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Introduction

Sundarban is one of the most beautiful, fascinating and the largest mangrove forests in the
world. But in recent years the forest is losing her beauty day by day due to human and natural
causes. More especially it is affected by deforestation as well as some big natural calamities,
like- Floods; SIDR; AILA etc. If the affected areas are identified by using ERDAS Imagine and
detect the changes at an interval of three date satellite pictures there would be take some
steps to protect the loses in future.

Location
Sundarban is an international mangrove forest. It is situated on the Southern part of
Bangladesh and India. But about 2/3 part of its total area is situated in Bangladesh.
Absolute location of the total area of Sundarban is 21o30N and 22o30N, and longitudes
89o00E and 89o55E and its total area is about 4,110 sq. km, of which about 1,700 sq. km is
occupied by water bodies. The forest consists of about 200 islands, separated by about 400
interconnected tidal rivers, creeks and canals.
(Source: http://wikimapia.org/1651148/The-Great-Sundarbans-Bangladesh-and-India).

(Source:http://www.210countries.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/sundarban_map.jpg)

Figure-1: Location of the total area of Sundarban

Change Detection in the Forest Area Coverage of Sundarban: Mangrove Forest of Bangladesh

(Source: http://www.gadm.org, Author)

Figure-2: Location of Sundarban in Bangladesh

Study Area
The study area of this project is the Sundarban in Bangladesh which is found in the satellite
image block of 137/45 and 138/45.
Absolute location of the study area of Sundarbans Bangladesh part is 21 56 0 N and 88 51
0 E (Source: Wikipedia) which is situated among the four districts- Satkhira, Khulna, Bagerhat
and Pirojpur which are in the South-West.
The main reason of selecting Sundarban of Bangladesh as the study are is to find out the
major changes after some big natural calamities like- SIDR in 2007, AILA in 2009 and also high
salinity intrusion. The changes from 1989 to 2009 the coverage and pattern of vegetation has
changed a lot in these two decades in this forest, the largest mangrove forest in the world.

Change Detection in the Forest Area Coverage of Sundarban: Mangrove Forest of Bangladesh

(Source: http://www.gadm.org, Author)

Figure-3: Study Area of the research.

The Three Dates Images and Its Properties


The satellite images are three respective dates in a specific time interval of ten years. The
dates are January 1989, November 1999 and November 2009. These images are found free of
cost from http://glovis.usgs.gov. as well as the dates are after some natural calamities that
changes a lot in the forest area and this is the main reason for selecting these dates.

Change Detection in the Forest Area Coverage of Sundarban: Mangrove Forest of Bangladesh

Image Properties:
Table- 1: Information of the images
Spatial

Satellite

Sensor

Sensor Mode

Date of Acquisition

Landsat 4

TM

SAM

12 January, 1989

30 Meter

137/45

Landsat 7

ETM +

SAM

08 November, 1999

30 Meter

137/45

Landsat 5

TM

BUMPER

11 November, 2009

30 Meter

137/45

Resolution

Path /Row

(Source: Author)

Table- 2: Information of the images


Spatial

Satellite

Sensor

Sensor Mode

Date of Acquisition

Landsat 4

TM

SAM

19 January, 1989

30 Meter

138/45

Landsat 7

ETM +

SAM

15 November, 1999

30 Meter

138/45

Landsat 5

TM

BUMPER

02 November, 2009

30 Meter

138/45

Resolution

Path /Row

(Source: Author)

Aim and Objectives


The aim of this work is to find out the changes and vegetation coverage of Sundarban.
The objectives are:
To identify the vegetation criteria and forest area coverage of Sundarban.
To detect changes in the study area in a specific interval of three dates by using ERDAS
IMAGINE.

Methodology
This research work is based on Secondary Data. Satellite images are the main source of data
for this research.

Change Detection in the Forest Area Coverage of Sundarban: Mangrove Forest of Bangladesh

Methods of Data Processing


The processes of works have been done through many steps in two software; one is ERDAS
IMAGINE 2010, the satellite image processing software and ArcGIS10, the map making
software. Data acquisition, extraction, processing and operation etc. is done in ERDAS
IMAGINE 2010 and the final layout and map making step of the work is done in ArcGIS10.
The methods of data processing and detecting vegetation coverage and changes of the forest
area coverage in Sundarban from 1989 to 2009 there were some specific and major
procedure to build up the final lay out and result.
The steps or procedures are given below1. Satellite Image Download from http://glovis.usgs.gov.
2. Layer Stack the images in ERDAS IMAGINE.
3. Mosaic the two blocks.
4. Extracting the selected study area from a Shape (.shp) file with the help of Clip
application tool.
5. Creating NDVI image and calculating vegetation coverage and presenting as a map
layout with proper symbols in ArcGIS.
6. The three dates Multispectral images of the study area are classified and turned into
Thematic images by Unsupervised Classification.
7. Using DeltaCue application of ERDAS IMAGINE to detect changes in the vegetation
coverage of the study area.
8. Recoding the values of Histogram of the images.
9. Final presentation in ArcGIS.

Workflow Diagram
A Workflow Diagram can define a clear view of the total working processes and methods of a
research work. A diagram is given in the next page that shows the processes and methods of
the total works and presentation of this research work.

Change Detection in the Forest Area Coverage of Sundarban: Mangrove Forest of Bangladesh

(Source: Author)

Figure- 4: Workflow Diagram of the research.


Change Detection in the Forest Area Coverage of Sundarban: Mangrove Forest of Bangladesh

Satellite Images of the Study Area


Multi-temporal satellite images of the study area in the combination of Band Ratio- 4:3:2.

(Source: http://glovis.usgs.gov, http://www.gadm.org, Author)

Figure- 5: Multi-temporal satellite images of the study area.

Change Detection in the Forest Area Coverage of Sundarban: Mangrove Forest of Bangladesh

Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)


NDVI is one of the vegetation classifiers in Unsupervised Classification category of ERDAS
IMAGINE. The NDVI images show that the actual vegetation coverage of the Sundarban as
well as its distribution and proportion.
Turning the Images into NDVI from Multispectral Bands:
The multispectral images were categorized to NDVI by Unsupervised Classification tool of
ERDAS IMAGINE 2010.

(Source: http://glovis.usgs.gov, http://www.gadm.org, Author)

Figure- 6: NDVI Images of three dates.


Change Detection in the Forest Area Coverage of Sundarban: Mangrove Forest of Bangladesh

Making four NDVI classes by NDVI Model Maker:


With the help of the Model Maker, a tool which uses for different types of modeling and
theory application. The NDVI images were divided into four individual classes by their pixel
values in the Histogram and calculated the values by a Conditional Model.

(Source: Author)

Figure- 7: The Model Making window of ERDAS IMAGINE 2010.


The Condition and the vegetation classes were1. No Vegetation, the pixel value measured by the condition was- ($n1_ndvi_ltm <= 0) 0,
2. Sparse Vegetation, the condition was- ($n1_ndvi_ltm>0 and $n1_ndvi_ltm <=0.1) 1,
3. Moderate Vegetation, the condition of the pixel value measurement was($n1_ndvi_ltm>0.2 and $n1_ndvi_ltm<=0.3)2,
4. Dense Vegetation, and the condition was- ($n1_ndvi_ltm>0.3)3

Change Detection in the Forest Area Coverage of Sundarban: Mangrove Forest of Bangladesh

NDVI of the Vegetation Coverage in 1989:

(Source: http://glovis.usgs.gov, http://www.gadm.org, Author)

Figure- 8: Vegetation coverage in 1989


Table- 3: Calculation of vegetation coverage intensity of study area in 1989.
Vegetation Type
Sparse Vegetation
Moderate Vegetation
Dense Vegetation
Total

Area in Sq. Kilometer


45.03
497.23
3479.35
4021.61

(Source: Author)

Change Detection in the Forest Area Coverage of Sundarban: Mangrove Forest of Bangladesh

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In 1989 there was dense vegetation almost in all parts of the Sundarban. A small portion of
moderate and sparse vegetation is also observed.
NDVI of the Vegetation Coverage in 1999:

(Source: http://glovis.usgs.gov, http://www.gadm.org, Author)

Figure- 9: Vegetation coverage in 1999


Table- 4: Calculation of vegetation coverage intensity of study area in 1999.
Vegetation Type
Sparse Vegetation
Moderate Vegetation
Dense Vegetation
Total

Area in Sq. Kilometer


52.33
442.26
3502.42
3997.01

(Source: Author)

Change Detection in the Forest Area Coverage of Sundarban: Mangrove Forest of Bangladesh

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Vegetation coverage intensity of Sundarban in 1999 shows the forest is strongly dominant by
dense vegetation.
NDVI of the Vegetation Coverage in 2009:

(Source: http://glovis.usgs.gov, http://www.gadm.org, Author)

Figure-10: Vegetation coverage in 2009


Table- 5: Calculation of vegetation coverage intensity of study area in 2009.
Vegetation Type
Sparse Vegetation
Moderate Vegetation
Dense Vegetation
Total

Area in Sq. Kilometer


37.99
138.97
3861.19
4039.15

(Source: Author)

Change Detection in the Forest Area Coverage of Sundarban: Mangrove Forest of Bangladesh

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The calculation from the image shows the dense vegetation is the most dominant element of
the Sundarban.
Total Vegetation Coverage of Sundarban
4050

Area (Sq. Km)

4040
4030
4020
4010
4000
3990
3980
3970
1989

1999

2009

(Source: Author)

Figure- 11: Total area of vegetation coverage of Sundarban.


The total vegetation coverage area of Sundarban from 1989 to 1999 had been decreased
about 25 sq. km. But in 2009 the coverage area increased about 42 sq. km than 1999. Overall
vegetation coverage of Sundarban has been increased about 17 sq. km in 20 years time span
of 1989 to 2009.

4500

Total vegetation coverage intensity of Sundarnban in 1989,


1999 and 2009

4000
3500
Sparse
Vegetation

3000
2500

Moderate
Vegetation

2000
1500

Dense
Vegetation

1000
500
0
1989

1999
(Source: Author)

2009

Figure- 12: Total vegetation coverage intensity of Sundarnban in 1989, 1999 and 2009.
The amount of dense vegetation coverage had increased from 1989 to 2009, but moderate
vegetation decreased consequently in these years.

Change Detection in the Forest Area Coverage of Sundarban: Mangrove Forest of Bangladesh

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Change Detection of Sundarban Forest Area Coverage by


IMAGINE DeltaCue
IMAGINE DeltaCue is an ERDAS IMAGINE 2010 add-on that highlights the differences between
two images of the same area acquired at different times, rapidly transforming imagery to
usable information. The user visualizes only the significant changes, by dynamically setting
change thresholds and spatially or spectrally filtering out changes that are not of interest.
Simplifying the complexity of the change detection process, IMAGINE DeltaCue supports rapid
interpretation of relevant environmental changes, as required for effective disaster
management, natural resources monitoring and more.
(Source:http://geospatial.intergraph.com/products/erdasimagine/imaginedeltacue/Details.as
px)
The change detection process in this research has done by the Thematic Image, which was
processed from Multispectral Image by Unsupervised Classification tool in ERDAS IMAGINE.

(Source: http://glovis.usgs.gov, http://www.gadm.org, Author)

Figure- 13: Change Display of Sundarban vegetation coverage area by IMAGINE DeltaCue.
Change Detection in the Forest Area Coverage of Sundarban: Mangrove Forest of Bangladesh

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Detect Changes between 1989 and 1999 in Sundarban:

(Source: http://glovis.usgs.gov, http://www.gadm.org, Author)

Figure- 14: Changes in forest area coverage in 1989 and 1999.


The above figure contains the area which are changed negatively or positively and no
changed compare with the image of Sundarban in 1989 and 1999. The negative 15hanges
refer that there was vegetation in 1989 but in 1999 there was no vegetation, which
symbolized by Red color and defined as Deforestation. Along with the positive changes refer
to increase of vegetation coverage in 1999 than in 1989 and symbolized by Green color
besides it defined as Afforestation. While the no changed area is symbolized by White in
color.

Change Detection in the Forest Area Coverage of Sundarban: Mangrove Forest of Bangladesh

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The figure clearly shows that the afforestation rate is higher than the deforestation rate from
1989 to 1999.
Changes betwen 1989 and 1999
1600
1400

Area (Sq. Km)

1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
Afforestation

Deforestation

(Source: Author)

Figure- 15: Changes in forest area coverage (in sq. km) in 1989 to 1999.
In between the year 1989 and 1999 the rate of afforestation is higher than the deforestation
rate. So it is the clear evidence of increasing of forest area coverage.

Change Detection in the Forest Area Coverage of Sundarban: Mangrove Forest of Bangladesh

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Detect Changes between 1999 and 2009 in Sundarban:

(Source: http://glovis.usgs.gov, http://www.gadm.org, Author)

Figure- 16: Changes in forest area coverage in 1999 and 2009.


The figure contains the vegetation of Sundarban, and it shows whether it is changed or not.
The changes considered as positive and negative. The negative changes denotes that there
was vegetation in 1999 and that lost in 2009, which symbolized by Red in color and defined as
Deforestation, as well as the positive changes mean the vegetation coverage increased in
2009 than in 1999 and symbolized by Green in color and it defined as Afforestation. While the
no changed area is symbolized by White in color. The figure clearly shows that afforestation
decreased than deforestation increased from 1999 to 2009.

Change Detection in the Forest Area Coverage of Sundarban: Mangrove Forest of Bangladesh

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Changes betwen 1999 and 2009


570
560
550
Area (Sq. Km)

540
530
520
510
500
490
480
470
Afforestation

Deforestation

(Source: Author)

Figure- 17: Changes in forest area coverage (in sq. km) in 1999 to 2009.
The year from 1999 to 2009 the rate of afforestation had fallen down as well as deforestation
rate increased significantly, so the forest lost its vegetation.

Change Detection in the Forest Area Coverage of Sundarban: Mangrove Forest of Bangladesh

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Detect Changes between 1989 and 2009 in Sundarban:

(Source: http://glovis.usgs.gov, http://www.gadm.org, Author)

Figure- 18: Changes in forest area coverage in 1989 and 2009.


The figure contains the vegetation of Sundarban, and it shows whether it is changed or not.
The changes considered as positive and negative. The negative changes denotes that there
was vegetation in 1999 and that lost in 2009, which symbolized by Red in color and defined as
Deforestation, as well as the positive changes mean the vegetation coverage increased in
2009 than in 1999 and symbolized by Green in color and it defined as Afforestation. While the
no changed area is symbolized by White in color. The figure clearly shows that afforestation
decreased than deforestation increased from 1999 to 2009.

Change Detection in the Forest Area Coverage of Sundarban: Mangrove Forest of Bangladesh

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Changes betwen 1989 and 2009


1600
1400

Area (Sq. Km)

1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
Afforestation

Deforestation

(Source: Author)

Figure- 19: Changes in forest area coverage (in sq. km) in 1989 to 2009.
Afforestation increased in 2009 rather than in comparison of 1989, where afforestation
increased expressively than deforestation.

Change Rate of Sundarban in 1989, 1999 and 2009


1600
1400

Area (Sq. Km)

1200
1000
Afforestation

800

Deforestation

600
400
200
0
1989-1999

1999-2009

1989-2009

(Source: Author)

Figure- 20: Changes in forest area coverage (in sq. km) in 1989 to 2009.
Change Detection in the Forest Area Coverage of Sundarban: Mangrove Forest of Bangladesh

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In between the year of 1999 and 2009, afforestation rate about 12% which decreased
whereas deforestation rate about 13.7% increased consequently in the comparison of three
dates forestation coverage observation in Sundarban. In these years there was some big
natural calamities like floods in 1998, SIDR in 2007 and AILA in 2009 could be the reason on
behind this low afforestation rate than the rate of deforestation. The year between 1989 and
2009 the rate of afforestation raised up significantly as well as deforestation rate fallen down.
So the forest went back to its past phase in the year of 1989-1999 period, where the
afforestation rate was well and good enough for country like ours.

Change Detection in the Forest Area Coverage of Sundarban: Mangrove Forest of Bangladesh

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Conclusion
Sundarban is the largest mangrove forest in the world beside it was one of the main
competitors in the New Natural Seven Wonders of the world. It is also marked as a World
Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1999. It is a biggest natural green barrier in the world as well as
ours. About 200 years ago, Sundarban was originally measured about 16,700 sq. km. But now
it has squeezed into about one-third of its original size.
This research work was conducted to identify the changes, what changes were happened and
how much forestation has been lost in two decades- one from 1989 to 1999 and other is 1999
to 2009 with the help of three dates satellite pictures of 1989, 1999 and 2009 also their
different processing techniques in ERDAS IMAGINE 2010. The observed calculations of the
images show that the high population growth and natural calamities like SIDR in 2007; AILA in
2009 and also the high intrusion of saline water affected huge loss of the vegetation coverage
and its area of Sundarban.
Among those observed data of the images, the great loss was in 1999 and 2009. In these
times there were three big natural disaster happened, and they were Cyclonic Storm SIDR in
2007 and finally the big Cyclone AILA in 2009. The significant matter of those natural disaster
was, all of them directly affected the Sundarban and there after it lost its vegetation
coverage. But Sundarban is still alive with its own pride and protecting our South-West
Coastal belt as a wall. So it is high time to take proper measure to stop further big loss in
future.

Change Detection in the Forest Area Coverage of Sundarban: Mangrove Forest of Bangladesh

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References
1. http://glovis.usgs.gov.
2. http://www.gadm.org.
3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundarbans.
4. http://wikimapia.org/1651148/The-Great-Sundarbans-Bangladesh-and-India.
5. http://www.210countries.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/sundarban_map.jpg
6. Banglapedia WWW.S S_0602.HTM.
7. Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, Dhaka, D Prain, Bengal Plants, 2 vols, Calcutta, 1903.
8. D Prain, Flora of Sundarbans Records of the Botanical Survey of India. New Delhi;
1903.
9. Khasru Choudhury et al The Bangladesh Sundarbans, IUCN- The World Conservation
Union, Dhaka, 2001.
10. Field guide of ERDAS IMAGINE 2010.
11. Field guide of ArcMap 10.0.
12. NA Siddiqi, Mangrove Forestry in Bangladesh, IFES, Uni. Chittagong, 2001.

Change Detection in the Forest Area Coverage of Sundarban: Mangrove Forest of Bangladesh

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Appendix
Layer Stack

: This dialog allows you to stack layers from different


images in any order. The stacked layers are saved to an
ERDAS Imagine (.img) file.

Image Mosaic

: MosaicPro in mosaic tool of ERDAS IMAGINE 2010


used to join satellite images and form a larger image or
a set of images.

Multispectral Image

: Multispectral images are the main type of images


acquired by Remote Sensing (RS) Radiometers.
Dividing the spectrum into many bands.

Thematic Image

: Thematic images are usually image products of


classification processing of multispectral images of the
earth surface

Multi-temporal

: Multi-temporal images are mainly used in detecting


any change, because it is the image of different time
periods. The different types of a selected area is called
as Multi-temporal image.

NDVI

: Normalized Difference Vegetation Index refers to the


measurement tool for the vegetation coverage.

Geometric Correction

: Geometric correction means the satellite images which


converted with the accurate coordinate system of a
shape (.shp) file of the study area.

Shape (.shp) File

: The shapefile contains spatial data, such as boundary


information.

Unsupervised Classification : ERDAS IMAGINE uses the "Iterative Self-Organizing


Data Analysis Technique (ISODATA) algorithm to
perform an unsupervised classification
Clip

: Cut from a big area into a small area or the study area
from a block sorting out by ArcGIS 10. Its a ArcGIS 10
tool.

Change Detection in the Forest Area Coverage of Sundarban: Mangrove Forest of Bangladesh

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Recode

: This dialog allows us to assign a new class value


number to any or all classes of an existing .img file,
creating an output file using the new class numbers
this function can also be used to combine classes by
recoding more than one class to the same new class
number.

DeltaCue

: The new tool for detecting changes between two dates


image DeltaCue Wizard and Change Display tool
to observe the changes. Zonal Change and Site
Monitoring tools are also used for detecting changes.

Tables:
1. Total Vegetation Coverage.
Year

Vegetation in Sq. Km

1989

4021.61

1999

3996.91

2009

4038.15

2. Total Vegetation Coverage Intensity.


Sparse
Vegetation
1989
45.03
1999
52.23
2009
37.99
Year

Moderate
Vegetation
497.23
442.26
138.19

Dense
Vegetation
3479.35
3502.42
3861.19

3. Change in 1989-1999.
Change Type
Afforestation
Deforestation

1989-1999
1417.89 sq. km
445.61 sq.km

4. Change in 1999-2009.
Change Type
Afforestation
Deforestation

1999-2009
502.29 sq. km
563.44 sq.km

Change Detection in the Forest Area Coverage of Sundarban: Mangrove Forest of Bangladesh

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5. Change in 1989-2009.
Change Type
Afforestation
Deforestation

1989-2009
1349.03 sq. km
434.72 sq.km

6. Total Change Rate during 1989-1999, 1999-2009 and 1989-2009.


Year

Afforestation (Sq. Km)

Deforestation (Sq. Km)

1989-1999

1417.89

445.61

1999-2009

502.29

563.44

1989-2009

1349.03

434.72

Change Detection in the Forest Area Coverage of Sundarban: Mangrove Forest of Bangladesh

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