GERUNDS-INFINITIVES

A) THAT/WHAT/WHEN/IF/HOW ---etc + Ving + VERB

1- Experts believe that learning is a life-long process.

* Uzmanlar renmenin ya am boyu sren bir sre oldu una inanmaktadr
2- That speaking is an innate human capability is obvious.
3- Whether jogging really helps keep fit or not is a question.
4- Many people in the developing countries know what economising is all about.
5- When speeding is forbidden, dont ever speed, will you?
6- If managing were that much easy, everyone could be a manager.
B) Gerund ya da Gerund Phrase zne durumunda kullanld nda tekil fiil
olarak algland iin yklem tekil olarak alglanr.

1- Spending extravagantly eats up all your belongings.

2- Posing for an artist is a difficult task to accomplish.
3- Many are of the opinion that collecting stamps has been one of the oldest hobbies
taken up so far.
4- Not paying ones taxes is both illegal and unethical.
C) Gerund ya da gerund phrase durum aklayan cmlelerde to be fiilinden
sonra nesne olarak kullanlr ve zne hakknda bilgi verir.

1- A possible way to eliminate spinal problems is exercising regularly.

2- The first step to prevent rusting is oiling.
3- What you should do in the case of a fire is pressing on the alarm button and
notifying the authorities.
4- One thing she used to do when she was at high school was eating a bar of chocolate
before every exam.
5- The most remarkable precaution against car accidents is not speeding over 90
kmph.

D) ZNE DURUMUNDAK BAZI ADLARDAN SONRA GERUND GELEB L R.

1- My greatest pleasure is sitting here in the sun.

2- My sisters hobby is growing house plants.
3- My job is typing or computing the minutes of the sessions held every two weeks.
4- Your responsibility is learning English, not disrupting the class.
5- Her favourite pastime is listening to music.
6- Her occupation is putting labels on cigarette packages.
7- Apart from providing a good education, my main priority would be encouraging
students to take part in sport activities.
8- The worst side of being a footballer is getting injured during a match.
9- What I dream about all time is inventing something to the benefit of humankind.
10- My biggest fear is staying single forever.

E) Appositive (Aklayc): Gerund bir ad be inden sonra aklama amacyla

getirilebilir.
1- His job, working as a teacher, is very demanding.
2- Her favourite pastime, watching television, teaches her many things about life as
well.
3- Her father, not knowing what to do, was very helpless.
4- The children, playing in the mud, were covered with dirt.
5- His new book, having sold out, will appear as the second edition soon.

F) yelik Biiminden Sonra Gerund ya da Perfect Gerund kullanlr.

MY + doing
1- His not being a university graduate decreases his chances of finding a good job.
2- Marys criticizing the manager in public cost her very dear.
3- Your insisting on my staying with you makes no sense to me.
4- Toms behaving so irresponsibly upset me.
5- Her laughing at my accent is getting on my nerves.
6- His having been elected manager did not fully satisfy him.
7- Marys having sent a gift made Anne happy.
8- Her having deserted the boy for whom she said she could disregard her parents
really amazes me.
9- My having written a letter to her was what my parents were discontented with.
10- Your having fixed the car will save us time.

G) the + Ving + of : Tpk bir isim gibi gerund fiiller de the + Ving + of ile
kullanlr. Trkeye edilgen (=passive) gibi evrilir.

1- The signing of the peace accord is of great importance.

* Bar anla masnn imzalanmas byk bir nem ta yor.
2- The opening of the bridge eased traffic congestion.
3-

An important part of our work is the keeping of records.

4- What he wants to see most in a short time is the closing down of the rival company.
5- The releasing of lethal gases from the fertilizer plant should be given more attention.

H) Gerund ya da Gerund phrase bir temel cmlecikte nesne (object) olarak

kullanlabilir. Yaygn olarak GERUND aldran fiiller unlardr:
1- acknowledge = kabullenmek
2- admit = itiraf etmek
3- advise = t vermek
4- allow = izin vermek
5- anticipate = beklemek, ummak
6- appreciate=takdir etmek/anlamak
7- attempt = kalk mak
8- avoid = saknmak/kanmak
9- cant help = kendini alamamak
10- cant stand= katlanamamak
11- celebrate = kutlamak
12- complete = tamamlamak
13- confess = itiraf etmek
14- consider = d nmek
15- contemplate = derin d nmek
16- defer= ertelemek
17- defend = savunmak
18- delay =geciktirmek
19- deny = inkar etmek
20- detest = i renmek
21- discuss = tart mak
22- dislike = sevmemek
23- dispute = tart mak
24- dread = korkmak
25- endure = dayanmak
26- enjoy = ho lanmak
27- escape = kanmak
28- excuse ***= affetmek
29- explain = aklamak
30- facilitate = kolayla trmak
31- fancy = d nmek/istemek
32- feel like = arzu etmek/istemek
33- finish = tamamlamak/bitirmek

34- forgive = affetmek

35- give up = brakmak/terk etmek
36- imagine = hayal etmek
37- include = iermek
38- involves = iermek/gerektirmek
39- justify = hakl karmak
40- keep (continue) = devam etmek
41- mention = bahsetmek
42- mind= birisi iin sakncas olmak
43- miss = zlemek
44- necessitate = gerektirmek
45- omit = dahil etmemek/karmak
46- permit = izin vermek
47- postpone = ertelemek
48- practise = pratik yapmak
49- prevent = nlemek
50- prohibit = yasaklamak
51- propose = nermek
52- quit = brakmak/terk etmek
53- recall = hatrlamak
54- recollect = hatrlamak
55- recommend = tavsiye etmek
56- remember =
57- report = aktarmak
58- resent = alnmak
59- resist = direnmek/kar koymak
60- resume= kald yerden devam etmek
61- risk = riske atmak
62- suggest = nermek
63- support = desteklemek
64- tolerate = dayanmak
65- understand ***= anlay gstermek

*** Bu iki fiilden sonra possesive pronun (iyelik eki =my/your/our/his vb)
kullanmak gerekir.
1- I cant understand YOUR divorcing him for another man.
2- She will not excuse OUR not attending the picnic, will she?
NOTE: talik ile alt izili fiiller perfect gerund (= having done) ile kullanlabilir.
1- She confessed having hit the boy on sheer purpose.
2- I cannot explain having been exposed to such pressure for years.
3- He justified his having punished the naughty boy through some evidence.

Examples :
1- Will the minister consider holding a meeting with the representatives of HydroPower Company?
2- She is considering postponing visiting her grandmother next weekend.
3- He keeps nagging me about staying with him for the next week.
4- He barely avoided hitting the lorry when he had to brake all of a sudden.
5- The next time you feel like punching somebody in the mouth, think twice. You are
more likely to end up in hospital than the person you are hitting.
6- I cant help crying whenever I see two people separating.
7- How can you justify kicking a student of ten when you are far more powerful than
him?
8- Would you mind speaking slowly as I cant follow what you are saying?
9- His deteriorating health condition will certainly necessitate undergoing another
major operation.
10- Being a prominent figure in literature, he profoundly resented not being called for the
conference.

) Gerund indicating Temporal Difference = Temel cmleci in yklemi ile

Gerund ya da Gerund Phrase ile ifade edilen eylem arasnda nceliksonralk ili kisi varsa, yani, Gerund ya da Gerund Phrase ile ifade edilen
eylem temel cmleci in ykleminden daha nce olmu sa ve vurgulanmak
isteniyorsa perfect gerund (= having done / been done) ile kullanlabilir.
1- I admit having talked behind your back, but I believe that you did the same thing.
2- He resents not having been given a prize for his achievements.
3- He recalls having been promised a seat in the cabinet.
4- I profusely appreciate having been given the opportunity to meet the President.
5- She forgot having promised to take Tom the dictionary.
6- He was accused of having embezzled a large sum of money into his own account.
7- The man denied having been involved in corruption, didnt he?
8- She doesnt seem to be interested in having been given a reward for her work.

J) Gerund ya da Gerund Phrase VERB + PREPOSITION biiminde kullanlan

yaplardan sonra sklkla kullanlr.

Bu yaplardan en sk kullanlanlar unlardr:

1- abstain from=saknmak/uzak

20- depend on/upon = e ba l olmak

durmak

21- dream about = ryada grmek

2- account for= aklamak/sebebi

22- dream of = d lemek/hayal kurmak

olmak

23- excel in = bir i te mkemmelle mek

3- adjust to = al mak/adapte olmak

24- feel like = arzu etmek, istemek

4- agree on = uzla mak /hem fikir

25- forget about = unutmak

olmak

26- insist on = srar etmek

5- apologise for = zr dilemek

27- look forward to = drt gzle beklemek

6- apply for = mracaat etmek

28- object to = kar olmak

7- approve of = onaylamak

29- participate in = katlmak/i tirak etmek

8- argue about = tart mak

30- persist in = srar etmek

9- believe in = inanmak

31- plan on = plan kurmak

10- blame for = sulamak

32- refer to = atfta bulunmak/gnderme

11- care about = umursamak

yapmak/de inmek/kastetme

12- care for = istemek (= feel like)

13- complain about = ikayet etmek

33- rescue from = kurtarmak

14- comply with = uyumlu olmak

34- succeed in =ba arl olmak

15- concentrate on = yo unla mak

35- take advantage of = yararlanmak

16- consist of = den olu mak

36- make use of = yararlanmak

17- deal with = ilgilenmek

37- think about = d nmek

18- decide on = yapmaya karar vermek

38- think of = aklna gelmek/d lemek

19- decide against= yapmamaya karar

vermek
1- Nobody objected to her changing the rules and laying down new ones instead.
2- By hard-work, he refers to working non-stop and with a high concentration.
3- We are looking forward to meeting the winner of the big prize.
4- To protect them from further damage, the commander will have to deal with directing
his troops to south.

5- Gerund ya da Gerund Phrase VERB + OBJECT + PREPOSITION

biiminde kullanlan yaplardan sonra sklkla kullanlr.

Bu yaplardan en sk kullanlanlar unlardr:

1- accuse someone of = sulamak

10- discourage someone from=

2- apologise to someone for= zr

cesaretini krmak

dilemek

11- forgive someone for = affetmek

3- arrest someone for = tutuklamak

12- keep someone from = engel olmak

4- blame someone for = sulamak

13- prevent someone from = nlemek

5- charge someone with = yarglamak

14- punish someone for = cezalandrmak

6- complain to someone about = ikayet

15- stop someone from = engellemek

16- thank someone for = te ekkr etmek

etmek

17- warn someone against = uyarmak

7- congratulate someone on= tebrik

etmek
8- deter someone from = caydrmak
9- devote oneself to = adamak

1- The cashier accused a customer of stealing a wristwatch.

2- Her illness prevented her from taking the exam.
3- He congratulated me on my passing all my exams with high marks.
4- I complained to the judge about being kept outside for a long time.
5- You cannot simply blame her for losing temper with you.
6- He threatened to punish the assistant for not arriving on time.
7- He has been charged with killing a pedestrian while driving under the
influence of alcohol.
8- Nobody can deter me from loving you, dear!
9- He always tried to discourage me from smoking but never succeeded.
10- How can you expect me to forgive you for insulting me so bluntly?

11-

Gerund ya da Gerund Phrase ADJECTIVE + PREPOSITION + Ving

biiminde kullanlan yaplardan sonra sklkla kullanlr.

Bu yaplardan en sk kullanlanlar unlardr:

1- absorbed in = dalm /kendini vermi

31- engaged in/with = me gul

2- accused of = sulanm /zanl

32- enthusiastic about = hevesli

3- accustomed to = al kn

33- essential to/for = ok gerekli

4- addicted to = ba ml

34- excellent in/at = bir i te harika olmak

5- afraid of = korkan

35- excited about = heyecanl

6- alarmed at = uyank/tetikte

36- exposed to = maruz kalm

7- amazed at = hayran olmu / a rm

37- expert in = bir i te uzman olmak

8- angry at = kzm

38- familiar with = a ina/tandk

9- annoyed at = kzm

39- famous for = nl

10- appropriate for = uygun

40- fatal to = ldrc

11- ashamed of = utanm /mahcup

41- favourable to = lehinde/olumlu

12- aware of = farknda/bilincinde

42- fed up with = bkm

13- bad at = bir i te kt olan

43- fond of = d kn

14- be used to = al kn

44- free from = barndrmayan/iermeyen

15- brilliant at = bir i te harika olan

45- generous about = cmert

16- capable of = kabiliyetli

46- good at = bir i te iyi olmak

17- cautious of/about= farknda/bilincinde

47- good for = (sa lk vb) iin iyi olan

18- certain about = emin/kesin

48- grateful for = minnettar

19- certain of = emin/kesin

49- feel guilty for/about = sulu hisseden

20- clever at = bir i te zeki olan

50- guilty of = sulu

21- concerned about = endi eli

51- happy about = mutlu

22- concerned with = ilgili/merakl

52- hopeless at = umutsuz

23- confident of = kendinden emin

53- ignorant of = cahil/habersiz

24- conscious of = bilincinde

54- impatient with = sabrsz

25- content with = memnun/mutlu

55- indispensable to = vazgeilmez

26- dependent on/upon = ba l

56- interested in = ilgili/merakl

27- delighted at = ok mutlu/memnun

57- intolerant of = tahammlsz

28- different from = farkl

58- irrelevant to= ilgisiz/alakasz

29- eager for = hevesli

59- jealous of = kskan

30- eligible for = uygun

60- keen on = hevesli

61- lazy about = tembel

62- necessary for = gerekli

63- negligent in = ihmalkar

98- unconscious of = bilinsiz/farknda

64- notable for = nl

olmayan

65- offensive to = gcendirici

99- useful for = faydal/yararl

66- opposed to = kar /muhalif

100- worried about = endi eli

67- optimistic about = iyimser

68- patient with = sabrl

NOTE : Yukarda italik ile alt izili verilen

69- pessimistic about = ktmser

sfatlar bir i te iyi/kt/eli abuk/hzl vb

70- pleased at = memnun

anlamn vermek iin kullanlr.

71- prepared for = hazr

72- prior to = . den nce (= before)

1- She is very bad at doing calculations.

73- proficient in = yeterli/kendini

2- I used to be even more brilliant at

yeti tirmi

picking up new words.

74- proud of = gurur duyan

3- He is so good at cooking, though he

75- qualified for = (bir i e) yeterli

has never trained as a cook.

76- quick at = bir i te abuk olan

4- Why are you so slow at typing? How

77- ready for = hazr

will you make the deadline?

78- regardless of = . e baklmakszn

5- He used to be hopeless at learning

79- regretful for = pi man

grammar but he is a fast learner now.

80- relevant to = . ile ilgili/alakal

81- reputed for = nl
82- responsible for = sorumlu
83- short of = . den yoksan
84- sick of = .. den bkm
85- similar to = benzer (= akin to)
86- skilful in/at = becerikli
87- slow at = bir i te yava olmak
88- sorry for/about = zgn
89- subject to = e maruz kalan
90- successful in = ba arl
91- suitable for = uygun
92- surprised at = a rm
93- susceptible to = duyarl/savunmasz
94- suspicious of = pheli
95- tired from = .. den yorulmu
96- tired of = .. den bkm
97- tolerant of = ho grl

6- Gerund ya da Gerund Phrase Noun + preposition + Ving biiminde

kullanlan yaplardan sonra sklkla kullanlr.

Bu yaplardan en sk kullanlanlar unlardr:

1- at the risk of = . riski altnda

14- in return for = . kar lk olarak

2- on account of = .. yznden

15- instead of = nn yerine

3- in case of = .. durumunda

16- interest in = .. ilgisi olmak

4- *difficulty in = .. sknt ekmek

17- in the course of = srasnda,

esnasnda

5- in addition to = .. e/a ilaveten/yan

sra

18- in the middle of = . ortasnda

6- *in charge of = . ile ykml

19- need for = olan

gereksinim/ihtiya

7- *in danger of = tehlikesiyle kar

20- reason for = .. nn nedeni/sebebi

kar ya

21- for the sake of = hatr iin/u runa

8- in exchange for = . kar lkl

22- in spite of = . e/a ra men

olarak
9- excuse for = .. mazereti olarak

23- *technique for = . nn tekni i

10- in favour of = lehinde olmak, taraftar

24- the point of = nn anlam, .. nn

gere i

olmak

25- *on the point of = yapmak zere

11- for fear of = .. korkusuyla

olmak

12- for the purpose of = .. mek amacyla

13- *in the habit of = .. al kanl nda
olmak

NOTE : Ba nda *i areti olanlar prepositiondan sonra possessive pronoun (=iyelik

zamiri) almazlar.
1- She has been given a sack on account of her failing to live up to my expectations.
2- She has difficulty in her speaking English. (Incorrect)
3- He was in danger of his being killed. (=Incorrect)
4- She may not gain anything in addition to her being known to just a few.

10

Baz zel Yaplar Gerund fiili ile kullanlrlar.

1- There is no point/sense in + Ving = -- bir anlam yok/-- nn bir manas yok

1- There is no point in running for the bus. It must have left the station by now.
2- There was no point in waiting for him in the cinema after the film started.
3- There isnt any point in cramming for your examinations at the last minute. It wont
help you remember anything.
4- There wasnt any sense in searching for the treasure in the pitch dark.
5- There is no sense in taking up a diet if you think you wont cut down on desserts.

2- The point of + Ving ( nn anlam / . nn manas)

1- What is the point of remaining friends if you think that he is dishonest towards you?
2- I cant really see the point of their coming on the picnic with us when they do not
think much of us.
3- I dont see the point of your buying a second car. We share the present one with no
problems.

3- be on the point of + Ving = be close to + Ving = be about to + V1

= yapmak zere olmak/yapmak zereyken/yapmaya ramak kalm t

1- I was on the point of leaving the office when it started to rain heavily.
2- The teacher was on the point of having me go to the blackboard for an oral exam
when the bell for the break time went off.
3- It is sad to know that your company is close to going bankrupt.
4- She was just about to get into her car when the sniper shot her dead.

11

4- It is no use / It is no good + Ving = .. faydas yok, yarar yok

1- Its no use trying to conceal what you have just done. I saw you.
2- Its no good trying to persuade my father. He wont allow me to come with you.
3- Because I thought it was no use buying a car until we could afford a good one, I did
not insist on buying the second-handed one at the gallery.
4- It is no good persisting with such an incompetent secretary as her. She is useless.
5- It was no use doing artificial respiratory because he had drowned long before we
took him out of the water.

5- It is (not) worth + Ving = yapmaya de er (de mez)

1- I dont think it is worth mending this pullover. It is already worn-out.

2- The film I watched last night was not really worth seeing.
3- Dont tell me it is not worth crying for love. Dont tell me it is not worth dying for
love.
4- Do you genuinely believe that its worth putting up with the discomfort of the train
just for the sake of saving a few dollars?
5- It was not worth keeping that car any more, so I thought it better to get rid of it.

12

6- It is/was/will be + a waste of time/money/energy + Ving

= ..

yapmak zaman kayb (oldu/olacak)

1- It was a waste of money buying things more than you needed.

2- It is a waste of time trying to do all this work by yourself. You can ask for help.
3- It was a waste of energy cycling all that way. I dont think you can lose weight
unless you cut down on eating starchy food.
4- Its a waste of money buying such a costly house. You can buy a cheaper and a
more comfortable one.
5- Now I see that it was a waste of time trying to get them to make up with each other
because they got divorced in the end.

7- spend/waste (time,money,energy) +Ving= yaparak zaman/para/enerjiyi

harcamak/ . yaparak vakit geirmek

1- Yesterday, I spent the whole day cleaning the house.

2- He usually spends hours trying to repair things.
3- You waste a lot of time watching those ridiculous series on TV.
4- She wasted a large amount of money buying furniture last year, and now she is
redecorating her house once again.
5- Small nations waste a lot of money buying arms, while many others suffer from
many kinds of deprivations.

13

8- By doing = . yaparak/ederek

1- Im very short of time. I can only catch the bus by running fast.
2- They are trying to stabilize the economy by increasing interest rates, but Im afraid it
wont work.
3- Because it cant speak, a baby makes it needs known by crying.
4- She made all that fortune by working as a singer in a pub at nights and saving up
all her earnings.
5- You can overcome this hardship only by asking advice from your understanding
parents.

9- Have fun / have a good/nice time + Ving = yaparak iyi vakit geirmek

1- We had fun telling each other our childhood memories.

2- She is having a wonderful time there learning French.
3- We had a good time singing and dancing all night.
4- They regularly have fun playing cards in the ward.

10- sit/ stand / lie +yer zarf (in bed/at home vb)+ Ving
= oturarak/uzanarak/ayakta dikilerek bir eyi yapmak

1- After the guests left, I lay in bed reading until I got sleepy.
2- I stood there, in front of the cinema, waiting in vain for him to turn up.
3- After breakfast, father usually sits in his armchair reading his papers.
4- I like lying on the sofa watching television, unlike my wife who dislikes it.
5- I stood by the window watching the passers-by.

14

PASSIVE GERUND
Gerund ya da Gerund Phrase, edilgen (=passive) bir anlam ieriyorsa

Being +

Verb (Participle Form) Having been done biiminde kullanlr.

1- I hate being called dear or darling just as if I was a child.

2- The only trouble was that, unlike most babies, Joanna didnt seem to enjoy being
bounced and cuddled.
3- My sister resented being teased by my father in the existence of the whole family.
4- Youve already taken too many liberties with me, and I dont appreciate being touched
by strangers.
5- The chiefs insist that the series will be produced in the best possible taste but admit
being inspired by America.
6- She insists on being told the truth whatever it is.
7- You cant go to a party without being invited.
8- Being the son of a very rich man, he is in danger of being kidnapped.
9- For fear of being attacked, she avoids going out alone after dark.
10- I dont recall being informed about this case before.
11- The man denied having been involved in the robbery.
12- She went to the party without having been invited.
13- She doesnt seem to be interested in not having been given enough information.
14- He doesnt really remember having been given a notice before.
15- I hope you wont mention having been sacked in your previous job to her.
16- Not having been educated in a religious family was the reason for her devotion to
religion during the later years of her life.
17- He may not understand our having got engaged in such a short time.
18- I really cant stand being mocked at by my friends any more.

15

GO + Ving (= recreational activities) = e lence ve spor etkinliklerinin anlatlmasnda

GO kendisinden sonra GERUND ile birlikte kullanlr. Ayn anlam kimi ifadelerde de
verilebilir.

13- go sightseeing = bir yerle im yerindeki

1- go bird watching = ku seyrine kmak

2- go boating = tekne gezisine kmak

grlmeye de er yerleri gezmek

3- go bowling = bowlinge gitmek

14- go skating = paten kaymaya gitmek

4- go camping = kamp yapmak

15- go skiing = kayak yapmak

5- go canoeing = kano ile geziye kmak

16- go dancing = dansa gitmek

6- go fishing = balk avna kmak

17- go snorkelling = norkel ile suya dalmak

7- go hiking = kra geziye kmak

18- go swimming = yzmeye gitmek

8- go hunting = ava kmak

19- go tobogganing = kar kza yapmak

9- go jogging = yry e kmak

20- go window shopping = vitrin gezmek

10- go climbing = trmanmaya kmak

21- go sailing= yelken amak

11- go running = ko uya gitmek

22- go sledging= kza ekme oynamak

12- go shopping = al veri e kmak

16

Infinitives
A) Noun + V1 = baz ad ya da ad bekleri be + V1 kullanlr.
1- Our aim is to resolve the conflict through peaceful means.
2- His purpose is to learn English well enough to be able to read nonsimplified books.
3- Their mission is to capture the city.
4- His mandate is to inform a broad-based government.
5- His greatest ambition in life is to become an eminent scientist.
6- Our greatest challenge is to eradicate life-threatening diseases.
7- Our advantage when we climb together will be to have the opportunity to help one
another in a case of emergency.
8- One of the suggestions put forward was to designate exact and just criteria.
9- A possible danger for the Black Rhino is to get caught by the ruthless poachers.
10- The biggest hardship one can face in planting seeds is not to know whether the
soil type is suitable for the things he or she wants to plant.
B) Infinitive ya da Infinitive Phrase bir temel cmlecikte ya da bir yan cmlecikte
nesne (= object) konumunda kullanlr.
Bu biimde sklkla kullanlan filler a a da verilmi tir.
1- afford =
2- agree =
3- aim =
4- appear =
5- arrange =
6- ask =
7- attempt =
8- beg =
9- begin =
10- cant wait =
11- care =
12- choose =
13- claim =
14- consent =
15- continue =
16- dare =
17- decide =

1819202122232425262728293031323334-

demand =
deserve =
expect =
fail =
happen =
hesitate =
hope =
hurry =
intend =
leap =
leave =
long =
neglect =
offer =
plan =
prefer =
prepare =

17

35- pretend =
36- proceed =
37- promise =
38- propose =
39- prove =
40- refuse =
41- seem =
42- strive =
43- struggle =
44- swear =
45- tend =
46- threaten =
47- volunteer =
48- want =
49- wish =

B) Alt izili fiiller infinitivein btn halleri ile kullanlabilir. (= 1- to do 2- to be done

3-to

be doing 4- to have done 5- to have been done 6- to have been doing). Ancak HOPE
sadece future anlamnda to have done/to have been done ile kullanlr. Di er alt izili
olmayan fiiller ise sadece TO DO ve TO BE DONE ile kullanlr.
EXAMPLES :
1- She claims to have found a better solution.
2- They are pretending to be obeying me while they actually have little respect for me.
3- I hope to have finished reading this book by six p.m. today.
4- He seems to have been overcharged by many shop assistants so far.
5- Why did she appear not to have been working as hard as we did?

EXAMPLES :
1- If the bank manager believes you can afford to pay the money back, he will lend it to
you.
2- The couple that bought the statue have asked to remain anonymous.
3- There are techniques for minimizing damage to the Earths waterways, even though
we may choose to exploit them.
4- If schools decide to reduce the number of cleaners, they should do it gradually.
5- At last, psychologists claim to have found proof that glossy magazine images of
thin, super-sexy models can make us ill.
6- Most people prefer to enjoy themselves and forget the cost until it is too late.
7- How could we put up with a teacher who doesnt hesitate to use violence in the
classroom?
8- Sarah is a girl with character as well as beauty and Mark cant wait to get to know
her better.
9- We hope to be able to tell them not to disturb us any more.
10- She didnt intend to disclose such information to Suzie; defence by denial was a
strategy she already operated well.

18

C) A a da verilen fiiller, anlamlarndan dolay, kendilerinden sonra bir isim ya da

zamirle kullanlrlar. Di er bir deyi le, bu fiiller Verb+Noun/Pronoun + to V1 yaps
iinde kullanlr.

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advise =
allow =
appoint =
ask =
beg =
cause =
caution =
challenge =
choose =
command =
compel =
convince =
dare =
direct =
enable =
encourage =
expect =
forbid =
force =
hire =
instruct =

222324252627282930313233343536373839404142-

invite =
lead =
motivate =
need =
oblige =
order =
permit =
persuade =
prepare =
provoke =
remind =
request =
require =
show . how =
teach =
tell =
tempt =
urge =
want =
warn =
would like =

EXAMPLES =
1- I advised HER to take Tom to as wide a variety of places as possible and (to)
encourage him to meet many more people.
2- When he said he could beat anyone, I challenged HIM to fight me.
3- I invited HER to come and sit by me but she refused to do so.
4- She nearly always has to remind HER son to wash up before he begins eating his
breakfast.
5- They compelled ME to tell them the truth; otherwise, I had no intention of telling it to
them.
6- Owning a car enables YOU to travel without difficulty.
7- His bad companions tempted HIM to get involved in the infamous theft.
8- Its high time we hired SOMEONE to look after our son. He is really tying us down.
9- She requested ME to give her a hand with her hard job.
10- They are ready to appoint HER to investigate the case along with another detective.

19

NOTE = Yukardaki listede alt izili fiiller kendilerinden sonra direk gerund fiil alr
ama arada bir nesne kullanlm sa veya edilgen(=passive) bir yap olarak
kullanlm sa infinitive fiil alr.

1- He advised seeing a doctor.

*** He advised me to see a doctor.
*** I was advised to see a doctor.
2- The regulations of the school do not allow smoking in class.
*** Regulations do not allow students to smoke in class.
*** Students are not allowed to smoke in class.
3- I always encourage speaking in English in my lessons.
*** I always encourage my students to speak in English in my lessons.
*** My students are always encouraged to speak in English in my lessons.

*** Dare = cesaret etmek/cret etmek =

soru ya da olumlu cmlede kendinden sonra to

do veya do yaln olarak kullanlabilir. Ancak kendisi olumsuz olarak kullanlm sa (=darent
do) to do almaz, do alabilir.

1- Would you dare (to) do a parachute jump?

2- I have only a few times dared (to) swim in this deep lake, have you?
3- She couldnt dare to talk back to him despite all his insulting remarks.
4- He darent to drive during the rush hours, though he has been driving for years.

Ancak dare cesaretlendirmek anlamnda kullanlm sa, kendisinden sonra bir isim
kullanld iin mutlaka to do ile kullanlmaldr.

1- I dared HIM to resign from his job but he never listened to me.
= Ben onu i inden istifa etmesi iin cesaretlendirdim; fakat asla beni dinlemedi.
2- Do you dare ME to talk back to my boss when I believe he is wrong?

20

E) INFINITIVES AFTER CERTAIN NOUNS = Infinitive ya da Infinitive

Phrase,isimleri nitelemek amacyla kullanlr.
Bunlardan en sk kullanlanlar unlardr:
1- ability =

13- enthusiasm =

25- right =

2- capacity =

14- insistence =

26- willingness =

3- desire =

15- offer =

27- attempt =

4- effort =

16- request =

28- demand =

5- hope =

17- strategy =

29- eagerness =

6- need =

18- ambition =

30- goal =

7- potential =

19- decision =

31- motivation =

8- refusal =

20- duty =

32- possibility =

9- skill =

21- failure =

33- proposition =

10- aim =

22- mission =

34- scheme =

11- concern =

23- plan =

35- way =

12- determination =

24- promise =

36- wish =

EXAMPLES :
1- His attempt to escape from the high security prison ended in failure.
= Onun sk gvenlik nlemleri alnan hapishaneden kama te ebbs ba arsz
oldu.
2- Her desire to succeed was very strong.
3- His decision to resign from his post was quite unexpected.
4- Because of his inability to put across his ideas adequately, he was not selected for
the scholarship.
5- His ambition to start his own business alienated him from his family.
6- Not every person has the ability to think logically. Some people lack it totally.
7- His willingness to pass the exam is at its peak these days.
8- Her efforts to calm her down did not work at all.
9- Their offer to evacuate the building seemed rather implausible to me.
10- Everybody has the right to vote in Turkey, irrespective of race and sex.

21

F) INFINITIVE AFTER CERTAIN ADJECTIVES = Psikolojik durum bildiren baz

sfatlardan sonra, o sfatn ald preposition kullanlrsa, fiil gerund (= doing) olur;
fakat preposition kullanlmak istenmedi inde sfattan sonra direk gelen fiil
infinitive olarak kullanlr.

1- content with =
2- delighted with/by =
3- glad with =
4- happy with =
5- pleased with =
6- relieved from =
7- lucky for =
8- fortunate for =
9- disappointed at/with =
10- disgusted at/by =
11- disturbed by =
12- sad about =
13- sorry about/for =
14- upset with =
15- proud of =
16- ashamed of =
17- anxious about/for =

18- eager for =

19- determined =
20- motivated for =
21- prepared for =
22- ready for =
23- willing for =
24- afraid of =
25- careful about =
26- hesitant about =
27- reluctant about =
28- certain about =
29- likely =
30- amazed at/by =
31- astonished at/by =
32- surprised at/by =
33- shocked at/by=
34- stunned at/by=

1- She is hesitant about accepting their job offer.

= She is hesitant to accept their job offer.
2- He was disappointed not to pass the easy exam.
= He was disappointed at not passing the easy exam.
3- I was proud of being found to be right.
= I was proud to be found to be right one.
4- He was happy to have been given a promotion.
= He was happy with having been given a promotion.
5- She was reluctant about marrying such a well-off person for fear of losing
happiness.
= She was reluctant to marry/to have married such a well-off person.
6- She was lucky for having got a job at last during that hard crisis.
= She was lucky to have got/to get a job at last during that hard crisis.
7- I was afraid of failing to persuade her to come with me.
= I was afraid to have failed/to fail to persuade her to come with me.

22

G) The first / the second / the last /the best / the worst .. + TO V1

1- John was the first person to congratulate me on my appointment manager.

2- The second train was to have arrived from Istanbul, but it did not.
3- The last person to leave home should lock the door.
4- Ali was the next person to hand in his composition.
5- Jack was the only person to support me wholeheartedly.
6- Smallpox is the only disease to have been eradicated up to date.
H) something/anything/nothing/somewhere/nowhere/anywhere .+ TO V1

2- The homeless generally have nowhere to go or nothing to eat.

3- I hope you will hire someone to look after the baby soon.
4- She said nothing to please her parents even though they deserved it.
5- I gathered from the expression on her face that she had something to say to me.
6- They did not serve us anything to give us a warmer reception.

I) If + be + TO V1 = yapacaksa/edecekse/yapaca m diyorsa

1- If these measures are to produce the desired result, they must be implemented in
full. (= E er bu nlemlerin istenilen sonuca ula trmas isteniyorsa eksiksiz bir ekilde
uygulanmaya konulmal.)
2- If we are to catch the train, well have to call a taxi without delay.
3- If the plan is (going to) to succeed, well have to act immediately.
4- If we are to win the match, we must do all do your very best.

23

J) too + adj/adv (for somebody/something) + to V1 = yapamayacak kadar

1- The ceiling is too high for me to reach.

2- This dictionary is too dear for her to buy. So she had better give up that idea.
3- She is just too inefficient a secretary for us to keep her any longer.
4- It is as yet too early to make an accurate assessment of the situation.
5- The English tourist spoke too quickly for me to understand what he was saying.
6-

Shes too indecisive to make up her mind about such things and at times can act
too irresponsibly to be relied on.

K) adj/adv + enough (for somebody/something) ... + to V1 = yapacak kadar

1- The weather isnt warm enough for us to go on picnic.

2- She is old enough to realize what is happening.
3- His speech was barely clear enough to be understood.
4- He talked almost loudly enough for everyone in the street to hear.
5- You cant have read the text carefully enough to understand it sufficiently.
6- I need to have enough money to be able to afford such a long holiday.
7- I got high enough marks to pass the chemistry exam, which was a big relief.
8- You are supposed to pay enough attention to be a good student of English.

SOME MISCELLANEOUS EXPRESSIONS WITH INFINITIVES

1- The president is due to approve the plan. Dont worry, he will do it!
2- The centre is due to be completed next year.
3- John is bound to end up in prison if he goes on like that.
4- We are all prone to make mistakes when we are tired.
5- Old people are apt to be forgetful.
6- Ata is inclined to accept my job offer.
7- Our boss is liable to lose his temper when things go wrong in the office.
8- The committee is very likely to adopt his suggestion.
9- You are obliged to take a qualifying test before being accepted.
10- There are bound to be price increases next year.

24

GERUND OR INFINITIVES WITH NO OR LITTLE CHANGE IN MEANING

Bazi fiiller kendilerinden sonra hem gerund hem infinitive alabilirler. Pek bir anlam
de i ikli ine u ramazlar.
Bunlar a a daki gibi listelenebilir.
1- advise =
2- allow =
3- attempt =
4- begin =
5- cannot bear =
6- continue =
7- encourage =
8- dislike =
9- dread =
10- encourage =
11- forbid =

12- hate =
13- intend =
14- like =
15- love =
16- need =
17- neglect =
18- permit =
19- prefer =
20- recommend =
21- start =

NOTE =Bu fiillerden sadece attempt, begin, continue ve start sreklilik bildiren
tenselerle (continuous) kullanlr. Di erleri kullanlmaz. Ancak kendisi continous tensete
ing alm sa devamnda infinitive alr.

1- She began driving/to drive in the heavy traffic soon after she acquired her driving
licence.
2- It was beginning to rain/raining when I left the office.
3- She was still continuing to work/working at the same company despite problems.
4- They are attempting to destroy/destroying the old museum these days.

Need, Require ve Deserve fiilleri passive (= edilgen) anlam vermek iin BEING DONE
ALMAZLAR!!! . Sadece doing veya to be done alrlar. Anlam yine passive (=edilgen) dir.
1- She needs to iron her shirt (= active).
*** Her shirt needs ironing/to be ironed/being ironed (= passive)
2- She deserves being warned/to be warned against doing further harm to herself.
3- My car requires mending/being mended urgently.(Arabamn acil tamir edilmesi
gerekiyor.)

25

Have difficulty (in) + doing = Have trouble + doing = Have a problem + doing
bir i i
yapmada zorlanmak/yapmakta glk ekmek anlamn vermek iin kullanlr. Ancak
bu anlam vermek iin find it hard/difficult + TO V1 yapsn kullanabiliriz.
1- I have difficulty (in) putting my ideas across to my friends.
=

I find it difficult to put my ideas across to my friends.

2- Though I had trouble getting a good job for the first three months, I was able to find
a well-paid one in the end.
=

Though I found it hard to get a good job for the first three months, .. .

3- Shes never found it difficult to communicate with people she doesnt know well.
= Shes never had difficulty in communicating with people she doesnt know
well.
4- He seems to have a problem memorising the new words she learns.
=

He finds it hard to memorise the new words that she learns.

Have a hard time + doing = bir i i yapmakta zorlanmak/skntl bir sre geirmek
1- She will have a hard time solving these complex equations as she isnt proficient.
2- My father always had such a hard time making ends meet with a modest salary.
3- You are sure to have a hard time trying to get rid of all these problems.
Make money + doing = (bir i ) yaparak para kazanmak
1- He hopes to make money selling his old clothes.
2- She has never made money working as a secretary. I dont believe you.
3- He was so prolific that he was able to make money selling his own hand-made
shoes.

Busy + doing something = bir eyi yapmakla me gul olmak

1- The students were busy talking when I entered the classroom.
2- In this season, the peasants are busy harvesting their crops.
3- Hundreds of people were busy counting votes.

26

Ancak busy + with kalb doing, yani gerund fiilalmaz. Busyden sonra direk bir
isim geliyorsa, isimden nce with kullanlr.

1- The doctor is busy with examining his patients at the moment.

2- They are busy with their financial problems these days.
3- The students were busy with doing the experiment when the teacher came to the
lab.

INFINITIVE WITHOUT TO AFTER **HELP** AND **LET**

*** LET den sonra infinitive to almadan alr.
12345-

I will let you go when you have finished your work.

They didnt let me explain my excuse, though it was a valid one.
Dont let him start smoking at such an early age.
Will you please let me express my own viewpoint instead speaking for me?
Lets not wait here for another day, as Im getting bored to death.

Let fiilinin passive (= edilgen) kullanm pek yaygn olmad iin, bu anlam vermek
iin BE ALLOWED TO DO kullanlr.
1- Will I be allowed to go when you I have finished my work?
2- I wasnt allowed to explain my excuse, though I could justify it.
3- He wont be allowed to smoke at such an early age, will he?
*** HELP den sonra infinitive yaln haliyle ya da to alarak kullanlr.
1- I have never helped my mother COOK because Im terrible at cooking.
2- She didnt ever help us TO CLEAN the flat during the whole time we lived
together.
3- I wasnt helped CLIMB the stairs, though I was walking with a limp.
4- He cant be helped TO LEARN how to drive at this old age.
NOTE = cant help + ving yapsnda kullanlan help fiilinin yardm etmek ile bir ilgisi
yoktur. Tamamen ayr bir anlama gelir ve kendini alamamak anlamna gelir. Bu kalp
infinitive de il gerund aldrr.
1- I cant help my father REPAIR his car though Im brilliant at repairing.
= Tamir i lerinde ok iyi olmama ra men babama arabasn tamir etmede yardmc
olamayaca m.
2- Im so fond of repairing things that I cant help REPAIRING even my fathers car
when it breaks down though Im not an expert.
= Bir eyleri tamir etmeyi o kadar seviyorum ki uzman olmamama ra men babamn
arabasn bile bozuldu unda tamir etmekten kendimi alamyorum.

27

3- I couldnt help giving money to the beggar.

4- I couldnt help the beggar to find a job despite all my efforts.

It + to be + easy/hard/difficult/important/necessary+ FOR + noun/pronoun + TO DO =

eylemin kimin iin zor, kolay, rahat, nemli/gerekli vs.oldu unu belirtmek iin kullanlr.
1- It is so easy for me TO SWIM now that Ive got my licence.
2- It was quite necessary for her TO FIND a better-paid job.
3- It was very difficult for any one of us TO GET RID OF our personal problems.
4- It was important for them NOT TO GIVE my secret away, but they broke their
promise.
It + to be + adjective (polite/king/unwise/typical/rude/smart/clever )+ OF +
noun/pronoun + TO DO = eylemi yapan ki iyi tanmlamak iin kullanllr. Ki inin
yapt /yapaca eylemi yorumlar.
1- It is clever of him to learn both English and computing.
= Onun hem ngilizce hem de bilgisayar renmesi ok akllca.
2- It was wrong of him to quit university for a career in the show business.
3- It was inconsiderate of him to leave his mother on the station platform at night
waiting for the train.
4- It was foolish of him to go fishing on the lake in thick fog.
5- It was miserly of her to refuse to buy the children ice-cream.

28

VERBS OF PERCEPTION (= Alg Fiilleri)

see, hear, feel, notice, watch, listen, observe gibi alg fiillerinden sonra, konu mac
anlatmakta oldu u eyleme sadece bir anlk ahit oldu unu anlatmak iin (A) kalbn
kullanr :
A) see someone DOING something = birini bir eyi YAPARKEN grmek
E er yaplan eylemin tamamna
kullanr:

ahit olmu sa o zaman a a daki (B) kalbn

B) see someone DO something = birinin bir eyi YAPTI INI grmek

1- I saw him enter the building. (= Onun binaya girdi ini grdm.)
2- I saw him entering the building. (= Onu binaya girerken grdm.)
3- I heard someone knock on the door. (= Onun kapy ald n duydum.)
4- I heard someone knocking on the door. (= Onun kap al n duydum.)
5- I felt him crawl up my arm.
6- I felt him crawling up my arm.
7- She listened to her father tell her how to behave more properly.
8- She listened to her parents discussing her new school.
*** Bu yaplarn passive (= edilgen) biimleri ise a a daki gibi sylenir:
A) see someone DONE = birine bir ey OLDU UNU grmek
B) see someone BEING DONE = birine bir ey OLURKEN grmek
1234567-

She saw the sheep being slaughtered for a few seconds and then passed out.
He watched the poor beggar shot dead by the two troublesome boys.
She heard the whole song sung all night.
I heard only a piece of the song being sung by the popular singer.
We saw the house being painted and that was all.
I sadly didnt notice my dictionary stolen.
I have never heard such a word spoken where I live.

29

E er alg fiilinin kendisi passive (= edilgen) olarak kullanlm sa, a a daki yaplar
kullanlr:
A) be seen DOING = yaparken grld
B) be seen TO DO = yapt grld
1- He was last seen TO feed the ducks in the park last weekend. Ever since, no one
has heard from him.
2- The sheep was watched being slaughtered by the scared girl.
3- She was seen TO put the huge case into the boot of the car.
4- He was heard SCREAMING OUT for help while he was being tortured.
5- The last leaves on the tree were seen TO fall by the old gardener.

*** catch, smell ve find alg fiilleri ise sadece gerund aldrr nk istense de olayn
tm gzlenemez. Sadece bir ksm gzlenebilir. Olayn ba n grmek imkanszdr.
1- We found him lying on the floor.
2- I caught him stealing the money.
3- Do you smell something burning? I think I do.

CAUSATIVE FORMS = ETT RGENLER

GET

a) Get Somebody TO DO Something

b) Get Something DONE

HAVE

a) Have Somebody DO Something

b) Have Something DONE

MAKE a) Make Somebody DO

*** BE MADE TO DO = kendisine zorla bir i yaptrlmak

1- The teacher made me stand on a single foot at the blackboard for half an hour.
= I WAS MADE TO STAND on a single foot at the blackboard for half an hour.
2- He made his daughter clean the whole kitchen as a punishment for her
misbehaviour.
= His daughter WAS MADE TO CLEAN the whole kitchen as a punishment for her
misbehaviour.

30

TEST ON VERBS OF PERCEPTION

1- I saw the letter myself. You cant deny it!
A) write
C) to be written

B) being written
D) writing

2- He was made .. in the garden at no charge. He was looked upon as a slave.

A) work
C) to work

B) working
D) to have worked

3- I sadly had to watch my sheep . and skinned.

A) to be slaughtered
B) slaughtered

B) slaughtering
D) having been slaughtered

4- I said to my father that I could not clean his car, but I was made .. it .
A) to do
C) doing

B) do
D) to be done

5- Have you ever heard such a strange word . ? I myself havent, to be honest.
A) spoke
C) to speak

B) spoken
D) to be spoken

6- Her last words were heard by those who had gathered around her.
A) utter
C) having been uttered

B) to be uttered
D) uttering

7- His son is said to have been seen in the mud in the park before he got lost.
A) playing
C) to be playing

B) play
D) played

8- He was caught the money from the drawer of my desk.

A) to steal
C) steal

B) having stolen
D) stealing

9- When the young boy saw his ball by the sea, he burst into tears.
A) carrying out
C) to be carried out

B) being carried out

D) having been carried out

10- The gullible man was made .. the singer by shooting her in the leg.
A) to be injured
C) injure

B) to injure
D) being injured

31

11- The young woman was last seen . her own car that was parked in front of the
shop.
A) get into
C) having got into

B) to get into
D) got into

12- I used to hear my husband while taking a bath. He was out of tune, though.
A) to be sung
C) sang

B) singing
D) to be singing

13- She was made overtime for free until she felt that enough was enough.
A) work
C) to work

B) working
D) worked

14- He will be kicked out of the team if he is caught in a pub with girls.
A) to drink
C) to be drinking

B) drink
D) drinking

15- Two of the unruly boys were expelled from school when they were found .
A) smoking
C) having been smoking

B) to smoke
D) smoke

16- When I was young, I loved to get up at night if there was a wild storm and listen to the
thunder .
A) roaring
C) to roar

B) having roared
D) being roared

17- The volcano was heard up to the fifty miles away.

A) to erupt
C) erupt

B) erupting
D) to be roaring

18- I could smell something wonderful . . My mother was cooking dinner.

A) to cook
C) being cooked

B) cooked
D) cooking

19- I have never seen this word in a formal essay so far, have you?
A) to use
C) to be used

B) using
D) used

20- What a strange word! I dont think I have ever heard it .

A) spoken
C) speaking

B) to be spoken
D) speaks

32

21- She did not like being made the flowers when he was short of time already.
A) to water
C) watered

B) watering
D) to be watering

22- He was heard at his brother.

A) to shout
C) shouted

B) shout
D) to be shouting

23- They have made him promise before six.

A) not to come
C) not come

B) not coming
D) will not come

24- My car was today but there was a problem with the paint work.
A) delivering
C) to deliver

B) to have been delivered

D) being delivered

25- I think you were able to see the shed in the garden last week.
A) to be built
C) build

B) building
D) being built

26- She could have observed her husband .. on if she had wanted, but she didnt.
A) being operated
C) to operate

B) operating
D) to be operated

27- The unfortunate casualty could not be helped . the smashed car until very late.
A) getting out of
C) got out of

B) get out of
D) to be getting out of

28- I dont think you have heard the song Im telling you about . .
A) being sung
C) singing

B) to sing
D) having sung

TEST ON CAUSATIVE STRUCTURES

1- We should have the teacher how the new computer works.
A) to explain
C) explained

B) explain
D) explaining

2- I will get the waiter you the menu.

A) to bring
C) bringing

B) bring
D) brought

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3- You must have your doctor .. your blood pressure.

A) to take
C) take

B) taking
D) taken

4- My daughter had her tooth . at a nearby dentists.

A) fill
C) to fill

B) filled
D) to be filled

5- The doctor says that I have to get my lungs .

A) X-rayed
C) to be X-rayed

B) to X-ray
D) X-raying

6- The robber had his hair .. so that no one could recognize him.
A) to dye
C) dyed

B) dyeing
D) to be dyed

7- The company will have a market survey .

A) do
C) done

B) to do
D) to be done

8- Im determined to make those who arrive late .. at the blackboard for two
minutes.
A) stand
C) stood

B) to stand
D) standing

9- I will have the tailor . my pants tomorrow.

A) lengthen
C) to lengthen

B) lengthened
D) to be lengthened

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TEST ON VERBS TAKING GERUND OR INFINITIVE WITH A CHANGE IN MEANING

1- I remember ......... our own fishing nets when we were children.
A) making
C) having been made

B) to make
D) to have made

2- The roads need ......... . They are very bumpy, so you need ........ very careful when
driving on them.
A) repairing / to be
C) to be repaired / being

B) to repair / being
D) to have repaired / to be

3- They stopped ......... when they saw the bus pass the end of the street, because they
realized that they had already missed it.
A) to run
C) to have run

B) running
D) having run

4- I regret ......... how to play a musical instrument when I was younger.

A) not having learnt
C) not being learnt

B) not to have learnt

D) not to learn

5- Im afraid your ankle is broken and I regret you that you wont be able to able
to play basketball for a while.
A) informing
C) to inform

B) having informed
D) to have informed

6- I tried some suitable books for my essay at the library, but I couldnt find any
because they had already been taken out by some other students.
A) to find
C) to have found

B) finding
D) having found

7- If the mixture doesnt stick together well, try a little water.

A) to add
C) having added

B) adding
D) to have added

8- She stopped horror films because she couldnt sleep well due to nightmares.
A) to watch
C) to have watched

B) watching
D) having watched

9- Dont forget the dog for a walk before you leave for school.
A) having taken
C) taking

B) to have taken
D) to take

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10- You should try more. It is a great form of exercise.

A) walking
C) to have walked

B) to walk
D) having walked

11- I really regret these expensive shoes. They really hurt my feet!
A) to have bought
C) to buy

B) having bought
D) being bought

12- Im sure that you will never forget your first award, will you?
A) having won
C) to have won

B) to win
D) being won

13- I tried the boxes which were full of books, but they were too heavy.
A) lifting
C) to be lifted

B) having lifted
D) to have lifted

14- She told us her theory and went on the details.

A) explaining
C) having explained

B) to explain
D) to have explained

15- I dont remember the lights open in the house!

A) to leave
C) having been left

B) leaving
D) to have left

16- Colin went on for two more hours after his friends had left the library.
A) to study
C) to have studied

B) having studied
D) studying

17- Sorry, I didnt mean your meeting, but I have some urgent news, Sir!
A) to interrupt
C) to have interrupted

B) interrupting
D) having interrupted

18- When a loud noise was heard, everybody in the street stopped what had
happened.
A) seeing
C) to see

B) to have seen
D) having seen

19- I tried . you earlier, but you were too busy to listen to me.
A) warning
C) to have warned

B) to warn
D) having warned

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