2013 Final Exam Study Guide Canadian Geography 1202

OVERVIEW OF COURSE:
https://www.k12pl.nl.ca/curriculum/10-12/social-studies/can-geog-1202/program-overview.html
UNIT 1 Natural and Human Systems
UNIT 2 Human Population Issues in Canadian Geography
UNIT 3 Economic Issues in Canadian Geography
UNIT 4 Global Issues in Canadian Geography
REVIEW OF SYSTEMS THINKING
WHAT LACK OF SYSTEMS THINKING IS?
It is not infrequent when you will find people giving more importance and attention to the 'parts'
that they alone are concerned with, while not realizing that their 'part' is indeed a part of a larger
system. See cartoon below. The perils of failing to adopt a 'systems view' in this case are
obvious. The boat will sink, inevitably.

What is Systems Thinking? (Read text page 69)

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Systems Thinking is the belief that the different parts that make up a system can best be
understood by looking at them in relation to each other and to other systems, rather than in
isolation. SYSTEMS THINKING HELPS US UNDERSTAND HOW NATURAL AND
HUMAN SYSTEMS INTERRELATE AND INFLUENCE EACH OTHER

UNIT 1 NATURAL AND HUMAN SYSTEMS

TERMS

FOCUS YOUR
STUDIES ON YOUR
TEXT ENCOUNTER
CANADA

Natural Systems
BLAH

QUESTIONS/UNDERSTANDING

Identify and describe each natural system?

TEXT PAGES 46-57

Biosphere

Using a specific example, explain how

natural systems interact with one another?
Given a natural event, describe its
impact on
all natural systems?

Lithosphere
Atmosphere

For example how has Hurricane

Sandy (2012) impacted natural
systems?

Hydrosphere

NATURAL SYSTEMS INTERACT WITH

ONE ANOTHER AND ARE
INTERDEPENDENT.

Human Systems
CITEE

Identify and describe each human system?

TEXT PAGES 58-63

Communication
Infrastructure

TEXT PAGES 370-381

HUMANS HAVE DEVELOPED SYSTEMS

TO MEET OUR NEEDS AND WANTS.

Transportation
Energy
Economic

System Thinking
Sustainable
Climate
Vegetation
Water
Soil
Ecological Foot Print

TEXT PAGES 64-75

TEXT PAGES 76-99

SYSTEMS
THINKING HELPS
US UNDERSTAND
HOW NATURAL AND
HUMAN SYSTEMS
INTERRELATE AND
INFLUENCE EACH
OTHER.

How does human activity influence

natural systems?
How can humans meet their needs
and wants in a sustainable way?
Identify and describe the interactions
between human and natural systems?
Identify and describe the causes and
consequences of interactions
between human and natural systems?
What influence would a particular
action have on natural systems?
What influence would the same
action have on humans systems?

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Explain how systems

thinking may be used
to understand
interactions between
natural systems and
human systems?

PART ONE UNIT 2 HUMAN POPULATION ISSSUES IN CANADIAN GEOGRAPHY

Ecozones

TEXT ENCOUNTER
CANADA
TEXT PAGES 100-109

Natural Features (land

forms, water forms,
climate, soil,
vegetation, wildlife)

CANADA CONTAINS MANY DIVERSE

ECOZONES.
Ecozones are multi-factor regions and can be
described in terms of natural features and
sometimes include human features.

Human Features
(infrastructure)

Ecozones are a function of varied interactions

among factors such as climate, soil, vegetation
and water

Ecosystems

Ecozones vary in terms of biodiversity; and

contain a variety of ecosystems and have
boundaries and transitional areas.

Transition Zone

Terrestrial

UNDERSTANDINGS/NOTES/QUESTIONS

TEXT PAGES 110-153

Marine

Canada contains 20 ecozones:

(15 terrestrial and 5 marine)
What are the main features of each ecozone?

Montane Cordillera
Prairie

How is each ecozone similar to and different

from each other?

Boreal Shield

Why might all ecozones be equally important?

Mixedwood Plains

Which ecozone do you live?

Southern Arctic

What are the benefits and challenges of living in

each ecozone?

Atlantic
Needs

TEXT PAGES 110-153

Wants

NEGATIVE
CONSEQUENCES
SOMETIMES
RESULT FROM
HUMANENVIRONMENTAL
INTERACTION.
THEREFORE,
INDIVIDUUALS
MUST ASSUME
RESPONSIBILITY
AND WORK TO
MINIMIZE ADVERS
EFFECTS ON THE
ENVIRONMENT.

Human activity
includes resource use,
settlement,
communication,
transportation and
recreation.
Stakeholders
Sustainability

How do humans use resources to meet their

needs and wants?
How do ecozones influence human activity?
How does human activity affect ecozones?
How do we know the influence that human
activity has on an ecozone?
Are there examples of better of better ways for
humans to continue to meet their needs and
wants while having a smaller ecological
footprint? Explain.
Why do some individuals make more
environmentally conscientious decisions than
others? What policies should governments
enact to help create a more sustainable future?
Should individuals be held accountable for
making choices that have highly negative
environmental consequences? Explain

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TERMS

PART TWO UNIT 2 HUMAN POPULATION ISSSUES IN CANADIAN GEOGRAPHY

TERMS
Demography

TEXT ENCOUNTER
CANADA

UNDERSTANDINGS/NOTES/QUESTIONS

TEXT PAGES 168-181

Demography is the numerical study of the

characteristics, trends and issues of population.
Natural Change = Births - Deaths

Natural Change

Natural Decrease
Net Migration
Actual Change (AC)
Population Pyramids

Natural Increase = More Births than Deaths

Natural Decrease = More Deaths than Births
Net Migration = Immigration - Emigration
AC = (Births + Immigrants) (Deaths+ Emigrants)
Expanding Population Pyramids

Very High Birth Rate = broad base

Very High Death Rate = sharp taper
Short Life Expectancy = narrow top

High Birth Rate = broad base

High Death Rate = thicker middle
Slightly longer Life Expectancy = widening top

Stationary Population Pyramid

Low Birth Rate = narrow base

Low Death Rate = broadening top
Longer Life Expectancy = wider top
Contracting Population Pyramid

Low Birth Rate = even narrower base

Low Death Rate = broad top
Longer Life Expectancy = wider top

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Natural Increase

Population

TEXT PAGES 156-167

Population Density

TEXT PAGES 182-195

Population Distribution

Immigration
(In-migration)
Emigration
(Out-migration)

Identify ways in which various human and

natural systems, such as economic,
infrastructure, transportation, biosphere,
hydrosphere and lithosphere might be affected
by changes in population?

TEXT PAGES 182-195

Canadas population has increased and has

become more diverse over time. This has
had consequences for both natural and
human systems.
Why do people migrate?
Know the tipping/turning points of how
Canada was first populated and how that has
changed over time. Start with indigenous
peoples, trans Atlantic migration (1500-1900),
and immigration since 1900. This knowledge
needs to be brief and should briefly highlight
when and who came, why they came and where
they settled.
Who lived in Canada at various points in its
history? What are some of the push-pull factors
related to the peopling of Canada? What were
some of the common characteristics of each
major settlement pattern?
What has been the effect of each successive
wave of migration to Canada? How has
settlement impacted Natural and Human
systems such as infrastructure needs, economic
needs, interactions with other groups,
settlement patterns, and effects on lithosphere,
biosphere, atmosphere and hydrosphere at
various times?
What impact does increased migration have on
natural and human systems?
Canada has a complex population dynamic
that will pose challenges and opportunities in
the future.

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Migration

Demographic information is important

because it is used to identify trends and
issues that will affect Canadians.

TEXT PAGES 34-37

Refugees

TEXT PAGE 69

Issues from this section of Unit 2 include:

Canadas graying population (aging

population)

Canadas declining birth rate

Canada has a shortage of workers in

particular sectors of the economy
(primary, secondary, tertiary and
quaternary)

Arrival of refugees to Canada

Canadas population distribution

Consider the impact that these issues have on

the Natural and Human systems of Canada and
what this may mean for future generations.
An Issues Analysis Model examines an issue
using the following criteria.
1.) Describe the issue, including who is
affected, and how they are affected
2.) Identify the factors causing the issue
3.) Identify the consequences
4.) Propose possible responses
5.) Establish criteria as a basis for assessing
possible responses
6.) Evaluate possible responses in light of
criteria established in step five above,
identifying strengths and limitations
7.) Identify a preferred response based on
criteria

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Issues Analysis Model

TEXT PAGES 196-207

Rural area

TEXT PAGES 348-369

Census Metropolitan
Area (CMAs)

TEXT PAGES 208-235

Urbanization
Urbanization
Resource-based
Communities

Most Canadians live in urban centers

located mainly in Southern regions. This is
largely due to climate, employment,
resources and services.
What areas of Canada have the highest/lowest
populations?
What factors are most significant in
determining where people decide to live?
Is it better to live in a region with high or low
population? Why?
What are some of the positive/negative effects
of urbanization?
Urban life has both challenges and
opportunities.
Know some of the issues affecting urban areas:

Service availability (infrastructure,

communication and transportation
linkages, human resources)

Population concerns (poverty, crowding

and employment)

Environmental impact (pollution, loss

of arable land)

Quality of life (green spaces, crime,

standard of living)

If you were a city planner, how could the issues

listed above be improved?
Life in rural areas has a variety of challenges
and opportunities.
Know some of the issues affecting rural areas:

Service availability (maintaining

infrastructure, and providing medical
services)

Population concerns (declining Tax

base)

Environmental impact (impact of

resource activities)

Quality of life (pace of life)

Is it better to live in an urban center or a rural

center? Why?

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Urban area

PART ONE UNIT 3 ECONOMIC ISSUES IN CANADIAN GEOGRAPHY

Economics
Scarcity
Opportunity Cost
Supply
Demand
Price
Trade
Imports
Exports
Balance of Trade
(Imports Exports)
Specialization
Economic
Diversification
Primary Sector
Secondary Sector
Tertiary Sector
Quaternary Sector
Quinary Sector

TEXT ENCOUNTER
CANADA

UNDERSTANDINGS/NOTES/QUESTIONS

TEXT PAGES 351-363 Economic geography is important because it

helps make better decisions around the
TEXT PAGES 236-249 production, distribution, and consumption of
goods, and services that fulfill peoples needs
and wants.
Economics is the study of how individuals and
societies use their limited resources to meet
their unlimited needs and wants.
We have unlimited wants and scarce resources.
Four Categories of Scarce resources: Land
(Raw Materials, Natural Resources, Air, Water),
Labor -Human Capital (Human Knowledge,
Skills, Workers Willing and Able to Perform a
Job), Physical Capital, (Machines, Factories,
Equipment) and Entrepreneurship (Someone
willing to take a risk and start a business).
Our unlimited wants out weigh the resources
available which make all levels of society make
decisions.
When decisions are made there is always a cost
involved. This is often referred to as an
Opportunity Cost. Opportunity Cost is the
value of what you must give up when you make
a particular choice. How societies make
decisions from limited resources to meet their
societal goals and answer the 3 key economic
questions: What to produce? How to produce it?
Who is going to consume the good/How is it
allocated? Societal Goals- Efficiency, Growth,
Security, Equality, Freedom.
DEMAND IS THE CONSUMERS
WILLINGNESS AND ABILITY TO BUY.
SUPPLY IS THE PRODUCERS
WILLINGNESS AND ABILITY TO SELL.

WHAT CAUSES THE CONSUMERS

DEMAND FOR A GOOD OR SERVICE TO

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TERMS

CHANGE? ACRONYM (TRIPE): Tastes

(Preferences), Related Goods (Substitutes),
Income of Consumers, Population,
Expectations.
WHAT CAUSES A CHANGE IN THE
PRODUCERS ABILITY TO SUPPLY AN
ITEM? ACRONYM (NICEPP): Natural/
Manmade Phenomenon, Input Cost,
Competition, Expectations, Profitability of
alternative goods in supply, Profitability of
goods in joint-supply.
Law of Demand states that as the price rises, the
quantity demanded falls (decreases) and as
price falls, the quantity demanded rises
(increases).
Law of Supply states that as the price rises, the
quantity supplied rises (increases), and as
price falls, the quantity supplied falls
(decreases).
What are examples of economic activities in
your community?
Why has demand for some products increased,
while demand for others has decreased?
How does increased supply affect price?
How does a change in economic activity impact
a community?
Which economic sector is most important for
NL?

PART TWO - UNIT 3 ECONOMIC ISSUES IN CANADIAN GEOGRAPHY

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Should Canada import fewer products and

increase local/national production?

THE USE OF ENERGY RESOURCES

TERMS

TEXT ENCOUNTER
CANADA

Energy Resources

TEXT PAGES 250-311

Renewable Resource

TEXT PAGES 312-327

Nonrenewable
Resource
Flow Resource
GDP
Stakeholders
Sustainable

UNDERSTANDINGS/NOTES/QUESTIONS
Because of our dependence on natural
resources it is important that we use these
resources in a way that meets our current
needs without jeopardizing the future.
Which resources (agriculture, fishery, forestry,
mining and water) are most important for each
territory and province? Why?
How would Canadian society be different if we
no longer had either/or agriculture, fishery,
forestry, mining and water?
What impact would the loss of oil and gas have
on the economy of Alberta?
Should the wealth generated by a resource in
one region be shared with other regions?
What values should be used to guide the
development/use of resources?
HUMAN SYSTEMS DEPEND ON THE
EXPLOITATION OF ENERGY
RESOURCES.
Energy resources can be defined as a power
source that people can use to do work in order
to meet their needs and wants. Energy
resources fall into two main categories:
renewable and non-renewable.
What are the strengths and limitations of each
energy resource (coal, natural gas,
hydroelectric, nuclear, solar, tidal and wind
power, and geothermal)?
What impact does each energy resource have on
natural and human systems?
Why is it important to invest in the development
of renewable energy resources?
Should humans use energy resources that
degrade natural systems?

PART TWO - UNIT 3 ECONOMIC ISSUES IN CANADIAN GEOGRAPHY

THE USE OF ENERGY RESOURCES - CONTINUED

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How can systems thinking be used to

understand and improve our way of living on
planet Earth?

TERMS

TEXT ENCOUNTER
CANADA

UNDERSTANDINGS/NOTES/QUESTIONS

Royalty

TEXT PAGES 312-327

Investment

TEXT PAGES 328-347

Energy resources are a significant part of the

Canadian Economy.
What is the economic value of the different
energy resources within Canada?

Interest
Ecological Footprint

From an economic perspective, which energy

resources are most valued in the short term and
the long term? Why?
100% of royalties from non-renewable energy
resources should be invested. Governments
should only use the interest from the
investment. Take a position for or against this
proposition, supporting it with evidence.
Demands for energy resources affect Natural
and Human systems.
The increased need for energy over time will
impact the following: climate change (global
warming), pollution, energy waste and
conservation, loss of habitat and resource
exhaustion.
Is it better to develop renewable energy
resources as opposed to continued use of
conventional non-renewable energy resources?
Why?
Will Canadas role as an energy producer
increase or decrease over the coming decades?
Why? How will this influence the lives of
Canadians?
What changes can you make in your lifestyle to
reduce the size of your footprint? Why is this
important?

TERMS

TEXT ENCOUNTER

UNDERSTANDINGS/NOTES/QUESTIONS

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UNIT 4 GLOBAL ISSUES IN CANADIAN

CANADA
Globalization

TEXT PAGES 382-395

What are the causes of globalization? (Cheap

transportation and communication costs).

Global Village
How does globalization affect Canada?
Human Development
Index (HDI) - life
expectancy
(longevity), literacy
rates (knowledge),
Standard of Living
(GDP).

There are both positive and negative

consequences to globalization.
One benefit is that Canadian consumers
enjoy lower priced goods and Canadian
businesses are able to increase profits.
One negative consequence is Canadian jobs
have been lost as manufacturers have moved
operations to countries with lower labour
costs.

Developed World
Developing World

Do the benefits of globalization outweigh the

negative consequences? Why?

Newly Industrialized
Countries

How does quality of life in Canada compare to

other countries?
How do Canadas labour costs differ globally?
How has globalization affected people living in
developing/ developed countries?
How significant is Canadas contribution to the
global village?
Is globalization exploiting less developed
countries?
Is Canada making a meaningful contribution to
the global village? How?
TEXT PAGES 396-417

Tourism

Canada makes significant contributions to

the global village.

Trading Partners
Why has tourism become such an important
aspect of the Canadian economy?

Imports

Where do Canadas imports come from and

where do our exports go?

Exports
Peace Keeping
Humanitarian Relief

Do developed countries, such as Canada, have

an obligation to assist developing countries?
What is Canadas future in the global village?

Should Canada focus its efforts more on

meeting needs related to short-term crisis or in
creating sustainable solutions to complex
issues? Why?
Format of Common Assessment Jan 2014

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What does Canada need to do today in order to

ensure it has a sustainable future
economically, environmentally, and socially?

Section A:
Human Population Issues in Canadian Geography
30 marks
Population (Part 2 of Unit 2)
Rural and Urban issues (Part 2 of Unit 2)
Students will read information and answer questions in the
space
provided. Students will analyze events, ideas, issues,
patterns and trends.
Format:

15 selected response items - 1% each

1 constructed response item - parts (a) 4%, (b) 5%, (c) 6%)

Section B:
marks

Natural and Human Systems

27

Natural Systems (Unit 1)

Ecozones (Part 1 of Unit 2)

Students will respond personally to an image (from a

selection) by
answering accompanying questions in
the space provided.
Format:

15 selected response items - 1% each

2 constructed response items parts (a) 6%, (b) 6%

On your final exam you may be given an image that may ask you to identify an issue in an
ecozone(s), and describe the perspectives of stakeholders, identify possible responses and
advocate a preferred response based on a defined value. Explain how the response will affect the
natural and human systems within the ecozone(s). Be able to comment on the limitations or
other possible problems created by the response. An issue may include a change in human
population, a change in the ecosystem, a change in climate, environmental degradation or
exploitation of natural resources.

Section C:
marks

Economic Issues in Canadian Geography

43

Natural Resources (Unit 3)

Energy Resources (Unit 3)
Global Issues in Canadian Geography
Globalization (Unit 4)
Students will read an article and three primary sources to
answer
questions in the space provided. Students will explore and
resolve
significant questions.

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Format:
20 selected response items 1% each 12 from
Natural/Energy
Resources, 8 from Globalization 3
constructed responses
Natural/Energy
Resources 14% - parts (a) 4%, (b) 4%, (c) 6% and
Globalization 9% or two questions at 6% and 3%

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