop here to discuss the Key
Term Glossary assignment.

Slide

[Insert DM 2-27]

Part A: Bonding Agents

27

Discuss enamel bonding.


Point out that bonding to enamel is primarily mechanical

26

Module: Restorative Materials

and dependent on penetration of the resin into the


irregularities on the enamel surface.
Explain that to obtain optimum bond strength, the surface
must be conditioned with a phosphoric etching solution,
which increases surface area for bonding, and
demineralized porous enamel rod ends into which the
resin can penetrate.
Point out that treatment of dentin is designed to remove
the smear layer produced by the cavity preparation, but
to leave the dentinal tubules plugged, therefore
minimizing any pulpal sensitivity.
Explain that most bonding agents are light cured and aid
in the adhesion of the filling material to the tooth. Explain
that they decrease microleakage, but the tooth still needs
retention preps to help hold the material in place.
Refer learners to the figure in Chapter ____ (Phinney &
Halstead) of a microscopic view of etched enamal.
In-Class Activity: Stop here for the in-class activities.
Homework Assignment: Stop here to assign and
discuss the homework.

Part B: Composite Restorations


Overview
The shape of the cavity preparation, proper procedures when placing materials,
matching the tooth shade, and proper composite restoration finishing
procedures are all vital to a successful composite filling. Development of
optimum restoration contour and surface texture will minimize accumulation of
plaque and decrease stain retention. Dental assistants must thoroughly

Teaching Tip
Equate classroom discussion
to the ingredients in a recipe.
No whole is greater that its
parts each participant adds
a valuable element to the
final product. Find the
spice that each learner
brings to the recipe. Stir and
simmer. Classroom dinner is
served!
- 27 -

27

Faculty Teaching Guide for Dental Materials

understand each step in order to help the dentist ensure quality patient
restorations.

Initial Questions and Activities


1. Why would patients want tooth colored fillings rather than amalgam?
Tooth colored restorations are always preferred in the anterior areas of the mouth, but with
improvements in composite materials, posterior fillings are preferred in order to get away from the
use of mercury and to be more esthetically pleasing.

Key Concepts

References and Activities

Slides

Composite Restorations

Chapter ___, pgs. ___ (Phinney & Halstead)

Slides 28-31

Assessment Questions

Chapter ___ (Dietz)


[Insert In-Class Activity icon] Assisting During

Slide 32

a Light Cured
[Insert In-Class Activity icon] Assisting During
a Self-Cure Composite
[Insert In-Class Activity icon] Glass Ionomer
Restoration
[Insert Home Ass icon] Instrument Set Up
Review
[Insert Home Ass icon] Workbook Assignment
[Insert Home Ass icon] End of Chapter
Activities
Summary of Module

Slide 33

[ ] Group Activities [ ] Homework [ ] Individual Activity [ ] Internet Activity [ ] In-Class Discussion [ ] In-Class Activity [ ] Evaluation

[Insert In-Class Act icon]

In-Class Activities

Assisting During a Light-Cured (Part B, Objective 15). Goal: For learners to practice assisting during
a light-cured Composite procedure. Instructor should ensure there are enough materials and
supplies. Separate learners into teams. Learners should be graded on the procedure steps as

28

Module: Restorative Materials

outlined on pg. ____, Chapter ____(Phinney & Halstead). Learner workbooks contain check off
sheets that can be utilized.

Assisting During a Self-Cure Composite (Part B, Objective 15). Goal: For learners to practice
assisting during a self-cure Composite procedure. Instructor should ensure there are enough
materials and supplies. Separate learners into teams. Learners should be graded on the procedure
steps as outlined on pg. ____, Chapter ____(Phinney & Halstead). Learner workbooks contain check
off sheets that can be utilized.

Glass Ionomer Restoration (Part B, Objective 15). Goal: For learners to practice during a glass
ionomer restoration procedure. Instructor should ensure there are enough materials and supplies.
Separate learners into teams. Learners should be graded on the procedure steps as outlined on pg.
____, Chapter ____(Phinney & Halstead). Learner workbooks contain check off sheets that can be
utilized.

[Insert In-Class Dis Ques icon]

In-Class Discussion

1. What must the tooth be conditioned with in order for bonding materials to work?
The tooth must be conditioned with phosphoric acid etch in order to create enamel rod tissue tags
for the resin material to penetrate into.
[Insert Home Ass icon]

Homework Assignments

Instrument Set-Up Review. Learners will need a computer with a CD-ROM drive to practice to complete this
homework. Using the Interactive Skills and Procedures CD-ROM, have learners complete the Specialty Set Up
activities. This activity should be a review for learners in preparation of the final exam of the course. Learners
should repeat any area that is not clear.
Workbook Assignment. Have learners complete the workbook assignments for Chapter ____ (Phinney &
Halstead).
End of Chapter Activities. Have learners complete the Review Questions and Critical Thinking questions at the
end of Chapter ____ (Phinney & Halstead).

Ideas for learners struggling with this material

- 29 -

29

Faculty Teaching Guide for Dental Materials

Focus on Objectives. Encourage learners to focus on the objectives that they must accomplish by the end of
the module. Tell them to take an assessment of where they stand. They should ask themselves if they are
achieving the objectives or are missing the point?

Ideas for learners who are ahead and want to learn more

Tutor Others. Encourage learners to spend time in the dental lab helping other learners who are struggling
with the procedures. Building on their skills while helping others will make a difference in their skill
proficiency.

Presentation Tools
Note: If you change Objectives or Assignments, dont forget to change the slides accordingly.

Slide

[Insert DM 2-28]

Part B: Composite Restorations

28

Review Part A. Make sure that any remaining questions are


answered.
Introduce Part B.
Discuss with learners how varied composite restorative
materials are and that they are often called resins or
porcelain fillings.
Address the fact that dental manufacturing companies are
developing new composite materials often in order to
improve these materials and ensure their compatibility with

Slide

oral tissues as well as the longevity of the restorations.


Composite Compules and Syringe

[Insert DM 2-29]

29

Explain that composite filling materials come in a wide

Slide

variety of delivery systems.


Composite Restoration Set-up

[Insert DM 2-30]

30

Describe how adequate bonding to enamel is dependent on


a dry etched surface that must be kept isolated from
moisture.
Explain how they must avoid exposure of all light-cured

30

Module: Restorative Materials

material to light. Also explain that proper finishing


procedures establish a smooth surface texture that will
reflect light in a similar manner to adjacent tooth enamel,
restore proper tooth contour, can minimize occlusal
stresses, and have proper adaptation of the resin at the
cavosurface margin.
Explain that light cured materials undergo some shrinkage

Slide

[Insert DM 2-31]

31

as part of the polymerization setting process.


Glass Ionomers and Compomers
Address that glass ionomer filling materials can be used in
areas where they are not required to undergo occlusal
forces and that compomers are the most recent
development in dental materials.
Explain that the property of glass ionomer materials to

Slide

[Insert DM 2-32]

release fluoride has made these more valuable to dentistry.


Assessment Questions
Short Activity: Ask the group to answer these questions to

32

assess their comprehension of the material recently


presented. Review any material that does not seem clear.
Short Activity: Stop and discuss the Case Study at the
end of Chapter ____ (Phinney & Halstead).
In-Class Activity: Stop here to complete the in-class
activities.
Homework Assignment: Stop to assign and discuss the

Slide
33

[Insert DM 2-33]

homework.
Summary of Module
Review with learners the volume of skills they learned
during this module and remind them that the more they
practice the more proficient and valuable a dental assistant
- 31 -

31

Faculty Teaching Guide for Dental Materials

they will become.

32

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