EG55F2/G2

Formulae handout
EG55F2/G2: PIPELINE AND SOIL MECHANICS
FORMULAE HANDOUT

1. Maximum stresses in a thick-walled pipe with end caps and subject to internal
pressure Pi and external pressure Po

r = Pi ;

Do2 + Di2

(Pi Po );
2

z =

Do2 Di

Pi Di2 Po Do2
Do2 Di2

2. von Mises equivalent stress, e, (in cylindrical polar coordinates)

1/ 2

e = ( r )2 + ( z )2 + ( z r )2 + 3 r2 + 3 rz2 + 3 z2
2

3. Equivalent plastic strain

ep =

2 p
2p
3 1

) + (
2

p
2

3p

) + (
2

p
3

1/ 2

2
1p

where superscript p denotes plastic, and 1, 2 and 3 are the principal strains
4. Hills anisotropic yield criterion
2
1
1
z 1 + 2 2

SH SR

z + 1 + 1 z2
2

S H2
S HL

1/ 2

= YL

Y
Y
Y
where S R = R ; S H = H ; S HL = HL ; YL is the yield stress in the longitudinal
YL
YL
YL
direction; YH is the yield stress in the hoop direction; YR is the yield stress in the
radial direction; and YHL is the shear yield stress in the hoop-longitudinal plane.

5. Plastic stress versus strain relation (Deformation theory)

1p =

ep
1 21 ( 2 + 3 )
e

2p =

ep
2 21 ( 1 + 3 )
e

3p =

ep
3 21 ( 1 + 2 )
e

where superscript p denotes plastic, and 1, 2 and 3 are the principal strains

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EG55F2/G2

Formulae handout

6. Effective longitudinal force for a fully restrained pipe

Feff =

Pi Do
As E. . As .T . Pi Ai
2t

where Ai in the internal cross-sectional area of the pipe and As is the cross-sectional
area of the pipes wall.

7. Upheaval buckling criterion

F ( w , L ) = 0
Feff

where w =
is
the
imperfection
download
coefficient,

=
L
L
EI
2
H .Feff

is the is the imperfection length coefficient

W .EI

0.1

W 0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
0

10

15

20

8. Uplift resistance for buried pipeline

H
Wuplift = Wrock .H rock .Do 1+ f rock
Do

where the uplift coefficient f = 0.7 for rock and 0.5 for sand.

9. Design factors (BS PD8010)

Hoop stress design factor, fh = 0.72
Equivalent stress design factor, fe = 0.96

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EG55F2/G2

Formulae handout

10. Resistance and material factors (DNV)

Safety Class
Medium
1.138
2.5
1.15
0.96

Low
1.046
2.0
1.15
0.96

Safety class resistance factor, sc

Strain resistance factor,
Material resistance factor, m
Material strength factor, u

High
1.306
3.3
1.15
0.96

11. Elastic buckling external pressure

Pec =

2E t

1 2 Do

12. Plastic collapse pressure

Pc
P 2
P D

1 c2 1 = f o c . o

Py t
Pec
Py

where fo is the ovality parameter, and Py is the yield external overpressure

1
1
Pc = 2 + 2
P

y Pec
Py = Y

0.5

for perfectly circular pipe

2t
Do

13. Burst pressure

Pb =

2.Y 2t
.
.
3 Do t

14. Fully plastic bending moment

M p = (Do t )2 tY
15. Collapse bending moment Mc and collapse bending strain bc

M c = M p 1 0.0024 o ;
t

bc

t
= 15
Do

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EG55F2/G2

Formulae handout

16. Propagation buckle pressure

t
P pr = 35 Y
Do

t
P pr = 10.7 Y
Do

2.5

DNV

2.25

PD8010

17. Strain-based design criterion for external overpressure

bc

0. 8

sc m Pd
Pc

DNV

d Pd
PD8010
+
1
bc Pc
where d is the design compressive (bending and longitudinal) strain and Pd is the
design external overpressure.

18. Load-based design criterion for external overpressure

M
m sc d
Mc

m sc .S d
+

SY

2 2

P
+ m sc d

Pc

DNV

where Pd, Md, and Sd are the design external overpressure, design bending moment,
and design effective longitudinal force respectively; SY is the yield longitudinal
force.
19. Load-based design criterion for internal overpressure
M
m sc d
Mp

m sc .S d
+

SY

2 2

P
+ m sc d
P

DNV

where Pd, Md, and Sd are the design internal overpressure, design bending moment,
and design effective longitudinal force respectively; SY is the yield longitudinal
force and Pb is the burst pressure.

20. Kellogs equation

Peff = Pd +

4F

4M

G 3

where M is the bending moment, F is the tensile force, G is the mean gasket
diameter, Pd is the system design pressure, and Peff is the equivalent flange pressure.

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EG55F2/G2

21.

Formulae handout

Maximum Strain in Reeled Pipeline

Do
=
2 Rdrum + Do

22. Soil Unit Weight

Dry unit weight of soil: d =

Gs w
.
1+ e

Bulk Unit weight of soil: bulk =

(Gs + e ) w
1+ e

23. Plasticity (soil mechanics):

I P = wL wP ;

IL =

w wP
;
wL w P

A=

IP
(%clay )

where Ip is the plasticity index; IL is the liquid index; wL is the liquid limit; wP is the
plastic limit; w is the water content of the soil; and A is the activity.
24. Specific Volume of Soil

Gs 1

1
w
where w water content of the soil; Gs specific gravity of the soil; w unit
weight of water; - unit weight of the soil.

v = 1 + wG s ;

v=

25. Morisons equations

a. Steady flow
1
Fx = C D u 2 AP ; - drag force.
2

Fy =

1
C L u 2 AP ;
2

- lift force

b. Unsteady flow
1
Fx = C D u u AP + C M Vu& ; - drag + inertia force
2
1
Fy = C L u 2 AP ; - lift force
2
where:
- density of water; Fx - horizontal force per unit length of pipeline;
Fy - vertical force per unit length of pipeline; CD, CM, CL drag, inertia and lift
coefficients (hydrodynamic coefficients); u velocity of water normal to the pipe
axis; AP projected area

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EG55F2/G2

Formulae handout

26. Pipeline embedment

Initial penetration due to submerged weight

Q = Bqu + ' A
where:
submerged unit weight of the soil displaced; su - undrained shear strength;
A cross section area of penetrated part of pipe; qu - the bearing pressure;
B width of the pipe at the submerged level

qu = 0.5 ' BN - for sand

qu = N c s u - for clay
Nc = 5.14

Additional penetration due to pipe motion in sand

For clay

For sand

F
z
= 1.1 z
Dsu
D max

su

0.54

a

D

0.17

Fz E a 0.5
z

=
0
.
28

D 2 ' D 3 D
D max

0.31

where:
z penetration; D pipeline diameter; su - undrained shear strength;
Fz vertical load per unit length of soil; a amplitude of horizontal movement
E work required to overcome passive soil resistance

27. Anode mass for cathodic protection

8760 Ae f b ic
M anode =
ia u fa
Where Ae is external surface area of the pipeline; fb is the coating breakdown factor;
ic is design current density, ia is the anode current density and ufa is the anode
utilisation factor

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