FaultLocating

PRESENTED BY
ERIK SCHELLENBERG
I DA H O POW E R

Topics

Impedance Based
Reactance Method
Takagi Method
Modifications to Takagi Method
TWS & DoubleEnded Negative Sequence

OneLine
EquivalentTheveninSources
Bus
Line
RelaywithCT&CCVT

RadialLine
Applyafaultmdistancedownaradialline

misapercentage oftheline.Forexampleifthefaultis

25%fromBusSthen(1m)yields75%,foratotalline
impedance,ZL ,of100%

V/I=mZL (sometimes)
UsingohmslawthefaultlocatoratScancalculatethe

impedance,(mZL),thatthevoltageVisbeingdroppedacross
forthreephaseboltedfaults.

V/ICalculation
TheequivalentcircuitwithrespecttoBusSclearlyshowsthat

themeasuredvoltageVisbeingdroppedacrosstheportionof
thetransmissionlinetothefaultpoint.

(m)ZL =V/I(Ohms)
(V/I)
m=
ZL

(%)

FaultLocation=m(LineLength)(miles)

V/I&FaultResistance

Assume the fault has some resistance, R and the transmission

line is purely inductive.

SimplifiedV/IwithsomeR

VLINE

Vs =VLINE+VF

LetIs =100A,XL =10,&RF =5

VLINE =100(1090)=10090V
VF =100 (50)=500V
Vs =VLINE +VF =11263V
Distance=VS/IS=1163
mZLDistance

XL

Distance
Is
RF

VF

V/ILimitations

Usingohmslawdirectlyasfaultlocatorisimpracticalfor

avarietyofreasons.Someoftheseinclude:
Onlyworksonthreephasefaults
Onlyworksonradiallines
Onlyworksonboltedfaults
ImpactedbyLoad

SimpleReactanceMethod

Transmissionslineimpedance,Z,istypicallydominated

bythereactivecomponent,X.
Faultimpedanceistypicallydominatedbytheresistive

component,R.

FaultResistance&ReactanceMethod

Letslookattheradialexamplewithfaultresistanceagain.

Theforwardvoltagedropmeasuredbythefaultlocatoris

Vs =mZL(Is)+Is(RF)

MinimizetheEffectofRFusingReactance

DividebythemeasuredcurrentIs

Retainonlytheimaginarycomponentofeachquantity

ReactanceMethodwithRemoteSource
Nolongeristhesystemradial

ThecurrentflowingthroughRF isnowthesumofthelocal

source,Is,andtheremotesource,IR

SameReactanceTechnique:NowwithIR
Writetheforwardvoltagedropequation,

DividebyIs tocalculateameasuredImpedance,

Taketheimaginarycomponentofeachtermto
mitigatefaultresistance,

HomogenousSystem&Reactance
IfyouhaveahomogenoussystemthenbothIS andIR willhavethe

sameangleandtheimaginarypartof(If/Is)Rf iszero.

IR
Is

If=IS+IR

NonHomogenousSystem&Reactance
IS andIR willnothavethesameangleandtheimaginarypartof

(If/Is)Rf willshowupinthefaultlocationcalculationasanerror
term.
lf
lS
lR

SimpleReactanceSummary
Thesimplereactancemethodwasanimprovementover

thestraightOhmsLawcalculationbutitstillhassome
drawbacks:
ImpactedbyLoad
Nonhomogenoussystemsintroduceerrorinfaultresistanceterm

TakagiMethod
In1979ToshioTakagiandYukinari Yamakoshi filedfora

U.S.Patentforanewsingleendedfaultlocatingmethod.
In1982Takagi,etal.delivertheirpaper.
T.Takagi,Y.Yamakoshi,M.Yamaura,R.Kondow,T.Matsushima,
DevelopmentofaNewTypeFaultLocatorUsingtheOneTerminal
VoltageandCurrentData,IEEETransactionsonPowerApparatus
andSystems,Vol.PAS101,No.8,August1982.

Superposition
ThekeytotheTakagimethodistheideaofsuperposition

CompositeFaultNetwork

+
Load

PureFaultNetwork

TakagiLocal&RemoteCurrent

CompositeFaultNetwork

Voltageequationforthelefthandside

PureFaultNetwork

Voltageequationfortherighthandside

BothequationsequalVF.SettheLeftsideequaltotherightside

NoFaultCurrentinLoadCircuit
If =If becausethereisnofaultbranchcurrentinthepureloadstate

CompositeFaultNetwork

+
Load

PureFaultNetwork

TakagiFaultCurrent

Plug into IF equation

From the previous slide we
calculated IR in terms of IS

ForwardVoltageDrop&Takagi

Fromthepreviousfaultlocationalgorithms
wedevelopedtheforwardvoltagedrop
equationwithrespecttofaultlocator:

=
+

Pluginournewequationforthefaultbranch
current,If:

PauseforError

Ifthereisloadflowonthe
system willbenonzerobutif
themagnitudeoffaultdutyis
muchgreaterthanload,the
angle willapproachzero.

willbezeroifthe
numeratoranddenominator
havethesamephaseangle,
(homogeneoussystem)

TakagiDistance

Ifwe:
MultiplybythecomplexconjugateofIs,
Taketheimaginarypartoftheequationtoeliminatefaultresistance,
Assumethesystemistotallyhomogeneous,andfinally
Solveform

Wewillgetthefollowingequation:

Zero&NegativeSequenceTakagi
TheTakagicanusethezerosequencetermforgroundfaults,
eliminatingtheneedforprefaultdata

Thenegativesequencecanalsobeused

MutualCoupling
Thereismagneticcouplingbetweenphasesonacurrent

carryingtransmissionline,Zm.

MutualCoupling
Applyaboltedfaultsomelengthmdowntheline.
Avoltageisinducedineachphasethroughthemutual
coupling.HereZm iswrittenexplicitlyasZab andZac.

VoltageEquation
Theforwardvoltagedropequationforthefaultedphaseis

Adding&Subtractingthesamequantity
0

Gathering terms

VoltageEquationContd

RecognizethatIa+Ib+Ic istheresidualorzerosequencecurrent

Zm isadifficultquantitytohandledirectly.Throughtheuseof
SymmetricalComponenttheoryitcanbeshownthat:

SolvingforZs intheZL0 equationandpluggingthisintotheZL1 equation

yieldsaZm thatisequalto:

Va andthemysteriousk
Va is now expressed in terms of positive and zero sequence line parameters
which can be loaded into a relay as settings

Factor out mZL1, (the distance to the fault)

Define k to make the equation prettier

ModifiedTakagi

Once again take the imaginary component of both sides and solve for mZL1

TwoTerminalMethods
Moreaccuratethansingleendedmethods
Minimizes/Eliminateseffectsof
FaultResistance
Loading
LineChargingCurrent

Moreoverhead.Datamustbegatheredorsharedfrom

multiplelocations

TravelingWave
Afaultwillcauseatransienttopropagatealongtheline

asawave
Thewaveisacompositeoffrequencieswithafastrising
frontandslowerdecayingtail
Thewavestravelatnearthespeedoflightandeventually
decay
Bytimetaggingthewavefrontsastheycrossboth
terminalsaveryprecisefaultlocationcanbecalculated

WavePropagation
Thewavesleavethedisturbedareatravelingatthe

velocityofpropagationwhichisalittlelessthanthe
speedoflight

NegativeSequenceQuadratic
In1999Demetrios A.Tziouvaras,JeffRoberts,andGabriel

Benmouyal ofSELintroducedanewdoubleended
techniquethatusesthenegativesequencequantities
frombothterminalstofaultlocate.
D.A.Tziouvaras,J.B.Roberts,G.Benmouyal,NewMultiEndedFault

LocationDesignForTwo orThreeTerminalLines,presentedat
CIGREConference,1999,http://www.selinc.com/techpprs/6089.pdf.

DoubleEndedNegativeSequence

Byusingthenegativesequencemethodologyproposed

bySELthefollowingsourcesoferroraremitigated:
Prefault load
Zerosequencemutualcoupling
Zerosequenceinfeedfromlinetaps
FaultResistance

References

T.Takagi,Y.Yamakoshi,M.Yamaura,R.Kondow,andT.Matsushima,DevelopmentofaNewTypeFaultLocatorUsingtheOne
TerminalVoltageandCurrentData,IEEETransactionsonPowerApparatusandSystems,Vol.PAS101,No.8,August1982.
W.A.Elmore,ZeroSequenceMutualEffectsonGroundDistanceRelaysandFaultLocators,Proceedingsofthe19thAnnualWestern
ProtectiveRelayConference,Spokane,WA,October1992.
E.O.SchweitzerIII,EvaluationandDevelopmentofTransmissionLineFaultLocatingTechniquesWhichUseSinusoidalSteadyState
Information,Proceedingsofthe9thAnnualWesternProtectiveRelayConference,Spokane,WA,October1982.
K.Zimmerman,andD.Costello,ImpedanceBasedFaultLocationExperience,Proceedings of the 31st WesternProtectiveRelay
Conference,Spokane,WA,October2004.
J.Glover,MSarma,andT.Overbye,PowerSystemAnalysisandDesign,GlobalEngineering,2008.
W.Stevenson,andJ.Grainger,PowerSystemAnalysis,McGrawHillSeriesinElectricalandComputerEngineering,1994
HewlettPackard,TravelingWaveFaultLocationinPowerTransmissionSystems,ApplicationNote1285