MMF2 Pe 2012

BULETINUL
INSTITUTULUI
POLITEHNIC
DIN IAI
Tomul LVIII (LXII)

Fasc. 2
MATEMATIC. MECANIC TEORETIC. FIZIC
2012
Editura POLITEHNIUM
BULETINUL INSTITUTULUI POLITEHNIC DIN IAI

PUBLISHED BY
GHEORGHE ASACHI TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF IAI

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Prof. dr. eng. Hugo Rosman,
Prof. dr. eng. Mihail Voicu Corresponding Member of the Romanian Academy,
President of the Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iai
Editors in Chief of the MATHEMATICS. THEORETICHAL MECHANICS.
PHYSICS Section
Prof. dr. phys. Maricel Agop, Prof. dr. math. Narcisa Apreutesei-Dumitriu,
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Editorial Advisory Board

Prof.dr.math. Sergiu Aizicovici, University Ohio,
U.S.A.
Assoc. prof. mat. Constantin Bcu, Unversity
Delaware, Newark, Delaware, U.S.A.
Prof.dr.phys. Masud Caichian, University of Helsinki,
Finland
Prof.dr.eng. Daniel Condurache, Gheorghe Asachi
Technical University of Iai
Assoc.prof.dr.phys. Dorin Condurache, Gheorghe
Asachi Technical University of Iai
Prof.dr.math. Adrian Cordunenu, Gheorghe Asachi
Prof.em.dr.math. Constantin Corduneanu, University of
Texas, Arlington, USA.
Prof.dr.math. Piergiulio Corsini, University of Udine,
Italy
Prof.dr.math. Sever Dragomir, University Victoria, of
Melbourne, Australia
Prof.dr.math. Constantin Fetecu, Gheorghe Asachi
Assoc.prof.dr.phys. Cristi Foca, University of Lille,
France
Acad.prof.dr.math. Tasawar Hayat, University Quaid-iAzam of Islamabad, Pakistan
Prof.dr.phys. Pavlos Ioannou, University of Athens,
Greece
Prof.dr.eng .Nicolae Irimiciuc, Gheorghe Asachi
Assoc.prof.dr.math. Bogdan Kazmierczak, Inst. of
Fundamental Research, Warshaw, Poland
Assoc.prof.dr.phys. Liviu Leontie, Al. I. Cuza

University, Iai
Prof.dr.mat. Rodica Luca-Tudorache, Gheorghe
Acad.prof.dr.math. Radu Miron, Al. I. Cuza
University of Iai
Prof.dr.phys. Viorel-Puiu Pun, University
Politehnica of Bucureti
Assoc.prof.dr.mat. Lucia Pletea, Gheorghe Asachi
Assoc.prof.dr.mat.Constantin Popovici,Gheorghe
Prof.dr.phys.Themistocles Rassias, University of
Athens, Greece
Prof.dr.mat. Behzad Djafari Rouhani, University of
Texas at El Paso, USA
Assoc.prof.dr. phys. Cristina Stan, University
Politehnica of Bucureti
Prof.dr.mat. Wenchang Tan, University Peking
Beijing, China
Acad.prof.dr.eng. Petre P. Teodorescu, University of
Bucureti
Prof.dr.mat. Anca Tureanu, University of Helsinki,
Finland
Prof.dr.phys. Dodu Ursu, Gheorghe Asachi
Dr.mat. Vitaly Volpert, CNRS, University Claude
Bernard, Lyon, France
Prof.dr.phys. Gheorghe Zet, Gheorghe Asachi

BULLETIN OF THE POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE OF IAI
Tomul LVIII (LXII), Fasc. 2
22
SUMAR
VALERIU POPA, O teorem de punct fix pentru funcii ocazional slab
compatibile care satisfac o relaie implicit fr ipoteza de descretere
i aplicaii (engl., rez. rom.). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pag.
NICOLETA NEGOESCU, Puncte fixe comune pentru aplicaii slab

**comutative (engl., rez. rom.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
AZHAR ALI ZAFAR (Pakistan), ABDUL RAUF (Pakistan) i DUMITRU
VIERU, Soluii exacte pentru curgerea unui fluid Oldroyd-B cu
derivate fracionale ntre doi perei perpendiculari pe o plac (engl., rez.
rom.). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
SIMONA BCI, VIVIANA RADU, FLORIN BRNZ, BORIS
CONSTANTIN i MARICEL AGOP, Cteva implicaii ale fractalitii
n dinamica proceselor de electrodepunere (engl., rez. rom.). . . . . . . . . . 31
MARINA-AURA DARIESCU, OVIDIU BUHUCIANU i CIPRIAN CREU,
Teoria U(1)-Gauge invariant-Lorentz a particulelor scalare n cmpuri
statice externe i proprietile termice (engl., rez. rom.). . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
FLORIN BRNZ, VIVIANA RADU, SIMONA BCI i MARICEL
AGOP, Haos i autostructurare n procesele de electrodepunere (entgl.,
rez. rom.). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
VIVIANA RADU, SIMONA BCI, FLORIN BRNZ, BORIS
CONSTANTIN i MARICEL AGOP, Modelul fractal al mecanismelor
de nucleaie n procesul de depunere electrochimic a cuprului (engl.,
rez. rom.). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
SIMONA BCI, LOREDANA CIOBANU, MARCEL POPA,
ADRIANA SIMONA IANCU, LUCIAN EVA i MARICEL AGOP,
Neliniariti n modele ale migrrii celulelor canceroase (engl., rez.
rom.). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
CRISTINA-DELIA NECHIFOR, SEBASTIAN POPESCU i DANAORTANSA DOROHOI, Funcionalizarea membranelor de polipropilen utiliznd metoda de grefare cu radiaii UV n vederea
obinerii de suprafee cu capacitate de recunoatere a glucozei.
Evaluare preliminar (engl., rez. rom.). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
MIHAI
POSTOLACHE, LAURA OBREJA URSU, MAGDALENA

POSTOLACHE i DANA ORTANSA DOROHOI, Studiul efectului de
etilare asupra anizotropiei foliilor polimerice (engl., rez. rom.) . . . . . . . 97
ELENA RALUCA BACIU, IRINA GRDINARU, TEFAN TOMA,

MARIA BACIU i NORINA CONSUELA FORNA, Intrerelaii
calitate de suprafa-biofilm Candida Albicans n cazul aliajelor CoCr (engl., rez. rom.). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .
IRINA
GRDINARU, ELENA RALUCA BACIU i DANIELA

CALAMAZ, Consideraii generale privind proprietile termo-fizice
ale materialelor utilizate n practica stomatologic (engl., rez. rom.).
103
109

BULLETIN OF THE POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE OF IAI
Tomul LVIII (LXI), Fasc. 2
2012
MATHEMATICS. THEORETICAL MECHANICS. PHYSICS
CONTENTS
Pp.
VALERIU POPA, A Common Fixed Point Theorem for Occasionally Weakly

Compatible Mappings Satisfying an Implicit Relation without
Decreasing Assumption and Applications (English, Romanian
summary). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
NICOLETA NEGOESCU, Points fixes communs pour des applications

faiblement **commutatives (English, Romanian summary). . . . . . . . . . .
11
AZHAR ALI ZAFAR (Pakistan), ABDUL RAUF (Pakistan) and DUMITRU

VIERU, On Exact Solution for Flow of a Fractal Oldroyd-B Fluid
between Two Side Walls Perpendicular to a Plate (English, Romanian
summary). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
SIMONA BCI, VIVIANA RADU, FLORIN BRNZ, BORIS
CONSTANTIN and MARICEL AGOP, Some Implications of Fractality
in the Dynamics of the Electrodeposition Processes (English Romanian
summary). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
MARINA-AURA DARIESCU, OVIDIU BUHOCEANU and CIPRIAN
CREU, The Lorentz-Invariant U(1)-Gauge Theory of Scalar in Static
External Fields and Thermal Properties (English, Romanian summary) 43
FLORIN BRNZ, VIVIANA RADU, SIMONA BCI and MARICEL
AGOP, Chaos and Self-Structuring in Electrodeposition Processes
(English,Romanian summary). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
VIVIANA RADU, SIMONA BCI, FLORIN BRNZ, BORIS
CONSTANTIN and MARICEL AGOP, Fractal Model of Nucleation
Mechanism in the Electrodeposition of Copper (English, Romanian
summary). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
SIMONA BCI, LOREDANA CIOBANU, MARCEL POPA, ADRIANA
SIMONA IANCU, LUCIAN EVA and MARICEL AGOP, Nonlinearities in Cancer Cells Migration Models (English, Romanian
summary). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
CRISTINA-DELIA NECHIFOR, SEBASTIAN POPESCU and DANAORTANSA DOROHOI, Surface Molecularly Imprinted of Polypropilene for Glucose Recognition Using UV Grafting Method.
Preliminary Method (English, Romanian summary) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
97
MIHAI
POSTOLACHE, LAURA OBREJA URSU, MAGDALENA

POSTOLACHE and DANA-ORTANSA DOROHOI, A Study of the
Stretching Effect on the Anisotropy of Polymer Foils (English,
Romanian summary) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
97
ELENA RALUCA BACIU, IRINA GRDINARU, TEFAN TOMA, MARIA

BACIU and NORINA CONSUELA FORNA, Surface Quality-Candida
Albicanis Biofilm Interrelations in Case of Co-Cr Alloys (English,
Romanian summary). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
RINA GRDINARU, ELENA RALUCA BACIU and DANIELA CALAMAZ,
General Considerations on the Thermo-physical Properties of the
Materials Used in Dental Practice (English, Romanian summary). . . . . . 109

Publicat de
Universitatea Tehnic Gheorghe Asachi din Iai
Tomul LVIII (LXII), Fasc. 2, 2012
Secia
A COMMON FIXED POINT THEOREM FOR OCCASIONALLY

WEAKLY COMPATIBLE MAPPINGS SATISFYING AN
IMPLICIT RELATION WITHOUT DECREASING
ASSUMPTION AND APPLICATIONS
BY
VALERIU POPA and ALINA-MIHAELA PATRICIU

Vasile Alecsandri University of Bacu,
Department of Mathematics, Informatics and Educational Sciences
Received: February 28, 2012
Accepted for publication: May 15, 2012
Abstract. In this paper we extend the main result for occasionally weakly
compatible mappings satisfying a new type of implicit relation without
decreasing assumption in symmetric spaces using a weakly form of altering
distance. In the last part of the paper, we reduce the study of fixed points for
mappings satisfying a contractive condition of integral type to the study of fixed
points for mappings satisfying contractive conditions involving an altering
distance.
Key words: fixed point, occasionally weakly compatible mappings,
symmetric spaces, implicit relation, integral type.
1. Introduction
Let S and T be self mappings of a metric space ( X , d ) . Sessa (1982)
defined S and T to be weakly commuting if d ( STx, TSx) d ( Sx, Tx) for all
x X . In 1986, Jungck (1986) introduced the concept of compatibility as
follows: S and T are compatible if lim d ( STx n , TSx n ) = 0 whenever ( x n ) is
n
a sequence in X such that lim Sx n = lim Tx n = t for some t X . There

n
exist various types of compatibility.
Corresponding author: e-mail: vpopa@ub.ro
Valeriu Popa and Alina Mihaela Patriciu
A point x X is a coincidence point of S and T if Sx = Tx . We denote

by C ( S , T ) the set of all coincidence points of S and T.
In (1994), Pant defined S and T to be pointwise R weakly commuting at
a point x X if d ( STx, TSx) Rd ( Sx, Tx ) for some R > 0 . The mappings S
and T are called pointwise R-weakly commuting on X if given x in X there
exists R > 0 such that d ( STx, TSx) Rd ( Sx, Tx ) . It is proved in (Pant, 1998)
that pointwise R-weakly commuting is equivalent with commuting at
coincidence points.
D e f i n i t i o n 1.1 S and T are said to be weakly compatible (Jungck,
1996) if STu = TSu for u C ( S , T ) .
Thus, S and T are weakly compatible if and only if S and T are pointwise
R weakly commuting.
D e f i n i t i o n 1.2.S and T are occasionally weakly compatible (briefly
owc) if STu = TSu for some u C ( S , T ) .
Remark 1.1. If C ( S , T ) 0/ and S and T are weakly compatible then S
and T are owc, but the converse is not true (Example (Al-Thagafi & Naseer
Shahzad, 2008)).
Some fixed point theorems for owc mappings are proved in (Aliouche &
Popa, 2008; Aliouche & Popa, 2011; Jungck & Rhoades, 2008; Mocanu &
Popa, 2008; Popa & Mocanu, 2009) and in other papers.
L e m m a 1.1 (Jungck & Rhoades, 2006). Let X be a nonempty set and S
and T be two self mappings of X. If S and T have a unique point of coincidence
w = Sx = Tx , then w is the unique common fixed point of S and T.
2. Preliminaries
It is well known that the Banach contraction principle is a fundamental
result in fixed point theory, which has been used and extended in many different
directions. However, it has been observed in (Hicks & Rhoades, 1999) that
some of the defining properties of the metric are not need in the proofs of
certain metric theorems. Motivated by this fact, Hicks and Rhoades (1999)
established some common fixed point theorems in symmetric spaces and proved
that every general probabilistic structure admits a compatible symmetric or semi
metric.
Let X be a nonempty set. A symmetric on X is a nonnegative real
function D on X X such that
(i) D( x, y ) = 0 if and only if x = y ,
(ii) D( x, y ) = D( y, x) for every x, y X .
It is not easy to extend to symmetric spaces fixed point theorems using
some general contractive conditions, because essential steps of the proof of
these theorems is the metric spaces are heavily based on triangle inequality.
Bul. Inst. Polit. Iai, t. LVIII (LXII), f. 2, 2012
In (Khan et al., 1984) fixed point results involving altering distance have
been introduced.
An altering distance is a mapping : [0, ) [0, ) which satisfies
(1 ) : is increasing and continuous,
( 2 ) : (t ) = 0 if and only if t = 0 .
Fixed points of involving altering distance have also been studied in
(Popa & Mocanu, 2007; Sastri & Babu, 1998; Sastri & Babu, 1999) and in other
papers.
In (Popa, 1997; Popa, 1999) the study of fixed points for mappings
satisfying implicit relation is initiated.
Let F be the set of all real functions F :[0, )6 with the following
properties:
( F1 ) : F is nonincreasing in variables t 5 and t 6 ,
( F2 ) : For u 0, v > 0 ,
F (u, v, v, u, u + v,0) 0 or F (u, v, u , v,0, u + v) 0 implies

u < v and u = 0 if v = 0 ,
( F3 ) :
F (u, u,0,0, u , u ) 0 implies u = 0 ,
( F4 ) : F is continuous in each coordinate variables.

In (Sedghi & Shobe, 2007) the following theorem is proved.
T h e o r e m 2.1. Let ( X , d ) be a metric space and f , g , S and T be
self mappings on X such that
f ( X ) T ( X ), g ( X ) S ( X ) and E = {d ( fx, Sx) : x X }
(2.1)
is a closed subset of [0, ) },
the pairs ( f , S ) and ( g , T ) are weakly compatible,
(2.2)
F (d ( fx, gy ), d ( Sx, Ty ), d ( fx, Sx), d ( gy, Ty ), d ( Sx, gy ), d (Ty, fx)) 0 (2.3)

for all x, y X and F F .
Then f , g , S and T have a unique common fixed point.
In some recent papers (Aliouche & Djoudi, 2007; Aliouche & Popa,
2011; Popa, 2002; Popa & Mocanu, 2007), the study of fixed points for
mappings satisfying an implicit relation without monotone assumption is
initiated.
In this paper we extend Theorem 2.1 for owc pairs of mappings satisfying
a new type of implicit relations (Aliouche & Popa, 2011) without decreasing
assumption in symmetric spaces using altering distance and removing the
continuity of F.
In the last part of paper we reduce the study of some fixed points for a
class of owc pairs satisfying a contractive condition of integral type to the study
of fixed points for mappings satisfying contractive conditions involving a
weakly altering distance.
3. Implicit Relations
Let Fd be the family of functions F :[0, )6 satisfying the
following conditions:
( F1 ) : for all u 0, v > 0 and w 0 with
( F1a ) : F (u, v, v, u, w,0) 0 or ( F1b ) : F (u, v, u, v,0, w) 0 ,

we have u < v and u = 0 if v = 0 ,
( F2 ) : F (u, u,0,0, u , u ) > 0 for all u > 0 .
The following examples are in (Aliouche & Popa, 2011)
Example 3.1.
F = t1 bt2 a(t3 + t4 ) c t5t6 , where a, b, c 0, 2a +
+b < 1 and b + c < 1 .

7
Example 3.2.
F = t1 h max{t 2 , t 3 , t 4 } + bt 5t 6 , where
h [0,1)
and b > 0 .
Example 3.3.
F = (1 + pt2 )t1 pt3t4 h max{t2 , t3 , t4 } + b(t5 + t6 ) , where
0 h<1 , b > 0 and p 0 .
Example 3.4.
F = t12 at 22 b
t 32 + t 42
, where 0 < a, b < 1 and
1 + t5 + t 6
a + 2b < 1 .
Example 3.5.
t2 + t2
F = t12 at 22 b 3 4 , where
1 + t 5t 6
0 < a, b < 1 and
a + 2b < 1 .
Example 3.6.
t 32 t 42
F = t13
.
1 + t 2 + t5 + t6
= t13
t 32 t 42
.
1 + t 2 + t5t 6
Example 3.7.
Example 3.8.
F =t1 at2 bt3 c
a + b + c <1.
t 4 t5
, where 0 < a, b, c < 1 and
1 + t5 + t 6
Example 3.9.
min{t52 , t62 }
F = t at b
,
1 + t3 + t4
2
1
2
2
a > 0, b 0
where
and
a + b < 1.
Example 3.10. F = t1 bt2 a(t3 + t4 ) c min{t5 , t6 } , where a, b, c 0 ,
2a + b < 1 and b + c < 1 .
4. Main Results
T h e o r e m 4.1. Let ( X , d ) be a symmetric space and f , g , S and T
be self mappings of X such that
f ( X ) T ( X ), g ( X ) S ( X ) and E = {d ( fx, Sx) : x X }
(4.1)
is a closed set of [0, ) },

the pairs ( f , S ) and ( g , T ) are owc,
(4.2)
F ( (d ( fx, gy )), ( d ( Sx, Ty )), (d ( fx, Sx)),

(4.3)
(d ( gy, Ty )), (d ( gy, Sx)), (d ( fx, Ty ))) 0

for all x, y X , where F Fd and is an altering distance.
P r o o f. Let m = inf{d ( fx, Sx) : x X } . Since E is closed and lower

bounded, m E . That is, there exists u X such that m = d ( fu , Su ) . Since
f ( X ) T ( X ) , there exists v X
such that
fu = Tv . Thus,
m = d ( fu, Su ) = d (Tv, Su ) .
We prove that m = 0 . Suppose that m > 0 , hence (m) > 0 . Then, by
(4.3), we have successively
F ( (d ( fu , gv)), (d ( Su, Tv)), (d ( fu, Su )),
(d ( gv, Tv)), (d ( gv, Su )), (d ( fu , Tv))) 0.

F ( (d ( fu , gv)), (d ( fu , Su )), (d ( fu , Su )),
(d ( gv, Su )), (d ( gv, Su )),0) 0,
F ( (d ( fu , gv)), (m), (m), (d ( fu , gv)), (d ( Su, gv)),0) 0 .
Since ( m) > 0 , then by ( F1a ) we have
(d( fu, gv)) < (m) .
(4.4)
Since gv g ( X ) S ( X ) , there exists w X such that Sw = gv .

Again, using (4.3) we obtain
F ( (d ( fw, gv)), (d ( Sw, Tv)), (d ( Sw, fw)),
(d ( gv, Tv)),0, (d ( fw, Tv))) 0,

(4.5)
F ( (d ( fw, Sw)), (d ( gv, Tv)), (d ( fw, Sw)),
(d ( gv, Tw)),0, (d ( fw, Tw))) 0.

If (d ( gv, Tv)) = 0 , then by ( F1b ), ( d ( fw, Sw)) = 0 . Hence
m = d ( fu, Su ) d ( fw, Sw) = 0 ,

a contradiction. Hence,
(d ( gv, Tv)) > 0 .

Then, by (4.5) we obtain
(d ( fw, Sw)) < (d ( gv, Tv)) .
(4.6)
By (4.4) and (4.6) we obtain
(m) ( d ( fw, Sw)) < (d ( gv, Tv)) = (d ( fu , gv)) < ( m) ,

a contradiction. Hence, m = 0 , which implies fu = Su = Tv .
Again, by (4.3) we have successively
F ( (d ( fu , gv), (d ( Su , Tv)), (d ( fu , Su )),
(d ( gv, Tv)), (d ( Su , gv)), (d ( fu , Tv))) 0,

F ( (d (Tv, gv),0,0, (d ( gv, Tv)), (d ( Su , gv)),0) 0,
which implies by ( F1a ) that (d ( gv, Tv)) = 0 , hence Tv = gv . Therefore
w = fu = Su = Tv = gv
is a common point of coincidence of ( f , S ) and ( g , T ) . If ( f , S ) have an
other point of coincidence q = fp = Sp fu = gv , then, by (4.3) we have
successively
F ( (d ( fp, gv), (d ( Sp, Tv)), (d ( fp, Sp)),
(d ( gv, Tv)), (d ( Sp, gv)), (d ( fp, Tv))) 0

F ( (d ( fp, gv)), (d ( fp, gv)),0,0, (d ( fp, gv)), ( d ( fp, gv))) 0 .
Since, (d ( fp, gv)) > 0 , we obtain a contradiction of ( F2 ) . Hence,
q = w and w is the unique point of coincidence of f and S and g and T. By
Lemma 1.1, w is the unique common fixed point for f and S and for g and T,
Therefore, w is the unique common fixed point of f , g , S and T.
If (t ) = t , we obtain
T h e o r e m 4.2. Let ( X , d ) be a symmetric space and f , g , S and
T be self mappings of X, which satisfies the conditions (4.1) and (4.2) of
Theorem 4.1 and the inequality
F (d( fx, gy ),d( Sx, Ty ),d( fx, Sx),d( gy, Ty ),d( gy, Sx),d( fx, Ty ))0
(4.7)
holds for all x, y X , where F Fd .

Remark 4.1. Theorem 2.1 is a particular case of Theorem 4.1. The proof
it follows by Theorem 4.2 and Remark 1.1.
Remark 4.2. By Theorems 4.1 and 4.2 and Examples 3.1 3.10 we obtain
new particular results.
5. Applications
Branciari (2002) proved the following theorem
Let ( X , d ) be a complete metric space, c (0,1)
and f : ( X , d ) ( X , d ) be a mapping such that for each x, y X
T h e o r e m 5.1.
d ( fx, fy )
d ( x, y )
h(t )dt c
h(t )dt ,
where h : [0, ) [0, ) is a Lebesgue-measurable mapping which is

summable (i.e., with finite integral) on each compact subset of [0, ) , such that
for any > 0 , h(t )dt > 0 . Then, f has a unique fixed point z X such that
0
for each x X , lim f n x = z .

n
Some fixed point theorems for compatible, weakly compatible,

occasionally weakly compatible mappings satisfying contractive conditions of
integral type are proved in (Aliouche, 2006; Kumar et al., 2007; Mocanu &
Popa, 2008; Popa & Mocanu, 2007; Popa & Mocanu, 2009; Rhoades, 2002) and
in other papers.
t
L e m m a 5.1. Let (t ) = h( x)dx , where h(x) is as in Theorem 5.1.

0
Then (t ) is an altering distance.

P r o o f. (t ) is well defined and increasing, since is Lebesgue
measurable, summable and positive. Moreover, (t ) = 0 and (t ) > 0 for every
t > 0 . The continuity it follows from the absolute continuity of the Lebesgue
integral.
T h e o r e m 5.2. Let ( X , d ) be a symmetric space and f , g , S and T
be self mappings of X, which satisfies the conditions (4.1), (4.2) of Theorem 4.1
and the inequality
(5.1)
d( Sx ,Ty )
d ( fx , Sx )
d( gy ,Ty )
d ( gy , Sx )
d( fx ,Ty )
d( fx , gy )
F h(t )dt , h(t )dt , h(t )dt , h(t ) dt , h(t )dt , h(t )dt 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
holds for all x, y X , where F Fd .

Then, f , g , S and T have a unique common fixed point.
P r o o f. Let (t ) as in Lemma 5.1. Then
d ( fx , gy )
d ( Sx ,Ty )
h(t )dt = (d ( fx, gy )),
d ( fx , Sx )
d ( gy ,Ty )
h(t ) dt = (d ( fx, Sx)),
h(t )dt = (d ( gy, Ty )),
d ( gy , Sx )
h(t )dt = (d ( Sx, Ty )),
d ( fx ,Ty )
h(t ) dt = (d ( gy, Sx)),
where (t ) is an altering distance.

By (5.1) and (5.2) we have
h(t )dt = (d ( fx, Ty )),
(5.2)
F ( (d( fx, gy )), (d( Sx, Ty )), (d( fx, Sx)),
(d( gy, Ty )), (d( gy, Sx)), (d( fx, Ty ))) 0,

for all x, y X and is an altering distance. Hence, the conditions of
Theorem 4.1 are satisfied. Therefore, f , g , S and T have a unique common
fixed point.
Remark 5.1. By Examples 3.1 3.10 and Theorem 5.2 we obtain new
particular results.
Remark 5.2. If h(t ) = 1 by Theorem 5.2 we obtain Theorem 4.2.
REFERENCES
Aliouche A., A Common Fixed Point Theorem for Weakly Compatible Mappings in
Symmetric Spaces Satisfying Contractive Conditions of Integral Type. J. Math.
Anal. Appl., 322, 796-802 (2006).
Aliouche A., Djoudi A., Common Fixed Point Theorems for Mappings Satisfying an
Implicit Relation without Decreasing Assumptionn. Hacettepe J. Math. Statistics,
36(1), 11-18 (2007).
Aliouche A., Popa V., Common Fixed Point Theorems for Occasionally Weakly
Compatible Mappings in Compact Metric Spaces. Acta Univ. Apulensis, 28, 203214 (2011).
Aliouche A., Popa V., Common Fixed Points for Occasionally Weakly Compatible
Mappings via Implicit Relations. Filomat, 22, 2, 99-107 (2008).
Al-Thagafi M. A., Shahzad N., Generalized I - Nonexpansive Maps and Invariant
Approximations. Acta Math. Sinica, 25(5), 867-873 (2008).
Branciari A., A Fixed Point Theorem for Mappings Satisfying a General Contractive
Condition of Integral Type. Intern. J. Math. Math. Sci., 29(2), 531-536 (2002).
Hicks T. L., Rhoades B. E., Fixed Point Theorems in Symmetric Spaces with
Applications in Probabilistic Spaces. Nonlinear Anal., 36, 331-344 (1999).
Jungck G., Common Fixed Points for Noncontinuous Nonself Maps on Nonnumeric
Spaces. Far. East J. Math. Sci., 41, 192-215 (1996).
Jungck G., Compatible Mappings and Common Fixed Points. Intern. J. Math. Math.
Sci., 9, 4, 771-779 (1986).
Jungck G., Rhoades B. E., Fixed Points for Occasionally Weakly Compatible Mappings.
Fixed Point Theory, 7(2), 287-296 (2006).
Khan M. S., Swaleh M., Sessa S., Fixed Point Theorems by Altering Distances Between
Points. Bull. Austral. Math. Soc., 30, 1-9 (1984).
Kumar S., Chugh R., Kumar R., Fixed Point Theorems for Compatible Mappings
Satisfying a Contractive Condition of Integral Type. Soochow J. Math., 33, 2,
181-185 (2007).
Mocanu M., Popa V., Some Fixed Point Theorems for Mappings Satisfying Implicit
Relations in Symmetric Spaces. Libertas Math., 28, 1-13 (2008).
Pant R. P., Common Fixed Points for Four Mappings. Calcutta Math. Soc., 9, 281-287
(1998).
10
Pant R. P., Common Fixed Points for Noncommuting Mappings. J. Math. Anal. Appl.,
188, 436-440 (1994).
Popa V., A General Fixed Point Theorem for Expansion Mappings in Pseudo-compact
Spaces. Bul. Inst. Polit. Iai, XLVIII(LII), 3-4, s. Matematic. Mecanic
teoretic Fizic, 7-10 (2002).
Popa V., Mocanu M., A New Viewpoint in the Study of Fixed Points for Mappings
Satisfying a Contractive Condition of Integral Type. Bul. Inst. Polit. Iai,
LIII(LVII), 5, s. Matematic. Mecanic teoretic Fizic, 269-286 (2007).
Popa V., Mocanu M., Altering Distance and Common Fixed Points under Implicit
Relations. Hacettepe J. Math. Statistics, 38, 3, 329-337 (2009).
Popa V., Some Fixed Point Theorem for Compatible Mappings Satisfying an Implicit
Relation. Demontratio Math. 32, 157-163 (1999).
Popa V., Some Fixed Point Theorems for Implicit Contractive Mappings. Stud. Cerc. t.
Ser. Mat., Univ. Bacu, 7, 127-133 (1997).
Popa V., Symmetric Spaces and Fixed Point Theorems for Occasionally Weakly
Compatible Mappings Satisfying Contractive Conditions of Integral Type. Bul.
Inst. Polit. Iai, LV(LIX), 3, s. Matematic. Mecanic teoretic. Fizic., 11-21
(2009).
Rhoades B. E., Two Fixed Point Theorems for Mappings Satisfying a General
Contractive Condition of Integral Type. Intern. J. Math. Math. Sci., 63, 40074013 (2002).
Sastri K. P., Babu G. V. R., Fixed Point Theorems in Metric Spaces by Altering
Distances. Bull. Calcutta Math. Soc., 90, 175-182 (1998).
Sastri K. P., Babu G. V. R., Some Fixed Point Theorems by Altering Distance Between
the Points. J. Pure Appl. Math., 30, 641-647 (1999).
Sedghi S., Shobe N., Common Fixed Point Theorems for Four Mappings in Complete
Metric Spaces. Bull. Iranian Math. Soc., 33, 2, 37-48 (2007).
Sessa S., On a Weak Commutativity Condition in Fixed Point Considerations. Publ.
Inst. Math. (Beograd) (N.S), 32, 46, 149-153 (1982).
Vijaraju P., Rhoades B. E., Mohansaj R., A Fixed Point Theorem for Pair of Mappings
Satisfying a General Contractive Condition of Integral Type. Intern. J. Math.
Math. Sci., 15, 2359-2364 (2005).
O TEOREM DE PUNCT FIX PENTRU FUNCII OCAZIONAL SLAB

COMPATIBILE CARE SATISFAC O RELAIE IMPLICIT
FR IPOTEZA DE DESCRETERE I APLICAII
(Rezumat)
n aceast lucrare extindem rezultatul principal din (Sedghi & Shobe,2007)
pentru funcii ocazional slab compatibile care satisfac un nou tip de relaie implicit fr
ipoteza de descretere n spaii simetrice folosind o distan modificat. n ultima
seciune a lucrrii, reducem condiia de tip integral la studiul punctelor fixe pentru
funcii care ndeplinesc condiii contractive care implic o distan modificat.

Publicat de
Secia
POINTS FIXES COMMUNS POUR DES APPLICATIONS

FAIBLEMENT **COMMUTATIVES
PAR
NICOLETA NEGOESCU
Universit Technique Gheorghe Asachi de Iai,
Dpartment de Mathmatiques
Reue: February 28, 2012
Accepte pour publication: May 15, 2012
Abstract. The aim of the present paper is to obtain a common fixed points
results for four mappings by using a weak **commutativity condition..
Key words: common fixed point, work commmutativity mapps, weak
**commuting maps.
Nous prsentons dabord le rsultata de G. Jungck (1979) qui est une

gnralization du thorme de contraction de Banach, en employant le concept
dapplications commutatives.
T h o r m e J. Une application S : X X , o (X, d) est un espace
mtrique complet, un point fixe dans X si est seulement si il existe une
application T : X X qui commute avec S et qui satisfait aux conditions
suivantes: T ( X ) S ( X ) et d (Tx, Ty ) d ( Sx, Sy ), x, y X . Aussi, dans ce cas,
S et T ont un point fixe commun unique x X .
Le thorme de G. Junck a t extendu de diffrents manires par
plusieurs mathematicians connus dont nous rappelons : B. Fisher (1981), S.
Sessa (1982), B. E. Rhoodes and S. Sessa (1986), Hemant Pathak (1986; 1991).
En 1982 S. Sessa a gnralis le concept dapplications commutstives en
introduisant ainsi les applications faiblement commutatives:
i) les applications S , T | X X , o (X, d) est un espace mtrique,
sappelent faiblement commutatives si et seulement si
Corresponding author: e-mail: napreut@yahoo.com
12
Niooleta Negoescu
d ( STx, TSx) d ( Sx, Tx), x X .

Observation 1. Evidemment les applications commutatives sont aussi
faiblement commutatives, mais laffirmation rciproque nest pas vraie.
De nombreux anteurs ont dmontr aussi des thormes de point fixe pour
applications faiblement commutatives; par example S. Sessa and B. Fisher
(1985), B. E. Rhoades and S. Sessa (1986) S. Sessa, R. N. Mukherje and T.
Som (1986), S. L. Sigh, K. S. Ha and Y. J. Cho (1989).
H. Pathak (1986) a introduit les applications faiblement *commutatives
de la manire suivante:
ii) les applications S , T : X X , o (X,d) est un espace mtrique,
sappellent faiblement *commutatives si d ( STx, TSx) d (T 2 x, S 2 x) pour
x X . Aussi Hermant Pathak a dfini en 1991 les applications faiblement
**commutatives:
iii) les applications S , T : X X , o (X,d) est un espace mtrique,
sappellent faiblement *commutatives si S (T ) T ( X ) et
d ( S 2T 2 x, T 2 S 2 x) d ( S 2Tx, TS 2 x) d (T 2 Sx, ST 2 x) d ( STx, TSx) d (T 2 x, S 2 x),

x X .
Observation 2. On voit facilement que deux applications commutatives
sont aussi faiblement **commutatives, mais si deux applications sont faiblement **commutatives, elle ne sont pas des applications commutatives, ce que a
montr lexemple connu de H. Pathak (1991).
Dans cette Note nous allons dmontrer le thorme suivant pour quatre
applications faiblement **commutatives et ses consquences, en partant des
notions introduites par H. Pathak (1991) et des ingalits contractives
ressemblantes celles employees par Jain et Dixit (1986) et par N. Negoescu
(1988; 1992).
T h o r m e 1. Soient les applications continues S , T , I , J : X X , o
(X,d) est un espace mtrique complet. Si les conditions suivantes sont
satisfaites:
S 2 ( X ) I 2 ( X ) et T 2 ( X ) J 2 ( X ),
d 2 ( S 2 x, T 2 y ) d ( I 2 x, S 2 x)d ( J 2 y , T 2 y ) + d ( I 2 x, T 2 y ) d ( S 2 x, J 2 y )
(1)
(2)
pour tous x, y X , x y et [0,1), alors S, T, I, J ont un point fixe commun

[0,1), et aussi, z est lunique point fixe commun de S et I et de T et J.
13
D m o n s t r a t i o n. Soient x0, y0 deux points arbitraries dans X et on

dfinit les suites {xn },{ yn } de la manire suivante: S 2 xn 1 = I 2 xn et T 2 yn 1 =
= J 2 yn , pour n N * , dfinition qui est possible cause de la condition (1).

Dune manire similaire que celle de la dmonstration du Thorme 1 de
B. Fisher (1981) on montre que les suites {S 2 xn } = {I 2 xn +1} et
{T 2 yn 1} = {J 2 yn } sont convergents au meme point z X . Car S et T sont
continues, les suites {J 2 S 2 xn } et {S 2 I 2 xn } sont mergentes I z2 et S z2 ; en

employant la faible **commutativit de la paire (S, I) on a:
d ( S 2 I 2 xn , I 2 S 2 xn ) d ( S 2 xn , I 2 xn ), et, en faisant n dans cette ingalit, on
obtient S2z = I2z.
Maintenant, en employant la relation (2) on a
d 2 ( S 2 z , T 2 yn ) d ( I 2 z , S 2 z ) d ( J 2 yn , T 2 yn ) + d ( I 2 z , T 2 yn )d 2 ( S 2 z , J 2 yn )
et, pour n, il suit: d 2 ( S 2 z , z ) d ( I 2 z , S 2 z )d ( z , z ) + d ( I 2 z , z ) d ( S 2 z , z ) donc
d 2 ( S 2 z , z ) d ( I 2 z , z )d ( S 2 z , z ) ou d 2 ( S 2 z , z ) d 2 ( S 2 z , z ) car S 2 z = I 2 z.
De la dernire ingalit il suit d 2 ( S 2 z , z ) = 0 (car < 1), donc S 2 z = z et
aussi S 2 z = z = I 2 z.
Dune manire analogue on montre que T 2 z = z = J 2 z.
Maintenant, en employant la faible **commutativit des applications S et
I, on a I 2 Sz = SI 2 z et ainsi I 2 Sz = S ( I 2 z ) = S 3 z = Sz. Alors
d 2 ( Sz , z ) = d 2 ( S 3 z , T 2 z ) = d 2 ( S 2 ( Sz ), T 2 z ) d ( I 2 ( Sz ), S 2 ( Sz )d ( J 2 z , T 2 z ) +
+ d ( I 2 ( Sz ), T 2 z ) d ( S 2 ( Sz ), J 2 z )
et
d 2 ( Sz , z ) d ( I 2 ( Sz ), S 3 z )d ( z , z ) + d ( I 2 ( Sz ), T 2 z )d ( S 2 ( Sz ), ou d 2 ( Sz , z )d ( Sz , z ),
car I 2 ( Sz ) = S 2 ( Sz ) = Sz. Mais de d 2 ( Sz , z )<1 il suit d 2 ( Sz , z ) = 0, car < 1, alors

d ( Sz , z ) = 0 ou z = Sz.
De la meme manire, en employant le fait que S 2 Iz = IS 2 z = I 3 z = Iz , on
montre que Iz = z.
Alors Sz = z = Iz et donc z est un point fixe de S et I.
On montre aussi, dune manire similaire, que Tz = z = Jz
Pour dmontrer que le point z X est luniuqe point fixe commun de S, I,
T et J on suppose quil existe encore un point u X , u z , tel que Su = u = Iu
et Tu = u = Ju. On a, videmment, u = T2u = J2u et
14
Niooleta Negoescu
d 2 ( z , u ) = d 2 ( S 2 z , T 2u ) d ( I 2 z , S 2 z )d ( J 2 u , T 2u ) + d ( I 2 z , T 2 u )d ( S 2 z , J 2 u ) =
= d ( z , z )d (u.u ) + d ( z , u )d ( z , u ).
Donc d ( z , u ) d ( z , u ) et il suit d 2 ( z , u ) = 0 (car < 1), cest--dire u = z.
2
Observation 3. Du Thorme 1 on obtient, videment, le suivant thorme pour deux applications continues.
T h o r m e 2. Soient S, I: X X , o (X, d) est un espace mtrique
complet, deux applications continues faiblement **commutatives qui satisfont
aux conditions S 2 ( X ) I 2 ( X ) et d 2 ( S 2 x, S 2 y ) d ( I 2 x, S 2 x) d ( I 2 y , S 2 y ) +
+ d ( I 2 x, S 2 y )d ( S 2 y, I 2 y ) pour tous x, y X , x y, [0,1). Alors s et I ont

un point fixe commun unique z X .
Observation 4. Un rsultat ressemblant du Thorme 2, mais pour
dautres types despaces, a t obtenu par N. Negoescu (1988; 1992).
Observation 5. Si S, T, I et J sont des applications idempotentes ( I 2 = I ,
S 2 = S etc.), alors on obtient du Thorme 1 un autre thorme de point fixe

commun unique pour quatre applications faiblement commutatives (car si les
applications S, T de la dfinition (iii) sont idempotentes, alors de cette definition
suit la dfinition (i)).
Un rsultat ressemblant pour quatre applications faiblement commutatives, mais pour une autre ingalit contractive que (2), a t dmontr par S.
Sessa et B. Fisher (1985).
Observation 6. Le Thorme 1 et ses consequences donnent des
extensions aux resultants ressemblants (pour dautres ingalits que (2)) de B.
Fisher (1981), mais dans les conditions plus restrictives que S, T, I et J sont
commutatives.
Observation 7. Nous pouvons obtenir aussi un thorme de point fixe
commun pour quatre applications contractives, analogue du Thorme 1, en
remplaant lingalit (2) par la condition
d 2 ( I 2 x, S 2 x ) d 2 ( J 2 y , T 2 y )
,
d ( I 2 x , S 2 y ) d ( J 2 y , T 2 y ) + d ( I 2 x, T 2 y ) d ( S 2 x , J 2 y )
pour tous x, y X , x y.
d 2 ( S 2 x, T 2 y ) <
(3)
BIBLIOGRAPHIE
Fisher B., Four Mappings with Common Fixed Point. J. Univ. Kuwait Sci., B, 131
(1981).
15
Jain R. K., Dixit S. P., Some Fixed Point Theorems for Mappings in Pseudocompact
Tihonov Spaces. Bull. Math. Debrecen, 33, 195-197 (1986).
Junck G., Commuting Maps and Fixed Points. Amer. Math., Monthly, 83, 261-263
(1979).
Negoescu Nicoleta, Extensions des thorme de R. K. Jain et S. P. Dixit. Vol. Itinerant
Seminar of Functional Equations, Approximation and Convexity. Univ. ClujNapoca, 1988, 243-248.
Negoescu Nicoleta, Un thorme de point fixe pour deux applications commutatives
dun certain type de contractivit. Studii i cercetri tiinifice, Univ. Bacu, Ser.
Matematica, 2, 85-86 (1992).
Pathak H. K., Weak *Commuting Mappings and Fixed Points. Indian J. Pure Appl.
Math., 17, 201-211 (1986).
Pathak H. K., On Fixed Points of Weak **Commutative Mappings in Compact Metric
Spaces. Bull. Calcutta Math., 83, 203-208 (1991).
Rhades B. E., Sessa S., Common Fixed Point Theorems for Three Mappings under a
Weak Commutativity Condition. Indian J. Pure and Appl. Math., 17, 45 -47
(1986).
Sessa S., On Weak Commutativity Condition on Mappings in Fixed Points Conditions.
Publ. Inst. Math., 32, 149-153 91982).
Sessa S., Fisher B., On Fixed Points of Weakly Commuting Mappings in Complete
Metric Spaces. Jnnbha, 15, 79 91985).
Sessa S., Mukherjee R. N., Som T., A Common fixed Point theorem for Weakly
Commuting Mappings. Math. Japonica, 31, 235-245 (1986).
Singh S. L., Ha S. K., Cho Y. J., Coincidence and Fixed Points of Non-liniar Hybrid
Contractions. J. Math. And Math. Sci., 12, 147-156 (1989).
PUNCTE FIXE COMUNE PENTRU APLICAII SLAB **COMUTATIVE

(Rezumat)
Sunt prezentate rezultatele de punct fix comun pentru aplicaii slab
**commutative.

Publicat de
Secia
ON EXACT SOLUTION FOR FLOW OF A FRACTIONAL

OLDROYD-B FLUID BETWEEN TWO SIDE WALLS
PERPENDICULAR TO A PLATE
BY
AZHAR ALI ZAFAR1, ABDUL RAUF1 and DUMITRU VIERU2

1
Abdus Salam School of Mathematical Sciences,

GC University, Lahore, Pakistan
2
Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iai,
Department of Theoretical Mechanics

Accepted for publication: May 15, 2012
Abstract. This article looks at the unsteady magnetohydrodynamic (MHD)

flow of fractional Oldroyd-B fluid between two side walls perpendicular to a
plate. The governing problem is solved by Fourier sine and Laplace transforms.
Expressions of velocity and shear stress are developed. Several existing
solutions are obtained from the presented analysis. The results corresponding to
an infinite plate motion can be deduced in the absence of side walls.
Key words: Fractional Oldroyd-B model, side walls, exact solution.
1. Introduction
There is evidence that the interest of the workers in non-Newtonian fluids
is on the leading edge during the last few years. Some researchers have the
opinion that flows of such fluids are important in industry and technology.
Several investigations in the field cite a wide variety of applications in
rheological problems, in biological sciences, geophysics, chemical and
petroleum industries (Zhaosheng et al., 1998). It is an established fact that
unlike the Newtonian fluids, the flows of non-Newtonian fluids cannot be
analyzed by a single constitutive equation. This is due to rheological properties
Corresponding author: e-mail: azharalizafar@gmail.com
18
Azar Ali Zafar et al.
of non-Newtonian fluids. The understanding of flows of such fluids has

progressed via a number of theoretical, computational and experimental efforts.
The resulting equations of such fluids are in general of higher order than the
Navier-Stokes equations and one needs additional conditions for a unique
solution (Rajagopal,1995), (Rajagopal et al, 1989). Specifically to obtain an
analytical solution for such flows is not an easy task. In spite of several
challenges, many investigations regarding the analytic solutions for flows of
non-Newtonian fluids have been performed (Hayat et al., 2007), (Khan et al.,
2007), (Fetecu et al., 2005), (Fetecu et al., 2006). Amongst the fluid models
there is a subclass of rate type fluids namely the Oldroyd-B model (Oldroyd,
1950) that is characterized by three material constants, a viscosity, a relaxation
time and a retardation time. Such fluids are successful in describing the
response of some polymeric liquids and are amenable to analysis and more
importantly experimental corroboration. Some solved problems regarding
Oldroyd-B fluids may be mentioned through the references (Rajagopal et al.,
1995), (Fetecu et al., 2007), (Fetecu et al., 2003), (Tan et al., 2005).
Recently, Rajagopal and Srinivasa (Rajagopal et al., 2000) showed that the
Oldroyd-B fluid is one which stores energy like a linearized elastic solid, its
dissipation however being due to two dissipative mechanisms that implies that
they arises from a mixture of two viscous fluids. Motivated by such importance,
our concern here is to discuss the flow of fractional Oldroyd-B fluid. The
unsteady MHD flow of an Oldroyd-B fluid with fractional derivative model
between two side walls perpendicular to a plate is investigated. The flow is
induced by an infinite plate that slides in its plane with constant velocity.
Analytic solutions are derived by Fourier sine and Laplace transforms. The
obtained solutions in absence of side walls correspond to the motion over an
infinite plate. Similar solutions for Oldroyd-B fluid, Maxwell fluid, fractional
Maxwell model, second grade fluid, fractional second grade model and viscous
fluid can be recovered as limiting cases of present solutions. It is pertinent to
mention here that the present analysis is even not available for the
hydrodynamic fluid. Furthermore, the used fractional calculus approach in the
constitutive equation especially in handling the viscoelastic properties. The
governing equations are modified by replacing time ordinary derivatives of
stress and strain with derivatives of fractional order. A reasonable agreement
with experimental data is noted when fluid model with fractional derivative is
taken into account (Hilfer, 2000). Some previous attempts involving fractional
calculus approach may be mentioned in the studies (Vieru et al., 2007), (Tan et
al., 2003), (Qi et al., 2007), (Khan et al., 2006), (Nazar et al., 2012), (Zheng et
al., 2012).
2. Formulation and Solution of the Problem
Let us consider an incompressible Oldroyd-B fluid with fractional
derivatives at rest, occupying the space between two side walls perpendicular to
19
an infinite plate situated in the (x,z)-plane of the Cartesian coordinate system

Oxyz. The fluid is electrically conducting in the presence of uniform magnetic
field. The induced magnetic field is neglected for small magnetic Reynolds
number assumption. No electric field is applied. At the moment t = 0+ the plate
is impulsively brought to the constant velocity U in its plane, along the x-axis.
Owing to the shear the fluid is gradually moved, its velocity being of the form
v = u ( y , z , t )i ,
(1)
and the governing equation is given by (Khan et al., 2007; Khan et al., 2006)
(1 + Dt )
2
u
2
= v(1 + r Dt ) 2 + 2
t
z
y
Bo2
u
(1 + Dt )u ,
where , r are the relaxation and retardation times,
(2)
is the electric
conductivity of the fluid, Bo is the applied magnetic field, v =
is the
kinematic viscosity ( being the dynamic viscosity and constant density of
f ( )
1
d , 0 < 1 is the Caputo derivative
(1 ) 0 (t )
operator (Hilfer, 2000), (Podlubny, 1999).
t
the fluid) and Dt f (t ) =
The appropriate initial and boundary conditions are
u( y, z,0) =
u( y, z,0)
= 0; y > 0, 0 z d ,
t
u(0, z, t ) = U ; t > 0,
0 < z < d,
u( y,0, t ) = u( y, d , t ) = 0;
y, t > 0
(3)
(4)
(5)
and
u( y, z, t ) =
u( y, z, t )
0 as y , t > 0 ,
y
(6)
where d is the distance between the side walls.

2.1. Calculation of the Velocity
The fractional differential equation (2) together with the initial and
boundary conditions (3)-(6) will be solved using the Fourier sine and Laplace
2
n
sin( y )sin( n z) , where n = ,
transforms. Multiplying this equality by
20
integrating the result with respect to y and z from 0 to infinity, 0 to d and taking
into account the conditions (3)-(6), we find that (see also (Podlubny, 1999),
(Sneddon, 1951))
(1 + Dt )
usn ( , t )
+ v( 2 + n2 )(1 + r Dt )
t
(7)
B
2 1 (1)
(1 + Dt ) usn ( , t ) == U
;
2
o
, t > 0,
where the double Fourier sine transforms

d
usn ( , t ) =
2
u ( y, z, t )sin( y )sin( n z )dydz ,
0 0
(8)
of u ( y, z, t ) have to satisfy the initial conditions

usn ( ,0) =
usn ( ,0)
= 0;
t
> 0.
(9)
Applying the Laplace transform to Eq. (7) and taking into account the
initial conditions (9), we find that
2 1 (1) n
usn ( , t ) =
(10)
U
,
Bo2
+1

2
2
(1 + q )
q q + q + v( + n )(1 + r q ) +
where q is the transform parameter.

For a suitable presentation of velocity field, we firstly rewrite Eq. (10) in
the equivalent form
usn ( , q ) =
U
q
2 1 (1) n
2 1 ( 1)n
U
F1n ( , q)
2
2
2
n
+ n
n
+ n2
(11)
2 1 (1)
F1n ( , q) F2 n ( , q),
n
n
in which
F1n ( , q) =
and
1
,
q + ( 2 + n2 )
(12)
21
F2 n ( , q) =
v q +1 + 1Bo2 q + 2 r ( 2 + n2 )q + 1Bo2
q q + q +1 + v( 2 + n2 ) + r ( 2 + n2 ) q + 1Bo2 + 1Bo2 q
{q
vq + vBq 1 + a ( 2 + n2 ) q 1 + Bq 1
+1
+ ( 2 + n2 ) + B + q + a( 2 + n2 ) q + Bq
(13)
Bo2

, a = r . The function F2 n ( , q) can be also written as a double
series (see also A1)
with
F2 n ( , q) =
(1) k vq + vBq 1 + a( 2 + n2 ) q 1 + Bq 1
q +1 + 1 ( 2 + n2 ) + B
k =0
k +1
q + a( 2 + n2 )q + Bq =
i + j +l =k
k = 0 i , j ,l 0
(14)
2
2
l
(1) k k ! B a( + n )
i ! j !l !
i
q + + Bq + 1 + a( 2 + n2 ) q + 1 + B 1
q +1 + ( 2 + n2 ) + B
k +1
where = i + j + l.
Inverting Eq. (11) by means of Fourier sine formulae and using Eq. (A2),
we find that
22
u ( y, z, t ) =
4U
dq
sin( N z ) N y
e
N
n =1
8U
d
sin( N z ) sin( y )
F1N ( , q)d
N 0 2 + N2
n =1
(15)
8U
d
sin( N z )
sin( y )F1N ( , q) F2 N ( , q)d ;
N 0
n =1
N =
(2n 1)
.
2
Introducing (12) and (14) into (15), inverting the result by means of the
inverse Laplace transform, using (A3) and the convolution theorem, we find the
velocity field under form
u ( y, z , t ) = u N ( y, z , t )
(16)
8U
d
2
2
sin( N z ) t
sin( y ) f 2 N ( , s)e ( + N )(t s ) dsd ,
N
n =1
0 0
where
uN ( y, z, t ) =
4U
d
sin( N z ) N y
e
N
n =1
(17)
8U
d
sin( N z ) sin( y ) ( 2 + N2 ) t
e
d ,
N 0 2 + N2
n =1
is the velocity field corresponding to Newtonian fluid in the absence of the

magnetic field,

i + j +l =k
f 2 n ( , q) =
k = 0 i , j ,l 0
23
l
2
2
(1) k k ! B a( + n )
i ! j !l !
i
(18)
G +1 , + ,b (cn ( ), t ) + BG +1 , + 1,b (cn ( ), t ) +

+ a( 2 + n2 )G +1 , + 1,b (cn ( ), t ) +
BG +1 , 1,b (cn ( ), t ) ,
is the inverse Laplace transform of F2 n ( , q) ,

cn ( ) =
( 2 + n2 ) + B
,
b = k +1
and
c j ( j + b)t ( j +b )a 1
.
j =0 ( j + 1) (b)[ ( j + b) a ]
G ,a ,b (c, t ) =
(19)
Finally, for later use, we take d = 2h and change the origin of the
coordinate system at the middle of the channel. Consequently, putting
z = z * + h and dropping out the star notation, Eq. (16) takes the suitable form
u ( y, z , t ) = u N ( y, z , t )
4U
h
(1) n +1 cos( N z )
N
n =1
(20)
t
sin( y ) f 2 N ( , s )e (
+ N2 )( t s )
dsd ,
0 0
where N =
(2n 1)
, f 2 N ( , s ) is the same function as before with
2h
N instead
of N and the new function u N ( y, z , t ) is given by

u N ( y, z, t ) =
2U
h
(1) n +1 cos( N z ) N y
e
N
n =1
(21)
4U
h
(1) n +1 cos( N z ) sin( y ) ( 2 + N2 ) t

d .
0 2 + N2 e
N
n =1
24
2.2. Calculation of the Shear Stress
In order to determine the shear stress at the bottom wall we determine the
element 1 ( y , z , t ) = S xy ( y, z , t ) of the extra stress tensor S and use the relation
(Qi et al., 2007) For this we are using the relation (Qi et al., 2007)
(1 + Dt ) 1 ( y, z , t ) = (1 + r Dt )
u ( y, z , t )
.
y
(22)
Applying the Laplace transform to Eq. (22) and using the initial condition
1 ( y , z ,0) = 0 (the fluid being at rest up to t = 0),
(23)
we find that
1 ( y, z, q) =
1 + r q u ( y, z , q)
,
y
(1 + q )
(24)
where 1 ( y , z , q) is the Laplace transform of 1 ( y , z , t ) .

In order to get u ( y, z , q) we apply the inverse Fourier sine transform to
Eq. (10) and find that
u ( y, z, q) =
8U sin( N z )
d n =1 N
sin( y )
q q + q +1 + ( 2 + N2 )(1 + r q ) + B (1 + q )
(25)
d ,
from which
u ( y, z , q ) 8U sin( N z )
=
y
d n =1 N
(26)
2 cos( y )
d .
+1

2
2
0 q
q + q + ( + N )(1 + r q ) + B(1 + q )
Introducing (26) into (24), we can write 1 ( y , z , q) under suitable form
1 ( y, z, q) =
8 U
d
sin( N z ) 2
cos( y ) H1 ( q) H 2 N ( , q)d ,
N 0
n =1
H1 ( q ) =
and
1 q 1
q q 1
+ r
,

q +
q +
(27)
H 2 N ( , q) =
{q
25
+ aq
+1
( 2 + n2 ) + B + q + a ( 2 + n2 )q + Bq
Inverting Eq. (26), using (A5) and the convolution theorem we find the
shear stress 1 ( y, z , t ) under simple form
1 ( y, z, t ) =
8U
d
sin(N z )
n =1
(28)
2 cos( y )h1 (t s )h2 N ( , s )dsd ,

0 0
where the inverse Laplace transform h1 (t ) and h2 N ( , t ) of
H1 (q ) and
H 2 N ( , q) are given by
h1 (t ) = G ,1,1 ( , t ) + r G , 1,1 ( , t )
(29)
respectively,
i + j +l = k
h2 n ( , t ) =
k = 0 i , j ,l 0
l
2
2
(1) k k ! B a( + n )
i ! j !l !
i
(30)
G +1 , ,b (cn ( ), t ) + aG +1 , + ,b (cn ( ), t ) .
An equivalent form of 1 ( y, z, t ) , corresponding to Eq. (26), is given by
1 ( y, z , t ) =
4U
h
(1) n +1 cos( N z )
n =1
(31)
cos( y )h1 (t s ) h2 N ( , s )dsd ,

2
0 0
while the shear stress at the bottom wall is
1W ( z, t ) =
4 U
h
(1) n +1 cos( N z )
n =1
2 h1 (t s ) h2 N ( , s )dsd .
0 0
(32)
26
3. Special Cases
1. Making r 0 into Eqs. (18), (20), (28), (31) and (32) we obtain the
corresponding solutions for generalized Maxwell fluids performing the same
motion. Their form being the same, we only give the adequate expressions of
the corresponding functions f 2 n ( , t ) and h2 n ( , t ) , namely
i + j =k
f 2 n ( , t ) =
(1) k k! B j
[G +1 , + ,b (cn ( ), t ) +
i! j!i
k =0 i , j 0
+ BG +1 , + 1,b (cn ( ), t ) + BG +1 , 1,b (cn ( ), t )
(33)
and
i + j =k
h2 n ( , t ) = 1
k =0 i , j 0
(1) k k! B j
G +1 , ,b (cn ( ), t ),
i! j!i
(34)
where = i + j .
2. By now letting 1 into the last two relations and introducing the
result into Eqs. (18), (20), (28), (31), (32), the corresponding solutions for
ordinary Maxwell fluids are obtained.
3. The similar solutions for ordinary Oldroyd-B fluids are also obtained
making and 1 into our general solutions. Consequently, their
expressions are again given by Eqs. (18), (20), (28), (31) and (32), in which
i + j +l = k
f 2 n ( , t ) =
k = 0 i , j ,l 0
l
2
2
(1) k k ! B a( + n )
G2, k +1, k +1 (cn ( ), t ) +
i ! j !l !
i
(35)
1
+ a( + )G2, k ,k +1 (cn ( ), t ) + BG2, k , k +1 (cn ( ), t ) + BG2, k 1, k +1 (cn ( ), t

2
2
n
and
j
2
2
l
i + j + l = k (1) k k ! B a( + n )
h2 n ( , t ) =
G2,k , k +1 (cn ( ), t ).
k = 0 i , j ,l 0 i ! j !l !
i
(36)
4. Finally, making B 0 into above relations, the solutions

corresponding to the hydrodynamic flow of respective fluids are recovered.
4. Limiting Case h (Flow over an Infinite Plate)

In the absence of the side walls, namely when h into (20) and (31),
the velocity field
u ( y, t ) = u N ( y, t )
27
2U
sin( y ) f
( , s)e
(t s )
dsd ,
(37)
0 0
and the associated shear stress
( y, t ) =
2 U
cos( y )h1 (t s) h2 ( , s )dsd ,
(38)
0 0
corresponding to the motion over an infinite plate are obtained. Here
y
y
u N ( y, t ) = U 1 erf
= Uerfc
,
2 t
2 t
(39)
is the well-known classical solution corresponding to the first problem of Stokes

for the flat plate, while f 2 ( , t ) and h2 ( , t ) are immediately obtained from
(18) and (30). Of course, the similar solutions for generalized Maxwell fluids,
as well as those for ordinary Maxwell and Oldroyd-B fluids, are easily obtained
adapting the corresponding expressions for f 2 ( , t ) , h1 ( , t ) and h2 ( , t ) .
5. Conclusions
1. In this paper we studied unsteady MHD flows of an Oldroyd-B fluid
with fractional derivatives in the domain ( x, y, z ) (, ) (0, ) [0, d ]
between two side walls perpendicular to a plate situated in ( x, z ) plane of
Cartesian coordinate system Oxyz. The motion of the fluid is generated by the
plate that moves with constant velocity along x axis.
2. Using the sine Fourier and Laplace transforms we established
expressions for the velocity u ( x, y, z ) and tangential shear stress
1 ( y, z, t ) = S xy ( y, z , t ) . These solutions, corresponding to an Oldroyd-B fluid
with fractional derivatives, are new in the literature and particularized for
Maxwell fluid with fractional derivatives and for ordinary Maxwell and
Oldroyd-B fluids. Also, solutions corresponding to flows over an infinite plate
have been determined as a particular case of general solutions. It is important to
point out that several hydrodynamic flows can be studied with our solutions
making zero the magnetic coefficient B.
Appendix
1+ j + l = k i j l
1
xk
a b c k!
= (1) k k +1 ; (a + b + c) k =
,
x + a k =0
a
i ! j !l !
i , j ,l 0
(A1)
28
sin( y )
d = e ay ; Re(a) > 0,
2
2 + a2
qb
d
Ga ,b,c (d , t ) = L1 a
; Re(ac b) > 0, Re(q) > 0, a < 1
c
q
(q d )
(A2)
(A3)
REFERENCES
Fetecu C., Fetecu C., On Some Axial Couette Flows of Non-Newtonian Fluids. Z.
Angew Math. Phys. (ZAMP), 56, 1098-106 (2005).
Fetecu C., Fetecu C., The First Problem of Strokes for an Oldroyd-B Fluid. Int. J.
Non- Linear Mech., 38, 1939-1944 (2003).
Fetecu C., Fetecu C., Vieru D., On Some Helical Flows of Oldroyd-B Fluids. Acta
Mech., 189, 53-63 (2007).
Fetecu C., Hayat T., Fetecu C., Steady State Solutions for Some Simple Flows of
Generalized Burgers Fluids. Int. J. Non-Linear Mech., 41, 880-887 (2006).
Hayat T., Sajid M., Ayub M., A Note on Series Solution for Generalized Couette Flow.
Comm. Nonlinear Sci. Numerical Simulation , 12, 1481-1487 (2007).
Hilfer R., Applications of Fractional Calculus in Physics. World Scientific Press,
Singapore, 2000.
Khan M., Fetecu C., Hayat T., MHD Transient Flows in a Channel of Rectangular
Cross-section with Porous Medium. Phys. Lett. A., 369, 44-54 (2007).
Khan M., Hayat T., Asghar S., Exact Solution for MHD Flow of a Generalized
Oldroyd-B Fluid with Modified Darcys Law. Int. J. Eng. Sci., 44, 333-339
(2006).
Lorenzo C.F., Hartley T.T., Generalized Functions for Fractional Calculus. NASA/TP1999-209424, 1999.
Nazar M., Zulqarnain M., Akram M. S., Asif M., Flow through an Oscillating
Rectangular Duct for Generalized Maxwell Fluid with Fractional Derivatives.
Comm. Non-Lin. Sci. Numer. Simul., 17(8), 3219-3234 (2012).
Oldroyd J.G., On the Formulation of Rheological Equations of State. Proc. R. Soc.,
London, Ser. A., 200, 523-541 (1950).
Podlubny I., Fractional Differential Equations. Academic Press, San Diego, 1999.
Qi H., Xu M., Stokes First Problem for a Viscoelastic Fluid with the Generalized
Oldroyd-B Model. Acta Mech. Sinica., 23, 463-469 (2007).
Rajagopal K.R., On the Boundary Cnditions for Fluids of the Differential Type in: A
Sequira. (Ed.), Navier-Strokes Equation and Related Non-Linear Problems.
Plenum Press, New York, 1995.
Rajagopal K.R., Bhatnagar R.K., Exact Solutions for Some Simple Flows of an OldroydB Fluid. Acta Mech., 113, 233-239 (1995).
Rajagopal K.R., Kaloni P.N., Some Remarks on Boundary Conditions for Fluids of
Differential Type. In: G.A.C.Grams, S.K. Malik (Eds.), Continuum Mechanics
and its Applications. Hemisphere, Washington DC , 1989.
Rajagopal K.R., Srinivasa A.R., A Thermodynamical Frame-work for Rate Type Fluid
Models. J. Non- Newtonian Fluid Mech., 88, 207-227 (2000).
29
Sneddon I.N., Fourier Transforms. McGraw-Hill Book Company. Inc., New York
Toronto London, 1951.
Tan W.C., Masuoka T., Stokes First Problem for an Oldroyd-B Fluid in a Porous Half
Space. Physc. Fluids, 17, 023101-023107 (2005).
Tan W.C., Pan W.X., Xu M.Y., A Note on Unsteady Flows of a Viscoelastic Fluid with
the Fractional Maxwell Model Between Two Parallel Plates. Int. J. Non- Linear
Mech., 38, 615-620 (2003).
Vieru D., Fetecu C., Fetecu C., Flow of a Viscoelastic Fluid with the Fractional
Maxwell Model Between Two Side Walls Perpendicular to a Plate. Appl. Math.
Comput., 200(1), 459-464 (2008).
Zhaosheng Y., Jianzhong L., Numerical Research on Coherent Structure in the
Viscoelastic Second Order Mixing Layers. Appl. Math. Mech., 19, 671-677
(1998).
Zheng L., Liu Y., Zhang Z. Y., Slip Effects on MHD Flow of a Generalized OldroydFluid with Fractional Derivatives. Nonlinear Analysis: Real World Appl., 13(2),
513-523 (2012).
SOLUII EXACTE PENTRU CURGEREA UNUI FLUID

OLDROYD-B CU DERIVATE FRACIONALE NTRE
DOI PEREI PERPENDICULARI PE O PLAC
(Rezumat)
Se studiaz curgerea nestationar magnetohidrodinamic a unui fluid Oldroyd-B
cu derivate temporale fracionale. Curgerea are loc ntre doi perei perpendiculari pe o
plac. Micarea fluidului este generat de micarea plcii care se transleaz liniar n
planul sau cu viteza constant. Expresiile vitezei i ale tensiunii tangeniale, determinate
cu ajutorul transformatelor Fourier i Laplace, sunt noi n literatura de specialitate.
Soluiile generale obinute sunt particularizate pentru alte modele de fluid (Maxwell cu
derivate fracionale, Maxwell sau Oldroyd-B). Curgerea de tip Stokes este obinut ca
un caz particular al soluiilor generale. Este important de subliniat faptul c, facnd
coeficientul magnetic B egal cu zero n soluiile determinate, se pot studia curgeri
hidrodinamice ale diverselor tipuri de fluide.

Publicat de
Secia
SOME IMPLICATIONS OF FRACTALITY IN THE DYNAMICS

OF THE ELECTRODEPOSITION PROCESSES
BY
SIMONA BCI1, VIVIANA RADU2, FLORIN BRNZ2,

BORIS CONSTANTIN3 and MARICEL AGOP1
1
Department of Physics,
3
Department of Material Science
2
Al. I. Cuza University Iai,
Faculty of Physics
Accepted for publication: March 25, 2012
Abstract. The substitution of the electrodeposition mechanism complexity

with fractality implies unusual reciprocal dependences of the process parameters.
These occurs due to the fact that at different time scales, different nucleation
mechanisms (instantaneous or progressive) dominates or the process has
different kind of control (kinetically limited, the diffusion controlled, with mixed
control). The theoretical model was validated by the experimental results.
Key words: nucleation mechanism, fractal, electrodeposition.
1. Introduction
Recent papers have shown that fractality is essential in the analyze of the
nucleation mechanism in the electrodeposition phenomena (Bagotsky, 2006;
Zhou et al., 1999; Shaikh et al. 2009). One way to introduce fractality is on the
base of scale relativity theory (SRT) (Nottale, 1993; Nottale, 2011). In the
present paper, using the SRT approach, some unusual reciprocal dependences of
the process parameters will be highlighted.
Corresponding author: e-mail: m.agop@yahoo.com
32
Simona Bci et al.
2. Theoretical Model
Considering that the electric charged particles move on fractal curves
(Nottale, 1993, Nottale, 2011; Agop et al., 2008; Casian-Botez et al., 2010), the
particle dynamics are described by the equation

V V
( 2 D ) 1
=
+ V V iD ( dt ) F V = 0
t
t
(1)
where V is the complex speed field
V = V iU
(2)
V is the standard classical speed, which is independent of scale resolution (dt),

whiles the imaginary part, U, is a new quantity arising from nondifferentiability, which is resolution-dependent. D is a structure coefficient,
characteristic to the fractal-non-fractal transition, scale resolution and fractal
dimension DF dependent (Munceleanu et al., 2011; Mandelbrot, 1983; Stauffer
et al., 1996; Oldham et al., 2006; Kilbas et al., 2006).
If the fluid particle motion is irrotational, i.e. V = 0 , we can choose
V of the form
V = 2iD ( dt )
(2
DF ) 1
( ln )
(3)
where is a new complex scalar function, called speed potential.

For = eiS , with the amplitude and S the phase of , and
using (3) the complex velocity field (2) takes the explicit form
:
( 2 D ) 1
( 2 D ) 1
V = 2D ( dt ) F S iD ( dt ) F ln ,
V = 2 D ( dt )
U = D ( dt )
(2
(2
DF ) 1
DF ) 1
S ,
(4)
ln .
By substituting (4) in (1) and separating the real and the imaginary parts, up to
an arbitrary phase factor which may be set at zero by a suitable choice of the
phase of , we obtain
m0
+ (V )V = Q,
+ ( V ) = 0,
t
(5a,b)
33
with Q the fractal potential
Q = 2m0D 2 ( dt )
(4
DF ) 2
m0U 2
( 2 D ) 1
m0D ( dt ) F U .
2
(6)
Eq. (5a) represents the law of momentum conservation while equation (5b)
represents the law of probability density conservation. Together, these two
relations define the fractal hydrodynamics. If the fractal fluid is placed inside an
external field W , then the momentum conservation law (5a) becomes
V
m0
+ (V )V = (Q + W ) .
(7)
The fractal potential (6) results from the non-differentiability and has to
be treated as a kinetic term and not as a potential term. Moreover, the fractal
potential Q can generate a viscosity stress type tensor. Indeed, written in the
form
Q = m0D 2 ( dt )
(4
DF ) 2
2 1 2
(8)
the fractal potential induces the symmetric tensor
il = m0D 2 ( dt )
(4
DF ) 2
i l ln = m0D 2 ( dt )
(4
DF ) 2
( i )( l ) .
i l
(9)
The divergence of this tensor is equal to the force density associated with Q
= Q.
(10)
The quantity can be identified with the tensor of viscosity stress in a

Navier-Stokes type equation
:
dV
= .
dt
The momentum flux density type tensor is
m0
(11)
il = m0 ViVl il ,
(12)
and it satisfies the momentum flow type equation
m0 ( V ) = .
(13)
t
In order to complete the analogy with the classical fluid mechanics, we
formally introduce the kinematical and dynamical types viscosities:
34
Simona Bci et al.
= 2 D ( dt )
1
(2
1
m D
2 0
DF ) 1
( dt )
(2
DF ) 1
(14)
The quantities and are formal viscosities, both of them being induced by
the fractal scale. Then, the tensor il takes the usual form
U U l
il = i +
.
xi
xl
(15)
In particular, if il is diagonal
il = il ,
(16)
the system (5a,b) takes the form
m0
,
+ (V V ) =
(17)
+ ( V ) = 0
t
If we assimilate the tensor (15) with the gas pressure, i.e. il = pil , Eqs. (17)
are reduced to the classical hydrodynamics.
In the one-dimensional case, using the substitutions
t = ,
kx = ,
v
=V ,
v0
=N,
0
2 =
D 1
k 3D 2
(dt ) F ,
v0
(18)
system (5a,b) together with Eq. (6) takes the form
V
V
2 2 2
+V
=
t
N 2
N ( NV )
+
= 0.
t
N ,
(19)
35
Using the method described in (Casian-Botez et al., 2010) with the initial
conditions
0 2
exp
V ( 0 , =0) =c, N ( 0 , =0) =
= N 0 ( 0 ) (20)
and the boundary ones
V ( 0 =c , ) =c, N ( 0 = , ) = N ( 0 =+ , ) =0 ,
(21)
the solution of (19) takes the form

2
2
c + ( 0 )

,
V ( 0 , ) =
2
2 2
2
+

2
(22a, b)
2
( 0 c )
1
N ( 0 , ) =
exp
,
2
2
2 2
2 2 2
2
+

+

where is the distribution parameter. These solutions induce the complex

speed field
2
2
c +
( 0 )
0 c

V ( 0 , ) =
2i
,
2
2
2 2
2 2
2
2
+
+

2
the complex current density speed field
(23)
36
Simona Bci et al.
2
c 2 +
( 0 )
( 0 c )

j ( 0 , ) =
exp
3/2
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
+

+

2i
0 c
2
2 2
2 +

3/ 2
2
( 0 c )
exp
,
2 2 2 2
+

(24)
the complex quantum potential
Q ( 0 , ) = 0 2i 2
( 0 c ) 2
2 2 2 2
+

+ 2i 2
1
2
2 2
+

(25)
and the complex force field
F ( 0 , ) = 0 + 4i 2
0 c
2 2 2 2
+

(26)
These specify the followings:

i) the force field, F ( 0 , ) , imposes fractal characteristics to the
global dynamics of the system. Consequently, the complex speed and the
complex current density fields are non-homogenous in the coordinates 0
and ;
ii) the predictable (observable) global dynamics (e.g. the linear uniform
motion) are obtained by taking the force field F ( 0 , ) equal to zero. In this
case, the complex speed field takes the simple form
V ( 0 = c , ) c + i0 .
(27)
This means that the particle of fluid in free motion polarizes the fractal
medium behind itself, 0 c , and ahead of itself, 0 c , in such a
form that the resulting forces are symmetrically distributed with respect to the
37
plane through the observable particle position, 0 = c at any time. In such

context, the presence of a perturbation for example given by the external
potential applied on the electrode (as in our experiment), induces an asymmetry
of the force field, resulting in the excitation of a specific mode of matter
structuring.
Solution (22b) corresponds to a time-dependent Gaussian density of the
speed scalar potential associated to a free particle,
( 0 , ) =
2
c 2 c ( )
( 0 ) c
1
0 .
=
+i
exp
exp i
4
2
1/
4
+i
2 2 1+i
(28)
Moreover, through equation = eiS , the phase S of this potential is

connected with the real part (observable) of the complex velocity field.
In our experiment the charged particle interacts with an external potential
which results in a discontinuous change in momentum. This interaction can be
theoretically modeled by means of a one-dimensional infinite square-well
potential that confines a particle to a box of given width. Localized timedependent solutions for this problem can be constructed in a very
straightforward way from solutions of the free-particle problem (Casian-Botez
et al., 2010; Munceleanu et al., 2011). If 0 = 0 is the wall position, we get
the simple difference solutions of the form ( 0 , ) (( 0 ), ) . These
solutions not only satisfy the free-particle Schrdinger equation or its equivalent
form (equation system (9) of the fractal hydrodynamics) for all ( 0 ) values,
but also adapt the new boundary condition at the wall, namely (0, ) = 0 .
Then, the probability density is
2
N R ( 0 , ) = ( 0 , ) (( 0 ), ) =
= N + ( 0 , ) + N ( 0 , )
0 (2 / )2 c 2
,
2 N + ( 0 , ) N ( 0 , ) cos 2
+
(2
/
)
(29)
38
Simona Bci et al.
N + ( 0 , ) = N ( 0 , ) ,
N ( 0 , ) = N (( 0 ), )
where
and
N ( 0 , ) are given by equation (22b). The result (29) is equivalent with the
interference of a progressive scalar potential speed packet (for > 0 ) with a
regressive one (for < 0 ).
The interference term from Eq. (29) gives the local maxima and
minima. These can be associated with the multi-peak structure of the
normalized charge density N R ( 0 , ) - see Figs. 1a-1c and Figs. 2a-2c, and
implicitly of the normalized current density. Their space-time positions depend
on the initial velocity c . From Figs. 1a-1c and 2a-2c it results that the multipeak structure can be observed both for the spatial component and for the
temporal one, but in the last case only for << 2 - see Figs. 2a-2c.
a) c = 5
b) c = 7
1.5
1.5
0.5
0.4
0.5
0
0.5
0.4
0.5
0
0.3
-4
0.3
-4
0.2
0.2
-2
-2
0
0.1
2
0.1
2
c) c = 9
N R ( 0 , )
2
1.5
0.5
1
0.4
0.5
0
0.3
-4
0.2
-2
0.1
2
4
Fig. 1a-c Spatial interference of a progressive scalar potential speed packet

with a regressive one for various values
of the initial normalized speed, c .
39
3. Experimental Results
Using a solution of lead acetate 0.5 molar, the time dependence of the
current (Fig. 3) shows that, initialy a instantaneous nucleation take place
(accending part of the experimental curve), followed by a progressive one (the
horizontal part).
a) c = 0.1
b) c = 0.2
0.5
10 0.25
0.5
0
-0.5
0
10
0
-0.25
-0.5
0
0.2
8
6
4
0.2
0.4
0.4
2
0.6
0.6
0.8
0.8
1
c) c = 0.3
N R ( 0 , )
0.5
0.25
0
-0.25
-0.5
0
10
8
6
4
0.2
0.4
-0
0.6
0.8
1
Fig. 2 a-c Temporal interference of a progressive

scalar potential speed packet with a regressive one
for various values of the initial normalized speed, c .
Sequences of the nucleation process at different time moment are

presented in Fig. 4.
40
Simona Bci et al.

lead acetate, 0.5M
0.25
current, mA
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.00
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
time, s
Fig. 3 Time dependence of current for a lead acetate solution.
Fig. 4 Sequences of the nucleation process at different time moment.
41
It can be observed progressively increasing branches, which can be

correlated with an increase in fractal dimension of the deposited layers.
Moreover, a similarity between the experimental curves shown in Fig. 3
and that generated by the theoretical model shown in Fig. 5 was observed, for
c=0.7, namely the normalized current versus the normalized time.
I ( 0 = const.)
c = 0.7
c = 0.9
c = 0.5
c = 0.3
Fig. 5 Normalized current versus time for 0 = 0.1 and different values of the
initial normalized speed.
4. Conclusions
1. The reciprocal dependences of the process parameters for lead acetate
solution 0.5 molar, by means of fractalic method were established.
2. The experimental data confirm the theoretical model: initialy a
instantaneous nucleation take place (accending part of the experimental curve),
followed by a progressive one (the horizontal part).
REFERENCES
Agop M., Forna N., Casian-Botez I., Bejenariu C., J. Comput. Theor. Nanosci., 5, 483
(2008).
Bagotsky V.S., Fundamentals of Electrochemistry. Wiley Interscience, New Jersey,
2006.
Casian-Botez I., Agop M., Nica P., Pun V., Munceleanu G.V., J. Comput. Theor.
Nanosci., 7, 2271 (2010).
Kilbas A. A., Srivastava H. M., Trujilto J. J., Theory and Applications of Fractional
Differential Equations. Elsevier, Armsterdam 2006.
42
Simona Bci et al.
Mandelbrot B.B., The Fractal Geometry of Nature. Freeman, San Francisco, 1983.
Munceleanu G.V.; Paun V. P., Casian-Botez I., Agop M., Int. J. Bifurc. Chaos, 21, 603
(2011).
Nottale L., Fractal Space-Time and Microphysics: Towards a Theory of Scale
Relativity. World Scientific Singapore, 1993.
Nottale L., Scale Relativity and Fractal Space-Time. World Scientific Singapore, 2011.
Oldham K. B., Spanier J., The Fractional Calculus: Theory and Applications of
Differential and Integration to Arbitrary Order. Dover Publications, New York
2006.
Shaikh Y.H., Khan A.R., Pathan J.M., Aruna Patil, Behere S.H., Fractal Pattern
Growth Simulation in Electrodeposition and Study of the Shifting of Center of
Mass. Chaos, Solitons and Fractals, 42, 2796-2803 (2009).
Stauffer D., Stanle H. E., From Newton to Mandelbrot. Academic Press, New York,
1996.
Zhou J. G., He Z. and Guo J., Fractal Growth Modeling of Electrochemical Deposition
in Solid Freeform Fabrication. Proceedings of the Tenth Solid Freeform
Fabrication Symposium, Austin, Texas, August 1999.
CTEVA IMPLICAII ALE FRACTALITII N

DINAMICA PROCESELOR DE ELECTRODEPUNERE
(Rezumat)
Au fost obtinute dependente reciproce ale parametrilor de proces pentru solutia
de acetat de plumb 0.5 molar , prin intermediul metodei fractale. Datele experimentale
confirma modelul teoretic: initial, are loc o nucleatie instantanee (partea ascendenta a
curbei experimentale), urmata de o nucleatie progresiva (partea orizontala).

Publicat de
Secia
THE LORENTZ-INVARIANT U(1)-GAUGE THEORY OF

SCALARS IN STATIC EXTERNAL FIELDS
AND THERMAL PROPERTIES
BY
MARINA-AURA DARIESCU, OVIDIU BUHUCIANU

and CIPRIAN CREU
1
Alexandru Ioan Cuza University,

Faculty of Physics
Bd. Carol I no. 11, 700506 Iasi, Romania
Abstract. The Lorentz-invariant U(1)-gauge theory of spinless bosons in

static fields is a very active field of research, especially after Klaus von Klitzing
had reported the staircase sequence of wide plateaus of Hall conductance.
Recently, the Quantum Hall Effect has come into play, with the new material
called graphene. This is exhibiting another type of quantum Hall effect and it
has been stated that the charge carries are described within a relativistic theory
better than the usual Schrdinger equation. In the present paper, we deal with
the Klein-Gordon equation for bosons evolving in a static configuration of
orthogonal magnetic and electric fields. We derive the wave functions and the
energy spectrum, similarly to the one reported by Novoselov, in graphene. In
the semi-relativistic limit, one can recover the well-known Landau levels. By
varying the intensities of the external fields, one may reach the zero energy
level, whose existence has a deep influence on the properties of the system of
bosons. Finally, at low temperatures, we compute the partition function and the
main thermodynamic quantities.
Key words: Relativistic bosons, Quantum Hall Effect, Thermodynamics
1. Introduction
The discovery of the quantum Hall effects, both integer and fractional
(von Klitzing & Dorda, 1980; Tsui et al., 1982), opened a new area of
Coresponding author: e-mail: ovidiubuhucianu@yahoo.com
44
Marina-Aura Dariescu et al.
investigations, in the physics of two-dimensional evolution of bosons and

fermions. In the case of the integer quantum Hall effect (IQHE), the quantized
conductivity appears to be the integer multiplicity of q 2 /h ; a simple
combination of fundamental constants. This effect does not depend on specific
parameters of the material, being connected with the Landau energy levels,
characterizing the electrons evolving in magnetic fields. It is important to add,
however, that impurities and boundary conditions, which remove the Landau
levels degeneracy, play a vital role in the quantum Hall effect (Datta, 2003). On
the other hand, the so-called fractional quantum Hall effect (FQHE) is an
example of the new physics that has emerged in recent years as a result of
active research in quantum-confined carriers in semiconductor hetero-structures
(Laughlin, 1983; Girvin & Mac Donald, 1987).
It was first observed in a high-mobility, two-dimensional, modulationdoped GaAs-(AlGa)As samples prepared by molecular-beam epitaxy (Datta,
2003).
The presence of a magnetic field perpendicular to a two-dimensional
electron system quantizes the carriers in-plane motion and transforms their
energy spectrum into a set of discrete, highly degenerate levels (Kukushkin et
al., 2002; Dariescu et al., 2006).
With the discovery of the new material called graphene, it has been stated
that the charge carries are better described by the relativistic field equations
(Novoselov et al., 2006).
The aim of the present work is to develop a quantum analysis of
relativistic bosons, subjected to a static configuration of orthogonal magnetic
and electric fields, at finite temperature.
2. Klein-Gordon Equation
In the usual Cartesian coordinates
ds 2 = dx 2 + dy 2 + dz 2 - dt 2 ,
the relativistic complex charged boson of mass m0 , evolving in a static
magnetic field orthogonal to a static electric field is described by the wellknown U (1) -gauge invariant Lagrangian density
L = i j ( Di ) D j + m02 * ,
*
where D stands for the U (1) -gauge covariant derivative,

Di = , i
iq
iq
Ai , Di = , i + Ai .
We use the convenient gauge,
(1)
Ax = Az = 0,
Ay = B0 x,
A4 =
45
E0
x,
c
where E0 and B0 are the orthogonal electric and magnetic fields.

By employing the usual procedure, we come to the corresponding EulerLagrange equation,
m02 c 2
ij Di D j
= 0,
(2)
whose explicit form is
q
q
i j , i j 2i B0 x, y + 2i 2 E0 x, t
c
2
2
2
2
2
m c
E
q x
0 2 + 2 B02 20 = 0 ,

c

(3)
where and c have been inserted in view of a better comparison of the

theoretical predictions with experimental data. Using the standard variables
separation
i
p y y + pz z wt ,
= ( x ) exp
(4)
the Eq. (3) leads to the following differential equation for the x-depending part,
E w
2 1 w2
+ 2 2 ( p 2 + p z2 ) m02 c 2 + 2q B0 p + 0 x
2
c
c
x
E2
q 2 B02 20
c
2
x = 0,

(5)
where
p py .
By introducing the notations
E w
= B0 p + 02 ,
c
E2
= B02 20 0,
c
the differential equation (5) becomes
(6)
46

2
2 1 w2
2

2
2
2 2
p
p
m
c
qx
+
= 0,
z
0

x 2 2 c 2
2
(7)
suggesting us to use the dimensionless variable
= a qx .
One may easily notice that, for
a2 =
1
,
q
leading to
qx ,
q
1
(8)
the Eq. (7) with the notations (6) turns into the familiar form
2
2 1 ( wB0 + pE0 )
2
2 2
2
p
m
c
=0,
+
z
0
c2 2
2 q
(9)
whose solutions are the Hermite associated functions (Gradstein &Ryzhik,

1980)
1
( ) = Cn exp 2 2 H n ( ) ,
(10)
with the normalization constant
Cn = 2 n n !
1/2
(11)
Thus, putting everything together, the wave function (4) gets the explicit
form
= 2n n!
1/2
2 i
+ ( py + pz z wt ) H n ( ) ,
exp
2
once we impose the condition
( wB + pE )2
0
0
2
2 2
= ( 2n + 1) q
p
m
c
z
0
c2 2
which leads to the energy-quantization relation
(12)
wn = p
E0
p2
q
m0 c 2 1 + 2z 2 + ( 2n + 1) 2 2 .
B0 B0
m0 c
m0 c
47
(13)
Even though the above dependence on the quantum number n looks quite
complicated, this is in agreement with the energy spectrum of Dirac
quasiparticles in graphene,
En = 2nv F2 qB + 2 ,
which has been obtained within a theory based on a Lagrangian which includes
a gap that can be set to zero when non-interacting quasi-particles on the
hexagonal lattice with nearest neighbor hopping are considered (Novoselov et
al., 1980)
Inspecting the formula (13), one may notice that, regarding it as a
dispersion relation, w versus p , the group velocity of the quantum waves,
dwn
E
E
= 0 = H ,
B0 B0
dp
(14)
is the quantum analog of the well-known classical Hall relation for the electric
field, EH = B0v .
Let us focus on the second term in (13), which is expressing the quantum
contribution.
For B02 E02 / c 2 , so that B0 , and
( 2n + 1)
c
m0 c 2
1 ,
where c = qB0 /m0 is the frequency of the cyclotron motion, one may keep only
the dominant contribution in the series expansion of the second term in the right
hand side of (13) and gets
wn = p
E0
p2
1
+ m0 c 2 + z + n + c
2m0
2
B0
(15)
In the semi-relativistic approximation, we denote the rescaled Newtonian

energy by = w m0 c 2 , so that we end with the following Landau energy
levels
n = p
E0
p2
1
+ z + n + c
B0 2m0
2
(16)
48
For pz = 0 , by varying the intensities of the external fields, one may

reach the zero energy level, for
E0
q
B0 ,
=
B0 2m0
whose existence has a deep influence on the properties of the system of bosons.
If the first term of the right hand side of (16) is missing, the energy levels are
highly degenerated and can be filled, as in the usual quantum Hall effect, by
nB = qB/h charged particles per unit area or of flux quanta 0 = h/q per unit
area respectively. The ration between the number of electrons, N , and nB is
called the filling factor,
v=
N
,
nB
and can be integer or fractional, as in the integer or fractional Quantum Hall

Effect (Laughlin, 1983).
Using the magnetic flux quantization law
0 =
nB h
,
q
(17)
in the Hall difference of potential defined by
UH =
I
,
Nq
(18)
we express the number of carriers as N = n nB so that the Hall conductivity is
H =
I
q2
=n
,
UH
h
(19)
pointing out the Hall conductance quanta 0 = q 2 /h These rather simple

formulas connect the Hall conductivity linearly with the quantum number n ,
however it does not explain the structure of plateaus which have been seen in
GaAs samples (Datta, 2003). These can be understood only by considering
quantum effects beyond the classical" Landau levels.
3. Thermodynamical Approach
Let us consider the bi-dimensional sample of width 2b, perpendicular to
the magnetic field, so that the bosons are evolving in the external electric field
as one-dimensional quantum oscillators.
In a previous paper, devoted to a WKB approach to the theory of bosons
(Dariescu M. A. & Dariescu C, 2007), we have come to the conclusion that the
49
semi-width of the sample is fixing the maximum number of the Landau levels
by
N max N =
1
2
2 1 ,
(20)
where
2 =
b 2 qB0b 2
=
l02
and
l0 =
qB0
is the so-called magnetic length.

Within this approach, let us consider the energy spectrum given by the
simplified expression (16), written as
n = n +
1
2
c p
E0
p2
+ z = n + a ,
B0 2m0
(21)
where we have introduced the notations
= c , a = p
E0
p2 1
+ z + c
B0 2m0 2
(22)
The partition function

N
Z = exp n =
n =0
eN 1
,
N +a )
e 1
e (
(23)
where = 1/kT , allows us to compute the free energy
F =
1
1 e N 1
ln Z = ( N 1) + a ln
,
e 1
(24)
and the main thermodynamic quantities Dariescu M. A., Dariescu C.,, namely:
i) the energy
E=
ln Z
N
= a +
N
,
e 1 e
1
(25)
leading to the following heat capacity
C=
E
e
N 2e N
2
= k ( )
,
2
T
(e N 1) 2
(e 1)
(26)
50
depending on B0 / T ;
ii) the entropy
S=
e N 1
1
e
e N
( E F ) = N N + k ln ,
T
T e 1
T e
1
e 1
(27)
which is always positive, slowly decreasing from k ln N , for B0 0, to 0,

for T 0.
For high temperatures and weak magnetic field, 1 , one may
approximate the exponential functions by e 1 + , and get the following
expressions of the free energy, energy and entropy:
F ( N 1) + a kT ln N ,
E a = p
E0
p2 1
+ z + c ,
B0 2m0 2
(28)
.
T
Regarding S as a function of N , one may easily check that, for
N m = kT / , the entropy has a maximum positive value,
S = k ln N ( N 1)
kN
+
1 ,
S max = k ln
kT
depending on the ratio kT / .

For the opposite case when 1 , corresponding to low temperatures
and strong magnetic intensities, the formulae (24-27) become:
F a,
E a + e N e N ,
2
C k ( ) e N 2 e N ,
(29)

e
Ne N ,
T
the last two expressions going to zero, as T 0.

In the case of an infinite number of energy levels, N , the same
energy spectrum (21), with the notations (22), leads to the classical partition
function, namely
51

exp a
2

Z = exp ( n ) =
.
n =0
2sinh
2
(30)
The characteristic function (24) becomes
E
pz2

p 0 + kTln 2sinh
,
B0
2
2m0
F=
(31)
leading to the following negative magnetization
E
F
= BP coth
+ p 02 ,
2
B0
B0
(32)
which contains, besides the usual coth-term multiplying the Bohr-Procopiu

magneton, an additional Hall-type contribution.
In order to put the main results in a simpler form, we introduce the
dimension-less variable
x=
.
2kT
(33)
The energy coming from the partition function (30) is
E=
E
p2
ln Z
= z p 0 + kT x ctgh x,
2m0
B0
(34)
allowing us to compute the heat capacity, represented in the Fig. 1,
C=
x2
E
.
=k
T
sinh 2 x
(35)
C
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
1
Fig. 1 The heat capacity .
52
In terms of the same variable (33), the entropy is the positive function
S = k x coth x ln ( 2sinh x ) .
(36)
By inspecting the Fig. 2, one may notice that the entropy is slowly
decreasing to 0, for x , namely for T 0.
S
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
Fig. 2 The entropy as a function of 1/T .
As expected, for large temperatures, corresponding to x 1 , we may

approximate the hyperbolic functions by sinh x x and coth x 1/ x , and the
energy (34) turns into the classical expression
E=
E
pz2
p 0 + kT ,
2m0
B0
(37)
leading to the constant heat capacity
C=k .
In the opposite case of low temperatures, meaning x 1 , the heat
capacity, given by
C = k x 2 e 2 x ,
is exponentially decreasing to zero, in agreement with Nerst's Principle.
4. Conclusions
1. In the present paper, we derive the solutions to the Klein-Gordon
equation describing a boson moving in a static configuration of orthogonal
magnetic and electric fields. The expression (13) of the energy levels, which
looks quite complicated, is in a good agreement with the energy spectrum of
Dirac quasiparticles in graphene (Novoselov et al., 2006).
2. Further exploiting the simplified expression (21), we perform a
53
thermodynamic analysis and compute the partition function and the main
thermodynamic quantities: the energy, the heat capacity and the entropy. In the
case of an infinite number of energy levels, we derive the magnetization of the
bosonic system and the entropy, represented in the Fig. 2, as a function of
temperature.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT. OB work was supported by the European Social Fund in
Romania, under the responsibility of the Managing Authority for the Sectoral
Operational Programme for Human Resources Development 2007-2013, Grant
POSDRU/88/1.5/S/47646.
REFERENCES
Dariescu M. A., Dariescu C., Finite Temperature Analysis of Quantum Hall-type
Behavior of Charged Bosons. Chaos, Solitons and Fractals, 33, 776-781 (2007).
Dariescu M. A., Dariescu C., Murariu G., Topological Quantum Dynamics of Charged
Bosons. Chaos, Solitons and Fractals. 28, 1-7 (2006).
Dariescu M. A., Dariescu C., WKB Approach to Quantum Hall States. Chaos, Solitons
& Fractals, 38, 1292-129 (2008).
Datta S., Electronic Transport in Mesoscopic Systems. Cambridge:Cambridge Univ.
Press, 2003.
Girvin S. M., Mac Donald A. H., Off-diagonal long-range order, oblique confinement,
and the fractional quantum Hall effect, Phys. Rev. Lett., 58, 1252-1255, (1987).
Gradstein I. S., Ryzhik I. M., Table of Integrals, Sums, Series and Products. New York,
Academic Press, 1980.
Kukushkin I. V., Smet J. H., von Klitzing K., Cyclotron Resonance of Composite
Fermions. Nature, 415, 409-412 (2002).
Laughlin R. B., Anomalous Quantum Hall effect: An Incompressible Quantum Fluid
with Fractionally Charged Excitations. Phys. Rev. Lett., 50, 1395-1399 (1983).
Novoselov K. S., Mc Cann E, Morozov S. V., Unconventional Quantum Hall Effect and
Berry's Phase of 2 in Bilayer Graphene. Nature Physics, 2, 177180 (2006).
Tsui D. C., Strmer H. L., Gossard A. C., Two-dimensional Magnetotransport in the
Extreme Quantum Limit. Phys. Rev. Lett., 48, 1559-1564 (1982).
von Klitzing K., Dorda K, The Fractional Quantum Hall Effect. Phys. Rev. Lett., 45,
494-498 (1980).
TEORIA U(1) - GAUGE INVARIANT-LORENTZ A PARTICULELOR

SCALARE N CMPURI STATICE EXTERNE I PROPRIETILE TERMICE
(Rezumat)
Se analizeaz comportamentul particulelor scalare relativiste, ce evolueaz ntr-o
configuraie de cmpuri electrice i magnetice statice ortogonale. Lucrnd in coordonate
carteziene, se rezolv Ecuaia Klein-Gordon, obinnd funciile de und i nivelurile
energetice corespunztoare, n bun concordan cu spectrul energetic gsit de
54
Novoselov pentru probele de grafen. n limita semi-relativist, se regsesc binecunoscutele niveluri de energie Landau. n ultima parte, n cadrul unui studiu
termodinamic, se calculeaz funcia de partiie, principalele mrimi termodinamice i
ecuaia de stare.

Publicat de
Secia
CHAOS AND SELF-STRUCTURING IN

ELECTRODEPOSITION PROCESSES
BY
FLORIN BRNZ 1, VIVIANA RADU1, SIMONA BCI 2

and MARICEL AGOP2
1

Faculty of Physics
2
Department of Physics
Abstract: It is shown that the nucleation mechanisms involve both chaos and selfstructuring scenarios. The theoretical model is validated through the experimental data,
for two solution of lead acetate, 0.4 and, respectively, 0.5 molar concentration.
Key words: chaos, self-structuring, electrodeposition.
1. Introduction
The complex dynamical systems, such as the systems in which
electrodeposition take place, display nonlinear behavior and are recognized to
acquire self-similarity, self-structuring and manifest strong fluctuations at all
possible scales (Nottale, 1993; Nottale, 2011; Mandelbrot, 1983; Stauffer et al.,
1996). Since the fractality appears as a universal property of these systems, it is
necessary to construct a fractal physics (Nottale, 1993; Nottale, 2011) to
describe their evolution and, particularly, the electrodeposition processes
dynamics. In such context, by considering that the complexity of the physical
processes is replaced by fractality, the whole classical arsenal of quantities
from the standard electrodeposition theories (Bagotsky, 2006) must be
56
Florin Brz et al.
eliminated. Then, the physical systems will behave as a special interaction-less

fluid by means of geodesics in a fractal space. In this way, we introduce the
fractal approximation of motion in the study of complex physical systems
dynamics. The physical model which treats the interactions in the previously
mentioned manner is the Scale Relativity Theory (SRT) (Nottale, 1993; Nottale,
2011).
In the present paper, using the SRT, chaos and self-structuring scenarios
in the systems with electrodeposition are presented. The theoretical model is
validated by means of our experimental data.
2. Theoretical Model
Accounting for the important role played by the one-dimensional infinite
square-well potential model in the analysis of electrodeposited layers, we can
first specify some of its features in the frame of SRT. The one-dimensional
infinite square-well potential confines a particle to a box of width a and is
described by
0,
W ( x) =
,
a
,
2
a
x > .
2
(1)
A particle of mass m0 is placed in this potential. The energy eigenvalues

and eigenstates are found by solving the time-independent Schrdinger-type
equation (Agop et al., 2008; Casian-Botez et al., 2010; Munceleanu et al.,
2011). The discrete energy eigenvalues are
2
n
( 2 D ) 1
, D = D ( dt ) F
En = 2m0 D 2
(2)
for positive integer n . The scalar potential eigenvalues corresponding to the

energy eigenvalues (2) are
n ( x ) =
2
nx
sin
,
a
a
a
, n even,
2
2
nx
cos
,
a
a
a
, n odd,
2
x >
a
2
0,
(3)
57
Lets consider the expression (2) induced by the generalized coherence

(in the present context, the physical mean of the generalized coherence refers to
the generation of self-structuring in the electrodeposition processes (Bagotsky,
2006). Then, the relation
En = E1n 2 ,
E1 = 2m0 D 2 k12 ,
k1 =
,
a
(4)
expanded around n either in the form
En = E1n 2 + 2 E1n ( n n ) + E1 ( n n )
(5)
or in the form
( n n ) ( n n )2
, En = E1n 2
En = En + 4m0 D
+
T
T
(6)
induces the characteristic times
T =
2 m0 D
,
nE1
(7)
4 m0 D
T =
E1
Because T is independent of n , expression (7) defines a universal time scale.

By means of relations (7) and (4), a characteristic frequency can be associated
1
k E 2
1
= 1 1 .
f0 =
T 2 2m0
(8)
Now, the fractional revival formalism may be applied. A fractional

revival of a physical function occurs when a physical function evolves in time
to a state that can be described as a collection of spatially distributed physical
sub-functions that each closely reproduces the initial physical function shape
see for details (Aronstein et al., 1997). In this context, we write the particles
initial ( t = 0 ) scalar potential velocity function in the square well as
( x, t = 0) = i ( x).
(9)
We expand this scalar potential velocity function by using the relation (3)
i ( x ) = cnn ( x ),
n =1
(10)
58
Florin Brz et al.
with
+
( x ) ( x ) dx.
cn =
(11)
By using the time scale T , the time evolution of the system is found from the
Schrdingers type equation
4D 2 ( dt )
(4
DF ) 2
2
W
( 2 D ) 1
+ 2iD ( dt ) F
0,
2
x
t m0
(12)
to be
( x, t ) = exp[i2 ( t T ) n 2 ]cn n ( x ).
(13)
A function F (n) whose domain is restricted to the integers ( n N ) can

be written as a finite sum of exponentials if and only if it is r periodic, that is,
if there is an integer r such that F ( n ) = F ( n + r ) for all n . Such a finite sum
is called the finite Fourier series.
In our case, we identify F ( n ) = exp i2 t T n 2 . The necessary and
sufficient condition for this exponential to be a periodic function of the quantum

number n is that the time ratio t T must be rational, and we write
T ( p, q ) =
p
T
q
(14)
for relatively prime integers p and q (that is, p q forms a simplified

fraction). In terms of frequency, expression (48) takes the form:
f ( p, q ) =
1
q
= f0 , ,
T ( p, q ) p
f0 =
1
.
T
(15a, b)
The condition p > q specifies the presence of sub-harmonics in the Fourier

spectra.
Now, through the fractal expressions
E1 =
m0V 2
p
= 4m0 D f ( p, q )
2
q
we can introduce the Reynoldss fractional criterion
(16)
59
VL
p
Re( p, q ) = c~ c =
(17)
where we used the substitutions
Vc = V ,
Lc = Vf
( p, q ) ,
= 8 D ( dt )
(2
DF ) 1
(18a-c)
From (17) and (Landau et al., 1987) it results a critical value for the
Reynolds number, ec . Up to this value the fractal fluid flow becomes
turbulent. Because from (15a) with p > q results sub-harmonics for ec ,
according to (Arecchi et al., 1982; Dubois et al., 1983) a criterion of evolution
to chaos through a cascade of spatio-temporal sub-harmonic bifurcations is
stated. We call this criterion the fractional criterion of transition towards
chaos. We note that not only this chaos scenario is present; intermittence chaos
can be also observed.
For lead acetate solution, 0.5 molar, the time dependence of the current
is reprezented in Fig. 1. We note the presence of the intermittents in the
electrodeposition processes dynamics.
lead acetate, 0.5M
0.080
0.070
current, mA
0.060
0.050
0.040
0.030
0.020
0.010
0.000
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
time, s
Fig. 1 Time dependence of current for a lead acetate solution, 0.5 molar concentration.
The asociated nucleation processes, at different time moment, are

presented in Fig. 2
60
Florin Brz et al.
Fig. 2 Sequences of the nucleation process at different time moment,

for lead acetate solution, 0.5 molar.
The results obtained for lead acetate solution, 0.4 molar, are presented in Fig. 3.
61
lead acetate, 0.4M

2.50E-01
current, mA
2.00E-01
1.50E-01
1.00E-01
5.00E-02
0.00E+00
0
20
40
60
80
100
time, s
Fig. 3 Time dependence of current for a lead acetate solution, 0.4 molar.
Fig. 4 Sequences of the nucleation process at different time moment,

for lead acetate solution, 0.4 molar.
62
Florin Brz et al.
We note the presence of a cascade of spatio-temporal sub-harmonic

bifurcations is stated.
The asociated nucleation processes, for lead acetete solution, 0.4 molar, at
different time moment, are presented in Fig. 4.
4. Conclusions
1. Using the scale relativity theory, it is shown that the nucleation
mechanisms involve both chaos and self-structuring scenarios.
2. The theoretical model is validated through the experimental data, for
two solution lead acetate, 0.4 and, respectively, 0.5 molar.
REFERENCES
Agop M., Forna N., Casian Botez I., Bejenariu C., J. Comput. Theor. Nanosci., 5, 483
(2008).
Arecchi F. T., Meucci R., Puccioni G., Tredicce J., Experimental Evidence of
Subharmonic Bifurcations, Multistability and Turbulence in a Q-switched Gas
Laser. Phys. Rev. Lett., 49, 1217-1220 (1982).
Aronstein D. L., Stroud C. R., Fractional Wave-function Revivals in the Infinite Square
Well. Phys. Rev., A55, 4526-4537 (1997).
Bagotsky V.S., Fundamentals of Electrochemistry. Wiley Interscience, New Jersey,
2006.
Nanosci., 7, 2271 (2010).
Dubois M., Rubio M. A., Berge P., Experimental Evidence of Intermittencies
Associated with a Subharmonic Bifurcation. Phys. Rev. Lett., 51, 1446-1449
(1983).
Landau L. D., Lifshitz E. M., Fluid Mechanics. (Sec. Ed.), Butterworth-Heinemann,
Oxford, 1987.
Mandelbrot B.B., The Fractal Geometry of Nature. Freeman, San Francisco, 1983.
Munceleanu G.V.; Paun V., Casian-Botez I., Agop M., Int. J. Bifurc. Chaos, 21, 603
(2011).
Relativity. World Scientific Singapore, 1993.
Nottale L., Scale Relativity and Fractal Space-Time. World Scientific Singapore, 2011.
Stauffer D., Stanley H. E., From Newton to Mandelbrot. Academic Press, New York,
1996.
HAOS I AUTOSTRUCTURARE N PROCESELE DE ELECTRODEPUNERE
(Rezumat)
Folosind Teoria Relativitii de Scal, se arat c mecanismul de nucleaie implic
scenarii, att de haos, ct i de autosctructurare. Modelul teoretic este validad prin
intermediul datelor experimentale, pentru dou soluii de acetat de plumb, 0.4 i 0.5
molar.

Publicat de
Secia
FRACTAL MODEL OF NUCLEATION MECHANISM IN THE

ELECTRODEPOSITION OF COPPER
BY
VIVIANA RADU1, SIMONA BCI 2, FLORIN BRNZ1,

BORIS CONSTANTIN3 and MARICEL AGOP2
1

Faculty of Physics
2
3
Department of Material Science

`
Abstract. Using the scale relativity theory, the nucleation mechanisms
in the electrodeposition of copper from the aqueous copper sulphate solution is
explained. It was observed that with the development of the nucleation process,
visualized by extending ramifications, fractal dimension of the deposited layer
increases, fact that was correlated with the increase of the fractal dimension of
the fractal curves.
Key words: nucleation mechanism, fractal, electrodeposition
1. Introduction
The process of electrodeposition of the composite layers consists in
incorporating metallic atoms, located as hydrated ions in a bath of electrolysis,
in the new crystalline metallic phase and that represents the metal matrix. These
particles are considered insoluble. Electrochemical co-deposition cannot be seen
as a separate electrochemical process of metal electrodeposition itself.
64
Viviana Radu et al.
In such context it is expected that a certain type of material deposited on

different metals to have different effects on the mechanism and on the
electrodeposited layer. Also, particles with hydrophilic surfaces will have
different effects from particles with hydrophobic surfaces, both for metal
electrodeposition mechanism and the behavior of the composite layer in various
corrosive environments (Bagotsky, 2006; Zaski, 2007; Gelings et al., 1997).
Different theoretical models have been proposed to explain the nucleation
mechanism that appears in the electrodeposition process (Zaski, 2007; Gelings
et al., 1997). But, neither one of these models cannot explain the complexity of
the nucleation processes, only sequential parts of them (Zhou et al, 1999;
Shaikh et al., 2006; Soltzberg et al., 1992).
In the present paper, assuming that the movements of the electrolyte
particles (positive and negative ions, etc.) take place on fractal curves, a
theoretical model for evolution of nucleation process is build.
2. Short Remainders on the Classical Theory of Nucleation
As a result of transformation of mass transport from spherical coordinates
around each growth center to linear coordinates, diffusion zones of individual
nuclei overlaps are thus reduced from 21/2 to 2 dimensions overlapping. It is
assumed that nucleation in a randomly process, N 0 being the density of the
initial active places.
If the probability of their transformation into growth nuclei is constant,
then the decreases speed of the active places number during conversion into
nuclei is proportional with places number, so that we have
dN 0,t
dt
= AN 0,t ,
(1)
where N 0,t is the density of the active places available for nucleation at t
moment. Integrating this equation, for which we have, at the initial moment,
N 0, 0 = N 0 , we obtain
N 0,t = N 0 exp( At ).
(2)
Thus, the speed of nuclei appearance on electrode surface becomes

dN
= AN 0,t = AN 0 exp ( At ) .
dt
(3)
This equation takes into consideration the decrease of the appearance

speed for the nuclei due to the decrease of the active number places as a result
of their conversion into growth nuclei.
On the other hand, the decrease of the active places number is due also to
their absorption by the growth nuclei or by the nucleation exclusion zones
65
associated with diffusion areas. The number of the active places decreases in
time because on a part of them starts nuclei to growth and others are covered by
growing nuclei and can be no longer used at nucleation.
In general, the nucleation processes are supposed to take place in the socalled surface active places like steps, kinks or other defects. The density of the
formed nuclei, at moment t, can be expressed as a function depending on the
nucleation rate constant A by a relation of the form
N (t ) = N 0 [1 exp( At )] ,
(4)
where N 0 is the active places number.

According to the above equation, during electrodeposition, we can
identify two kind of nucleation processes:
i) instantaneous nucleation when the nucleation rate is so high, At >> 1 ,
so that after a short time N (t ) = N 0 . In this case all the crystallites are created
instantaneously after the voltage pulse;
ii) progressive nucleation when the nucleation rate is less, so At << 1 for
a very short time, then N (t ) = AN 0 t In this case the density of nuclei increases
linearly with time and nuclei appear rather randomly in space and time.
Nuclei growth can be: kinetically limited; the diffusion controlled; with
mixed control.
In most cases the surge used for nucleation and growth processes is
relatively high and thus the surface diffusion of ions is often limited in speed.
For a very short time, the growth may be kinetically limited growth due to high
diffusion flow to small nuclei. Thus, the growth become limited by diffusion,
the diffusion zones around individual nuclei begin to overlap and the linear
surface diffusion can occur before the nuclei to squeeze each other.
From the shape of the curves of current intensity variation versus time
(potentiostatic curves - chronoamperograms) information on the nucleation rate,
nuclei density and type of nucleation are obtained.
The first theoretical studies of nucleation and growth processes started
from the idea that ions transfer in individual nuclei is an one dimensional
process that is linear diffusion. In the study [36], considered as reference in this
area, given the small size of the nucleation sites, it was assumed that the growth
can be best described in terms of localized spherical diffusion, the current for
increasing a single hemispherical nucleus being given by the relation
I1 ( t ) =
zF ( 2 Dc )
32
1 2
M 1 2t1 2
(5)
where: D diffusion coefficient, c the concentration of solid material in

solution (mol/cm3), zF molar charge of electrodeposited species, F is
Faraday's number, M molar mass, density of deposited material.
66
Viviana Radu et al.
This theoretical approach of the growth process for individual spherical

nuclei was also verified experimentally in other works by monitoring the
current increase of a single nucleus on microelectrode and by simulations (Zhou
et al, 1999; Shaikh et al., 2006; Soltzberg et al., 1992).
If it is assumed that nuclei grow independently, the total current can be
calculated as the sum of individual currents I i for N such nuclei with age
N
I N ( t ) = I i ( )
(6)
i =1
If nucleation is instantaneous, the nuclei will have all the same age and
raise all with the same speed so that we can write
I N ( t ) = N I1 ( t ) =
zF ( 2 Dc )
32
1 2
M 1 2t1 2
(7)
In explaining the process of nucleation and growth is important to

consider the overlaps between areas of growth since we are taking about the socalled 3D nucleation; nucleation is stopped at the contact point because the
overlaps change the local ion concentration and the distribution surge.
The mathematical analysis of this issue is difficult due to the fact that
nucleation occurs in the surface electrode plane and the nuclei growth and the
diffusion of species extending in the electrolyte mass, creates a problem
" 2 1 2 " dimensional, untreatable in terms of Abraham's theorem.
3. Fractal Approach of the Nucleation Processes
Taking into account the complexity of the phenomena that appears in
electrolytic plasma, we will assume that these processes occurs on continuous,
but non-differentiable curves (fractal curves).
If such an assumption works, then, according to (Nottale, 1993; Nottale,
2011), the dynamics of the fractal concentration of the electrical charge particles
at mesoscopic scale are described by the equation
N N
( 2 D ) 1
=
+ V N iD ( dt ) F N = 0,
t
t
where V is the complex speed field

V = V iU,
(8)
(9)
V is the standard classical speed, which is independent of scale resolution (dt),

whiles the imaginary part, U, is a new quantity arising from nondifferentiability, which is resolution-dependent. D is a structure coefficient,
characteristic to the fractal-non-fractal transition, scale resolution and fractal
67
dimension DF dependent (Nottale, 1993; Nottale, 2011; Mandelbrot, 1983;

Stauffer et al., 1996; Jude, 2010).
This means that at any point of the trajectory the local temporal
term, t N , the non-linearly convective term, V N and the dissipative

one, N , make their balance.
Separating the real and imaginary parts in equation (8), we obtain
N
+ V N = 0,
t
U N = D ( dt )
(2
DF ) 1
(10)
and, moreover, by adding these two equations, a generalized diffusion type

law results
N
( 2 D ) 1
+ (V U ) N = D ( dt ) F N ,
t
(11)
This diffusion law results from (11) on the following assumptions:

i) the diffusion path are fractal curves with fractal dimension D F 2 ;
ii) the time resolution, t, is identified with the differential element dt, i.e.
the substitution principle can be applied also, in this case (Mandelbrot, 1983;
Stauffer et al., 1996);
iii) the movements at differentiable and non-differentiable scales are
synchronous, V = U.
Then, the equation (11) can be written:
N
( 2 D ) 1
= D ( dt ) F N
t
(12)
In one-dimensional case, applying the variable separation method (Jude, 2010)
N (t , x ) = T (t ) X ( x )
(13)
with the standard initial and boundary conditions
N (t ,0 ) = 0 , N (t , L ) = 0 , N (0, x ) = F ( x ) , 0 x L
(14)
implies
1
D (dt )(
2 DF ) 1
1 dT (t )
1 d 2 X ( x)
m
=
= l 2 =
, m=1, 2,
2
T (t ) dt
X ( x) dx
L
(15)
68
Viviana Radu et al.
where L is a system characteristic length, l a separation constant, dependent on

diffusion order m.
Accepting the viability of the substitution principle (Mandelbrot, 1983;
Stauffer et al., 1996), from (15), through integration, results
ln T = l 2D ( dt )
DF
(16)
Taking into consideration some results of the fractional integrodifferential calculus (Oldham et al., 2006; Kilbas et al., 2006), (16) becomes
ln T =
l 2D
2
+ 1
DF
2
DF
DF 1 x
e dx.
=x
0
DF
(17)
Moreover, (17) can be written under the form
2
l 2D
T ( t ) = exp
t DF

+ 1
DF
(18)
The relative variation of non-differentiable concentration of electrical

charged particles, time dependent, is defined as
T (t ) =
N N
N
(19)
where N and N are cumulative amounts of drug released at time t and

infinite time.
From (18) and (19) results
2
N
l 2D
t DF
= 1 exp
2
N
+ 1

DF
(20)
equation similar to the well-known Weibull relation
N
= 1 exp(at b ),
N
a and b representing constant specific for each system that are defined by
(21)
a=
69
D
m
,
=
2
L 2
+ 1
+ 1
DF
DF
2
b=
.
DF
l 2D
(22)
We observe that both constants, a and b, are functions of the fractal

dimension of the curves on which particle movement take place, dimension that
is a measure of the complexity and nonlinear dynamics of the system.
Moreover, constant a depends, also, on the diffusion order m.
The dependences (4) and (21) are confirmed by the current evolution in
time for a solution of copper sulfate, 0.5 molar, represented in Fig. 1, that is a
typical exponential dependence shape.
CuSO4 0.5M
0.070
0.060
current, mA
0.050
0.040
0.030
0.020
0.010
0.000
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
-0.010
time, s
Fig. 1 Time dependence of current for a copper sulfate solution.
Nucleation is in Similar results were obtained in the process of

nanostructures growth (Agop et al., 2008; Casian-Botez et al., 2010;
Munceleanu et al., 2011).
Nucleation is instantaneous and is accomplished in a short period of time,
followed by progressively increasing branches, which cause an increase in
fractal dimension that can be seen in Table 1.
70
Viviana Radu et al.
Table 1
Fractal dimension evolution in the nucleation process for a copper sulfate solution
No.
Fractal Dimension
Figure
1.723
1.725
1.728
1.784
1.8
71
4. Conclusion
1. A theoretical model was constructed based on the scale relativity
theory in order to explain the nucleation mechanisms in the electrodeposition of
copper from the copper sulfate solution.
2. It was observed that with the development of the nucleation process,
visualized by extending ramifications, fractal dimension of the deposited layer
increases, fact that was correlated with the increase of the fractal dimension of
the fractal curves.
REFERENCES
Agop M., Forna N., Casian Botez I., Bejenariu C., J., Comput. Theor. Nanosci., 5, 483
(2008).
Bagotsky V. S., Fundamentals of Electrochemistry. Wiley Interscience, New Jersey,
2006.
Nanosci., 7, 2271 (2010).
Gelings P. .J., Bouwmeester H. J. M. (Eds.), The CRC Handbook of Solid State Electrochemistry. CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1997.
Jude L., Mathematics Physics Equations. Theory and Applications. Ed. Matrix Rom.,
Bucureti, 2010.
Kilbas A. A., Srivastava H. M., Trujilto J. J., Theory and Applications of Fractional
Differential Equations. Elsevier, Armsterdam, 2006.
Mandelbrot B.B., The Fractal Geometry of Nature. Freeman, San Francisco 1983.
Munceleanu G.V.; Pun V. P., Casian-Botez I., Agop M., Int. J. Bifurc. Chaos, 21, 603
(2011).
Relativity. World Scientific, Singapore, 1993.
Nottale L., Scale Relativity and Fractal Space-Time. World Scientific, Singapore, 2011.
Oldham K. B., Spanier J., The Fractional Calculus: Theory and Applications of
Differential and Integration to Arbitrary Order. Dover Publications, New York,
2006.
Shaikh Y.H., Khan A.R., Pathan J.M., Aruna Patil, S.H. Behere, Fractal Pattern
Growth Simulation in Electrodeposition and Study of the Shifting of Center of
Mass. Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, 42, 2796-2803 (2009).
Soltzberg L. J., Fappiano S. A., Hidek L. E., O'Brien M. J., Suarez L. L., Crystal
Anisotropy and Dendritic Crystal Growth. Acta Cryst., A48, 457-461 (1992)..
Stauffer D., Stanley H. E., From Newton to Mandelbrot. Academic Press, New York,
1996.
Zaski C. G., Handbook of Electrochemistry. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2007.
Zhou J. G., He Z., Guo J., Fractal Growth Modeling of Electrochemical Deposition in
Solid Freeform Fabrication. Proceedings of the Tenth Solid Freeform Fabrication
Symposium, Austin, Texas, August, 1999.
72
Viviana Radu et al.
MODELUL FRACTAL AL MECANISMELOR DE NUCLEAIE N PROCESULUI

DE DEPUNERE ELECTROCHIMICA A CUPRULUI
(Rezumat)
Se construiete un model teoretic bazat pe teoria relativitii de scal pentru a
explica mecanisme de nucleaie n procesul de depunere electrochimic a cuprului dintro soluie de sulfat de cupru. S-a observat ca odat cu dezvoltarea procesului de
nucleaie, vizualizat prin extinderea ramificaiilor, dimensiunea fractal a straturilor
depuse crete, fapt ce a fost corelat cu creterea dimensiunii fractale a curbelor fractale.

Publicat de
Secia
NON-LINEARITIES IN CANCER CELLS MIGRATION MODELS

BY
1,3
SIMONA BCI , LOREDANA CIOBANU2, MARCEL POPA1,

ADRIANA SIMONA IANCU4, LUCIAN EVA5,6 and MARICEL AGOP3
Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iai
Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Protection
Department of Natural and Synthetic Polymers,
3
2
Faculty of Physics
4
Henry Coand College, Bacu,
5
Apolonia University,
6
Neurochirurgical Clinical University Hospital, Iai

Abstract. The carcinogenesis and tumor progression can be approached

using a natural environment where malignant tumors grow, space(-time) with
non-integer fractal dimension. We assume that metastatic tumor cells move
(through the systemic circulation) as a coherent wave. The extracellular matrix
(ECM) and the tumor microenvironment (TME) are assumed as non-differential
media. As a result, the tumor self-seeding by circulating cancer cells may prove
mathematically, the fact that the circulating cancer cells are returning to the
initial tumor site, assembling a new tumor or fueling the primary tumor growth.
Moreover, we believe cancer hypoxia and tumor self-seeding by circulating
cancer cells are in vivo proofs of this phenomenon.
Key words: non-differential, tumor, chaos.
1. Introduction
Recently, the diagnosis and treatment of cancer have made improved
considerably. Technology now allows the diagnosis and treatment of tumors of
ever-diminishing size. The earlier detection allows a better understanding of
growth patterns.
74
Simona Bci et al.
Cancer or malignant neoplasm is a class of diseases that rises from the

anomalous behavior of normal tissue. Cancer cells are aberrant cells which have
acquired malignant traits such as uncontrolled growth (cells continuously
proliferate), tissue invasion (they intrude into normal tissue and they destroy it)
and metastasis (they spread outside the location of the body where they were
originally generated). Additionally, the term tumor or neoplasm is used to
indicate an abnormal swelling of tissue caused by an excessive cell
proliferation.
Cancer cells develop these malignant features because of genetic
mutations, accumulated during the organism lifetime. Cancer is in fact a multistep chance process that transforms a normal cell into a tumor cell, after having
collected a set of 58 crucial genetic alterations (Fodde et al., 2001; Hahn et
al., 1999; Kinzler & Vogelstein, 1996) as schematically shown in Fig. 1. We
note that these mutations steps are similar with those from iterations steps in a
fractal generation.
Fig. 1 Genetic mutations cancer cells similar with iterations steps

in a fractal generation.
2. Mathematics of Cancer
In comparison to molecular biology, cell biology and drug delivery
research, mathematics has so far contributed relatively little to the area.
75
In the case of biological systems, the fractal structure of space in which

cells interact and differentiate is essential for their self-organization and
emergence of the hierarchical network of multiple cross-interacting cells,
sensitive to external and internal conditions. Hence, the biological phenomena
take place in the space whose dimensions are not represented only by integer
numbers (1, 2, 3, etc.) of Euclidean space. In particular, malignant tumors
(Jones et al., 2000; Roose et al., 2003; Byrne H., Preziosi, 2003) grow in a
space with non-integer dimension, called fractal space. More precisely, it was
proved that the analytical formulae describing the time-dependence of the
temporal fractal dimension and scaling factor very well reproduce the growth of
the FlexnerJobling rats tumor in particular and growth of other rats tumors in
general. The results of some test calculations indicated that the formula derived
for the time-dependent temporal fractal dimension and the scaling factor
satisfactory describe the experimental data obtained by Schrek for the BrownPearce rabbits tumor growth in the fractal space-time (Waliszewski et al.,
2003).
In our assertion fractal space(-time) consists in developing the
consequences of the withdrawal of space(-time) differentiabilitys hypothesis
and acquiring a fractal geometry, namely, space(-time) becomes explicitly
dependent on the observation scale (Nottale, 1993).
On the other hand, of great use in our further reasoning, will be the fact
that in many biological systems it is possible to empirically demonstrate the
presence of attractors that operate starting from different initial conditions. It
has been proposed that a prerequisite for proper simulating tumor growth by
computer is to establish whether typical tumor growth patterns are fractal. The
fractal dimension of tumor outlines was empirically determined using the boxcounting method (Sedivy, 1996).
If tumor growth is chaotic, this could explain the unreliability of
treatment and prediction of tumor evolution. More importantly, if chaos is
established, this could be used to adjust strategies for fighting cancer. Treatment
could include some form of chaos control and/or anti-control.
2.1. Mathematical Model of Solid Tumor Growth
We consider and present in what follows, the basic mathematical model

of growth of a generic solid tumor, which is assumed just been vascularised, i.e.
a blood supply has been established (Anderson 2000). Let us focus on four key
variables involved in tumor cell invasion, in order to produce a minimal model,
namely tumor cell density (denoted by n), matrix-degradative enzymes (MDE)
concentration (denoted by m), the complex mixture of macromolecules from the
extracellular materials (MM) concentration (denoted by f ) and the oxygen
concentration (denoted by c). Each of the four variables (n, m, f, c) is a function
of the spatial variable x and time t. Initially, we define a system of coupled non-
76
Simona Bci et al.
linear partial differential equations to model tumor invasion of surrounding

tissue.
We will assume that the extracellular matrix (ECM) consists of a mixture
of MM (e.g. collagen, fibronectin, laminin and vitronectin) only and not any
other cells, degradable by MDEs. Most of the MM of the ECM which are
important for cell adhesion, spreading and motility are fixed or bound to the
surrounding tissue. MDEs are important at many stages of tumor growth,
invasion and metastasis, and the manner in which they interact with inhibitors,
growth factors and tumor cells is very complex. However, it is well known that
the tumor cells produce MDEs which degrade the ECM locally. As well as
making space into which tumor cells may move by simple diffusion (random
motility), we assume that this also results in a gradient of these bound celladhesion molecules, such as fibronectin. Therefore, while the ECM may
constitute a barrier to normal cell movement, it also provides a substrate to
which cells may adhere and upon which they may move. For example, most
mammalian cell types require at least some elements of the ECM to be present
for growth and survival and will indeed migrate up a gradient of bound (i.e.
non-diffusible) cell-adhesion molecules in culture in vitro (Carter, 1965;
Lacovara, 1984; Lawrence & Steeg, 1996).
By definition, haptotaxis is the directed migratory response of cells to
gradients of fixed or bound chemicals (i.e. non-diffusible chemicals). While it
has not yet been explicitly demonstrated that haptotaxis occurs in an in vivo
situation, given the structure of human tissue, it is not unreasonable to assume
that haptotaxis is a major component of directed movement in tumour cell
invasion. We therefore refer to this directed movement of tumour cells in this
model as haptotaxis, i.e. a response to gradients of bound MM such as
fibronectin. To incorporate this response in the mathematical model, we take the
haptotactic flux to be Jhapto = n f , where > 0 is the (constant) haptotactic
coefficient.
As mentioned above, the only other contribution to tumour cell motility
in the model is assumed to be random motion. To describe the random motility
of the tumour cells, we assume a flux of the form Jrand = Dnn, where Dn is the
constant random motility coefficient.
We model only the tumor cell migration, so the other tumor cell
processes, such as proliferation, adhesion and death will be considered at the
single cell level. The conservation equation for the tumour cell density n is
therefore given by
n
+ ( J rand + J hapto ) = 0 ,
t
(1)
and hence the partial differential equation governing tumor cell motion (in the
absence of cell proliferation) is
n
= Dn 2 n (nf ) .
t
77
(2)
We assume that the MDEs degrade ECM upon contact and hence the
degradation process is modelled by the following simple equation
f
= mf ,
t
(3)
where is a positive constant.

Active MDEs are produced (or activated) by the tumor cells, diffuse
throughout the tissue and undergo some form of decay (either passive or active).
The equation governing the evolution of MDE concentration is therefore given
by
m
= Dm 2 m + g ( n, m) h(n, m, f ) ,
t
(4)
where Dm is a positive constant, the MDE diffusion coefficient, g is a function

modeling the production of active MDEs by the tumor cells and h is a function
modeling the MDE decay. For simplicity we assume that there is a linear
relationship between the density of tumor cells and the level of active MDEs in
the surrounding tissues (regardless of the amount of enzyme precursors secreted
and the presence of endogenous inhibitors) and so these functions are taken to
be g = n (MDE production by the tumor cells) and h = m (natural decay),
respectively.
It is well known that solid tumors need oxygen to grow and invade.
Oxygen is assumed to diffuse into the MM, decay naturally and be consumed
by the tumor. For simplicity oxygen production is proportional to the MM
density. This is a crude way of modeling an angiogenic oxygen supply - see
Anderson & Chaplain (1998) for a more appropriate way of modeling the
angiogenic network. The oxygen equation therefore has the form,
c
= Dc 2 c + f n c ,
t
(5)
where Dc, , , are positive constants representing the oxygen diffusion

coefficient, production, uptake and natural decay rates, respectively.
The complete system of equations describing the interactions of the tumor
cells, MM, MDEs and oxygen as detailed above, is
78
Simona Bci et al.

random motility
haptotaxis

n
2
= Dn n ( nf ) ,
t
degradation

f
= mf ,
t
diffusion
decay

production

m
2
= Dm m + n m ,
t
diffusion
uptake

production

decay

c
2
= Dc c + f n c ,
t
where Dn, Dm and Dc are the tumor cell, MDE and oxygen diffusion
coefficients, respectively, is the haptotaxis coefficient and , , , , and
are positive constants. We should also note that cellmatrix adhesion is
modeled here by the use of haptotaxis in the cell equation, i.e. directed
movement up gradients of MM. Therefore, may be considered as relating to
the strength of the cellmatrix adhesion. In order to use realistic parameter
values, one must first of all non-dimensionalise the equations in the standard
way. We rescale distance with an appropriate length scale L (e.g. the maximum
invasion distance of the cancer cells at this early stage of invasion,
approximately 1 cm), time with (e.g. the average time taken for mitosis to
occur, approximately 824 h [15]), tumor cell density with n0, ECM density
with f0, MDE concentration with m0 and oxygen concentration with c0 (where
n0, f0, m0 and c0 are appropriate reference variables). Therefore, setting
n
f
m
c
x
t
=
n = , f = , m
, c = , x = , t = ,
n0
f0
m0
c0
L
in (5) and dropping the tildes for notational convenience, we obtain the scaled
system of equations
random motility
haptotaxis

n
2
= d n n ( nf ) ,
t
degradation

f
= mf ,
t
diffusion
production
decay

m
2
= d m m + n m ,
t
diffusion
production
uptake

decay

c
2
= d c c + f n c ,
t
79
where dn = Dn/L2, = f0/L2, = m0, dm = Dm/L2, = n0/m0, = , dc =

= Dc/L2, = f0/c0, = n0/c0, = .
In (Anderson, 2005) the values of the non-dimensional parameters were
given as
d n = 0.0005,
= 0.01, = 50, d m = 0.0005, = 1,
= 0, d c = 0.5, = 0.5, = 0.57, = 0.025.
(7)
2.2. Chaotic Multi-scale Cancer-invasion Model
From the nondimensional spatio-temporal model (6), discretization was

performed by neglecting all the spatial derivatives resulting in the following
simple 4D temporal dynamical system
dn
= 0,
dt
df
= mf ,
dt
dm
= n m,
dt
(8)
dc
= f n c.
dt
To see if a modified version of the system (8a-d) could lead to a chaotic
description of tumor growth, and following the method in [16], four new
parameters, a1, a2, a3, and a4 are introduced. The resulting model is
dn
= 0,
dt
df
= a1(m f ),
dt
dm
= f ( a3 c ) m + a2 n,
dt
dc
= fm a4 c n.
dt
The introduction of the parameters (a1, a2, a3, a4) was motivated by the
fact that tumor cell shape represents a visual manifestation of an underlying
balance of forces and chemical reactions (Olive & Durand, 1994).
80
Simona Bci et al.
Specifically, the parameters represent the following quantities: a1 tumor

cell volume (proliferation/non-proliferation fraction), a2 glucose level, a3
number of tumor cells, a4 diffusion from the surface (saturation level).
Parameters (a1, a2, a3, a4), introduced in connection with cancer cells
morphology and dynamics could also influence the very important factor
associated with aggressive tumor phenotype and shorter patient survival time.
For computations, the parameters were set to a1=0.06, a2=0.05, a3=26.5
and a4=40. Small variation of these chosen values would not affect the
qualitative behavior of the new temporal model (9). Simulations of (59) show
chaotic behavior in the form of Lorenz-like strange attractor in the 3D (f - m - c)
subspace of the full 4D (n - f - m - c) phase-space (Fig. 2).
Fig. 2 A 3D Lorenz-like chaotic attractor from the modified tumor growth model (9).
The attractor effectively couples the MMconcentration f, the MDEconcentration m,
and the oxygen concentration c in a masklike fashion.
3. Conclusions
1. Cancer does not conform to simple mathematical principles. Its
irregular mode of carcinogenesis, erratic tumor growth, variable response to
tumor agents, and poorly understood metastatic patterns constitute highly
variable clinical behavior. Defining this process requires an accurate
understanding of the interactions between tumor cells and host tissues and
ultimately determines prognosis. Applying time-tested and evolving
mathematical methods to oncology may provide new tools with inherent
advantages for the description of tumor behavior, selection of therapeutic
modes, prediction of metastatic patterns, and providing an inclusive basis for
prognostication. Mathematicians describe equations that define tumor growth
and behavior, whereas surgeons actively deal with biological processes.
Mathematics in oncology applies these principles to clinical settings.
81
2. The main conclusions of this paper are as follows: mathematics of

cancer proves to be chaotic and highly non-linear, justifying the use of space(time) non-differentiability as a starting base model; a chaotic multi-scale
cancer-invasion model is manufactured, which embeds a Lorenz attractor in its
solutions.
3. Experimentally testable, mathematics applied in oncology may provide
a framework to determine clinical outcome on a patient-specific basis and
increase the growing awareness that mathematical models help simplify
seemingly complex and random tumor behavior.
Acknowledgement: This paper was supported by the project PERFORM-ERA
"Postdoctoral Performance for Integration in the European Research Area" (ID-57649),
financed by the European Social Fund and the Romanian Government.
REFERENCES
Anderson A.R.A., A Hybrid Mathematical Model of Solid Tumour Invasion: The
Importance of Cell Adhesion. IMA Math. Appl. Med. Biol., 22, 163-186 (2005).
Anderson A.R.A., Chaplain M.A.J., Continuous and Discrete Mathematical Models of
Tmor-induced Agiogenesis. Bull. Math. Biol., 60, 857-900 (1998).
Byrne H., Preziosi L., Modelling Solid Tumour Growth Using the Theory of Mixtures.
Math. Med. Biol., 20, 341-366, 2003.
Calabresi P., Schein P.S., Medical Oncology. 2nd edn., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1993.
Carter S.B., Principles of Cell Motility: The Direction of Cell Movement and Cancer
Invasion. Nature, 208, 1183-1187 (1965).
Fodde R., Smits R., Clevers H., Signal Transduction and Genetic Instability in
Colorectal Cancer. Nature Reviews Cancer, 1, 55 (2001).
Hahn W.C., Counter C.M., Lundberg A.S., Beijersbergen R.L., Brooks M.W., Weinberg
R.A., Creation of Human Tumour Cells with Defined Genetic Elements. Nature,
400, 464-468 (1999).
Ivancevic T.T., Bottema M.J., Jain L.C., A Theoretical Model of Chaotic Attractor in
Tumor Growth and Metastasis. arXiv:0807.4272v1 [q-bio.CB], 2008.
Jones A.F., Byrne H.M., Gibson J.S., Dold J.W., A Mathematical Model of the Stress
Induced During AvascularTtumor Growth. J. Math. Biol., 40, 473-499 (2000).
Kinzler K., Vogelstein B., Lessons from Hereditary Colorectal Cancer. Cell, 87(2), 159170 (1996).
Lacovara J., Cramer E.B., Quigley J.P., Fibronectin Enhancement of Directed
Migration of B16 Melanoma Cells. Cancer Res., 44, 1657-1663 (1984).
Lawrence J.A., Steeg P.S., Mechanisms of Tumour Invasion and Metastasis. World J.
Urol,. 14, 124-130 (1996).
Relativity. World Scientific, Singapore, 1993.
Olive P.L., Durand R.E., Drug and Radiation Resistance in Spheroids: Cell Contact and
Kinetics. Cancer Metastasis Rev., 13, 121 (1994).
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Roose T., Netti P.A., Munn L.L., Boucher Y., Jain R., Solid Stress Generated by
Spheroid Growth Estimated Using a Linear Poroelastic Model. Microvasc. Res.,
66, 204-212 (2003).
Sedivy R., Fractal Tumors: their Real and Virtual Images. Wien Klin. Wochenschr.
108(17), 547-551 (1996).
Waliszewski P., Konarski J., Molski M., On the Modification of Fractal Self-space
During Cell Differentiation or Tumor Progression. Fractals. 8, 195-203 (2000).
NELINIARITI N MODELE ALE MIGRRII CELULELOR CANCEROASE

(Rezumat)
Migrarea (metastaza) celulelor canceroase nu se supune principiilor matematice
clasice. Modul haotic de genez, de cretere, rspunsul variabil la diveri ageni tumorali determin un domeniu larg de variaie a comportrii clinice. Definirea acestui proces necesit o definire a interaciunilor intre celulele canceroase si tesuturi. Aplicarea
metodelor matematice n oncologie poate furniza noi instrumente cu avantaje evidente
pentru descrierea comportrii tumorii, selecia modurilor terapeutice, prezicerea tiparelor metastatice.
n aceasta lucrare s-au determinat ecuaii care definesc creterea i comportarea
tumorii, n care sunt implicate procese biologice. Rezolvarea acestor ecuaii a demostrat
un comportament haotic i cu un grad ridicat de neliniaritate, aspect ce justific folosirea sistemului spaiu-timp nedifereniabil ca model de pornire. Mai mult, este dezvoltat
un model haotic multiscal de migrare a celulelor canceroase, care conine un atractor
de tip Lorentz printre soluiile sale.
Confirmat experimental, matematica aplicat n oncologie poate aduce o important contribuie n ntelegerea comportrii haotice a celulelor canceroase.

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BULETINUL

Tomul LVIII (LXII)

MATEMATIC. MECANIC TEORETIC. FIZIC

BULETINUL INSTITUTULUI POLITEHNIC DIN IAI

GHEORGHE ASACHI TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF IAI

Editorial Advisory Board

Assoc.prof.dr.phys. Liviu Leontie, Al. I. Cuza

BULETINUL INSTITUTULUI POLITEHNIC DIN IAI

MATEMATIC. MECANIC TEORETIC. FIZIC

NICOLETA NEGOESCU, Puncte fixe comune pentru aplicaii slab

POSTOLACHE, LAURA OBREJA URSU, MAGDALENA

ELENA RALUCA BACIU, IRINA GRDINARU, TEFAN TOMA,

GRDINARU, ELENA RALUCA BACIU i DANIELA

BULETINUL INSTITUTULUI POLITEHNIC DIN IAI

MATHEMATICS. THEORETICAL MECHANICS. PHYSICS

VALERIU POPA, A Common Fixed Point Theorem for Occasionally Weakly

NICOLETA NEGOESCU, Points fixes communs pour des applications

AZHAR ALI ZAFAR (Pakistan), ABDUL RAUF (Pakistan) and DUMITRU

POSTOLACHE, LAURA OBREJA URSU, MAGDALENA

ELENA RALUCA BACIU, IRINA GRDINARU, TEFAN TOMA, MARIA

BULETINUL INSTITUTULUI POLITEHNIC DIN IAI

A COMMON FIXED POINT THEOREM FOR OCCASIONALLY

VALERIU POPA and ALINA-MIHAELA PATRICIU

a sequence in X such that lim Sx n = lim Tx n = t for some t X . There

exist various types of compatibility.

Corresponding author: e-mail: vpopa@ub.ro

Valeriu Popa and Alina Mihaela Patriciu

A point x X is a coincidence point of S and T if Sx = Tx . We denote

Bul. Inst. Polit. Iai, t. LVIII (LXII), f. 2, 2012

(1 ) : is increasing and continuous,

F (u, v, v, u, u + v,0) 0 or F (u, v, u , v,0, u + v) 0 implies

F (u, u,0,0, u , u ) 0 implies u = 0 ,

( F4 ) : F is continuous in each coordinate variables.

F (d ( fx, gy ), d ( Sx, Ty ), d ( fx, Sx), d ( gy, Ty ), d ( Sx, gy ), d (Ty, fx)) 0 (2.3)

Valeriu Popa and Alina Mihaela Patriciu

( F1a ) : F (u, v, v, u, w,0) 0 or ( F1b ) : F (u, v, u, v,0, w) 0 ,

F = t1 bt2 a(t3 + t4 ) c t5t6 , where a, b, c 0, 2a +

+b < 1 and b + c < 1 .

0 < a, b < 1 and

F =t1 at2 bt3 c

Bul. Inst. Polit. Iai, t. LVIII (LXII), f. 2, 2012

f ( X ) T ( X ), g ( X ) S ( X ) and E = {d ( fx, Sx) : x X }

is a closed set of [0, ) },

F ( (d ( fx, gy )), ( d ( Sx, Ty )), (d ( fx, Sx)),

(d ( gy, Ty )), (d ( gy, Sx)), (d ( fx, Ty ))) 0

P r o o f. Let m = inf{d ( fx, Sx) : x X } . Since E is closed and lower

(d ( gv, Tv)), (d ( gv, Su )), (d ( fu , Tv))) 0.

(d ( gv, Su )), (d ( gv, Su )),0) 0,

F ( (d ( fu , gv)), (m), (m), (d ( fu , gv)), (d ( Su, gv)),0) 0 .

Valeriu Popa and Alina Mihaela Patriciu

Since ( m) > 0 , then by ( F1a ) we have

(d( fu, gv)) < (m) .

Since gv g ( X ) S ( X ) , there exists w X such that Sw = gv .

F ( (d ( fw, gv)), (d ( Sw, Tv)), (d ( Sw, fw)),

(d ( gv, Tv)),0, (d ( fw, Tv))) 0,

F ( (d ( fw, Sw)), (d ( gv, Tv)), (d ( fw, Sw)),

(d ( gv, Tw)),0, (d ( fw, Tw))) 0.

m = d ( fu, Su ) d ( fw, Sw) = 0 ,

(d ( gv, Tv)) > 0 .

(d ( fw, Sw)) < (d ( gv, Tv)) .

By (4.4) and (4.6) we obtain

(m) ( d ( fw, Sw)) < (d ( gv, Tv)) = (d ( fu , gv)) < ( m) ,

F ( (d ( fu , gv), (d ( Su , Tv)), (d ( fu , Su )),