1416

Chapter 14: THE PLANE STRESS PROBLEM

Homework Exercises for Chapter 14 - The Plane Stress Problem

Solutions
EXERCISE 14.1 Here is the solution to go from plane strain to plane stress:
ClearAll[Em,,Emstar,star]; Efac=Em*(1-)/((1+)*(1-2));
Emat=Efac*{{1,/(1-),0},{/(1-),1,0},{0,0,(1-2*)/(2*(1-))}};
Print["Plane strain E matrix:", Emat//MatrixForm];
EEmat=Simplify[Emat/.{Em->Emstar,->star}];
sol=Solve[{EEmat[[1,1]]==Em/(1-^2),EEmat[[1,2]]==Em*/(1-^2)},
{Emstar,star}]; sol=Simplify[sol];
Print["replacement rule:",sol];
Print["Check - this should be the plane stress E matrix:",
Simplify[EEmat/.sol[[1]]]//MatrixForm];
Em 1






1
2  1




Em




Plane strain E matrix:

1
2  1





0


Em


1
2  1
Em 1



1
2  1









0






Em




2 1 
0

Em 1  2 
replacement rule: Emstar  
 , star  

1
1  2
Em



1
2



Em



Check
this should be the plane stress E matrix:


1
2



 0

Em

1
2
Em

1
2













Em



22 
0
0

Figure E14.2. Solution for Exercise 14.1. Plane strain to plane stress.

(1 + 2)
.
and = 1 +

(1 + )2
Here is to go from plane stress to plane strain:
It gives E = E

ClearAll[Em,,Emstar,star]; Efac=Em/(1-^2);
Emat=Simplify[Efac*{{1,,0},{,1,0},{0,0,(1-)/2}}];
Print["Plane stress E matrix:", Emat//MatrixForm];
EEmat=Simplify[Emat/.{Em->Emstar,->star}];
sol=Solve[{EEmat[[1,1]]==Em*(1-)/((1+)*(1-2)),
EEmat[[1,2]]==Em*/((1+)*(1-2))},
{Emstar,star}]; sol=Simplify[sol];
Print["replacement rule:",sol];
Print["Check - this should be the plane strain E matrix:",
Simplify[EEmat/.sol[[1]]]//MatrixForm];
Em



1
2



Em



Plane stress E matrix:

1
2




 0

Em

1
2
Em

1
2













Em



22 
0
0

Em
replacement rule: Emstar  
 , star 


1 
1
2
Em 
1






12 2




Em

Check
this should be the plane strain E matrix:





12 2




0


Em




12 2
Em 
1



12 2








0 





Em



22 

Figure E14.3. Solution for Exercise 14.1. Plane stress to plane strain.

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Solutions to Exercises

E and = . Credit is given for doing it either way.

1
1 2

It gives E =

EXERCISE 14.2 For plane strain:

E=

+ 2

E
2(1 + )

0
+ 2 0
0

2
0
0

0 0
2 0
0 1


=

2
0
0

0
2
0

0
0
1


+

E
(1 + )(1 2)

1
1
0

1
1
0

1
1
0

1
1
0

0
0
0

0
0
0


(E14.10)

= E + E .

For plane stress:

4( + )

2




0
2
0
0
2 1 0
+ 2
+ 2
2

4( + ) =
E=
0
2 0 + 1 2 0
+ 2
+ 2 0
0
0

0 0 0
0
0

2 0 0
0 2 0
0 0 1

1 1 0
1 1 0
0 0 0

E
2(1 + )

2 0 0
0 2 0
0 0 1

E
1 2

1 1 0
1 1 0
0 0 0

(E14.11)

= E + E .

(The second step above is actually unnecessary, one could go directly to the third expression.) Here =

).
2/( + 2) = E/(1 2 ) is a modified Lame constant; the inverse relation being = 2/(2
EXERCISE 14.3 A solution using Mathematica is shown in Figure E14.4. In this script gxy stands for 2ex y .

ClearAll[Em,,,Gm,exx,eyy,gxy,sxx,syy,sxy,T]; Gm=Em/(2*(1+));
s={sxx,syy,sxy}; e={exx,eyy,gxy};
eqs={exx==(sxx-*syy)/Em+*T,eyy==(syy-*sxx)/Em+*T,gxy==sxy/Gm};
s=Simplify[s/.Solve[eqs,s][[1]]];
Emat=Simplify[Table[Coefficient[s[[i]],e[[j]]],{i,1,3},{j,1,3}]];
Tmat=Simplify[Table[Coefficient[s[[i]],T],{i,1,3}]];
Print["Emat=",Emat//MatrixForm,", Tmat=",Tmat];

Emat=

Em
1+ 2
Em
1+ 2

Em
1+ 2
Em
1+ 2

0
0

Tmat=

Em
2+2

Em
Em
,
,0
1 +
1 +

Figure E14.4. Solution for Exercise 14.3.

Transcribing the answer:

x x
yy
x y

1
0



 

0
ex x
1
E
(E14.12)
e yy
0
1 T,
1

1
2ex y
0
2
The only difference with respect to the first of E14.1 is the thermal stress vector, which vanishes if T = 0.
This form may be found in any book on elasticity.
E
=
1 2

EXERCISE 14.4

Equilibrium along x and y give tx ds = x x d x + yx dy and t y ds = x y d x + yy dy, respectively. Dividing

through by ds and setting d x/ds = n x , dy/ds = n y , yx = x y , yields 14.10.

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Chapter 14: THE PLANE STRESS PROBLEM

EXERCISE 14.5

The verification of (a) and (b) is immediate on expanding the quadratic forms. Item (c) is more difficult. A
brute force solution using Mathematica for an arbitrary material matrix E is shown in Figure E14.5.

ClearAll[exx,eyy,gxy,sxx,syy,sxy,E11,E22,E33,E12,E13,E23];
Emat={{E11,E12,E13},{E12,E22,E23},{E13,E23,E33}};
s={sxx,syy,sxy}; e={exx,eyy,gxy}; m={exx,eyy,sxy};
eqs={sxx==E11*exx+E12*eyy+E13*gxy,syy==E12*exx+E22*eyy+E23*gxy,
sxy==E13*exx+E23*eyy+E33*gxy};
sol=Simplify[Simplify[Solve[eqs,{sxx,syy,gxy}]]];
Print[sol]; U=Simplify[(e.Emat.e/2)/.sol[[1]]];
fac[i_,j_]:=If[i==j,1,1/2];
A=Table[fac[i,j]*Coefficient[U,m[[i]]*m[[j]]],{i,1,3},{j,1,3}];
Print["A=",A//MatrixForm];
E13 E13 exx  E23 eyy
sxy
sxx  E11 exx  E12 eyy

 ,
E33
E23 E13 exx  E23 eyy
sxy

E13 exx
E23 eyy  sxy
syy  E12 exx  E22 eyy

 , gxy  


E33
E33

E13 E11 E33






2 E33





2
E13
E232
E12 E33

A




4 E33




0

2

2 E13 E232 E12 E33



4 E33

E23 2 E22 E33


2 E33









0 





1



2 E33 
0

Figure E14.5. Solution for Exercise 14.5.

Transcribing the result, the matrix for item (c) is

E E E2
11 33
13
2E 33

A=

E 12 E 33 2E 13 E 23
4E 33
2
E 22 E 33 E 23
2E 33

symm

(E14.13)

1
2E 33

To do this by hand, one may start by establishing the following transformation:

ex x
e yy
2ex y


=

1
0
E 13 /E 33

0
1
E 23 /E 33

0
0
1/E 33



ex x
e yy
x y


(E14.14)

or e = Tm, in which m is the mixed vector of strains and stresses required for this item. The last relation
in (E14.14) follows on solving x y = E 13 ex x + E 23 e yy + E 33 (2ex y ) for 2ex y . Since the energy density U is
invariant,
2U = eT Ee = mT TT E T m = mT A m.
(E14.15)
So A = TT E T, which would reproduce (E14.12).

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