Ag Hdpe Stress Analysis

Evaluation of Design Methods for Above Ground
High Density Polyethylene Pipe
2010 TECHNICAL REPORT
Evaluation of Design Methods for

Above Ground High Density
Polyethylene Pipe
1021094
Final Report, December 2010
EPRI Project Manager

J. Hamel
This document does NOT meet the requirements of

10CFR50 Appendix B, 10CFR Part 21,
ANSI N45.2-1977 and/or the intent of ISO-9001 (1994)
ELECTRIC POWER RESEARCH INSTITUTE

3420 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, California 94304-1338 PO Box 10412, Palo Alto, California 94303-0813 USA
800.313.3774 650.855.2121 askepri@epri.com www.epri.com
DISCLAIMER OF WARRANTIES AND LIMITATION OF LIABILITIES

THIS DOCUMENT WAS PREPARED BY THE ORGANIZATION(S) NAMED BELOW AS AN
ACCOUNT OF WORK SPONSORED OR COSPONSORED BY THE ELECTRIC POWER RESEARCH
INSTITUTE, INC. (EPRI). NEITHER EPRI, ANY MEMBER OF EPRI, ANY COSPONSOR, THE
ORGANIZATION(S) BELOW, NOR ANY PERSON ACTING ON BEHALF OF ANY OF THEM:
(A) MAKES ANY WARRANTY OR REPRESENTATION WHATSOEVER, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, (I)
WITH RESPECT TO THE USE OF ANY INFORMATION, APPARATUS, METHOD, PROCESS, OR
SIMILAR ITEM DISCLOSED IN THIS DOCUMENT, INCLUDING MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS
FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, OR (II) THAT SUCH USE DOES NOT INFRINGE ON OR
INTERFERE WITH PRIVATELY OWNED RIGHTS, INCLUDING ANY PARTY'S INTELLECTUAL
PROPERTY, OR (III) THAT THIS DOCUMENT IS SUITABLE TO ANY PARTICULAR USER'S
CIRCUMSTANCE; OR
(B) ASSUMES RESPONSIBILITY FOR ANY DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY WHATSOEVER
(INCLUDING ANY CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES, EVEN IF EPRI OR ANY EPRI REPRESENTATIVE
HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES) RESULTING FROM YOUR
SELECTION OR USE OF THIS DOCUMENT OR ANY INFORMATION, APPARATUS, METHOD,
PROCESS, OR SIMILAR ITEM DISCLOSED IN THIS DOCUMENT.
THE FOLLOWING ORGANIZATION(S), UNDER CONTRACT TO EPRI, PREPARED THIS REPORT:
Becht Nuclear Services
THE TECHNICAL CONTENTS OF THIS DOCUMENT WERE NOT PREPARED IN ACCORDANCE

WITH THE EPRI NUCLEAR QUALITY ASSURANCE PROGRAM MANUAL THAT FULFILLS THE
REQUIREMENTS OF 10 CFR 50, APPENDIX B AND 10 CFR PART 21, ANSI N45.2-1977 AND/OR
THE INTENT OF ISO-9001 (1994). USE OF THE CONTENTS OF THIS DOCUMENT IN NUCLEAR
SAFETY OR NUCLEAR QUALITY APPLICATIONS REQUIRES ADDITIONAL ACTIONS BY USER
PURSUANT TO THEIR INTERNAL PROCEDURES.
NOTE
For further information about EPRI, call the EPRI Customer Assistance Center at 800.313.3774 or
e-mail askepri@epri.com.
Electric Power Research Institute, EPRI, and TOGETHERSHAPING THE FUTURE OF ELECTRICITY
are registered service marks of the Electric Power Research Institute, Inc.
Copyright 2010 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The following organization, under contract to the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI),
prepared this report:
Becht Nuclear Services
5225 Woodside Executive Court
Aiken, SC 29803
Principal Investigators
G.A. Antaki
C. Becht V
This report describes research sponsored by EPRI.

This publication is a corporate document that should be cited in the literature in the following
manner:
Evaluation of Design Methods for Above Ground High Density Polyethylene Pipe. EPRI, Palo
Alto, CA: 2010. 1021094.
iii
REPORT SUMMARY
The results in this report are intended to support the development of an American Society of
Mechanical Engineers (ASME) Section III Code Case for use of high-density polyethylene
(HDPE) in above ground safety related piping applications. It examines the some of the
differences in material and system behavior from metal pipe, at least at low temperatures. These
differences include low temperature creep, potentially large displacements associated with the
high coefficient of thermal expansion and low modulus of elasticity, strain rate sensitivity, and
existence of slow crack growth (SCG) as a credible failure mechanism. It includes development
of proposed ASME Code design rules.
The report is intended to be complementary to other ongoing EPRI activities that have the
overall objectives to determine the material and engineering properties needed for the design of
safety related buried and above ground piping systems. That work includes determining fullrange stress-strain data, fatigue data, stress intensification factors and flexibility factors for
selected piping components, determination of SCG behavior, damping values for the seismic
event, determination of modulus of elasticity at seismic strain rates, develop and demonstrate
methods to protect HDPE piping from postulated fire events, and perform seismic qualification
of candidate vent and drain valve configurations.
Background
Degradation of raw water piping systems is a major issue facing nuclear power plant owners, and
many plants will require repair or replacement of existing carbon steel piping components. New
plants wish to build on the lessons learned from operating plants and use piping materials that are
expected to last the design lifetime. HDPE has been used in non-safety service water systems for
over nine years, in both below ground and above ground applications, and found to perform well.
Since the cost of installing HDPE piping is much lower than the cost for steel pipe, the use of
HDPE pipe in safety related applications is desirable. ASME Code Case 755 was initiated to
establish requirements for the use of HDPE piping in buried safety related systems, and it is
desired to extend this work to above ground applications..
Objective
To evaluate the issues associated with the use of HDPE for above ground safety related piping
systems and support the development of appropriate ASME Code rules to achieve a safe and
reliable design.
Approach
Material properties and failure modes applicable to the design of HDPE piping systems for above
ground use were identified and evaluated. Existing Section III Code rules for safety class 2 and 3
metal piping systems, and rules for the design of below ground safety related HDPE piping
systems as contained in Code Case N-755, and current code committee activities were evaluated.
A set of proposed above ground rules were developed and applied to an example piping system
with pressure, thermal, weight, and seismic loads. The piping system was evaluated using a
standard piping analysis code (Caesar II) as well as the Abaqus code with both a beam and a 3-D
formulations including large displacement effects. Results in terms of pipe stresses and
deflections, as well as support loads were compared.
Results and Findings
Evaluation of a sample problem using proposed code rules found that they could be successfully
implemented using standard piping software.
The example problem evaluated in this report found that for well restrained piping systems,
designed to withstand seismic events, minimize sag between supports, and prevent displacement
interferences with other plant equipment, results from a standard piping stress code based on
small displacement theory compared well with a finite element code based on large displacement
theory. This conclusion may or may not be applicable to systems which are not well restrained.
EPRI Perspective
Successful application of HDPE for below ground ASME Class 3 piping systems has resulted in
increased industry interest in the use of HDPE for above ground piping systems, particularly for
new plant builds. New ASME Code rules will be needed to support such use, either as a revision
to Code Case N-755, or as a new parallel code case. This report is intended to provide a starting
point for the development of such rules. Additional evaluations of candidate piping systems will
likely be required after current EPRI and industry efforts to further quantify engineering and
material properties of HDPE, and further industry development of ASME code rules. Additional
information about the overall HDPE project is available in reports 1011836, 1013549, 1013572,
1013479, 1014902, 1018351, 1019180 and 1020439.
Keywords
High-density polyethylene
HDPE
ASME piping design
Above ground piping
vi
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this report is to present and illustrate the method for the design analysis and
qualification of safety class 2 and 3 above ground high density polyethylene (HDPE) piping
systems.
There are potential economic and safety benefits for pursuing the use of HDPE pipe aboveground due to its resistance to microbial attack and corrosion. Buried HDPE pipe has been used
successfully used in many industries, including the nuclear power industry. HDPE has also been
used extensively above-ground, typically near the ground on closely spaced, ground-mounted
supports. In this report we examine its use in suspended systems, a viable option, as evidenced
by applications in non-nuclear industries, and in a non-safety application in the turbine building
at the Catawba Nuclear Station.
ASME Code Case N-755 has established a method for the design analysis and qualification of
buried class 2 and 3 HDPE piping systems. Enclosed in this report are proposed design rules for
above ground piping which relies primarily on the technical basis of Code Case N-755, but also
addresses issues specific to above-ground piping. Design issues addressed by the proposed
above-ground code case include sustained loads, seismic loads, thermal expansion loads, joint
flexibility, piping supports and the concept of long-term and short-term HDPE properties.
Included is an example problem for which all of the criteria in the proposed code rules are
analyzed. This example problem incorporates both hand solutions to some of the code-case
equations and numerical solution utilizing Caesar II v5.20 software. Attached in Appendix B is
an independent check of the CAESAR II software with the Finite Element Analysis (FEA)
software package, Abaqus 6.10-1.
vii
CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................1-1
1.1 Scope ..............................................................................................................................1-1
1.2 Background .....................................................................................................................1-1
2 DESIGN AND ENGINEERING OF HDPE PIPING SYSTEMS ...............................................2-1
2.1 Material Properties ..........................................................................................................2-1
2.2 Failure Mechanisms ........................................................................................................2-1
2.2.1 Creep Rupture .........................................................................................................2-1
2.2.2 Slow Crack Growth..................................................................................................2-4
2.2.3 Fatigue.....................................................................................................................2-5
2.2.4 Creep-Fatigue Interaction........................................................................................2-6
2.2.5 Burst or Balloon Failure ...........................................................................................2-8
2.3 Design .............................................................................................................................2-8
2.3.1 Pressure Design ......................................................................................................2-8
2.3.2 Pipe Support............................................................................................................2-9
2.3.3 Thermal Flexibility..................................................................................................2-11
2.3.4 Seismic Design......................................................................................................2-12
2.3.5 Consideration of Large Displacement Theory .......................................................2-12
3 PROPOSED CODE CASE DESIGN REQUIREMENTS .....................................................3-1
-1000 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS .....................................................................................3-1
-1100 SCOPE .......................................................................................................................3-1
-1200 QUALIFICATION OF SUPPLIERS .............................................................................3-1
-1300 OPEN ITEMS ..............................................................................................................3-1
-2000 MATERIALS................................................................................................................3-2
-3000 DESIGN ......................................................................................................................3-3
-3100 SCOPE .......................................................................................................................3-3
-3110 NOMENCLATURE ......................................................................................................3-3
ix
-3120 DESIGN LIFE..............................................................................................................3-3

-3130 DESIGN AND SERVICE LOADING............................................................................3-3
-3131 Pressure Design of Pipe .............................................................................................3-4
-3131.1 Minimum Required Wall Thickness..........................................................................3-4
-3131.2 Allowable Service Level Spikes Due to Transients Pressure...................................3-4
-3132 Pressure Design of Joints and Fittings........................................................................3-4
-3223 Longitudinal Stress Design .........................................................................................3-5
-3223.1 Longitudinal Applied Mechanical Loads...................................................................3-5
-3223.2 Short Duration Longitudinal Applied Mechanical Loads...........................................3-5
-3300 TEMPERATURE DESIGN ..........................................................................................3-5
-3310 MINIMUM TEMPERATURE........................................................................................3-5
-3311 Design for Expansion and Contraction........................................................................3-5
-3400 SEISMIC DESIGN.......................................................................................................3-6
-3410 SEISMIC INDUCED STRESSES................................................................................3-6
-3420 NONREPEATED ANCHOR MOTIONS ......................................................................3-6
4 EXAMPLE HDPE PIPING SYSTEM ANALYSIS ...................................................................4-1
4.1 System Description .........................................................................................................4-1
4.2 Design Analysis Work Flow.............................................................................................4-2
4.3 Loading Conditions..........................................................................................................4-3
4.3.1 Design Life...............................................................................................................4-3
4.3.2 Design Pressure and Temperature .........................................................................4-3
4.3.3 Service Level Pressure and Temperature ...............................................................4-3
4.3.4 Weights and Mechanical Loads...............................................................................4-4
4.3.5 Seismic Input ...........................................................................................................4-4
4.4 Piping System Model.......................................................................................................4-4
4.4.1 Caesar Model ..........................................................................................................4-5
4.4.2 Abaqus Models........................................................................................................4-5
4.4.3 Load Cases .............................................................................................................4-6
4.5 Mechanical Properties.....................................................................................................4-6
4.6 Physical Properties..........................................................................................................4-6
4.6.1 Modulus of Elasticity................................................................................................4-6
4.6.2 Poissons Ratio........................................................................................................4-6
4.6.3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion............................................................................4-6
4.7 Preliminary Support Arrangement ...................................................................................4-7
4.8 Results ............................................................................................................................4-7

4.9 Abaqus and CAESAR II Comparison ..............................................................................4-7
5 CONCLUSIONS .....................................................................................................................5-1
6 REFERENCES .......................................................................................................................6-1
A PIPE STRESS ANALYSIS (CAESAR II) INPUT .................................................................. A-1
B FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS USING ABAQUS................................................................. B-1
xi
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2-1 Load-Controlled Loading under Creep Conditions ...................................................2-3
Figure 2-2 Strain Controlled Loading under Creep Conditions ..................................................2-3
Figure 2-3 Stress Relaxation from a 2.7% strain induced in PE4710 Material using the
Apparent Modulus from Code Case N-755 ........................................................................2-4
Figure 2-4 Stress-Rupture Characteristics of a Material Which Shows Two Unique Type
of Failure Mechanisms [7] ..................................................................................................2-5
Figure 2-5 Damage Interaction Diagram for Type 304SS and 9Cr-1Mo-V ................................2-7
Figure 2-6 Recommended Pipe Support Arrangement-1 [1] ...................................................2-10
Figure 4-1 Caesar II Model Layout ............................................................................................4-1
Figure 4-2 Nodal Layout of Caesar II Model ..............................................................................4-2
Figure 4-3 Workflow for Analysis and Qualification ...................................................................4-3
Figure 4-4 Seismic Response Spectrum ...................................................................................4-4
Figure 4-5 Convergence of Seismic Stresses due to Increased Nodal Density ........................4-5
Figure B-1 Layout of Simplified Pipe Section............................................................................ B-2
Figure B-2 Restraint Layout ...................................................................................................... B-4
Figure B-3 Abaqus Model ......................................................................................................... B-5
Figure B-4 Long Term Deflection (in) Calculated by Abaqus.................................................. B-10
xiii
LIST OF TABLES
Table 2-1 ASME Code References for Calculating Expansion Stresses ...................................2-6
Table 3-1 Table -3131-1(a) Long Term Allowable Stress S for Polyethylene (psi) ....................3-7
Table 3-2 Table 3223-1 Stress Indices B1 and B2 ....................................................................3-7
Table 3-3 Table 3223-2 Design and Service Level Longitudinal Stress Factors, k....................3-8
Table 3-4 Table 3223-3 Short Duration (5 minutes) Allowable Longitudinal Tensile
Stress Factors, k ................................................................................................................3-8
Table 3-5 Table 3311.2-1 Stress Intensification Factor i ...........................................................3-8
Table 4-1 Valve Weights and Dimensions ................................................................................4-2
Table 4-2 CAESAR II Results for Design Conditions.................................................................4-7
Table 4-3 CAESAR II Results for Service Level D.....................................................................4-7
Table 4-4 Comparison of Displacements due to Thermal Expansion ........................................4-8
Table B-1 Force versus Displacement...................................................................................... B-2
Table B-2 Reaction Forces due to 30F Temperature Increase ............................................. B-3
Table B-3 Results for Gravity.................................................................................................... B-6
Table B-4 Results for Thermal Expansion ................................................................................ B-7
Table B-5 Results for Seismic Analysis .................................................................................... B-8
Table B-6 Natural Frequencies ................................................................................................. B-9
xv
1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Scope
The purpose of this project is to present a set of proposed American Society of Mechanical
Engineers (ASME) Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (BPVC) rules for design of Class 2 and 3
above ground piping constructed of high density polyethylene (HDPE). The rules are similar in
many ways to those contained in Code Case N-755 for buried HDPE, but addressing the unique
features of above-ground, suspended HDPE pipe. Additionally this report discusses the method
for the design analysis and qualification of above ground HDPE piping systems. There is an
example problem which demonstrates how to apply the proposed code rules. The example
problem uses the closed form equations from the proposed code rules, a numerical solution using
the piping code Caesar II v5.20, and the Abaqus 6.10-1 finite element analysis code to solve the
load cases.
1.2 Background
The interest in the use of HDPE piping at nuclear facilities is to provide a cost-effective solution
to prevent corrosion and microbial attack often found in raw water systems. HDPE piping is
impervious to these deterioration mechanisms and is a reliable and economical alternative to
metallic pipe. Many non-nuclear industries apply HDPE above-ground. The Catawba Nuclear
Station has had successful operating experience with both above-ground and below ground
HDPE piping in both non-safety related and safety-related piping systems.
Code Case N-755 for buried HDPE pipe, and HDPE pipe manufacturer guidelines serve as the
starting point for the rules for above-ground HDPE.
.
1-1
2
DESIGN AND ENGINEERING OF HDPE PIPING
SYSTEMS
2.1 Material Properties

Understanding the similarities and differences between metal and HDPE is essential for
establishing a safe and appropriate set of design analysis and qualification rules for aboveground HDPE. HDPE material response is driven by a semi-crystalline polymeric structure
which behaves differently than the crystalline and grain structure of steel [1]. However, like
steel, HDPE experiences an elastic response to a load up to yield at which point both materials
develop plastic strains with increasing load. However, the HDPE yield point is not as clearly
defined and its elastic behavior is different than metal. Both materials have a visco-elastic
response to a load after a critical temperature. For metal this temperature is above 700F; for
HDPE this visco-elastic response occurs at ambient temperature [1].
One method for calculating long-term creep due to primary loads and the stress relaxation of
secondary loads for a material experiencing creep is an isochronous stress-strain curve.
Isochronous means to occur at the same time, and with respect to creep this means the stressstrain curve at a given point in time. The HDPE industry uses a term called apparent modulus,
which is defined as the initial applied stress divided by the creep-strain at a given time and
pressure, this ratio clearly decreases as the duration of loading increases [1]. This definition
appears to exclude elastic strain; however the elastic strain would be small compared to the creep
strain. If a point is chosen on the isochronous stress-strain curve for a given time at load and a
line is drawn back to the origin from this point, then the slope of the line would be the apparent
modulus, excluding the elastic-strain component. It does not represent the actual modulus of
elasticity of the material, which the HDPE industry defines as the flexural or tensile modulus [1].
2.2 Failure Mechanisms

Establishing criteria for design of above-ground HDPE pipe requires understanding the failure
mechanisms. This report will discuss five failure mechanisms, Creep Rupture, Slow Crack
Growth (SCG), Fatigue, Burst (balloon), and Creep-Fatigue Interaction.
2.2.1 Creep Rupture
Time to creep-rupture is the method the HDPE industry uses to qualify pipe for long-term
service. ASTM D 2837-08 [12] contains the methodology for performing the creep rupture tests
2-1
Design and Engineering of HDPE Piping Systems
and how the data is extrapolated to long-term service. This specification states that in order to
acquire a hydrostatic design basis (HDB) rating of 1,600 psi, the pipe must undergo a 10,000 hr
creep rupture test which qualifies it for a minimum of 100,000 hours at a stress of 1,530 psi [7].
A design factor of 0.50 is then applied which qualifies the pipe for 50 year service at 800 psi
stress.
The ASME Code Section II, Part D has a different margin for stress for creep rupture in metals
and has one additional requirement. For metals operating at less than 1,500F the allowable stress
per ASME Section VIII Part D is the minimum of (100% the avg. stress to produce a creep rate
of 0.01%/1,000 hour, 67% of the avg. stress to cause rupture at 100,000 hours, 80% of the min.
stress to cause rupture at the 100,000 hours) [9].
Creep damage can be tracked for different operating conditions. For example, excursions to
higher temperatures and pressures would accumulate creep damage at a rate faster than the
design temperature and pressure condition and therefore would reduce the overall life of the
pipe.
t
1
d k
T
Where
(t)k = actual time at stress level, k

(Td)k = allowable time at stress level, k
A paper by Ifwarson discusses testing done to validate long term cyclic service for medium
density polyethylene (MDPE), PE, and cross linked polyethylene (PEX) pipe. Unfortunately, it
does not address HDPE pipe. The testing only focused on different creep conditions via
temperature cycles and did not study cyclic stress. Table 1 from the paper shows that the above
equation was non conservative for MDPE, PEX, and in some cases PB material [10]. This
implies that HDPE might need to be tested for the effect of different creep conditions. However,
this should not be a priority as it has been demonstrated that creep rupture is not a realistic long
term failure mode, and the margin the plastic industry uses (50%) is much more conservative
than the margin that the metal industry uses (80%).
It is important to distinguish between load-controlled, or primary, and displacement controlled,
or secondary, loads. Some typical primary loads are internal pressure, mechanical loading,
weight, inertial seismic forces, and elastic follow up. Typical secondary loads include thermal
expansion, anchor motion, and through-wall thermal gradients. Figure 2-1 and Figure 2-2 show how
primary and secondary loads, respectively, behave differently in the creep regime. In a loadcontrolled loading the stress remains constant and creep strain continues to accumulate until a
creep-rupture failure occurs. In a strain-controlled loading the strain remains constant and the
stress decreases as the elastic strain is replaced by creep strain.
2-2
Figure 2-1
Load-Controlled Loading under Creep Conditions
Figure 2-2
Strain Controlled Loading under Creep Conditions
The HDB is a design allowable based on a primary load failure mechanism, creep rupture. A
strain controlled loading would behave differently because the stress would relax over time and
there would be no additional elongation. Figure 2-3 plots a 2.7% strain induced in PE4710 using
the apparent modulus at ambient temperature from Code Case N-755. The stress was calculated
by multiplying the strain by the apparently modulus at each point in time.
2-3
Figure 2-3
Stress Relaxation from a 2.7% strain induced in PE4710 Material using the Apparent
Modulus from Code Case N-755
On the reverse cycle the total strain would go to zero, and the elastic strain would be the negative
of the creep strain thereby introducing a negative stress in the piping system. Therefore, even
with creep relaxation, the total range of stress due to cyclic strain ranges would be the same.
Eventually, the system would reach a quasi equilibrium when the creep strain is equal to half of
the total strain range, and the elastic range would go from negative the half of the total strain
range to the positive of half the total strain range.
2.2.2 Slow Crack Growth
Another long term failure mechanism for HDPE pipe is the initiation and growth of a crack
under a constant load condition. A similar type of crack growth can occur in metals when a crack
reaches a critical crack size. However, in metal the failure is much more rapid once a critical
crack size is achieved.
The initiation and growth of a crack can result in a shift in the slope of the stress-rupture lifetime
plot of a material. Once the slow crack mechanism starts to dominate over the creep-rupture
mechanism the slope decreases significantly and it is impossible to achieve a long term life.
Appendix X1 in ASTM D 2837-08 discusses this behavior which is illustrated in Figure 2-4.
2-4
Figure 2-4
Stress-Rupture Characteristics of a Material Which Shows Two Unique Type of Failure
Mechanisms [7]
Quantifying an allowable crack size will depend on understanding the visco-elastic fracture
mechanics of HDPE material. Work is currently progressing on developing the fracture
mechanics methodology for HDPE Pipe. At the Vancouver ASME BPVC meeting in November
2010, work done by the Task Group on Flaw Evaluation for HDPE Pipe was presented on
developing KI, the Stress Intensity Factor. The next step in developing the fracture mechanics
methodology will be determining the crack growth rates for a given stress intensity or range of
stress intensity.
2.2.3 Fatigue
Fatigue failure is a strain controlled mechanism that traditionally results from alternating
displacement controlled loads. For above ground pipe the most common source of the alternating
displacement controlled loads is thermal expansion and contraction with startup and shutdown.
For above-ground metallic pipe, Markls work in the 1940s and 1950s is at the origin of the
current design analysis rules in ASME Section III and in ASME B31. The allowable stress range
is artificial in that the Markl tests were strain controlled and were then multiplied by a reference
modulus of elasticity. This is why B31.3 states the range of bending and torsional stresses shall
be computed using the reference modulus of elasticity at 21C (70F), except as provided in Para.
319.2.2(b)(4) [4]. Therefore, when metallic pipe is designed at creep temperatures, such as
1,200F, the modulus at 70F is used to calculate the stress range, even though an apparent
modulus could be calculated. This is because the most accurate comparison to an S-N curve
2-5
generated by using a reference modulus is to perform a piping evaluation at with the same
reference modulus. Table 2-1 references the ASME precedence for calculating the expansion
stress range.
Table 2-1
ASME Code References for Calculating Expansion Stresses
ASME Code
Para.
Method
Section III - Div 1 - NB
NB - 3672.5
calculate expansion stress with Eh and then multiply by Ec/Eh
Section III - Div 1 - NC
NC - 3672.6
Use Ec to calculate expansion stress
Section III - Div 1 - ND
ND - 3672.6
Use Ec to calculate expansion stress
Section VIII - Div 2
3.F.1.2
Calculate expansion stress with Et and then multiply by Efc/Eh
B31.3
319.4.4(a)
Use Ea to calculate expansion stress
Where:
EFC = modulus of elasticity used to establish the design fatigue curve
Et = modulus of elasticity of the material under evaluation at the average temperature of the
cycle
EC = modulus at room temperature
Eh = hot modulus
Ea = reference modulus of elasticity at 21C (70F)
EPRI is sponsoring a study that is investigating the fatigue life of 4710 material which includes a
butt fusion joint. This study follows the methods used by Markl and has completed its work on
PE4710, cell classification 445474C material. These findings show that the 1,100 psi limit found
in CC N-755 has approximately a factor of 2 on stress to failure for temperatures ranging from
70F to 140F [5, 6, 11], See Figure 3-1 of [11]. This factor is the same as for metallic pipe and
therefore provides support to the 1,100 psi limit. When a piping stress analysis is performed for
an above ground piping system the reference tensile modulus at 70F should be used for
comparison to the fatigue limit. Upcoming EPRI fatigue studies will be performed on a cell
classification 445574C that is compliant to the material requirements of the November 2010
draft revision 1 to Code Case N-755.
2.2.4 Creep-Fatigue Interaction
In metallic piping it is sometimes possible to focus only on fatigue as a failure mechanism. This
is not possible for HDPE above ground piping because creep occurs in conjunction with fatigue.
The mechanisms for creep failure and fatigue failure are different and therefore when both
mechanisms occur their interaction must be taken into consideration. For metals this interaction
is modeled by using Miners rule which is shown in the below equation [8]. This is explained in
Para 12.3.7.1 in the Companion Guide to ASME for Subsection NH.
2-6
t
n
+ D
D j
Td k
N
Where:
D = allowable creep-fatigue damage factor

(Nd)j = number of design allowable cycles of type, j.
(n)j = actual number of cycles of type, j
The factor D depends on how much fatigue damage and creep damage has been accumulated.
For instance for Type 304SS the damage interaction curve, taken from the Companion Guide is
plotted in Figure 2-5 [8]. This material, which demonstrates strong resistance to creep-fatigue
failure, has its focal point of the curve at Df = Dc = 0.3. This means that if 30% of the allowable
fatigue damage is accumulated with 30% of the allowable creep damage then the material has
reached its design life. If 0% of the allowable fatigue damage is accumulated then 100% of the
allowable creep damage may be accumulated. A metal like 9Cr-1Mo-V exhibits extremely poor
creep-fatigue interaction and has a focal point at 10% fatigue, 1% creep damage [8].
Figure 2-5
Damage Interaction Diagram for Type 304SS and 9Cr-1Mo-V
While HDPE creep and fatigue mechanisms are different than metal, it is likely that a creepfatigue interaction diagram, with an appropriate focal point, could be constructed from fatigue
2-7
tests performed over long time periods. Understanding how well or poor HDPE responds to
creep-fatigue interaction is required for establishing an allowable, D.
2.2.5 Burst or Balloon Failure
This failure mode is demonstrated in quick pressure burst tests. If a critical pressure is achieved
in the pipe, then the pipe continues to expand until it experiences a ductile burst. The margin on
this failure mode could be used as a basis for establishing a short term transient allowable.
However if the transient occurs over a long enough duration then its effect on the creep life
should be considered as described in the Creep-Rupture section.
2.3 Design
2.3.1 Pressure Design
HDPE Pipe can be specified as Iron Pipe Size (IPS) or Ductile Iron Pipe Size (DIPS) and as OD
or ID controlled. The industry classifies different thicknesses of a nominal pipe size by the
dimensional ratio. For OD-controlled pipe this term is DR, for ID-controlled pipe the term is
IDR. Pressure rating of pipe is typically quantified in the HDPE industry with the hydrostatic
design basis (HDB). The following equation can be used to calculate a required thickness of pipe
using the typical industry practice [1]. However, this equation should not be used in lieu of Code
requirements; it is merely representative of how vendors specify their pipe.
t min =
Do
2 * HBD * DF * FT
+ 1
PD
Where:
Do = OD-controlled pipe outside diameter, in
HDB = Hydrostatic Design Basis, psi
DF = design factor
FT = service temperature design factor, if elevated temperature HDB is not used
PDesign = design pressure
tmin = minimum thickness for pressure design, in
Once a minimum required thickness is calculated then an appropriate DR can be chosen. For
fittings, CC N-755 states that mitered elbows shall be one DR less than that of the connecting
pipe [2]. Therefore, the elbows will be thicker than the pipe.
2-8
2.3.2 Pipe Support

A preliminary support arrangement, before performing the stress analysis, may be established by
limiting the long-term deflection between supports to 1 inch, as recommend by Performance Pipe
Technical Note PP 815-TN. The corresponding support spacing is shown below [3].
LS = 4
384E/S y
5(w p + w f )
Where:
E = apparent modulus for the design life, psi
Ls = spacing between supports, in
Sy = yield stress, psi
Wp = Weight of Pipe per unit Length, lb/in
WF = Weight of Fluid per unit Length, lb/in
Pipe supports must be carefully designed in HDPE applications because of multiple issues
unique to HDPE piping. The first issue is that HDPE material is very soft and therefore it is easy
to damage the piping with rough surfaces or lack of a large enough support area to distribute the
load. Additionally, HDPE piping requires significantly more pipe supports than steel piping and
therefore the piping system could become over constrained for thermal expansion if not carefully
designed. Chapter 8 in the PE handbook has figures for typical support designs for HDPE piping
systems, as shown below.
2-9
Figure 2-6
Recommended Pipe Support Arrangement-1 [1]
Pipe Performance Technical Note PP 815-TN also provides some guidance for pipe support as
shown in the following figures.
2-10
Figure 2-7
Figure 2-8
The qualification of pipe supports should be performed in the same manner as if the pipe was
metallic, following the project-specific methods and criteria. The loads on the supports shall
consider a full load based on tensile modulus and also a reverse load that results from the
residual stress due to creep relaxation.
2.3.3 Thermal Flexibility
A reference for flexibility analysis of above-ground piping systems may be gleaned from ASME
B31.3 which contains a chapter on non-metallic piping. However, ASME B31.3-2008 broadly
states that if a system replicates a previous design or can be readily judged, then it is acceptable
[4]. If the HDPE piping system does not meet these criteria then B31.3 states the designer shall
demonstrate adequate flexibility[Para A319.4.2. 7]. Unfortunately, B31.3 provides no guidance
on what the appropriate allowable stress basis for the stress amplitude is, nor does it gives insight
into the appropriate stress intensification factors (SIFs).
Code Case N-755, which was developed for buried HDPE systems, provides more thorough
guidance for alternative thermal expansion or contraction evaluation [2]. This assumes a
limited number of cycles.
2-11
EPRI has sponsored significant work in the area of fatigue testing of HDPE and this section will
reference some of the key points for justifying the application of the Code Case N-755 stress
limit to above ground piping. Fatigue testing detailed in the Section 2.6 in the 2007 Technical
Update of project 1014902 suggested the 1,100 psi limit has a margin of 2 on fatigue capacity
[5]. It demonstrates this capacity for both the tests at 70F and 140F. The final report supports
this claim as shown in Figure 3-1 of [11].
A lot of work went into the EPRI sponsored tests and this report will attempt to summarize the
key points. The fatigue tests were performed following the practice from Markls work on metal.
A pipe under slight pressure was fixed at one end near a butt fusion joint and then the opposite
end of the pipe was displaced a fixed distance in both directions, with a mean displacement of
zero. The testing differs from Markls work in the conversion of the displacement range to stress.
Markl only used one modulus to convert all the displacement tests to a unified S-N curve. The
EPRI report used the stiffness from the first half cycle of each specimen to develop that
specimens stress [see 2.4.2 of 11]. This naturally results in the 160F and 140F tests having a
lower allowable stress range because the stiffness is lower, with the 50F and 70F tests having a
higher allowable stress range because the stiffness is higher. This report recommends analysis of
the strain-N data to see if it collapses when the modulus is simply ignored. Given the scatter in
fatigue tests, it is likely that it wouldnt collapse completely. The goal of having a collapsed
strain-N curve would be to produce a more uniform process of pipe analysis that would allow for
a pipe designer to only consider one modulus, which is the current practice of the ASME code.
In the case that the data doesnt collapse, then temperature effects would have to be included as
described in Section 3.7 of EPRIs fatigue report [11].
2.3.4 Seismic Design
For above ground piping, stress due to seismic events is primarily calculated using a response
spectrum analysis. This involves first calculating the natural frequencies of the piping system.
The natural frequencies depend on the elastic modulus and, because of the short duration of the
seismic event, the tensile modulus should be used. Once the accelerations are calculated using
the natural frequencies and response spectrum, then the problem becomes load-controlled and
therefore the modulus is no longer relevant for calculating stresses.
Testing is being done by EPRI to determine if the tensile modulus is different for the strain rates
experienced during seismic events. Work is also being done by EPRI to calculate the damping
values of HDPE. EPRI plans on using the log decrement method to determine damping from
cantilevered pipe vibration tests.
2.3.5 Consideration of Large Displacement Theory
In Appendix B, this report compares an analysis by the pipe stress software package Caesar II to
an analysis by the FEA software package Abaqus. This comparison was done to address the
possibility that codes which do not consider large displacement theory may not accurately
capture HDPE behavior. The comparison is made by studying the restraint forces because
comparing stresses would result in an erroneous comparison because Caesar II modifies the
2-12
stress output to meet Code rules. The Appendix shows almost uniform agreement for the thermal
expansion case; however the results differ for the seismic case, ~50% in some cases. It is
possible that not enough nodes were placed between the supports in the Caesar II model, as Figure
4-5 shows that convergence for seismic stresses depends on a sufficient number of nodes between
supports in Caesar II.
Additionally, it should be noted that under design conditions HDPE pipe may deflect less than
metallic pipe under design conditions. Metallic pipe systems can experience more thermal
expansion that HDPE pipe. This is because the allowable temperature range for metal far
exceeds that of HDPE, which makes up for the difference in the coefficient of thermal
expansion. Additionally, metal pipe can creep further than HDPE because the HDPE design
basis creep strain at 50 years is 3.1%. However metal pipe has no limitation under Section VIII
Division 1 & 2 and can creep up to 1% per 100,000 hours which can exceed the 3% creep strain.
Piping analysis has always been a more crude analysis compared to vessel design. However the
safety margins are sufficient enough that decades of experience with pipe that sometimes has
greater growth than HDPE under design conditions show advanced analysis is not required.
2-13
3
PROPOSED CODE CASE DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
-1000 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

-1100 SCOPE
(a) This Case contains rules for the construction of Class 2 and Class 3 polyethylene pressure
piping components at Design Temperatures not exceeding 140F (60C), and for maximum
Service Levels B, C or D temperatures not exceeding those for which allowable stresses are
provided in this Case. Use of these materials is permitted only for above ground plant service
and cooling water systems that are classified as Class 2 and 3.
(b) Terms relating to polyethylene as used in this Case are defined in -9000
-1200 QUALIFICATION OF SUPPLIERS
Not covered in this proposed Code Case.
-1300 OPEN ITEMS
This proposed code case only addresses the design requirements and will rely on the extensive
work done on Code Case N-755 for addressing the many requirements of manufacturing,
fabricating, qualifying and installing HDPE pipe systems.
To address the proposed failure mechanics in Chapter 2, this code case relies on a combination
of rules from Code Case N-755, new criteria, and also leaves some failure mechanisms as open
items. This code case refers to Code Case N-755 to protect against slow crack growth, creep
rupture, and burst (short-term) failure. The slow crack growth and creep rupture are addressed by
the long term allowable stress in Table 3131-1(a) and the limitation on allowable scratch depth
of article 2310 of [2]. This long term allowable stress is based on the Hydrostatic Design Basis
(HDB) which protects against both creep rupture and slow crack growth. The quick burst failure
is protected against by the short term allowable in 3131.2 and 3223.2, which come from Code
Case N-755.
This code case proposes a slightly different method than Code Case N-755 for addressing
fatigue. It is proposed that a reference modulus of elasticity be used for calculating stress ranges
resulting from secondary load cycles. For now, the allowable range is set to 1,100 psi with the
3-1
Proposed Code Case Design Requirements
stipulation that the number of design cycles shall not exceed 10,000. Ultimately it is proposed
that the qualification of fatigue cycles in the code case rely on an S-N curve generated from a
displacement controlled test -N curve multiplied by the reference modulus proposed in Para.
3311.
This proposed code case does not address creep-fatigue interaction; however it is possible to
demonstrate why it may not be a large concern for HDPE. Table 1 in PP 820-TN [13] shows that
the projected stress life intercept for 1,000 psi is 1010 years. This means that almost none of the
creep life for a pipe operating at 800 psi for 60 years will be consumed. Discussions with
industry experts seems to confirm that creep rupture is not a realistic failure mode and rather
slow crack growth is a more realistic long-term failure mechanism for pipe operating at the
allowable stress. So in Figure 2-5 if a HDPE condition was plotted after 60 years of service Dc
would be practically zero. However, this does not guarantee that there is no creep-fatigue
interaction. The only way to confirm this is to perform a step-wise fatigue tests (rather than saw
tooth) with long holds (10 minutes to an hour).
A final consideration for HDPE is whether or not the piping systems will deflect so greatly as
compared to steel design in the past that new analysis techniques are required. However, under
design conditions HDPE deflection is not very different from high temperature steel piping. For
one, the amount of creep strain accumulated from load controlled stresses within the allowable
after 50 years is only 3.1% (670/21,200 @ 100F). Additionally, while the thermal expansion
may be upwards of 10 times higher than steel, the maximum allowable temperature is far below
that of steel. The maximum realistic range allowed in this code case would be around 50F to
176F (for loads to 1 year) which is a range of 126F. Meanwhile metal piping in other industries
can be designed for thermal ranges of 50F to 1200F and greater, which is a range of 1,150F or
~10 times larger than a realistic range for HDPE pipe. So the thermal growths are quite
comparable. These high temperature metal piping systems have been designed quite successfully
for decades using the same rules proposed in this code case.
Additionally, enclosed in Appendix B is a check of Caesar II using Abaqus with large
displacement theory. Although the sample problem is fairly well restrained, the calculated
restraint forces due to thermal expansion were almost identical, while the seismic stresses were
under predicted in the Caesar model. This implies that more nodes should have been introduced
in the Caesar model to capture all the modes. However, it shows that fundamentally Caesar can
capture all the important affects that a large-scale FEA model would capture
-2000 MATERIALS
Materials will be referenced to the ASME Section II Code.
3-2
-3000 DESIGN
-3100 SCOPE
The design rules of this Section are limited to above ground polyethylene piping systems
constructed of straight pipe, three and five segment mitered elbows, fusion joints, and flanged
connections.
-3110 NOMENCLATURE
A = cross-sectional area of pipe, in2
B1 = stress index, Table-3223-1 [2]
B2 = stress index, Table-3223-1 [2]
c = corrosion allowance, in
D = outside diameter of pipe, in
Fa = axial force due to the specified Design applied mechanical loads, lb
FaC = axial force range due to thermal expansion or contraction
FaD = axial force due to the non repeated anchor motion, lb
FaE = axial force range due to the effects of seismic inertia, lb
i = stress intensification factor
k = factor from Table-3223-2 [2]
M = resultant bending moment due to the specified Design applied mechanical loads, in-lb
MC = resultant moment range due to thermal expansion or contraction, in-lb
MD = resultant moment due to the non repeated anchor motion, in-lb
ME = resultant moment due to the effects of seismic inertia, in-lb
PD = design pressure, psi
tdesign = design thickness, in
tmin = minimum thickness for pressure design, in
t = thickness of pipe, in
S = allowable stress, psi
Z = section modulus of pipe cross section
B
-3120 DESIGN LIFE

(a) The Design Specification shall specify the design life of the system, not to exceed 60 years.
(b) The duration of load shall be specified for each load case, and the PE pipe physical and
mechanical properties shall be based on the duration of load.
-3130 DESIGN AND SERVICE LOADING

Design loads shall be as defined in NC/ND-3112.1 through NC/ND-3112.3. Loads applied to PE
pipe shall be defined in the Design Specification, and shall include, as a minimum the following:
3-3
(a) Maximum and minimum internal design gage pressure PD, for pressure design in accordance
with -3131 and -3132.
(b) Maximum and minimum temperature T, for the selection of allowable stress and design for
temperature effects in accordance with -3300. The maximum Service Level A temperature shall
be the Design Temperature, TD.
(c) The stress limits for the loads resulting from the maximum flow velocity, v, shall be as
provided in -3131.2.
(d) Non-repeated anchor movements in accordance with 3420
(e) Seismic inertia for Seismic design in accordance with 3410
-3131 Pressure Design of Pipe

-3131.1 Minimum Required Wall Thickness
The minimum required wall thickness of straight sections of pipe for pressure design shall be
determined by the following:
t design = t min + c
t min =
PD D
(2S + PD )
-3131.2 Allowable Service Level Spikes Due to Transients Pressure

The sum of the maximum anticipated operating pressure plus the maximum anticipated Level B
pressure spikes due to transients shall be no greater than 1.5 times the piping system Design
Pressure, PD, (see -3131.1). The sum of the maximum anticipated operating pressure plus the
maximum anticipated Level C and D pressure spikes due to transients shall be no greater than 2
times the piping system Design Pressure (see -3131.1).
-3132 Pressure Design of Joints and Fittings

(a) Polyethylene pipe shall be joined using the butt fusion process. All connections to metallic
piping shall be flanged joints.
(b) Sustained pressure and pressure rating of polyethylene pipe fittings shall comply with the
specifications listed in Code Case N-755 Mandatory Appendix III [2]. The Design Pressure, PD,
for the fittings shall be greater than or equal to the Design Pressure of the attached pipe.
3-4
(c) Flanged connections shall include a metallic backup ring and shall provide a leak tight joint
up to and including the piping hydrostatic test pressure. In addition, the maximum surge pressure
per -3131.2 shall not cause permanent deformation of the pipe.
(d) Mitered elbows shall comply with the requirements of ND-3644, excluding ND-3644(b). In
place of ND-3644(e) butt fusion joints shall be used in accordance with this standard. In
addition, the mitered elbows shall be one dimension ratio (DR) lower than the DR of the attached
straight pipe.
-3223 Longitudinal Stress Design

-3223.1 Longitudinal Applied Mechanical Loads
Longitudinal stresses due to axial forces and bending moments resulting from applied
mechanical loads shall not exceed k x S.
Where
B1 x
F
PD xD
M
+ 2xB1 x a + B 2 x kxS
2xt
A
Z
-3223.2 Short Duration Longitudinal Applied Mechanical Loads

For the assessment of short duration loads (less than five minutes) the allowable stress, S, may be
replaced by one of the two following two alternatives
(a) 40% of the material tensile strength at yield
(b) The values in Table 3223-3
-3300 TEMPERATURE DESIGN

-3310 MINIMUM TEMPERATURE
The polyethylene material shall not be used at a temperature below the manufacturer limit, but in
no case shall the temperature be less than minus 50F.
-3311 Design for Expansion and Contraction

The stresses shall satisfy the following equation:
3-5
iM c FaC
+
1100psi
Z
A
For displacement controlled conditions, the effective loads shall be calculated using the reference
tensile modulus of elasticity from the fatigue tests that ultimately establish the allowable stress
range. However, for the time being it is recommended that the tensile modulus of elasticity at
70F be used, 110,000 psi.
-3400 SEISMIC DESIGN

-3410 SEISMIC INDUCED STRESSES
The stresses in the above ground PE piping system due to inertial seismic loading, or repeated
anchor motion, shall satisfy the following equation:
iM E FaE
+
1100psi
Z
A
Seismic inertial loadings shall be combined by square root sum of the squares. The calculation of
natural frequency depends on the modulus of elasticity; however the stresses resulting from the
inertial loading, which is based on the natural frequency, are independent of modulus. The
designer shall consider the strain rate effect on the modulus of elasticity. (Note to reviewers: this
is the subject of a current EPRI test program.)
-3420 NONREPEATED ANCHOR MOTIONS

The effects of any single non-repeated anchor movement shall meet the requirements of the
following equation:
iM D FaD
+
< 2S
Z
A
3-6

Table 3-1
Table -3131-1(a) Long Term Allowable Stress S for Polyethylene (psi)
Temperature
(F)
50
years
Temperature
(F)
50
years
Temperature
(F)
50
years
73
800
96
689
119
587
74
795
97
684
120
582
75
790
98
680
121
578
76
785
99
675
122
574
77
780
100
670
123
570
78
775
101
666
124
565
79
770
102
661
125
561
80
765
103
657
126
557
81
760
104
652
127
553
82
755
105
648
128
549
83
751
106
643
129
545
84
746
107
639
130
540
85
741
108
634
131
536
86
736
109
630
132
532
87
731
110
626
133
528
88
726
111
621
134
524
89
722
112
617
135
520
90
717
113
612
136
516
91
712
114
608
137
512
92
708
115
604
138
508
93
703
116
599
139
504
94
698
117
595
140
500
95
694
118
591
Table 3-2
Table 3223-1 Stress Indices B1 and B2
DR 7
DR 9
DR 11
DR 13.5
B1 Straight and Butt Fused Joint
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
B2 Straight and Butt Fused Joint
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
B1 Miter [Note (1)]
0.69
0.69
0.69
0.69
B2 Miter [Note (1)]
1.38
1.64
1.91
2.21
NOTE:
(1) Mitered elbows shall not exceed 22.5 (3) angle of change in direction at mitered joint
3-7

Table 3-3
Table 3223-2 Design and Service Level Longitudinal Stress Factors, k
Service Level
Design
1.0
1.0
1.1
1.33
1.33
Table 3-4
Table 3223-3 Short Duration (5 minutes) Allowable Longitudinal Tensile Stress Factors, k
Temp, F
70
100
120
140
176
S, psi
1200
940
770
630
400
Table 3-5
Table 3311.2-1 Stress Intensification Factor i
Fitting or Joint
Straight Pipe
1.0
Butt Fusion
1.0
Mitered Elbows
2.2
3-8
4
EXAMPLE HDPE PIPING SYSTEM ANALYSIS
4.1 System Description

The piping system is illustrated in Figure 4-1 and 4-2. It is HDPE 4710 pipe, and is 4 inch
nominal size. The system has a bypass line and a pressure relief valve. Butterfly valves are used
to isolate the bypass line and the main control valve which is a globe valve. The valves are
carbon steel, class 150, with weights and lengths shown in Table 4-1.
Figure 4-1
Caesar II Model Layout
4-1
Example HDPE Piping System Analysis
Figure 4-2
Nodal Layout of Caesar II Model
Table 4-1
Valve Weights and Dimensions
Valve
Nominal Size
Weight, lb
Length, in
Butterfly
20
2.12
Globe
110
4.2 Design Analysis Work Flow

Figure 4-3 details the analysis and qualification workflow that was followed for this example
problem.
4-2
Define Loading Conditions
Select Pipe Size by Pressure

Design
Develop Piping System

Stress Model
System Layout
Mechanical Properties
Physical Properties
Select a Preliminary Support

Arrangement
Run Stress Analysis
Qualify Stresses and Loads
Design Support Attachments

and Qualify Supports
Figure 4-3
Workflow for Analysis and Qualification
4.3 Loading Conditions

4.3.1 Design Life
The design life of the system is 60 years.
4.3.2 Design Pressure and Temperature
PD = 150 psi
TD = 100 F
4.3.3 Service Level Pressure and Temperature
PA_service = PB_service = PC_service = 150 psi
PD_service = 200 psi for 30 days maximum
TA_service = TB_service = TC_service = 100 F
TD_service = 140 F for 30 days maximum
4-3
4.3.4 Weights and Mechanical Loads

Pipe size = 4 nominal (4.5 OD)
Pipe Weight = 2.51 lb/ft
Fluid Weight = 4.25 lb/ft
Valve Weights are listed in Table 4-1.
There are no additional mechanical loads in this example problem.
4.3.5 Seismic Input
The seismic input response spectra are plotted in Figure 4-4. The seismic damping is 3% (Note to
reviewers: This is the subject of a current EPRI sponsored test program). The seismic input is 3
dimensional (North-South, East-West, vertical) with component vectors combined by SRSS. In
this example there was no seismic anchor motion, the end vessels are assumed to be rigid and
rigidly anchored.
Figure 4-4
Seismic Response Spectrum
4.4 Piping System Model

The system layout and the model geometry are based on the isometric, and are illustrated in
Figure 4-1.
4-4
4.4.1 Caesar Model

Caesar II v5.20 was used in this example to calculate the stresses due to sustained (deadweight)
loads, seismic loads and thermal expansion loads. The model is shown in Figure 4-1, with guide
restraints approximately every 4 feet or less. Appendix A contains the input echo of the Caesar II
v5.20 model.
Consideration was given to the mesh density of the model (number of nodes between each
restraint) for lumped mass programs. Figure 4-5 shows the convergence of stress due to inertial
loading for a simply supported beam. Based on this convergence study, three nodes were placed
in between every support.
Figure 4-5
Convergence of Seismic Stresses due to Increased Nodal Density
This example primarily follows Code Case N-755 which uses Section III code stress
calculations, therefore Class III Subsection ND was chosen as the code in Caesar II [14].
This code allows the use of user-defined stress indexes, B1 & B2, and SIFs.
4.4.2 Abaqus Models
The FEA software package Abaqus version 6.10-1 was used to check the CAESAR II results.
Initially, two models were made for the elbow shown in Figure B-1. The first model was a full
3D model and the second model used Abaqus beam elements which use beam theory based on
the pipes section properties. This elbow model tested the performance of the Abaqus beam
model which would be required for modeling the full system because a 3D analysis would have
been too computationally demanding. A full model of the piping system was made with Abaqus
beam elements after the elbow test demonstrated that the beam model would be conservative.
4-5
4.4.3 Load Cases

Four cases were run, for Service Levels A-C. One case was run for Service level D to check the
deflection due to sustained weight and another to calculate the stress results for the sustained,
thermal and seismic load cases. The apparent modulus from Table -3210-1(a) [2] was used for
the deflection check and the tensile modulus was used for the code stress calculations.
4.5 Mechanical Properties

The long term allowable stresses for PE4710 are 800 psi and 670 psi, for ambient and design
temperatures, respectively. These stresses are from Code Case N-755 Table -3210-3(a) and are
used for evaluating the long term applied loads to the piping system. The HDB, which comes
from the Plastic Pipe Institute listed material, is 1277 psi [2]. The HDB is used for initially sizing
the pipe, although the thickness it calculates was checked against -3131 in the proposed code
case.
The short term allowable stresses for PE4710 are 1200 psi and 940 psi, for ambient and design
temperatures, respectively. The stresses are from Code Case N-755, Table 3223-3 and are used
for evaluating any short duration ( 5 minutes) loads. These allowable stresses would be used for
evaluating transients; however this example does not contain any.
4.6 Physical Properties

4.6.1 Modulus of Elasticity
The modulus of elasticity for HDPE Pipe for PE4710 comes from Code Case N-755 Table 32101(a) [2]. The long-term apparent modulus is 29 ksi and 21.2 ksi for ambient and design
temperatures, respectively. The tensile modulus, are 110 ksi and 100 ksi for ambient and design
temperatures, respectively. The short term modulus is used for calculating the code stresses for
the different load cases and the long-term apparent modulus is used for calculating the deflection
of the piping system.
4.6.2 Poissons Ratio
Poissons ratio varies depending on whether the load is a short duration of long duration load.
Code Case N-755 states the value for Poissons ratio is either 0.35 (5 minutes duration) or 0.45
[3]. The same issues regarding the apparent modulus might apply here, however this was not
been investigated in this report.
4.6.3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion
The coefficient of thermal expansion used in this study was = 1.0E-4 in/in-F [6].
4-6
4.7 Preliminary Support Arrangement

In this example the Performance Pipe recommended spacing equation results in a support
spacing of 5.5 ft. However, the supports were placed on 4 horizontal spacing due to the layout
of the system. A hanger support was also added to the long vertical section. Guides were placed
at either end of the metal valves.
4.8 Results
The results for the sustained, thermal, seismic and deflection analyses for the design conditions
are shown in Table 4-2. This table shows that all the requirements are met for the design
conditions.
Table 4-2
CAESAR II Results for Design Conditions
Sustained
Thermal
Seismic
Long-term Deflection
Node
1018
230
510
1000
Check
Stress (psi)
Stress (psi)
Stress (psi)
Y-Displacement (in)
Value
366.3
900.9
567.6
0.0175
Allow
670
1100
1100
1
The results for the Service Level D analysis are shown in Table 4-3. In this case the design fails
to meet the thermal expansion criteria, but it meets all the other criteria.
Table 4-3
CAESAR II Results for Service Level D
Sustained
Thermal
Seismic
Long-term Deflection
Node
1018
230
510
1000
Check
Stress (psi)
Stress (psi)
Stress (psi)
Y-Displacement (in)
Value
477
2109.4
575.3
0.0175
Allow
500
1100
1100
1
4.9 Abaqus and CAESAR II Comparison

Appendix B details the Abaqus analysis that was used to check the CAESAR II results. As a first
step, a simple elbow was used to compare a full 3D analysis in Abaqus, a beam model in
Abaqus, and a CAESAR II analysis. This study showed that the CAESAR II model calculates
the highest elbow stiffness. This is because CAESAR II incorporates the Code flexibility factors
which are more conservative than the true elbow flexibility.
The full model analysis showed that for the thermal expansion case, the Abaqus beam model
calculates the same restraint reactions as the CAESAR II model, as shown in Table B-5.
However, Table 4-4 shows that the calculated displacements dont exactly line up. This could be
4-7
related to the elbow model in CAESAR II being stiffer so the pipe is more restrained. However,
the restraint reactions end up being the same because more force is exerted for a given
displacement.
Table 4-4
Comparison of Displacements due to Thermal Expansion
Displacement (in)
Node
620
330
230
120
4-8
Program
Abaqus
0.00
0.09
0.16
CAESAR
0.00
0.10
0.16
Abaqus
0.10
0.06
0.01
CAESAR
0.08
0.07
0.05
Abaqus
0.27
0.00
-0.30
CAESAR
0.14
0.00
-0.25
Abaqus
-0.41
0.00
0.00
CAESAR
-0.34
0.00
0.00
5
CONCLUSIONS
This report has presented a number of potential failure modes that may require attention for
above ground piping applications. Existing work addresses most of these failure modes, but more
work might need to be done to ensure that HDPE can be designed to protect against all failure
modes for above ground applications. This report also notes that in some cases there is not a
significant difference between HDPE and steel behavior, and that the method of analyses for
above ground applications can be similar. Therefore, the design analysis that includes all the
failure modes doesnt necessarily require starting from scratch, but rather it can borrow from
previous experience with metallic pipe in the creep regime.
The example problem contained in this report demonstrates that a lump mass analysis tool can
match the results from a more detailed FEA analysis. While the seismic load case did not match
exactly, a solution is presented that would work and the lack of a match is a demonstration of
why proper nodal density must be included in the lumped mass analysis package. The example
problem is a relatively small scale piping system so it might fully capture behavior that would
happen in something like a 40 length of pipe.
5-1
6
REFERENCES
1. PPI Handbook of Polyethylene Pipe. Plastics Pipe Institute, www.plasticpipe.org.
2. ASME Code Case N-755 Use of Polyethylene (PE) Plastic Pipe Section III, Division 1, and
Section XI. proposed revision 1 dated 9-02-2010.
3. Performance Pipe Technical Note PP-815-TN, Above Grade Pipe Supports, Chevron
Phillips Chemical Company LP, 2007.
4. ASME Code for Pressure Piping, B31, B31.3 Process Piping, 2008.
5. Fatigue and Capacity Testing of High Density Polyethylene Pipe and Pipe Components
Fabricated from PE4710. EPRI, Palo Alto, CA: 2007. 1015062.
6. Fatigue Testing of High-Density Polyethylene Pipe and Pipe Components Fabricated from
PE 4710 2008 Update. EPRI, Palo Alto, CA: 2008. 1016719.
7. Annual Book of ASTM Standards-2004, Section 8 Plastics Volume 08.04 Plastic Pipe and
Building Products. 2004 ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.
8. Companion Guide to the ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code - Criteria and commentary
on Select Aspects of the Boiler & Pressure Vessel and Piping Codes Second Edition. Volume
1. 2006 by ASME, New York, NY.
9. 2010 ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code Section II Part D Properties (Customary).
2010 by ASME, New York, NY.
10. Ifwarson M, Leijstrm H. Results and Experiences Obtained by Studsvik from Long-Term
Pressure Tests on Plastic Pipes for Validation of Miners Rule. Studsvik Polymer AB,
www.studsvik.se/polymer.
11. Stress Intensification and Flexibility Factors of High Density Polyethylene Pipe Fittings:
Volume 1: Testing Results. EPRI, Palo Alto, CA: 2010. 1020439, V1.
12. ASTM D2837 - 08 Standard Test Method for Obtaining Hydrostatic Design Basis for
Thermoplastic Pipe Materials or Pressure Design Basis for Thermoplastic Pipe Products,
West Conshohocken, PA.
13. Performance Pipe Technical Note PP-820-TN, Design Factor for HDPE Pipe, Chevron
Phillips Chemical Company LP, 2007.
14. Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code, Section III, Division 1, Nuclear Components, American
Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York, NY.
6-1
A
PIPE STRESS ANALYSIS (CAESAR II) INPUT
LISTING OF STATIC LOAD CASES FOR THIS ANALYSIS

1 (OPE) W+T1+P1
2 (SUS) W+P1
3 (EXP) L3=L1-L2
Job Description:
PROJECT:
CLIENT :
ANALYST:
NOTES :
PIPE DATA
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------A-1
Pipe Stress Analysis (Caesar II) Input
From 10 To 20 DY= 1.000 ft.

PIPE
Dia= 4.500 in. Wall= .484 in. Insul= .000 in. Mill%(-)= .00
GENERAL
T1= 100 F P1= 150.0000 lb./sq.in. Mat= (454)PE 4710 ST
E= 110,000 lb./sq.in. EH1= 100,000 lb./sq.in. EH2= 110,000 lb./sq.in.
EH3= 110,000 lb./sq.in. EH4= 110,000 lb./sq.in. EH5= 110,000 lb./sq.in.
EH9= 110,000 lb./sq.in. v = .350 Density= .0343 lb./cu.in.
Fluid= .0361100 lb./cu.in.
RESTRAINTS
Node 10 ANC
ALLOWABLE STRESSES
ASME ND (2007)
Sc= 800 lb./sq.in. Sh1= 627 lb./sq.in.
Sh2= 800 lb./sq.in. Sh3= 800 lb./sq.in. Sh4= 800 lb./sq.in.

Sh8= 800 lb./sq.in. Sh9= 800 lb./sq.in.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------From 20 To 30 DY= 1.000 ft.
ALLOWABLE STRESSES
ASME ND (2007)

A-2

----------------------------------------------------------------------------From 30 To 40 DY= 1.000 ft.
ALLOWABLE STRESSES
ASME ND (2007)

----------------------------------------------------------------------------From 40 To 50 DY= 1.000 ft.
PIPE
Dia= 4.500 in. Wall= .484 in. Insul= .000 in.
GENERAL
Mat= (454)PE 4710 ST E= 110,000 lb./sq.in. EH1= 100,000 lb./sq.in.
EH8= 110,000 lb./sq.in. EH9= 110,000 lb./sq.in. v = .350
Density= .0343 lb./cu.in.
BEND at "TO" end
Radius= 6.000 in. (LONG) Bend Angle= 90.000 Angle/Node @1= 45.00 49
Angle/Node @2= .00 48 Miters= 4 Ftg Thk= .616 in.
SIF's & TEE's
Node 50 <No Type Specified> Sif(in)= 2.200 B1= .690 B2= 1.640
A-3
Meets 3673.2b-2, Notes 10,11 = ON Ferric Mat, Note 3673.2b-1.3 = OFF

ALLOWABLE STRESSES
ASME ND (2007)

----------------------------------------------------------------------------From 50 To 60 DX= -.562 ft.
PIPE
----------------------------------------------------------------------------From 60 To 70 DX= -1.146 ft.
RESTRAINTS
Node 60 Y
Node 60 Z
----------------------------------------------------------------------------From 70 To 80 DX= -1.146 ft.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------From 80 To 90 DX= -1.146 ft.
RESTRAINTS
Node 90 Z
Node 90 Y
----------------------------------------------------------------------------A-4
From 90 To 100 DX= -1.146 ft.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------From 100 To 110 DX= -1.146 ft.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------From 110 To 120 DX= -1.146 ft.
RESTRAINTS
Node 120 Y
Node 120 Z
----------------------------------------------------------------------------From 120 To 130 DX= -.562 ft.
PIPE
BEND at "TO" end
SIF's & TEE's
----------------------------------------------------------------------------From 130 To 140 DY= -1.000 ft.
PIPE
----------------------------------------------------------------------------A-5
From 140 To 150 DY= -1.000 ft.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------From 150 To 160 DY= -1.000 ft.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------From 160 To 170 DY= -1.000 ft.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------From 170 To 180 DY= -1.000 ft.
RESTRAINTS
Node 180 X
Node 180 Y
Node 180 Z
----------------------------------------------------------------------------From 180 To 190 DY= -1.000 ft.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------From 190 To 200 DY= -1.000 ft.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------From 200 To 210 DY= -1.000 ft.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------From 210 To 220 DY= -1.000 ft.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------From 220 To 230 DY= -1.000 ft.
PIPE
A-6
BEND at "TO" end

RESTRAINTS
Node 230 Y
SIF's & TEE's
----------------------------------------------------------------------------From 230 To 240 DZ= 1.000 ft.
PIPE
----------------------------------------------------------------------------From 240 To 250 DZ= .500 ft.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------From 250 To 260 DZ= .500 ft.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------From 260 To 270 DZ= .500 ft.
RESTRAINTS
Node 270 X
Node 270 Y
----------------------------------------------------------------------------From 270 To 280 DZ= 1.000 ft.
A-7
SIF's & TEE's

Node 280 Reinforced Tee Sif(in)= 1.000 B1= .500 B2= 1.000
----------------------------------------------------------------------------From 280 To 290 DZ= 1.000 ft.
RESTRAINTS
Node 290 X
Node 290 Y
----------------------------------------------------------------------------From 290 To 300 DZ= .500 ft.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------From 300 To 310 DZ= .500 ft.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------From 310 To 320 DZ= .500 ft.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------From 320 To 330 DZ= 1.000 ft.
PIPE
BEND at "TO" end
RESTRAINTS
Node 328 Y
A-8
SIF's & TEE's

----------------------------------------------------------------------------From 330 To 340 DY= -1.000 ft.
PIPE
----------------------------------------------------------------------------From 340 To 350 DY= -1.000 ft.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------From 350 To 360 DY= -1.000 ft.
RESTRAINTS
Node 360 X
Node 360 Y
Node 360 Z
----------------------------------------------------------------------------From 360 To 370 DY= -1.000 ft.
SIF's & TEE's
----------------------------------------------------------------------------From 370 To 380 DY= -1.000 ft.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------A-9
From 380 To 390 DY= -.823 ft.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------From 390 To 400 DY= -.177 ft.
RIGID Weight= 22.00 lb.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------From 400 To 410 DY= -2.000 ft.
PIPE
BEND at "TO" end
RESTRAINTS
Node 420 Z
Node 420 Y
SIF's & TEE's
----------------------------------------------------------------------------From 410 To 420 DX= 1.000 ft.
PIPE
----------------------------------------------------------------------------From 420 To 430 DX= 1.000 ft.
A-10
----------------------------------------------------------------------------From 430 To 440 DX= 1.000 ft.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------From 440 To 450 DX= 1.000 ft.
RESTRAINTS
Node 450 Z
Node 450 Y
----------------------------------------------------------------------------From 450 To 460 DX= .625 ft.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------From 460 To 470 DX= .750 ft.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------From 470 To 480 DX= .625 ft.
RESTRAINTS
Node 480 Z
Node 480 Y
----------------------------------------------------------------------------From 480 To 490 DX= 1.000 ft.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------From 490 To 500 DX= 2.000 ft.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------From 500 To 510 DX= 1.000 ft.
A-11
PIPE
BEND at "TO" end
RESTRAINTS
Node 500 Z
Node 500 Y
SIF's & TEE's
----------------------------------------------------------------------------From 510 To 520 DY= 2.000 ft.
PIPE
----------------------------------------------------------------------------From 520 To 530 DY= .177 ft.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------From 530 To 540 DY= .823 ft.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------From 540 To 550 DY= 1.000 ft.
SIF's & TEE's
A-12
----------------------------------------------------------------------------From 550 To 560 DY= 1.000 ft.
RESTRAINTS
Node 560 Y
Node 560 X
Node 560 Z
----------------------------------------------------------------------------From 560 To 570 DY= 1.000 ft.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------From 570 To 580 DY= 1.000 ft.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------From 580 To 590 DY= 1.000 ft.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------From 590 To 600 DY= 1.000 ft.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------From 600 To 610 DY= 1.000 ft.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------From 610 To 620 DY= 1.000 ft.
BEND at "TO" end
A-13
SIF's & TEE's

----------------------------------------------------------------------------From 620 To 630 DZ= -1.000 ft.
RESTRAINTS
Node 630 X
Node 630 Y
----------------------------------------------------------------------------From 630 To 640 DZ= -1.000 ft.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------From 640 To 650 DZ= -1.000 ft.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------From 650 To 660 DZ= -.500 ft.
SIF's & TEE's
Node 660 Reinforced Tee
Meets 3673.2b-2, Notes 10,11 = ON
Ferric Mat, Note 3673.2b-1.3 = OFF

----------------------------------------------------------------------------From 660 To 670 DZ= -.500 ft.
RESTRAINTS
Node 670 Y
Node 670 X
----------------------------------------------------------------------------A-14
From 670 To 680 DZ= -1.000 ft.

RESTRAINTS
Node 680 ANC
----------------------------------------------------------------------------From 370 To 1000 DZ= 1.823 ft.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------From 1000 To 1010 DZ= .177 ft.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------From 1010 To 1020 DZ= 1.000 ft.
BEND at "TO" end
SIF's & TEE's
----------------------------------------------------------------------------From 1020 To 1030 DX= 1.000 ft.
RESTRAINTS
Node 1020 Y
----------------------------------------------------------------------------From 1030 To 1040 DX= 1.000 ft.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------A-15
From 1040 To 1050 DX= 1.000 ft.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------From 1050 To 1060 DX= 1.000 ft.
RESTRAINTS
Node 1060 Z
Node 1060 Y
----------------------------------------------------------------------------From 1060 To 1070 DX= 1.000 ft.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------From 1070 To 1080 DX= 1.000 ft.
RESTRAINTS
Node 1080 Z
Node 1080 Y
----------------------------------------------------------------------------From 1080 To 1090 DX= 1.000 ft.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------From 1090 To 1100 DX= 1.000 ft.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------From 1100 To 1110 DX= 1.000 ft.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------From 1110 To 1120 DX= 1.000 ft.
BEND at "TO" end
A-16

RESTRAINTS
Node 1118 Y
SIF's & TEE's
----------------------------------------------------------------------------From 1120 To 1130 DZ= -1.000 ft.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------From 1130 To 1140 DZ= -.177 ft.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------From 1140 To 550 DZ= -1.823 ft.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------From 280 To 2010 DY= 1.000 ft.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------From 2010 To 2020 DY= .177 ft.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------From 2020 To 2030 DY= .823 ft.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------From 2030 To 2040 DY= 1.000 ft.
BEND at "TO" end
A-17
SIF's & TEE's
----------------------------------------------------------------------------From 2040 To 2050 DX= 1.000 ft.
RESTRAINTS
Node 2050 Y
----------------------------------------------------------------------------From 2050 To 2060 DX= 1.000 ft.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------From 2060 To 2070 DX= 1.000 ft.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------From 2070 To 2080 DX= 1.000 ft.
RESTRAINTS
Node 2080 Z
Node 2080 Y
----------------------------------------------------------------------------From 2080 To 2090 DX= 1.000 ft.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------From 2090 To 2100 DX= 1.000 ft.
RESTRAINTS
A-18
Node 2100 Z
Node 2100 Y
----------------------------------------------------------------------------From 2100 To 2110 DX= 1.000 ft.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------From 2110 To 2120 DX= 1.000 ft.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------From 2120 To 2130 DX= 1.000 ft.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------From 2130 To 660 DX= 1.000 ft.
MATERIAL Changes:
10
20
Mat= (454)PE 4710 ST E= 110,000 lb./sq.in.

v = .350 Density= .0343 lb./cu.in.
40
50
Mat= (454)PE 4710 ST E= 110,000 lb./sq.in.

v = .350 Density= .0343 lb./cu.in.
JOBNAME: L:\PROJECTS\18000'S\18208\CALC\18208-HDPE-SYSTEM V2
ALLOWABLE STRESS Changes

10
20
ASME ND (2007)
Sc= 800 lb./sq.in.

A-19

Sh9= 800 lb./sq.in.
20
30
ASME ND (2007)
Sc= 800 lb./sq.in.

Sh9= 800 lb./sq.in.
30
40
ASME ND (2007)
Sc= 800 lb./sq.in.

Sh9= 800 lb./sq.in.
40
50
ASME ND (2007)
Sc= 800 lb./sq.in.

Sh9= 800 lb./sq.in.
A-20
BEND ELEMENTS
40
50
Radius= 6.000 in. (LONG)

Bend Angle= 90.000 Angle/Node @1= 45.00 49
Angle/Node @2= .00 48 Miters= 4
Ftg Thk= .616 in.
120
130

Bend Angle= 90.000 Angle/Node @1= 45.00
129 Angle/Node @2= .00 128 Miters= 4
Ftg Thk= .616 in.
220
230

Ftg Thk= .616 in.
320
330

Ftg Thk= .616 in.
400
410

Ftg Thk= .616 in.
A-21
500
510

Ftg Thk= .616 in.
610
620

Ftg Thk= .616 in.
1010
1020

Ftg Thk= .616 in.
1110
1120

Ftg Thk= .616 in.
2030
2040

Ftg Thk= .616 in.
A-22
RIGIDS
390
400
460
470
520
530
1000
1010
1130
1140
2010
2020
SIF's & TEE's

40
50
Node 50 <No Type Specified>

Sif(in)= 2.200 B1= .690 B2= 1.640
Meets 3673.2b-2, Notes 10,11 = ON
120
130

Sif(in)= 2.200 B1= .690 B2= 1.640
Meets 3673.2b-2, Notes 10,11 = ON
220
230

Sif(in)= 2.200 B1= .690 B2= 1.640
Meets 3673.2b-2, Notes 10,11 = ON
A-23
270
280
Node 280 Reinforced Tee Sif(in)= 1.000

B1= .500 B2= 1.000
Meets 3673.2b-2, Notes 10,11 = ON
320
330

Sif(in)= 2.200 B1= .690 B2= 1.640
Meets 3673.2b-2, Notes 10,11 = ON
360
370

B1= .500 B2= 1.000
Meets 3673.2b-2, Notes 10,11 = ON
400
410

Sif(in)= 2.200 B1= .690 B2= 1.640
Meets 3673.2b-2, Notes 10,11 = ON
500
510

Sif(in)= 2.200 B1= .690 B2= 1.640
Meets 3673.2b-2, Notes 10,11 = ON
540
550

B1= .500 B2= 1.000
Meets 3673.2b-2, Notes 10,11 = ON
A-24

610
620

Sif(in)= 2.200 B1= .690 B2= 1.640
Meets 3673.2b-2, Notes 10,11 = ON
650
660
Node 660 Reinforced Tee

Meets 3673.2b-2, Notes 10,11 = ON
1010
1020

Sif(in)= 2.200 B1= .690 B2= 1.640
Meets 3673.2b-2, Notes 10,11 = ON
1110
1120

Sif(in)= 2.200 B1= .690 B2= 1.640
Meets 3673.2b-2, Notes 10,11 = ON
2030
2040

Sif(in)= 2.200 B1= .690 B2= 1.640
Meets 3673.2b-2, Notes 10,11 = ON
RESTRAINTS
Len
GAP
YIELD
MU
Dir
A-25
NODE TYPE
CNODE
STIF1
STIF2
FORCE
Vectors
-------+-------+------+----------+----------+----------+--------------------10 ANC
.000 .000 .000
60 Y
.000 1.000 .000
60 Z
.000 .000 1.000
90 Z
.000 .000 1.000
90 Y
.000 1.000 .000
120 Y
.000 1.000 .000
120 Z
.000 .000 1.000
180 X
1.000 .000 .000
180 Y
.000 1.000 .000
180 Z
.000 .000 1.000
230 Y
.000 1.000 .000
270 X
1.000 .000 .000
270 Y
.000 1.000 .000
290 X
1.000 .000 .000
290 Y
.000 1.000 .000
328 Y
.000 1.000 .000
360 X
1.000 .000 .000
360 Y
.000 1.000 .000
360 Z
.000 .000 1.000
420 Z
.000 .000 1.000
420 Y
.000 1.000 .000
A-26
450 Z
.000 .000 1.000
450 Y
.000 1.000 .000
480 Z
.000 .000 1.000
480 Y
.000 1.000 .000
500 Z
.000 .000 1.000
500 Y
.000 1.000 .000
560 Y
.000 1.000 .000
560 X
1.000 .000 .000
560 Z
.000 .000 1.000
630 X
1.000 .000 .000
630 Y
.000 1.000 .000
670 Y
.000 1.000 .000
670 X
1.000 .000 .000
680 ANC
.000 .000 .000
1020 Y
.000 1.000 .000
1060 Z
.000 .000 1.000
1060 Y
.000 1.000 .000
1080 Z
.000 .000 1.000
1080 Y
.000 1.000 .000
1118 Y
.000 1.000 .000
2050 Y
.000 1.000 .000
2080 Z
.000 .000 1.000
2080 Y
.000 1.000 .000

A-27
2100 Z
.000 .000 1.000
2100 Y
.000 1.000 .000
INPUT UNITS USED...
UNITS= ENGLISH NOM/SCH INPUT= ON

LENGTH
FORCE
inches
1.000 = in.
pounds
1.000 = lb.
MASS(dynamics)
pounds
MOMENTS(INPUT)
psig
1.000 = F
1.000 = lb./sq.in.
ELASTIC MODULUS lbs./sq.in. x

PIPE DENSITY
lbs./cu.in. x
TRANSL. STIF
lbs./cu.in. x
lbs./in.
G LOAD
WIND LOAD
A-28
g's
lb./in.
x
1.000 = lb./cu.in.
1.000 = lb./cu.in.
1.000 = lb./in.
ROTATIONAL STIF in.lb./deg. x

UNIFORM LOAD
1.000 = lb./sq.in.
1.000 = lb./cu.in.
INSULATION DENS. lbs./cu.in. x

FLUID DENSITY
0.083 = ft.lb.
1.000 = lb./sq.in.
degrees F. x
PRESSURE
1.000 = in.lb.
inch-pounds x
lbs./sq.in. x
TEMP. SCALE
1.000 = lbm
inch-pounds x
MOMENTS(OUTPUT)
STRESS
1.000 = in.lb./deg
1.000 = lb./in.
1.000 = g's
lbs./sq.in. x 144.000 = lb./sq.ft.
ELEVATION
inches
0.083 = ft.
COMPOUND LENGTH inches

DIAMETER
inches
WALL THICKNESS
0.083 = ft.
1.000 = in.
inches
1.000 = in.
SETUP FILE PARAMETERS

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------CONNECT GEOMETRY THRU CNODES =
MIN ALLOWED BEND ANGLE =
YES
5.00000
MAX ALLOWED BEND ANGLE =
95.0000
BEND LENGTH ATTACHMENT PERCENT =

MIN ANGLE TO ADJACENT BEND PT =
LOOP CLOSURE TOLERANCE =
5.00000
1.00000
THERMAL BOWING HORZ TOLERANCE =

AUTO NODE NUMBER INCREMENT=
Z AXIS UP=
in.
0.100000E-03
10.0000
NO
USE PRESSURE STIFFENING =
YES
ALPHA TOLERANCE =
0.500000E-01
RESLD-FORCE =
NO
HGR DEF RESWGT STIF =
0.100000E+13 lb./in.
DECOMP SNG TOL =
0.100000E+11
BEND AXIAL SHAPE =
YES
FRICT STIF =
1.00000
0.100000E+07 lb./in.
A-29
FRICT NORM FORCE VAR =
0.150000
FRICT ANGLE VAR =
15.0000
FRICT SLIDE MULT =
1.00000
ROD TOLERANCE =
1.00000
ROD INC =
2.00000
INCORE NUMERICAL CHECK =
NO
OUTCORE NUMERICAL CHECK =
NO
DEFAULT TRANS RESTRAINT STIFF=
0.100000E+13
DEFAULT ROT RESTRAINT STIFF=
lb./in.
0.100000E+13 in.lb./deg
IGNORE SPRING HANGER STIFFNESS = NO

MISSING MASS ZPA =
EXTRACTED
MIN WALL MILL TOLERANCE =

WRC-107 VERSION =
12.5000
MAR 79 1B1/2B1
WRC-107 INTERPOLATION =
LAST VALUE
DEFAULT AMBIENT TEMPERATURE=

BOURDON PRESSURE=
70.0000
NONE
COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION (MU) =

INCLUDE SPRG STIF IN HGR OPE =
0.000000
NO
INCLUDE INSULATION IN HYDROTEST = NO

REDUCED INTERSECTION =
USE WRC329
B31.1(POST1980)
NO
NO REDUCED SIF FOR RFT AND WLT

B31.1 REDUCED Z FIX =
A-30
YES
NO
CLASS 1 BRANCH FLEX
NO
ALL STRESS CASES CORRODED =
NO
ADD TORSION IN SL STRESS =

ADD F/A IN STRESS =
DEFAULT
DEFAULT
OCCASIONAL LOAD FACTOR =

DEFAULT CODE =
0.000000
B31.3
B31.3 SUS CASE SIF FACTOR =

ALLOW USERS BEND SIF =
1.00000
YES
USE SCHNEIDER
NO
YIELD CRITERION STRESS =

USE PD/4T
MAX 3D SHEAR
NO
BASE HOOP STRESS ON ? =
ID
EN13480 USE IN OUTPLANE SIFS=
NO
LIBERAL EXPANSION ALLOWABLE=

B31.3 SEC 319.2.3C SAXIAL=
YES
NO
B31.3 WELDING/CONTOUR TEE ISB16.9 NO

PRESSURE VARIATION IN EXP CASE= DEFAULT
IMPLEMENT B313 APP-P
NO
IMPLEMENT B313 CODE CASE 178

IGNORE B31.3 Wc FACTOR=
USE FRP SIF =
NO
NO
YES
USE FRP FLEX =

BS 7159 Pressure Stiffening=
YES
Design Strain
A-31
FRP Property Data File=
CAESAR.FRP
FRP Emod (axial) =
0.320000E+07 lb./sq.in.
FRP Ratio Gmod/Emod (axial) =
0.250000
FRP Ea/Eh*Vh/a =
0.152730
FRP Laminate Type =
THREE
FRP Alpha =
12.0000
FRP Density =
0.600000E-01 lb./cu.in.
EXCLUDE f2 FROM UKOOA BENDING = NO
EXECUTION CONTROL PARAMETERS
Rigid/ExpJt Print Flag .....
1.000
Bourdon Option .............
.000
Loop Closure Flag ..........
.000
Thermal Bowing Delta Temp ..
.000 F
Liberal Allowable Flag .....
1.000
Uniform Load Option ........
.000
Ambient Temperature ........ 70.000 F

Plastic (FRP) Alpha ........ 12.000
Plastic (FRP) GMOD/EMODa ...
Plastic (FRP) Laminate Type.
A-32
.250
3.000
Eqn Optimizer ..............
.000
Node Selection .............
.000
Eqn Ordering ...............
.000
Collins ....................
.000
Degree Determination .......

User Eqn Control ...........
.000
.000
COORDINATE REPORT
/--------------------(in.)----------------------/
NODE
10
.0000
.0000
.0000
20
.0000
12.0000
.0000
30
.0000
24.0000
.0000
40
.0000
36.0000
.0000
50
.0000
48.0000
.0000
60
-6.7500
48.0000
.0000
70
-20.5000
48.0000
.0000
80
-34.2500
48.0000
.0000
90
-48.0000
48.0000
.0000
100
-61.7500
48.0000
.0000
110
-75.5000
48.0000
.0000
120
-89.2500
48.0000
.0000
130
-96.0000
48.0000
.0000
A-33
140
-96.0000
36.0000
.0000
150
-96.0000
24.0000
.0000
160
-96.0000
12.0000
.0000
170
-96.0000
.0000
180
-96.0000
-12.0000
.0000
190
-96.0000
-24.0000
.0000
200
-96.0000
-36.0000
.0000
210
-96.0000
-48.0000
.0000
220
-96.0000
-60.0000
.0000
230
-96.0000
-72.0000
.0000
240
-96.0000
-72.0000
12.0000
250
-96.0000
-72.0000
18.0000
260
-96.0000
-72.0000
24.0000
270
-96.0000
-72.0000
30.0000
280
-96.0000
-72.0000
42.0000
290
-96.0000
-72.0000
54.0000
300
-96.0000
-72.0000
60.0000
310
-96.0000
-72.0000
66.0000
320
-96.0000
-72.0000
72.0000
330
-96.0000
-72.0000
84.0000
340
-96.0000
-84.0000
84.0000
350
-96.0000
-96.0000
84.0000
360
-96.0000
-108.0000
84.0000
A-34
.0000
370
-96.0000
-120.0000
84.0000
380
-96.0000
-132.0000
84.0000
390
-96.0000
-141.8800
84.0000
400
-96.0000
-144.0000
84.0000
410
-96.0000
-168.0000
84.0000
420
-84.0000
-168.0000
84.0000
430
-72.0000
-168.0000
84.0000
440
-60.0000
-168.0000
84.0000
450
-48.0000
-168.0000
84.0000
460
-40.5000
-168.0000
84.0000
470
-31.5000
-168.0000
84.0000
480
-24.0000
-168.0000
84.0000
490
-12.0000
-168.0000
84.0000
500
12.0000
-168.0000
84.0000
510
24.0000
-168.0000
84.0000
520
24.0000
-144.0000
84.0000
530
24.0000
-141.8800
84.0000
540
24.0000
-132.0000
84.0000
550
24.0000
-120.0000
84.0000
560
24.0000
-108.0000
84.0000
570
24.0000
-96.0000
84.0000
580
24.0000
-84.0000
84.0000
590
24.0000
-72.0000
84.0000
A-35
600
24.0000
-60.0000
84.0000
610
24.0000
-48.0000
84.0000
620
24.0000
-36.0000
84.0000
630
24.0000
-36.0000
72.0000
640
24.0000
-36.0000
60.0000
650
24.0000
-36.0000
48.0000
660
24.0000
-36.0000
42.0000
670
24.0000
-36.0000
36.0000
680
24.0000
-36.0000
24.0000
370
-96.0000
-120.0000
84.0000
1000
-96.0000
-120.0000
105.8800
1010
-96.0000
-120.0000
108.0000
1020
-96.0000
-120.0000
120.0000
1030
-84.0000
-120.0000
120.0000
1040
-72.0000
-120.0000
120.0000
1050
-60.0000
-120.0000
120.0000
1060
-48.0000
-120.0000
120.0000
1070
-36.0000
-120.0000
120.0000
1080
-24.0000
-120.0000
120.0000
1090
-12.0000
-120.0000
120.0000
1100
.0000
1110
12.0000
-120.0000
120.0000
1120
24.0000
-120.0000
120.0000
A-36
-120.0000
120.0000
1130
24.0000
-120.0000
108.0000
1140
24.0000
-120.0000
105.8800
1140
24.0000
-120.0000
105.8800
550
24.0000
-120.0000
84.0000
280
-96.0000
-72.0000
42.0000
2010
-96.0000
-60.0000
42.0000
2020
-96.0000
-57.8800
42.0000
2030
-96.0000
-48.0000
42.0000
2040
-96.0000
-36.0000
42.0000
2050
-84.0000
-36.0000
42.0000
2060
-72.0000
-36.0000
42.0000
2070
-60.0000
-36.0000
42.0000
2080
-48.0000
-36.0000
42.0000
2090
-36.0000
-36.0000
42.0000
2100
-24.0000
-36.0000
42.0000
2110
-12.0000
-36.0000
42.0000
2120
.0000
2130
12.0000
-36.0000
42.0000
2130
12.0000
-36.0000
42.0000
-36.0000
42.0000
A-37
B
FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS USING ABAQUS
The purpose of this appendix is to compare results obtained using a standard pipe stress code
(CAESAR II 5.20) to those obtained using a finite element code (Abaqus) for system response to
sustained loads, thermal loads, and seismic loads, and considering large displacement effects.
One concern was that a lumped mass system cant accurately track the deflections and loads in a
HDPE system. A second concern was that the small displacement theory assumed in standard
piping codes may not accurately determine system response for a material with a low modulus of
elasticity and high coefficient of thermal expansion, potentially leading to large displacements.
Abaqus v6.10-1 was the Finite Element Analysis (FEA) program used to check CAESAR II. The
material properties were the same as presented in Chapter 4.
Before the entire piping arrangement in Chapter 4 was analyzed, a simplified example was first
used to check the general differences of CAESAR II, an Abaqus 3-D model, and an Abaqus
beam model. This simplified model uses the same pipe specification as Chapter 4 and is an
L-shaped pipe arrangement that is 48 x 48 long, with a 6 radius elbow. The elbow is 0.616
thick, while the pipe itself is 0.484 thick, per the requirements in the proposed code case in
Chapter 3.
B-1
Finite Element Analysis Using Abaqus
Figure B-1
Layout of Simplified Pipe Section
The results for +/- 4" vertical displacement at the top right node are listed in Table B-1. These
results show that the Abaqus Beam and CAESAR analyses are more conservative than the full
Abaqus 3D analysis.
Table B-1
Force versus Displacement
Force (lb)
Disp (in)
Abaqus 3D
Abaqus Beam
CAESAR
-4
-31.9
-34.6
-35
33.7
36.5
35
A 30F temperature change was then applied to the model with both ends fixed. Table B-2 shows
that once again the Abaqus 3D model predicts the lowest restraint reactions. CAESAR II
predicted a reaction force between the Abaqus 3-D analysis and the Abaqus beam analysis.
B-2
Table B-2
Reaction Forces due to 30F Temperature Increase
Y - Force (lb)
X - Force (lb)
19
19
Abaqus Beam
20.2262
20.2262
Abaqus 3D
18.3592
18.3592
CAESAR
The preliminary tests presented have shown that CAESAR II is consistent with a FEA analysis
using beam theory and more conservative than a full 3-D model with respect to elbow flexibility.
The next step was to analyze the full piping system presented in Chapter 4 using the Abaqus
beam element. Pressure design was not studied with Abaqus because it would have required a
full 3-D analysis. The analysis covered gravity, thermal, and seismic loadings. The thermal
analysis was performed using the tensile modulus at 70F, the seismic load was calculated using
the tensile modulus at design temperature, and the long term deflection was calculated using the
long term apparent modulus at design temperature.
Reaction forces at the restraints was chosen as a comparison method because CAESAR II
manipulates the stresses per ASME Code rules. Therefore the stress output from Abaqus would
not have matched the CAESAR II stress output. The position and label of all the restraints is
shown in Figure B-2. The Abaqus beam model is shown in Figure B-3.
B-3
Figure B-2
Restraint Layout
B-4
Figure B-3
Abaqus Model
The results for the gravity case are shown in Table B-3. There is a difference shown for Guides
G-8 through G-11. This difference is due to the fact that the valve is modeled as a rigid element
in CAESAR II, but not in the Abaqus beam model. Therefore, Abaqus is predicting a bending
force in that section of the pipe which increases the load on G-9 and G-10 and decreases the load
on G-8 and G-11.
B-5

Table B-3
Results for Gravity
Gravity
Y-Force (lb)
X-Axis
Guides
Abaqus
Node
Caesar
Node
G-1
34
G-2
Abaqus
CAESAR
60
23
22
33
90
24
24
G-3
32
120
24
24
G-6
43
1060
17
17
G-7
42
1080
17
17
G-8
16
420
12
17
G-9
15
450
76
74
G-10
13
480
76
74
G-11
12
500
12
17
G-14
48
2080
11
11
G-15
38
2100
25
25
G-4
26
270
33
31
G-5
24
290
32
32
G-12
630
24
24
G-13
670
31
31
A-1
37
10
17
17
A-2
680
-4
-4
Z-Axis Guides
Anchors
Vertical Section Supports

VS-1
29
180
52
53
VS-2
21
360
96
93
VS-3
560
111
108
Y-1
27
230
14
10
Y-2
23
328
Y-3
44
1020
36
36
Y-4
41
1118
36
36
Y-5
49
2050
29
29
Y-Support
The results for the thermal expansion case are shown in Table B-4. The agreement between
Abaqus and CAESAR is excellent for this particular case. While both programs might handle the
relatively large scale deflection due to thermal expansion differently, it appears the results end up
being the same.
B-6

Table B-4
Results for Thermal Expansion
Thermal
Y-Force (lb)
Abaqus
CAESAR
G-1
-500
-510
G-2
122
121
G-3
-615
-618
G-6
G-7
G-8
255
260
X-Axis Guides
G-9
-43
-47
G-10
-43
-47
G-11
254
260
G-14
28
31
G-15
-8
-8
G-4
-45
-67
G-5
267
249
G-12
-284
-286
G-13
111
112
A-1
442
452
A-2
-53
-54
VS-1
-111
-133
VS-2
327
312
VS-3
10
Y-1
747
793
Y-2
-655
-636
Y-3
Y-4
Y-5
-209
-200
Z-Axis Guides
Anchors
Vertical Section Supports
Y-Support
The results for the seismic case are shown in Table B-5. CAESAR II underpredicted the forces
resulting from the seismic case detailed in Chapter 4. Based on Figure 4-5 it seems that more
nodes should have been placed in the CAESAR analysis. This is something that designers should
be aware of when using any lumped mass analysis program. The natural frequencies calculated
by Abaqus and CAESAR II are shown in Table B-6.
B-7

Table B-5
Results for Seismic Analysis
Seismic
X-Force (lb)
Caesar
Z-Force (lb)
Abaqus
Caesar
Abaqus
Caesar
G-1
218
165
G-2
10
G-3
87
65
23
11
G-6
43
41
92
59
G-7
41
41
88
58
G-8
207
204
47
24
X-Axis Guides
Abaqus
Y-Force (lb)
G-9
13
14
35
25
G-10
13
14
39
24
G-11
206
204
39
18
G-14
82
52
G-15
54
34
Z-Axis Guides
G-4
164
65
30
13
G-5
159
86
39
10
G-12
44
33
27
10
G-13
66
29
A-1
74
10
222
167
22
10
23
11
47
30
147
99
34
26
VS-2
177
139
439
281
125
74
VS-3
137
111
203
203
78
35
Y-1
79
60
Y-2
304
198
Y-3
46
24
Y-4
32
20
Y-5
19
Anchors
A-2
Vertical Section
Supports
VS-1
Y-Support
B-8
Table B-6
Natural Frequencies
Abaqus
CAESAR
Mode
frequency
Mode
frequency
1.43499
1.906
3.12814
3.549
3.42907
4.304
3.47339
4.423
5.44691
8.422
8.41883
9.836
8.84009
10.351
9.33047
10.83
9.58568
11.329
10
10.0486
10
11.737
11
11.9803
11
15.279
12
14.4327
12
15.85
13
15.2776
13
16.531
14
15.5904
14
17.036
15
15.7669
15
20.055
16
19.2821
16
22.038
17
20.0373
17
22.923
18
20.1901
18
23.722
19
20.5438
19
24.084
20
21.2177
20
24.272
21
21.514
21
25.137
22
22.2086
22
25.282
23
22.6629
23
26.459
24
22.9386
24
27.146
25
23.6985
25
28.179
26
24.2744
26
28.405
27
24.7447
27
28.985
28
25.8307
28
31.151
29
26.273
29
31.54
30
27.7447
30
32.574
31
28.2473
31
32.836
32
29.7155
32
34.148
33
31.5729
34
32.4389
35
32.6791
B-9
A plot of the long term deflection due to gravity calculated by the Abaqus beam model is shown
in Figure B-4. This shows a maximum deflection of 0.1, which is greater than the 0.0175
calculated by CAESAR. It is possible that enough nodes were not placed inbetween the valves
and the supports. Additionally, the valves were modeled as point masses in Abaqus on flexible
pipe, whereas in CAESAR they were modeled as rigid elements. Therefore the Abaqus model
overpredicts the weight because it includes a section of pipe where the valve rests, and it also
overpedicts the valves flexibility. An more precise comparison can be performed with a single
beam model.
Figure B-4
Long Term Deflection (in) Calculated by Abaqus
B-10
Export Control Restrictions
The Electric Power Research Institute Inc., (EPRI, www.epri.com)
Access to and use of EPRI Intellectual Property is granted with the spe-
conducts research and development relating to the generation, delivery
cific understanding and requirement that responsibility for ensuring full
and use of electricity for the benefit of the public. An independent,
compliance with all applicable U.S. and foreign export laws and regu-
nonprofit organization, EPRI brings together its scientists and engineers
lations is being undertaken by you and your company. This includes
as well as experts from academia and industry to help address challenges
an obligation to ensure that any individual receiving access hereunder
in electricity, including reliability, efficiency, health, safety and the
who is not a U.S. citizen or permanent U.S. resident is permitted access
environment. EPRI also provides technology, policy and economic
under applicable U.S. and foreign export laws and regulations. In the
analyses to drive long-range research and development planning, and
event you are uncertain whether you or your company may lawfully
supports research in emerging technologies. EPRIs members represent
obtain access to this EPRI Intellectual Property, you acknowledge that it
more than 90 percent of the electricity generated and delivered in the
is your obligation to consult with your companys legal counsel to deter-
United States, and international participation extends to 40 countries.
mine whether this access is lawful. Although EPRI may make available
EPRIs principal offices and laboratories are located in Palo Alto, Calif.;
on a case-by-case basis an informal assessment of the applicable U.S.
Charlotte, N.C.; Knoxville, Tenn.; and Lenox, Mass.
export classification for specific EPRI Intellectual Property, you and your
company acknowledge that this assessment is solely for informational
Together...Shaping the Future of Electricity
purposes and not for reliance purposes. You and your company acknowledge that it is still the obligation of you and your company to make
your own assessment of the applicable U.S. export classification and
ensure compliance accordingly. You and your company understand and
acknowledge your obligations to make a prompt report to EPRI and the
appropriate authorities regarding any access to or use of EPRI Intellectual Property hereunder that may be in violation of applicable U.S. or
foreign export laws or regulations.
Program:
Nuclear Power
2010 Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), Inc. All rights reserved. Electric Power
Research Institute, EPRI, and TOGETHER...SHAPING THE FUTURE OF ELECTRICITY are
registered service marks of the Electric Power Research Institute, Inc.
1021094
Electric Power Research Institute

3420 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, California 94304-1338PO Box 10412, Palo Alto, California 94303-0813 USA
800.313.3774650.855.2121askepri@epri.comwww.epri.com

Ag Hdpe Stress Analysis

Diunggah oleh

Informasi Dokumen

Hak Cipta

Format Tersedia

Bagikan dokumen Ini

Bagikan atau Tanam Dokumen

Opsi Berbagi

Apakah menurut Anda dokumen ini bermanfaat?

Apakah konten ini tidak pantas?

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

Ag Hdpe Stress Analysis

Diunggah oleh

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

Evaluation of Design Methods for Above Ground

High Density Polyethylene Pipe

2010 TECHNICAL REPORT

Evaluation of Design Methods for

Final Report, December 2010

EPRI Project Manager

This document does NOT meet the requirements of

ELECTRIC POWER RESEARCH INSTITUTE

DISCLAIMER OF WARRANTIES AND LIMITATION OF LIABILITIES

THE TECHNICAL CONTENTS OF THIS DOCUMENT WERE NOT PREPARED IN ACCORDANCE

This report describes research sponsored by EPRI.

-3120 DESIGN LIFE..............................................................................................................3-3

4.8 Results ............................................................................................................................4-7

2.1 Material Properties

2.2 Failure Mechanisms

Design and Engineering of HDPE Piping Systems

(t)k = actual time at stress level, k

Design and Engineering of HDPE Piping Systems

Design and Engineering of HDPE Piping Systems

Design and Engineering of HDPE Piping Systems

Design and Engineering of HDPE Piping Systems

Section III - Div 1 - NB

calculate expansion stress with Eh and then multiply by Ec/Eh

Section III - Div 1 - NC

Use Ec to calculate expansion stress

Section III - Div 1 - ND

Use Ec to calculate expansion stress

Section VIII - Div 2

Calculate expansion stress with Et and then multiply by Efc/Eh

Use Ea to calculate expansion stress

Design and Engineering of HDPE Piping Systems

D = allowable creep-fatigue damage factor

Design and Engineering of HDPE Piping Systems

Design and Engineering of HDPE Piping Systems

2.3.2 Pipe Support

Design and Engineering of HDPE Piping Systems

Design and Engineering of HDPE Piping Systems

Design and Engineering of HDPE Piping Systems

Design and Engineering of HDPE Piping Systems

-1000 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

Proposed Code Case Design Requirements

Proposed Code Case Design Requirements

-3120 DESIGN LIFE

-3130 DESIGN AND SERVICE LOADING

Proposed Code Case Design Requirements

-3131 Pressure Design of Pipe

-3131.2 Allowable Service Level Spikes Due to Transients Pressure

-3132 Pressure Design of Joints and Fittings

Proposed Code Case Design Requirements

-3223 Longitudinal Stress Design

-3223.2 Short Duration Longitudinal Applied Mechanical Loads

-3300 TEMPERATURE DESIGN

-3311 Design for Expansion and Contraction

Proposed Code Case Design Requirements

-3400 SEISMIC DESIGN

-3420 NONREPEATED ANCHOR MOTIONS

Proposed Code Case Design Requirements

B1 Straight and Butt Fused Joint

B2 Straight and Butt Fused Joint

B1 Miter [Note (1)]

B2 Miter [Note (1)]

Proposed Code Case Design Requirements

4.1 System Description

Example HDPE Piping System Analysis