Joints

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Cranial sutures- immovable short fibrous joint that occurs in bone of the
skull.
Inferior tibiofibular joint- distal tibia and fibula. Fibrous; syndesmosis,
synathrotic
Teeth- gomphosis
Intervertebral disc- amphiarthroses, slightly movable
Sternocostal joint- sternum and rib. The first sternocostal joint has
cartilaginous; synchondrosis, no movement. The rest is synovial; double
plane and are diarthrotic; gliding.
Pubic symphysis- bones united by fibrocartilage
Temporomandibular joint- temporal bon of skul and mandible, synovial;
modified hing (contain articular disc) diarthrotic; gliding and uniaxial
rotation; elvation, depression, protraction and retraction.
Atlanto-occipital joint-occipital bone of skull and atlas, synovial, condylar,
diarthrotic bixaxial; flexion, extension, circumduction of neck
Atlantoaxial joint- atlas and axis, synovial; pivot, diarthrotic; uniaxial;
rotation of the head
Glenohumeral joint- scapula and humerus, synovial; ball-and-socket,
diarthrosis; multiaxial
Elbow joint-ulna and radius with humerus, synovial; hing, diarthrotic;
uniaxial
Distal radioulnar-radius and ulna, synovial; pivot, diarthrotic; uniaxial,
rotation

Wrist joint- radius and proximal carpal, synovial; condylar; diarthrotic

biaxial
o Hip joint- hip bone and femur, synovial; ball and socket, diarthrotic,
multiaxial
o Superior tibiofibular- tibia and fibula proximal,synovial, plane, diarthrotic ;
plane, diarthrotic gliding of fibula
o Ankle joint- tibia and fibula with talus, synovial; hinge, diarthrotic; uniaxial,
dorsiflexion and plantar flexion
o Tarsometatarsal- tarsal and metatarsal, synovial; condylar, diarthrotic;
biaxial
o Knee joint- femur and tibia, synovial plane; diarthrotic gliding of tibia or
patella
Femur and patella- synovial plane
Lateral and medial menisci- Attach externally to the condyles of the
tibia. Even the distribution of both compressive load and synovial fluid.
Stabilize the joint by guide the condyles during flexion and extension, and
rotation movements and prevent side to side rocking.
Patellar ligament- A continuation of the main muscles on the anterior
thigh, the quadriceps femoris.
Fibular collateral ligament- Located on the lateral side of the joint
capsule, descending from the lateral epicondyle of the femur to the head of
the fibula. Stops leg extension and hyperextension, and prevents the legs from
moving laterally and medial at the knee.
Tibial collateral ligament- Located on the medial side of the joint
capsule, descending from the medial epicodyle of the femur to the head of the
fibula. Stops leg extension and hyperextension, and prevents the legs from
moving laterally and medial at the knee.
Anterior cruciate ligament- Attaches to the anterior part of the tibia in
the intercondylar area. Passes posteriorly to attach to the femur on the medial
side of the lateral condyle.
Posterior cruciate ligament- Arises from the posterior intercondylar
area of the tibia and passes anteriorly to attach to the femur on the lateral
side of the medial condyle.
Upper limb muscles
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Muscles of the posterior compartment of the arm extend the arm at the elbow and are innervated by
the radial nerve.

lateral compartment of the leg: plantar flexes and everts the foot
posterior compartment of the leg: plantar flexes the foot and flexes the toes
anterior compartment of the thigh: Extends the leg
anterior compartment of the leg: dorsiflexes the foot and extends the toes

Pectoralis major- convergent (arrangement of fascicles) Large, fan shaped

muscle covering the upper potion of the chest. Forms an anterior axillary fold.
Divided into clavicular and sternal parts. The Origin is the sternal end of the clavicle,
sternum, ribs 1-6 and aponeurosis of external oblique muscle. The Insertion occurs
on the humerus. It is the prime mover of arm flexion, and rotates the arm medially

and is able to adduct arms.

Deltoid- (multipennate)- Thick multipennate muscle forming the rounded
shoulder muscle mass. The Origin is the clavicle, acromion and spine of the scapula.

The insertion is located at the deltoid tuberosity of the humerus. It functions as the
prime mover of arm abduction when all its fibers contract simultaneously.

Teres major- Thick, rounded muscle located inferior to the teres minor. It helps to
form the posterior wall of the axilla. Its origins are the posterior scapula at the
inferior angle. Its insertion is on the humerus, and an insertion tendon fused with

that of the latissimus dorsi.

Teres minor-A rotator cuff muscle that is small and elongated that lies inferior to the
infraspinatus and may be inseparable from that muscle. The Origin is the dorsal
scapular surface. The Insertion is located at the humerus inferior to the infraspinatus
insertion. Laterally rotates arm and adducts. Also stabilizes the shoulder joint.

Subscapularis-A rotator cuff muscle forms part of the posterior wall of the axilla.
The origin is located at the scapula. The Insertion passes infront of the shoulder joint
to the lesser tubercle of the humerus. This muscle medially rotates the arm.

Supraspinatus-A rotator cuff muscle located on the posterior aspect of the scapula
deep to the trapezius. The origin is located on the scapula and the insertion is located

on the proximal humerus. This muscle initiates abduction of the arm.

Infraspinatus-A rotator cuff muscle partially covered by the deltoid and trapezius.
Origin is located at the scapula. The Insertion point is the humerus. Laterally rotates

arm.
Latissimus dorsi-Broad, flat, and triangular muscle of the lower back. Extensive
superficial origins. Covered by the trapezius superiorly. Contributes to the posterior
wall of the axilla. Origin is located at the spines of the lower six vertebrae, lower 3-4

ribs, and the iliac crest. The Insertion is located on the humerus.
Biceps brachii- fusiform(arrangement) Two headed fusiform muscle. The Bellies
unite as the insertion point is approached. The tendon helps stabilize the shoulder
joint. The origin is on the scapula on the coracoid process, the long head on the
scapula. The tendon of the long head runs within the capsule of the shoulder joint

and descends into the intertubercular sulcus of the humerus. The Insertion is the

ulna. It flexates and supinates the forearm.

Triceps brachii-Large fleshy muscle, the only muscle of posterior compartments of
the arm. Has three headed origin, long and lateral heads lie superficial to the medial
head. The Long head articulates with the scapula, the lateral head articulates with the
humerus, and the medial head articulates with the humerus. The Insertion attaches

to the ulna. Functions as a powerful forearm extensor.

Anconeus-A short triangular muscle closely associated with the distal end of triceps
on the posterior humerus. The Origin is located on the humerus and the Insertion is
located on the ulna. Abducts ulna during forearm pronation, synergist of triceps

brachii in elbow extension.

Brachialis-Strong muscle that is immediately deep to the biceps brachii on the distal
humerus. The Origin is the distal humerus, the insertion is the ulna and capsule of

the elbow joint. Flexes forearm

Brachioradialis-Superficial muscle of the lateral forearm. Forms lateral boundary of
the cubital fossa. Extends distal humerus to distal forearm, develops extensor muscle

group.
Flexor carpi radialis- runs diagonally across forearm midtways,its fleshy
bely is replaced by a flat tendon that becomes cordlike at wrist. Origin at
the humerus and insertion at the metacarpal. It is a powerful flexor of

hand.
Extensor carpi ulnaris- most medial of superifical posterior muscle; long,
slender muscle. Origin at the humerus and ulna and inserts at the
metacarpals. Extebds gabd and adducts hand

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Palmaris longus- small fleshy muscle with a long insertion tendon often
absent; may be used as guide to find median nerve that lies lateral to it at
wrist. Origin is the humerus and insertion is the fascia of palm. Synergist

for forearm flexion

Lower limb muscles
o Gluteus maximus- largest and most superficial of glueus muscles. O in the
ilium, sacrum, and coccyx. (coxa) and insert at the femur. Major extensor
of thigh.
o Sartorius- parallel (arrangement)- Straplike superficial muscle running obliquely
across the anterior surface of the thigh to the knee. Longest muscle in the body.

Crosses the knee and hip joint. Origin is the Ilium, Insertion is located in the knee

and tibia.
Quadriceps-Contains the rectus femorus, and the Vastus Lateralis,Medialis, and
Intermedius. Is a powerful leg extensor, strengthens the knee joint.

Rectus femoris- bipennate (arrangement)- Superficial muscle of

anterior thigh that runs straight down the thigh. Its the longest head and only
muscle of the group that crosses the hip joint. Origin is located at the Ilium
and Acetabulum. Insertion occurs at the patella and tibia. Extends legs and

flexes the thigh.

Vastus lateralis-Largest head of the group. Forms the lateral aspect of

the thigh. Origin is located on the femur, and insertion occurs on the patella

and tibia. Extends leg and stabilizes the knee

Vastus medialis-Forms the inferomedial aspect of the thigh.Origin is
located on the femur, and the insertion is also on the femur. Extends leg.

Vastus intermedius-Obscured by the rectus femoris, lies between

vastus medialis on the anterior thigh. The origin is located on the proximal

femur shaft.

Hamstrings-Fleshy muscles of the posterior thigh (Biceps femoris, semitendinosus,

and semimembranosus) Prime movers of thigh extension and leg flexion. Origin is

located in the ischium.

Biceps femoris-Part of the hamstrings, Most lateral muscle of the group
that arises from two heads. Originates at the ischium and femur, Inserts at
the fibula and tibia. Extends the thigh and flexes the leg.

Semitendinosus-Part of the hamstrings, lies medial to biceps femoris,

originating at the Ischium and inserts at the tibia. Extends the thigh and

flexes leg.

Semimembranosus-Deep to the semitendinosis, originating at the

femur and inserts at the tibia. Extends the thigh and flexes the leg.

Pectineus- short, flat muscle; overlies adductor brevis on proimal thighl abuts
adductor longus medially. O at the pubic and inserts at the femur

Gracialis- long , thin, superficial muscle of medial thigh. O at the inferior ramus
and pubic and inserts at the tibia
Popliteus-Thin triangular muscle at the posterior knee that passes downward and medially
to the tibial surface. Originates at the femur and knee and inserts at the proximal tibia.

Flexes and rotates leg medially to unlock knee from full extension when flexion begins.

Gastrocnemius- superficial muscle of pair; two prominent bellies that form

proximal curve of calf. O at femur and inserts at the calcaneal. Plantar flexes foot
when leg is extended. Flex leg when food is dorsiflexed
Tibialis anterior- superficial muscle of anterior leg; laterally parallels shart
anterior margin of tibia. O tibial and insert cuneiform and metatarsal bone.
Tibialis posterior- thick, flat muscle deep to soleus; placed between posterior
flexor, O at the tibia and fibula and insert at the tarsal and metatarsal. Primes

mover of foot inversion.

Brain

The highlighted structure contains part of the brain system that maintains cortical alertness.
What is the name given to this brain system? Reticular activating system where the medulla
oblongata is

Medulla oblongata- The medulla oblongata is a portion of the hindbrain that controls
autonomic functions such as breathing, digestion and heart rate.
Pons- The Pons serves as a message station between several areas of the brain. It helps
relay messages from the cortex and the cerebellum.
Midbrain- The midbrain or mesencephalon is a portion of the central nervous
system associated with vision, hearing, motor control, sleep/wake, arousal (alertness), and
temperature regulation.[2]

Corpora quadrigemina- Auditory and Visual Reflexes are integrated here.

Middle cerebellar peduncle- Connects the pons to the cerebellum and carries efferent
information from the cerebral cortex and the pontine nuclei to the cerebellum.
Cerebellum- Located posterior to the brain stem. is a region of the brain that plays an
important role in motor control.
Arbor vitae- The arbor vitae is the cerebellar white matter, so called for its branched, tree-like
appearance. It brings sensory and motor information to and from the cerebellum.
Thalamus- Composes 80% of the diencephalon. Every signal that the brain wants to
communicate with the cerebral cortex must relay through here.
Hypothalamus- Inferior portion of the diencephalon. Lies between the optic chiasma. Is
the main visceral control of the central of the body regulating many activities.
Pituitary gland- Located within the epithalamus. Secretes Melatonin
Cerebral cortex- Is the cerebrum's outer layer of nerve cell bodies which look like "gray
matter" because it lacks myelin

Corpus callosum- Largest commissar, a broad band that lies superior to the lateral

ventricles, deep within the longitudinal Fissure

Frontal lobe- Located deep to the frontal bone. Functional area that relates to planning,
initiating, and enacting motor movement, speech production, higher cognitive functions like
thinking, planning, decision making, working memory.
Parietal lobe- Deep to the parietal bones which processes sensory stimuli allowing
conscious awareness of general somatic sensation, spacial awareness of objects, sounds, and
body parts and comprehending speech.
Occipital lobe- Lies deep to the occipital bone which contains the visual cortex.
Temporal lobe- On the lateral side of the hemisphere, deep to the temporal bone. Contains
the auditory and olfactory cortexes. Functions in recognition of objects, words, faces, and
language comprehension.
Transverse cerebral fissure- Separates the cerebral hemispheres from the cerebellum
inferiorly.
Longitudinal fissure- Separates the right and left cerebral Hemispheres from eachother.

Central sulcus Separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe.
Lateral sulcus- Forms the inferior boundary between the parietal lobe and occipital lobe.

Parieto-occipital sulcus- This sulcus, located on the medial surface of each hemisphere,

separates the parietal lobe from the occipital lobe

Precentral gyrus- Contains the primary motor cortex, Lies anterior to the central sulcus.

Postcentral gyrus- Contains the primary somatosensory cortex.

Lateral ventricles- Lie in the cerebral hemispheres. Horseshoe shaped. Separated by a
membrane called the septim pellucidum .

Third ventricle- Lies in the dicephalon, connects to the lateral ventricles.

Cerebral aqueduct- Located in the midbrain, thin tubelike cavity that connects the third

and fourth ventricle

Fourth ventricle- Lies in the brain stem, dorsal to the pons and the superior portion of the
medulla oblongata. Contains 3 openings that allow CSF to fill the ventricles and
subarachnoid space.
Cranial nerves

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Optic (II)- Outgrowth of the brain, is not a nerve, considered a tract for vision
Oculomotor (III)- Innervates four of the extrinsic eye muscles that move the
eyeball in orbit.
Trochlear (IV)- Innervates an extrinsic eye muscle that hooks through a pully
shaped ligament in the orbit
Trigeminal (V)- Nerve has three major branches that provide sensory
innervation to the face and motor innervation to the chewing muscles.

Glossopharyngeal (IX)- Innervates the tongue and pharynx.

Vagus (X)- Wanders beyond the head into the thorax and abdomen. Innervates
muscles of the pharynx and larynx involved in swallowing and vocalization.
Innervates the heart and lungs and abdominal visceral motor and sensory.
o Hypoglossal (XII)- Runs inferior to the tongue and innervates the tongue
muscles.
Spinal cord
o Conus medullaris- Located at the inferior end of the spinal cord. Consists of a
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cone of nerves
Cauda equine- Bundle of nerve roots that occupy the vertebral canal from L2-

S5. Innervates the pelvic organs and lower limbs.

Spinal dural sheath- Tough dura matter that does not attach to the
surrounding bone and corresponds only to the meningeal layer of the brain.

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Cervical, thoracic, lumbar,

Spinal cord segment T5, is located at the level of vertebra T4.

Lumbar cord sement L1 is located at vertebra T11

The sacral cod segment S1 is at veterbra L1.

sacral nerves- Sacral plexus- arises from spinal nerves L4-S4 and lies
immediately caudal to the lumbar plexus. half serves the buttock and lower
limb, the rest innervate parts o the pelvis and perineum. Lower limb

Sympathetic trunk ganglia- Rami communicantes- connecting to the base of

the ventral ramus are rami communicantes leading to sympathetic trunk
ganglia (visceral motor structures)
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Sympathetic trunkVentral ramus- Ventral Branch of the spinal nerve lateral to the intervertebral
foramen.
Dorsal ramus- Dorsal branches of the spinal nerve lateral to the intervertebral

foramen.

Dorsal root ganglia- Dorsal horns- consist entirely of interneuron. They

receive information from sensory neurons whose cell bodies lie outside

the spinal cord in dorsal root ganglia and whose axon reach the spinal
cord via the dorsal root.

Gray matter- through sensory and motor integration in its gray matter, the
spinal cord is a major center for reflexes.

White matter- outer region of white and an inner region of gray. The
white is composed of myelinated and unmyelinated axon that
communicate with the spinal cord and cord and brain.
Spinal nerves
o Phrenic nerve- Nerve located in the cervical plexus that receives fibers from C3o

C5 and innervates the diaphragm.

Ulnar nerve- Nerve located in the brachial plexus that receives fibers from C8T1 that innervates the medial side of the arm and follows the ulna to the forearm
in addition the cutaneous medial side of the hand.

Radial nerve- Nerve located in the brachial plexus that receives fibers from C5T1 and innervates the musculature of the posterior arm and forearm and the

cutaneous lateral and posterior arm and forearm.

Musculocutaneous nerve- Nerve located in the brachial plexus that receives

fibers from C5-C7 that innervates the musculature of the anterior arm and

cutaneous lateral forearm.

Median nerve- Nerve located in the brachial plexus that receives fibers from C5T1 that innervates the musculature of the anterior forearm and lateral palm and

the cutaneous lateral palm.

Axillary nerve- Nerve of the brachial plexus that receives fibers from C5-C6 and
innervates the posterior arm and cutaneously the deltoid region.

Femoral nerve- Nerve of the lumbar plexus that receives fibers from L2-L4
which innervate the musculature of the anterior compartment of the thigh and
the cutaneous region of the anterior thigh, medial surface of the leg from the knee

to the foot.
Obturator nerve- Nerve of the lumbar plexus that receives fibers from L2-L4
that innervate the musculature of the medial compartment of the thigh and the

cutaneous region of the thigh, buttocks, and perineum.

Tibial nerve- Nerve of the sacral plexus that receives fibers from L4-S3 which
innervate the musculature of the posterior leg, and the cutaneous region of the

sole, posterior leg, and skin.

Common fibular nerve- Nerve of the sacral plexus that receives fibers from L4S2 that innervate the musculature of the anteriolateral leg and the cutaneous

region of the superior surface of the foot.

Heart
o Apex- The point of the heart that lies near the midline pointing anteriorly.
o Coronary sulcus- Groove that extends horizontally, circling the boundary
between the atria and ventricles.
o Anterior interventricular sulcus- Groove that extends vertically marking the
anterior position of the interventricular septum.

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Posterior interventricular sulcus- Separates the two ventricules on the

posterior surface
Interventricular septum- Structure that divides the ventricle longitudinally.
Interatrial septum-structure that divides the atria longitudinally.
Right atrium- Forms the entire right border of the human heart. Fills the right
ventricle with 1/4th the ventricles volume during contraction.Receives blood
from the superior and inferior vena cava and the coronary sinus and sends it to
the right ventricle through the tricuspid valve.
Right ventricle

Left atrium- Makes up the posterior surface or base. Receives oxygen rich blood
from the pulmonary veins and contains the mitral valve where it is sent through
the mitral valve to the left ventricle.
Left ventricle- thicker lower chamber of the heart that forms the apex of the
heart, contains Trabeculae carneae, papillary muscles, chordae tendinae, and a
mitral valve. Pumps blood through the mitral valve to the aorta and systemic
circuit.
Right atrioventricular (tricuspid) valve- Three cusped valve that connects the
right atrium and right ventricle. Pumps blood from the right atrium to the right
ventricle. It is open when the ventricles are passively filling and closed during
ventricular systole.
Left atrioventricular (bicuspid/ mitral) valve- Two cusped valve that
connects the left atrium and right ventricle. Pumps blood from the right atrium to
the left ventricle. It is open when the ventricles are passively filling and closed
during ventricular systole.

Aortic valve-three cusped semilunar valve that connects the left ventricle to the
aorta. Prevents backflow of blood from the systemic circuit during diastole. Is
open during systole.
o Pulmonary (semilunar) valve- Three cusped semilunar valve that connects the
right ventricle to the pulmonary trunk. Prevents backflow of blood from the
pulmonary circuit during diastole. Is open during systole.
o Superior vena cava- A vein that is the second largest vein in the human body
and returns blood to the right atrium of the heart from the upper half of the body.
o Inferior vena cava- A vein that is the largest vein in the human body and
returns blood to the right atrium of the heart from bodily parts below the
diaphragm.
o Pulmonary trunk- Vein that receives deoxygenated blood that is pumped from
the right ventricle through the pulmonary semilunar valve. Branches into the
pulmonary arteries heading towards the lungs.
o Pulmonary veins- Veins that travel from the lungs with oxygenated blood
towards the heart. Deliver blood to the left atrium where it passively fills the left
ventricle.
o Aorta- Contains an Ascending and Descending section. Carries oxygenated blood
from the left ventricle to the system circuit
o Pectinate muscles- The pectinate muscles (musculi pectinati) are parallel
ridges in the walls of the atria of the heart.
o Trabeculae carnae- Irregular ridges of muscles that mark the ventricle walls.
o Papillary muscles- Cone-shaped muscles that project from the walls of the
ventricular cavities.
o Chordae tendinae- Thin, strong bands "The heart strands" that project from
the papillary muscles to the tricuspid and bicuspid valves to prevent them from
inverting under ventricular systole.
Cardiac arteries and coronary veins
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Left coronary artery- Artery that branches off the left side of the aorta that
descends to supply the ventricles.
Anterior interventricular artery- branches off the left anterior descending
artery and descends into the anterior interventricular sulcus towards the apex.
Supplies the interventricular septum and both ventricles.
Circumflex artery- Branches from the left coronary artery. Follows the coronary
sulcus posteriorly and supplies the left atrium and left posterior ventricle.
Right coronary artery- Branches off the right side of the aorta descending in
the coronary sulcus between the right atrium and ventricle. Supplies the marginal
artery.
Posterior interventricular artery- Branches off the right coronary and
descends into the coronary sulcus posteriorly. Supplies the right atrium and
ventricles.

Coronary sinus- A collection of veins joined together to form a large vessel that
collects blood from the myocardium of the heart. It delivers deoxygenated blood
to the right atrium in conjunction with the superior and inferior vena cava.
o Great cardiac vein- This vein is located on the anterior interventricular sulcus
and receives blood from the left atrium and both ventricles
o Middle cardiac vein- lies in the posterior interventricular sulcus; drains the
right and left ventricles into the coronary sinus.
o Small cardiac vein-vein that is located on the inferior right margin and receives
blood from the posterior surfaces of the right atrium and ventricle,
Arteries- Branch, diverge, or fork as they carry blood away from the heart. Are larger,
Used for blood flow, contain a thick wall and tunica media. Has a narrow lumen and is
composed mostly of elastin. Has a higher blood pressure and resistance.
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Ascending aorta- Artery that sends blood to the right and left coronary arteries.
It supplies the walls of the heart and upper body.
Aortic arch- Receives blood from the Ascending Aorta and sends blood to the
brachiocephalic trunk and left common carotid artery and left subclavian artery.
Supplies all the body.
Descending aorta- Receives blood from the aortic arch. Branches into the
Thoracic and Abdominal Aorta. Supplies the thoracic organs, body wall, pelvis,
and lower limbs.

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Brachiocephalic trunk- Receives blood from the aortic arch pumping it towards
the right common carotid and right subclavian. Supplies the head, upper limbs,
and superior thoracic wall.
Common carotid arteries
Left- Receives blood from the aortic arch and Branches into the Internal
and External Carotid to supply the head.
Right- Receives blood from the brachiocephalic trunk and Branches into
the Internal and External Carotid to supply the head.
External carotid arteries- Superficial Vessel that receives blood from the
common carotid arteries to supply the head.
Internal carotid arteries- Deep vessel that receives blood from the common
carotid arteries to supply the head.
Subclavian arteries- send blood to the brain, neck, and thoracic wall. Branches
into the axillary artery.
Axillary artery- Receives blood from the Subclavian arteries. Branches into the
brachial artery. Supplies Muscles of the shoulder and superior arm and the
shoulder joint.
Brachial artery- Receives blood from the axillary artery and branches into the
ulnar and radial artery. Supplies the anterior arm muscles.
Ulnar artery- Receives blood from the axillary artery and sends blood to the
palmar arches. Supplies medial muscles of the forearm.
Radial artery- Receives blood from the axillary artery ad sends blood to the
palmar arches. Supplies the lateral anterior forearm, wrist, thumb, and index
finger.
Palmar arches- Network of arteries that receives blood from the radial and
brachial arteries and sends blood to the hand and fingers.
Thoracic aorta- Receives blood from the descending aorta and pumps blood to
the abdominal aorta. Supplies the thoracic organs and body walls.
Celiac trunk- Receives blood from the abdominal aorta and branches into the
left gastric, splenic, and common hepatic arteries. Supplies abdominal viscera
and the duodenum of the small intestines.
Superior mesenteric artery- Receives blood from the abdominal aorta and
branches into the intestinal arteries, ileocolic artery, and right and middle colic
artery. Supplies most of the intestines (Jejunem, Ileum, Large intestines, Cecum,
and Appendix).
Inferior mesenteric artery- Receives blood from the abdominal aorta.
Branches into the left colic, sigmoidal, and superior rectal arteries. Serves the
large intestines.
Renal artery- artery that branches from the abdominal aorta that supplies the
kidneys.
Gonadal artery- Artery that branches from the abdominal aorta and supplies
the ovaries and testicles.
Common iliac arteries- Branches from the abdominal aorta sending blood to
the external and internal iliac artery supplying the inferior portion of the anterior
abdominal wall, pelvic organs, and lower limbs
Internal iliac arteries- Branches from the common iliac artery. Supply the
pelvic walls, viscera, buttocks, medial thigh, and perineum
External iliac arteries- Main branch of the common Iliac Artery that sends
blood to the femoral artery and supplies the anterior abdominal wall and lower
limbs.

Femoral artery-- Receives blood from the external iliac artery and sends blood
to the popliteal artery. Supplies the adductor muscles of the thigh.
o Popliteal artery- Receives blood from the femoral artery. Sends blood to the
posterior and anterior tibial artery. Supplies the knee.
o Anterior tibial artery- Receives blood from the popliteal artery and sends it to
the arcuate artery. Supplies extensor muscles (Front of the leg)
o Posterior tibial artery- Receives blood from the popliteal artery and sends it to
the flexor muscles of the leg.
o Arcuate artery- Receives blood from the anterior tibial artery. Supplies the sole
of the foot.
Veins- Join, merge or converge as they carry blood to the heart. Are smaller, Used for
blood storage, have thin walls, a thick tunica externa, wider lumen, and contain valves. Are
made mostly of fibrous tissue and have a lower blood pressure and resistance.
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Superior vena cava- Merges with the left and right brachiocephalic veins. Take
blood from regions superior to the diaphragm excluding the heart wall. Takes the
blood to the right atrium.

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Inferior vena cava- Merges with the common iliac veins. Carries blood inferior
to the diaphragm to the right atrium.
Brachiocephalic veins- Merges with the subclavian vein. Move blood toward
the heart from the upper extremities and head.
Internal jugular vein- Medial vessel that merges with the subclavian vein,
taking blood from the head to the heart.
External jugular vein- Lateral vessel that merges with the brachiocephalic vein
to move blood from the head to the heart.
Dural venous sinuses- Merges with the external jugular vein to take blood
from the head to the heart.
Subclavian vein- Merges with the external jugular vein and brachiocephalic
vein to drain blood from the head and upper extremities.
Axillary vein- Merges with the brachial vein, draining blood from the upper limb
towards the heart and merges with the subclavian vein.
Cephalic vein- Lateral vein of the upper limb that merges with the axillary vein.
Drains blood from the upper limb.
Brachial vein- in the direction of the blood flow, this vessel runs deep on the
medial side of the arm and receives blood from the radial and ulnar veins. Joins
the axillary vein.
Basilic vein- Joins the brachial vein to become the axillary vein. Connects to the
median cubital vein. Collects blood from the upper limb.
Median cubital vein- Connects to the basilic and cephalic veins. Drains blood of
the upper limb.
Ulnar vein- Joins the brachial vein on the medial side of the forearm. Receives
blood from the palmar venous arches .
Radial vein- Joins the brachial vein on the lateral side of the forearm. Receives
blood from the palmar venous arches.
Dorsal venous network- Located on the dorsal surface of the hand. Drains into
the cephalic vein and basilic vein.
Hepatic veins- Exit the liver and enter the inferior vena cava. Carry blood from
the digestive organs that arrived to the liver via the portal system.
Splenic vein- Vein that joins the hepatic portal vein, taking blood to the liver for
processing.
Hepatic portal vein- Series of vessels that delivers nutrient rich blood to a
capillary bed in the liver. Contains the superior mesenteric vein, Splenic Vein,
and Inferior Mesenteric Vein.
Renal vein- Drain the Kidney's into the inferior vena cava
Superior mesenteric vein- Vein that drains the entire small intestines,
ascending and transverse colon and some of the stomach into the hepatic portal
vein.
Inferior mesenteric vein- Drains the distal region of the colon and superior
rectum. Empties into the splenic vein behind the stomach and pancreas. Part of
the hepatic portal system.
Common iliac vein- Unites with the internal and external iliac vein to drain the
blood of the lower limb.
Internal iliac vein- Joins with the external Iliac vein to become the common
Iliac Vein.
External iliac vein- Joins with the femoral artery and the common iliac vein,
Drains the blood of the lower limb.

Femoral vein- Joins with the popliteal vein and external iliac vein. Drains the
blood of the lower limb.
o Great saphenous vein- Longest vein in the body. Connects to the dorsal
venous arch and the femoral vein. Drains the lower limb.
o Popliteal vein- Runs anteriorly to become the femoral vein. Drains the lower
extremity.
o Posterior tibial vein- Ascends from the plantar veons through the calf muscle to
receive the fibular fein. drains the lower limb.
o Dorsal venous arch- Located on the dorsal surface of the foot. Drains the foot.
Respiratory system
o Trachea- flexible tube running from larynx and dividing inferiorly into
two main (primary) brochi; walls contain C-shaped cartilages that are
incomplete posteriorly where treachalis muscle occurs.
Air passagways; filter, warms,and moistens incoming air
o Thyroid cartilage- the large, shield-shaped thyroid cartilage, which is
formed by two cartilage plates, resembles an upright open book, with
the books spine lying in the anterior midline of the neck.
o Cricoid cartilage- inferior to the thyroid cartilage is the cricoid
cartilage, the only laryngeal cartilage that forms a complete ring.
Primary bronchus- the right and left main bronchi are he largest conduits in the
bronchial tree, a system of respiratory passges that brances extensively within
the lung. The two main brochi are brnaches of the trachea in the mediastinum.
Superior pulmonary lobe (right and left)
Oblique fissure (right and left)
Inferior pulmonary lobe (right and left)
Middle pulmonary lobe (right)
Horizontal fissure of right lung
Apex of lung
Right and left hypochondriac regionso The right- Region that contains the liver and gallbladder.
o The left region contains the stomach and diaphragm
Epigastric region- Region that Contains the stomach, gallbladder, diaphragm, and liver.
Right and left lumbar regions
o Right- Region that Contains the ascending colon and part of the small intestines.
o Left- Region that Contains the descending colon and part of the small intestines.
Umbilical region- Region that Contains the majority of the small intestines and some of the
transverse colon.
Right and left iliac (inguinal) regions
o Right- Region that Contains the cecum and appendix.
o Left- Region that Contains the sigmoid colon.
Hypogastric (pubic) region- Region that Contains partially the small intestines, bladder,
sigmoid colon and rectum.
Mouth- Mucosa lined cavity whose boundaries are the lips anteriorly, the cheeks laterally,
the palate superiorly, and the tongue inferiorly. Used for ingestion, propulsion, mastication,
and digestion.
Palate- Roof of the mouth that is composed of the hard and soft palate. The hard palate
forces food down during chewing and the soft palate blocks the nasopharynx from
contacting food during chewing.
o

Tongue- Muscle constructed of skeletal muscle that grips and moves food, pushing it
towards the pharynx. Intrinsic muscles change shape and extrinsic muscles change position.
Teeth- Hard bony projections in the jaws for masticating (chewing) food
Parotid gland- Large salivary gland that lies anterior to the ear near the masseter. Opens in
the mouth
Submandibular gland- Salivary gland that lies on the medial surface of the mandibular
body. Opens into the floor of the mouth.
Sublingual gland- Salivary gland that lies on the floor of the cavity below the tongue.
Contains 10-12 ducts that enter the mouth.
Oropharynx- Located between the nasopharynx and laryngopharynx. Is a passageway for

food and air that is composed of stratified squamous epithelia.

Laryngopharynx- Located after the oropharynx. Is a passageway for food and air that is

composed of stratified squamous epithelia.

Esophagus- Composed of the four layers of the alimentary canal (Mucosa, submucosa,
muscularis externa, and adventitia. Contains stratified squamous, areolar connective tissue,
muscle, and fibrous connective tissue. connects the mouth to the stomach and uses

propulsion to move food downward.

Stomach- J shaped organ that is located in the epigastric region that acts as a temporary
storage vessel that churns food. Used for mechanical breakdown, propulsion, digestion, and

absorption of food. Contains mucous , parietal, and chief cells.

Cardia- Ring shaped zone encircling the junction between the esophagus and the stomach.

Fundus- The stomachs dome located under the diaphragm.

Body- Midportion of the stomach.
Pylorus- The terminus of the stomach. Opens to the duodenum.
Greater curvature- Convex lateral surface of the stomach
Lesser curvature-Concave medial surface of the stomach
Small intestine- Largest part of the alimentary canal mainly located in the umbilical
region. Size of enzymatic digestion and absorption, propulsion, and mechanical breakdown.
Contains Enterocytes and goblet cells.
Duodenum- Secondary Peritoneal region of the small intestines that is the first 5% of the
small intestines. Receives bile and enzymes from the gallbladder and pancreas.

Jejunum- Intraperitoneal portion of the small intestines that is 40% of the composition. Is

located in the left umbilical region.

Ileum- Intraperitoneal portion of the small intestines that makes up the remaining 60%.

Large intestine- Part of the alimentary canal that functions to digest some, absorb water
and electrolytes, propagate food down the canal, and defecate waste.
Cecum- Located in the right iliac region. Is the opening of the Ileum into the large
intestines.
Ileocecal valve- Formed by two layered mucosa that opens when the stomach is filled with
food and closes as the cecum streches. Located between the Ileum and large intestines.

Ascending colon-secondarily retroperitoneal portion of the large intestines thats located in

the right lumbar region, from the cecum connects to the transverse colon.
Transverse colon- Intraperitoneal portion of the large intestines that is located in the
umbilical region that extends from the ascending and descending colon

Descending colon-intraperitoneal portion of the large intestines that is attached to the

transverse and sigmoid colon.
Sigmoid colon- S shaped, located within the true pelvis. Attaches to the descending colon

leading to the rectum.

Rectum- Joins the sigmoid colon and leads to the anal canal. Contains several bends that
act as valves.
Greater omentum- Dorsal Mesentery that connects the greater curvature of the stomach
to the posterior abdominal wall.
Lesser omentum- Ventral mesentery that runs from the liver to the lesser curvature of the
stomach to the duodenum.
Liver- Largest gland in the body. Produces bile that helps emulsify fat, stores glucose as
glycogen, detoxifies drugs and poisons, makes blood proteins and replaces blood, processes
fats and amino acids, and stores certain vitamins. Lies in the left hypochondriac and
epigastric region.
Right lobe- Larger portion of the liver that contains the gallbladder.
Left lobe- Smaller portion of the liver.

Right and left hepatic ducts- Carry bile from the right and left liver lobes and fuse to

form the common hepatic duct.

Common hepatic duct- Extends inferiorly from the right and left hepatic ducts towards

the duodenum.
Common hepatic artery
Hepatic portal vein
Hepatic veins
Gallbladder- Muscular sac located on the visceral surface of the right lobe of the liver in the
left hypochondriac region. Stores and concentrates bile produced by the liver.
Cystic duct- Runs from the gallbladder to the common hepatic duct and forms the bile

duct.
Bile duct- Composed of the common hepatic duct and the cystic duct. Empties bile from the

gallbladder into the duodenum

Pancreas- Exocrine and endocrine gland. Secretes insulin and glucagon to lower or raise
blood sugar levels. Produces digestive enzymes that exit through the pancreatic duct into the

duodenum. Located inferiorly to the stomach.

Pancreatic duct- Runs throughout the whole pancreas. Serves as the vessel where digestive

enzymes travel to the duodenum.

Kidney- Lie retroperitoneal to the posterior abdominal wall. Maintain the purity and
chemical constancy of the blood and other body fluids, send toxins, metabolic waste, and

excess water and ions out of the body through urine.

Hilum- Position of the kidney where ureters, nerves, and vessels enter and exit the renal

pyramid of the kidney.

Fibrous capsule- Thin tough layer of dense connective tissue that adheres directly to the
kidney which maintains the shape and acts as a barrier to prevent infection from outside

sources.

Renal cortex- More superficial region of the kidney that appears lighter and has a granular
appearance. Is the location of cortical nephrons.

Renal medulla- Deep to the cortex. Is darker and consists of cone shaped areas called renal
pyramids.
Renal pyramids- Cone shaped masses located in the medulla that exhibit striations due to
urine collecting tubules.
Renal column- Inward extension of the cortex that separates the renal pyramids from
eachother.
Renal pelvis- Flat, funnel shaped tube that is an extended part of the superior ureter.
Minor calyx- Cup shaped tubes that enclose the papillae of the renal pyramids.
Major calyx- Large branch extensions of the renal pelvis.

Renal artery- Branch of the abdominal aorta that supplies roughly 25% of the hearts
systemic output to the glomerulus for filtration.
Renal vein- Vein that merges with the inferior vena cava, returning filtered blood from the
kidneys.
Ureter- Urine collected from the renal calices collect in the bladder through this vessel.
Begins around L2 near the renal pelvis and enters the bladder obliquely preventing
backflow. Contains three layers. The mucosa is transitional epithelia, the muscularis

contains longitudinal, circular and another longitudinal layer. The adventitia is composed of

connective tissue.
Bladder- Collapsible muscular sac that stores and expels urine. Lies posterior to the pubic
symphysis. In males it is anterior to the rectum and in femails it is anterior to the vagina and
uterus.
Trigone- Is located near the opening of the ureter and urethra, which forms a triangular

region on the posterior wall.

Male reproductive system
Penis
Glans
Corpus spongiosum
Corpora cavernosa
Scrotum
Testes
Seminiferous tubules
Epididymis
Ductus (vas) deferens
Seminal vesicles
Prostate gland
Ejaculatory duct
Female reproductive system
Labia majora
Labia minora
Clitoris
Vagina
Uterus
Cervix
Cervical canal
Uterine (Fallopian) tubes

Fimbriae
Ovary