The Automotive Dictionary

Re
fere
nce
Ha
ndb
ook
The
Automotive
Dictionary
a comprehensive reference
handbook explaining terms and
technologies related to the
Automobile
A must for ALL of us at
Mahindra & Mahindra Ltd.
Education & Training

Corporate Quality Office
The Automotive Dictionary Reference Handbook
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Foreword
This Automotive Dictionary has been created to provide all employees,
suppliers, dealers and customers of Mahindra & Mahindra Ltd. with a deeper
understanding of Automotive Systems. It contains definitions of a wide variety
of automotive terms, written in simple, jargon-free English.
Its possible
applications include, use for Product upgradation, future vehicle development, as

self study for all our customer relations department, as a brief introduction to
our non-engineering co-workers, and also help us all to be have basic knowledge
related to our product
It is our sincere desire that this dictionary will prove beneficial in promoting a
greater understanding of Automotive Systems, and will thereby result in a
greater degree of customer satisfaction.
Like most of the Automotive OEMs and Suppliers, we have attempted (this is the
first edition) to create a The Automotive Dictionary. However, there may still
remain some errors and omissions; if you find any of these, or if you have any
other comments or suggestions or additions regarding The Automotive
Dictionary, please do not hesitate to bring them to our attention.
Thank you!!!
The Corporate Quality Office

2nd floor, Admin. Bldg., Automotive Sector,
Akurli Road, Kandivli (E),
Mumbai 400 101
India
Tel. : (+91) 22 28467 068 / 322 / 650
CQO-Officers
Page 5
Notes
1. Not all entries in this dictionary will be applicable to our existing products &
market, but they may be effective in helping us to satisfy curiosity, our own or
that of a customer.
2. We have tried as far as possible to include generally used terminology, so
that all english speakers may benefit from this dictionary.
3. If you require further detailed technical or product knowledge, you would be
required to refer to some other resources, such as books, periodicals,
audio/visual aids or technical manuals.
4. This book is intended for use such that it directly or indirectly benefits
Mahindra & Mahindra Ltd. only.
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Engine Hood
(Bonnet)
Windshield
Wiper
blade
Rear View
Mirror (Outside)
Front
Door
Door
Handle
(front)
Marker
Lamp
Cladding
Fender
Extension
Grille
Headlamp
Bumper (Front)
Tyre & Wheel
Rear Door
Window
Wiper blade
Door
(Rear)
Registration
Plate
(Provision for)
Door Handle
(rear)
Cladding
Fuel Filler
Door/Cap
Rear View
Mirror
(inside)
AC
Ventilator(s)
Tyre & Wheel
Footboard
Rear Lamp
(Tail Lamp)
Sunvisor(s)
Windshield
Instrument
Panel
Steering
wheel
Grab
Handle
Instruments
AC Controls
Glove
Box
Gear Shift
Lever
Co-driver
Seat
Driver
Seat
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General
2x4
A common abbreviation for "two-wheel-drive". It is pronounced "two by four".
2WD
Abbreviation for "two-wheel-drive".
4x4
A common abbreviation for "four-wheel-drive". It is pronounced "four by four".
4WD
Abbreviation for "four-wheel-drive".
A
A/C
* Air Conditioner
A/T
* Automatic Transmission
ABS
* Anti-lock Brake System
ACCELERATION DRAG (INERTIAL RESISTANCE)
The resistance against acceleration. This type of drag is an important source of
feedback to the driver, informing him or her of the acceleration response.
ACCELERATION PERFORMANCE
The index of engine performance is the vehicle's ability to accelerate. The time it
takes a vehicle to accelerate from a dead stop to a certain speed, or to reach a
certain distance, is called "takeoff acceleration." Acceleration from a constant
speed is called "passing acceleration."
* SS 1/4-mile Acceleration, Zero-to-four Acceleration
ACCELERATOR PEDAL
The pedal installed near the driver's right foot, and which allows the driver to
control engine rpm, and thus vehicle speed.
Accelerator pedals can be of either the pendant type, which hangs down from
above, or the organ type, which is installed into the floor.
ACEA
Acronym for Association des Costructeurs de Automobile, the European
professional association of petroleum industry engineers. ACEA was formed in
response to European engine designer concerns that API standards were not
responsive to their requirements and were overly focused on American engine
designs. ACEA currently specifies engine oil requirements in three categories
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A - Gasoline (Petrol)
B - Passenger Car Diesel
C Commercial (Truck) Diesel
ACID NUMBER
A measure of the amount of Potassium Hydroxide (KOH) needed to neutralise all
or part of the acidity of a petroleum product, i.e. how much free acid is
contained in the product.
ACIS
Acoustic Control Induction System
* Variable Induction Systems
ACKERMAN STEERING
A type of steering that is set so that the turning angle of the inside front wheel is
greater than the angle of the outside front wheel. Most cars use this type of
steering. This difference between the turning angles of the inner and outer front
wheels not only influences how the turn is made, but also affects steering "feel,"
steering stability, and steering wheel return.
* Turning Radius
ACTIVE SUSPENSION SYSTEM
Active suspension systems utilise power to move each wheel up and down to
control body motion in response to road abnormalities. The system responds to
inputs from the road and the driver. With active suspension, a vehicle can
simultaneously provide the smooth ride of a soft suspension along with the
superior handling associated with a firm suspension.
Most active suspension systems use a high-pressure pump with
hydraulic cylinders at each wheel to position the wheels with respect to
the vehicle. Up and down motion of the wheels is actuated by
electronically controlled valves. Other alternatives to power active
suspension systems include electric motors or electro-magnets. In any system,
sensors at each wheel determine vertical wheel position and the force of the
road acting on the wheel. Some systems use "road preview" sensors (radar or
laser) to provide information about road abnormalities before the front wheels
reach them. Accelerometers tell the computer when the vehicle is accelerating,
braking, or cornering. The computer uses complex algorithms to continuously
process information and decide the position each wheel. Coil springs can be used
at each wheel to avoid 'bottoming out' of the suspension in case of system
failure, and can also reduce the power required to support the sprung weight of
the vehicle.
Outstanding ride and handling, even on rough road surfaces
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ACTIVE TILT CONTROL
Active tilt control applies force to 'wind up' the stabiliser bars in the front and
rear suspension in order to resist body lean while cornering. Because active
control is used only as needed, vehicle spring rates and stabiliser bar stiffness
can be reduced, improving normal ride characteristics. In addition, this system
has potential to increase low speed, off-road traction on 4WD vehicles.
The control module receives a lateral acceleration signal from a body
mounted accelerometer. The module directs pressure from a pump to
hydraulic cylinders that replace stabiliser bar links. During cornering,
the cylinders are actuated to wind-up the stabiliser bars, which
increases resistance to body lean. The system is deactivated at slow speeds to
increase driver comfort. Off-road traction is improved due to lower resistance
from the stabiliser bars, allowing the front and rear wheels to better follow the
surface of rough roads.
Reduced vehicle lean and improved ride
ADAPTIVE CRUISE CONTROL (INTELLIGENT CRUISE CONTROL)

Adaptive cruise control (ACC) improves on traditional cruise control by allowing a
vehicle to automatically follow another vehicle at a set (safe) distance. With
ACC, the driver sets the system when their vehicle is at the desired interval from
the lead vehicle. ACC maintains that spacing up to a maximum vehicle speed,
also set by the driver. The driver must remain alert to override the system if
necessary. When the distance to the lead vehicle and/or relative speed indicates
a need for braking, some ACC concepts merely disengage the throttle (and
enable a downshift) and give a warning to apply the brakes. Other concepts
actually tap the brakes to warn the driver. When the lead vehicle changes lanes
or exits (and the road is clear), the ACC will accelerate to the set speed (same
as conventional cruise control).
When actuated by the driver, a microwave radar unit or laser
transceiver on the front determines the distance to the vehicle ahead
and relative speed. The computer continually adjusts the throttle (and
brake-tap system if so equipped). Braking can override the system at
any time.
Increased convenience and improved traffic flow on busy highways
ADAPTIVE TRANSMISSION CONTROL (ATC)
The Adaptive Transmission Control (ATC) system recognises individual styles of
driving (e.g., aggressive versus relaxed) and adapts transmission shift
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parameters accordingly. Two types of ATC are Adaptive Shift-Scheduling and
Adaptive Shift-Quality Control. Adaptive shift scheduling uses information to
assess driving style and decide when to upshift or downshift. It can also identify
up-or downhill gradients, and recognise hard cornering; to inhibit shifts that
might be annoying to the driver or affect vehicle stability. Adaptive shift-quality
control uses information about the vehicle or environment, such as changes in
the transmission due to wear, to improve the quality of shifts. This system can
also adjust shift smoothness to suit driving style; eg, crisper shifts for
aggressive driving or smoother shifts for normal driving.
Adaptive Shift Scheduling uses a microprocessor to read signals from
various sensors; with a complex algorithm (and ongoing memory) to
'decide' when to shift. For example, high lateral acceleration during
cornering may prevent shifting even if the accelerator is suddenly
depressed or released. This helps avoid potential loss of tire grip due to load
reversal. Shift points can be based on calibration curves in memory. Adaptive
Shift-Quality Control adjusts parameters that affect the speed and smoothness
of the shift by interpreting data, including driveline feedback, from various
sensors.
Transmission shifting that is better suited to specific driver styles or
operating conditions
ADD
* Automatic Disconnecting Differential
ADDITIVE
A material added to the base stock to improve its properties, characteristics or
performance.
ADJUSTABLE SHOULDER BELT ANCHOR (SEAT BELT HEIGHT ADJUSTER)
A type of seat belt anchor that makes it possible to adjust the shoulder belt
angle of the three-point seat belt to suit the physique of the wearer.
The centre pillar anchor (in which the belt is housed) of a conventional, threepoint seat belt is fixed in place, and cannot be moved to suit passengers who are
larger or smaller than average. However, the adjustable anchor can be raised or
lowered by pressing a button. Thus the seat belt can be worn with greater
comfort and safety.
ADVANCED (SMART) RESTRAINT SYSTEMS
Smart restraints provide more consistent protection for people of different sizes
and positions in various vehicle crash situations. Traditional seat belts and air
bags are set up to provide protection for a range of occupants and conditions by
deploying or restraining in a 'fixed' manner. Advanced restraints systems
consider variables such as occupant weight, seating position, seat belt usage,
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and vehicle deceleration to control seat belt forces and deploy the air bag
optimally. Also, air bags would be designed to not deploy at seating positions;
which are unoccupied, where a rear-facing child seat is installed, or when an
occupant is out of the normal seating position (too close to the air bag). Smart
restraints could provide more consistent protection in a variety of real-world
conditions, and reduce the potential for injuries due to deployment of air bags.
A combination of sensors (ultrasonic, infrared or capacitive) provide
the computer with information about occupant position, occupant
weight, and seat track position. Accelerometers provide information
about the collision. The computer uses this information to decide which
restraints should be deployed and in what manner. Special hardware would be
required to tailor deployment of restraints; e.g.:
Variable deployment air bag actuators -- allow air bag to fill at different
speeds and to different volumes
Seat belt pre-tensioners -- tighten the seat belt at the beginning of the
collision
Seat belt load limiters -- allow the seat belt to extend with high loads
during a collision
Potential for increased safety and comfort, reduced repair costs
ADVANCED (SMART) POWER WINDOWS

Smart power windows automatically stop closing and reverse direction when
obstructions (such as a hand) are detected in the path of the closing window.
A number of different technologies may be used to sense an
obstruction. One concept monitors electric current and/or torque of the
window regulator motor. Certain changes detected in the electrical
current signify an obstruction, stopping or reversing the direction of the
window. Another concept detects obstructions with a light curtain or infrared
detector. The light curtain stops the motor before contact is made, further
reducing potential for injury.
Safety and convenience, particularly with features like one-touch
closing, global window-closing, or automatic closing of a moonroof
when rain is detected
AERO SLIT BUMPER
A bumper with openings-on both sides to allow air to flow in and out.
When the wind created by the movement of the vehicle enters these openings, it
can escape out the bottom, increasing straight-line stability at high speeds.
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AERO TOP
A top that is constructed so that the entire section of the roof over the front
seats can be removed. "Aero top" has roughly the same meaning as "targa top".
AERODYNAMIC DRAG (CD, CW, CX)
When a vehicle is in motion, air hits the body, generating a force (aerodynamic
drag) which resists the forward movement of the vehicle.
At low to medium speeds, aerodynamic drag has little effect on the vehicle, but I
the speed increases, the drag increase dramatically. (CD is also symbolised as
and C W and C X in some countries.)
* Aerodynamic Performance, Drag Coefficient, Lift Coefficient
AERODYNAMIC MIRROR
A door mirror designed to reduce aerodynamic drag. This type of mirror also
gives the vehicle a sporty look.
AERODYNAMIC COMPONENTS
Components that redirect air flow to improve vehicle aerodynamics by creating a
downward force that causes the vehicle to hug the road.
Aerodynamic components increase fuel efficiency at high speeds and reduce
wind noise. They include such components as front and rear spoilers.
AERODYNAMIC PERFORMANCE
Aerodynamic performance includes a vehicle's reaction to various kinds of wind
forces, such as the aerodynamic "drag", pushing against the vehicle from the
front, and the forces pushing the vehicle upward, the so-called "lift". These are
as abbreviated as CD and CL respectively.
Body style influences these forces, which increase dramatically at higher speeds.
A vehicle with a low drag coefficient experiences less power loss as it moves
forward, giving greater fuel economy. A vehicle with a low lift coefficient has
better stability at high speeds. Use of air spoilers is one way of improving a
vehicle's aerodynamic performance.
AFTER-BURN (AFTER-FIRE)
An explosive noise in the exhaust system. After-burn occurs when partially
unburned exhaust gas ignites in the exhaust pipe.
The most common cause of after-burn is an ever-rich air-fuel mixture. This, in
turn, is often caused by sudden deceleration, or by engine braking while
descending a steep hill. Another common cause of after-burn is improper valve
timing.
* Backfire
AIRBAG
Air bags are fabric bags that quickly fill with gas to provide supplemental
protection for vehicle passengers during some types of collisions. Front air bags
for driver and front seat passengers are becoming standard on most cars and
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light trucks sold in North America. Side impact air bags are becoming
increasingly available. Air bags are most effective in protecting vehicle occupants
who are properly belted.
One or more sensors detect intensity and direction of vehicle
deceleration that occurs during a collision. If there is sufficient
acceleration and change in velocity (above a set limit) in the direction of
protection (eg, frontal or lateral), appropriate airbags are deployed;
e.g., front and/or side. Air bags begin to inflate within 25-20 milliseconds after
the impact, and are fully deployed in 40 to 55 milliseconds.
Improved occupant protection in some types of collisions.
* Supplemental Restraint System (SRS) Airbag
AIR CLEANER
A device used to remove dirt, sand, and other foreign matter from the air that is
sent to the engine.
If dirt gets into the engine, it will get mixed with the engine oil, damaging the
cylinders and piston rings. Also, if the filter element of the air cleaner becomes
clogged, an insufficient amount of air will reach the engine, resulting in a lack of
power. The air filter element must therefore be inspected and cleaned or
replaced periodically.
AIR CONDITIONER (A/C, "AIR CON")
A device or system that adjusts the temperature inside the passenger
compartment, cooling and dehumidifying it. It is also used for defogging the
windows.
If an unpleasant odour is detected when the air conditioner is first switched on,
it may be due to dirt or dust that has become lodged inside the system and is
being blown into the interior of the vehicle. Turning on the air conditioner should
dissipate the odour by collecting the moisture from the air and expelling it into
the atmosphere.
AIR FLOW METER
A device which measures the quantity of air flowing into the engine.
Based on the data provided by the air flow meter, a computer controls the
quantity of fuel injected into the intake manifold or intake ports, and the ignition
timing.
AIR-FUEL RATIO
The proportion with which air and gasoline are mixed in the cylinders.
To make it easier to start the engine, a richer" mixture (one with a higher
concentration of gasoline) is used, while under most driving conditions, a leaner
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"theoretical" mixture (one with a theoretical concentration of gasoline) is used to
improve fuel economy and reduce exhaust emissions.
AIR HORN
A horn that is operated by compressed air. Compressed air activates a vibration
plate to produce the sound. Air horns are usually used on large vehicles, such as
trucks and buses.
* Electric Horn
AIR INTAKE AND EXHAUST SYSTEMS
The components used to supply air to the engine, and channel exhaust gases
from the engine to the outside.
The intake system includes such components as the air cleaner, and the intake
manifold that conducts the air-fuel mixture to the cylinders. The exhaust system
includes the exhaust manifold, the muffler that controls exhaust noise, and the
tail pipe.
AIR INTAKES
Openings around the vehicle body that permit air to enter to improve cooling,
such as for the engine. To cool the engine of an MR (Midship-engine, Rearwheel-drive) vehicle, the air intakes are located on the sides of the body. For
turbocharger cooling, air intake openings are installed on the engine hood.
AIR PURIFIER
A device for removing dust, smoke, unpleasant odors, and other impurities from
the interior of a vehicle.
When a vehicle is driven with the air conditioner on and the windows closed,
odour and impurities in the air inside the vehicle, may create unpleasant odours.
The air purifier removes these odours and other impurities.
AIR SUSPENSION
Suspension using air instead of metal springs to support the vehicle body. Air
absorbs finer vibrations than metal springs, and can more easily adjust the
vehicle to a uniform height.
* Electronically Controlled Air Suspension, Electronically Modulated Suspension
(EMS)
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AIR VALVE
A valve for regulating air intake. On vehicles with EFI, the air valve opens when
the engine is cold, permitting an increased flow of air to the engine, and thereby
raising the engine rpm.
ALIGNMENT
* Wheel Alignment
ALIGNMENT CHANGE
A general term for small changes in the installation angles of the suspension and
wheels. These changes may be due to such factors as rolling, pitching, bouncing,
etc., and include changes in camber, caster and toe-in. The greater the changes
in alignment, the greater the vehicle instability and the more uneven the tyre
wear.
ALKALINITY (BASICITY)
A measure of the ability of a lubricant to neutralise acids which are formed
during the combustion process, most commonly from sulphur present in diesel
fuels. Left uncontrolled, acids would cause corrosion within the engine.
ALL-WEATHER TIRE
A radial tyre that can be used in both summer and winter. All-weather tyres do
not handle as well on snow-covered roads as snow tyres, but can be used as
snow tyres on roads that are only lightly covered with snow.
* Spiked Tyre, Studless Tyre
ALTERNATOR
A device, powered by the engine, which generates electricity. It provides power
to the various electrical components and systems while the engine is running,
and also keeps the battery charged.
ALTERNATOR REGULATOR
* Regulator
ALTIMETER
A gauge that shows vehicle altitude; it operates on the principle that air
decreases as altitude increases. Off-road vehicles are often provided with an
altimeter.
ALUMINUM WHEELS ("MAG" WHEELS)
Wheels made of aluminium alloy. The advantages of aluminium wheels include
reduced weight and a large number of production designs.
(Note: The "mag" wheels found on some sporty" cars look like the ultra-light
magnesium wheels used on race cars, but are often made of aluminium alloy.)
* Disc Wheel, Light-alloy Wheels
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AMP
Amplifier
AMPLIFIER ("AMP")
An electronic device that amplifies electrical signals. The most common type of
amplifier found in an automobile takes weak electrical signals from the radio
tuner, cassette deck, CD player, etc., and amplifies them so that the speakers
can convert them to sound. An amplifier consists of a pre-amp (also called the
"control amp"), which modulates the signal received from the tuner or player,
and a power amp (also called the main amp"), which increases the gain
(strength) of the signal before sending it to the loudspeakers.
* A Complete AV System
ANALOG METER
A "traditional" round meter with a needle to indicate such data as vehicle speed,
engine rpm, etc.
ANGLE OF APPROACH
Angle between ground and front bumper
Front Bumper
Front
Ground
Approach Angle
ANGLE OF DEPARTURE
Angle between ground and rear bumper
Rear Bumper
Rear
Ground
Departure angle
API
Acronym for the American Petroleum Institute a professional association of
petroleum industry engineers. API establishes standards for a wide range of
products and services including those for automotive lubricants.
ANTI-DIVE
A suspension design and/or computer-controlled function that compensates for
the tendency of the nose of a vehicle to "dive (drop down momentarily) during
braking.
* Anti-lift, Anti-roll, Anti-squat
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ANTIFOAM AGENT
An additive used to suppress the foaming tendency of a lubricant in service.
Foam can interfere with the efficient operation of lubricants, systems e.g.
allowing air to enter hydraulic lines. Additionally, the mixing of air into the
lubricant will accelerate oxidation and shorten oil life. Antifoaming agents are
usually silicone-oil-based and act by disrupting the surface film around bubbles
to prevent their formation.
ANTIFREEZE
A liquid chemical added to engine coolant to prevent the coolant from freezing in
winter.
Recent advances in antifreeze performance include protection at lower
temperatures, rust protection, and the ability to be used year round. (This last
type of coolant is called "long-life coolant," or LLC.) The main component of
antifreeze is ethylene glycol, to which an anti-rust compound is added. When the
coolant level drops too low, adding only water weakens the antifreeze and antirust properties, so when coolant is added, antifreeze should also be added in a
concentration suitable to the temperature and the use to which the vehicle will
be put.
ANTI-GLARE MIRROR
A rear-view mirror that protects the eyes from glare at night. The anti-glare
mirror can suppress the level of light reflected from the headlamps of following
vehicles. Conventional anti-glare mirrors use prisms for light refraction, but
fewer mirrors use liquid crystals to reduce the amount of light transmitted.
* Liquid Crystal Glare-proof Mirror
ANTI- LIFT
A suspension design and/or computer-controlled function that controls the
tendency of the rear of the vehicle to rise during braking, by offsetting the
tendency of the nose to dive.
* Anti-dive, Anti-roll, Anti-squat
ANTILOCK BRAKE SYSTEM (ABS)
ABS keeps the wheels from fully locking up while braking -- to allow the driver to
maintain steering control of the vehicle. Without ABS, too much force applied to
the brake pedal can cause one or more wheels to stop turning (lock up) and
begin skidding, reducing capability of the to steer along the intended path. With
ABS, maximum force on the brake pedal slows each wheel only to the point of
maximum braking -- without skidding. Since all wheels are still rolling, the
vehicle maintains steering control within the limits of traction. Many light trucks
use rear-wheel ABS which prevents rear wheel lock up.
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A computer-controlled braking system that automatically prevents the
wheels from locking up during sudden braking. This improves directional
stability.
In a brake system without ABS, if the brakes are suddenly applied on a
slippery road, the vehicle may skid and spin out of control. This loss of control
occurs if the wheels lock up, causing a lack of steering control. To avoid losing
control, the driver must pump the brakes, dividing the braking into several short
bursts. This is called "cadence braking".
However, in an emergency there may not be time to pump the brakes. With
ABS, the computer determines how each of the four wheels is rotating when the
brakes are applied, and automatically performs repeated "brake and release"
operations. This prevents the wheels from locking up and allows the steering
wheel to remain responsive, thereby keeping the vehicle from weaving and
enabling a safe stop.
This system also prevents the wheels from locking up and causing the vehicle to
spin out if the brakes are applied too vigorously on a curve.
ABS consists of an Electronic Control Unit (ECU) with microprocessor, hydraulic
control unit (HCU) with pump and motor (to modulate brake line pressure), and
wheel speed sensors for each wheel. If a wheel begins to lock up during braking,
the computer senses a speed difference compared to the other wheels. The HCU
reduces pressure to that brake until it begins to roll again. This occurs
repeatedly (many times per second) during braking, making pumping of the
brakes unnecessary. When the brake is applied firmly, each wheel is kept at
maximum braking without locking up; to help the driver make best use of
available traction. Stopping distances on snow and ice will generally be longer
than on dry pavement.
ABS provides the average driver with greater vehicle stability and
control during severe braking, allowing the driver to steer away from a
potential accident.
* Traction Control System (TRC, TRAC)
ANTI-ROLL
the tendency of the vehicle to lean to the outside of the turn during cornering.
* Anti-dive, Anti-lift, Anti-squat
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ANTI-SQUAT
the tendency of the rear of a vehicle to "squat" (drop down momentarily) when
starting off or accelerating.
* Anti-dive, Anti-lift, Anti-roll
ANTI-STATIC SEAT
A seat that prevents the occupant from being shocked by static electricity. This
is accomplished by an electrically conductive material that is woven into the seat
material. This material keeps the seat grounded and prevents the build-up of
static electricity.
ANTI-SUBMARINING SEATS
Anti-submarining seats help reduce the risk of vehicle occupants sliding under
the lap belt in a frontal collision; and may help position the occupant's torso for
more effective restraint by the shoulder harness portion of the belt system, and
by the airbag.
The seat cushion frame is designed with a ramp structure that slopes
upward toward the front of the seat. In a collision, the ramp portion
presses against the occupant's pelvis and thighs to help keep the lower
body from sliding downward and under the lap belt.
Increased protection in a frontal collision
ANTI-WEAR AGENT
Additives, or their reaction products, which form thin, tenacious films on highly
loaded parts, such as gear teeth, prevent metal-to-metal contact and the
resulting corrosion.
ASH
Metallic deposits formed in the combustion chamber of an engine or other high
temperature operating areas. Many ashes are abrasive and may lead to wear if
not controlled.
ASH (SULPHATED)
The ash content of a lubricant, determined by burning the oil and then treating
the residue with sulphuric acid and drying. Expressed as percentage by mass.
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ASPECT RATIO
The "height" of a tyre divided by its width, and multiplied by 100. The smaller
the aspect ratio, the lower and wider the tyre. Standard tyres have aspect ratios
of between 70 and 80%, while low-aspect tyres generally have ratios in the
neighbourhood of 65, 60, or even 50%.
The aspect ratio must be considered in selecting a tyre, along with tyre width
and wheel diameter. Aspect information is given on the sidewall of the tyre.
* Low-aspect Tyre
ASSEMBLY
A component consisting of two or more components or sub-assemblies.
ATF
Automatic Transmission Fluid. Fluids used in automatic, hydraulic transmissions
in motor vehicles. ATF fluids must have carefully controlled characteristics if they
are to perform correctly. Most major motor manufacturers specify fluids suitable
for their transmission systems
AUTOMATIC AIR CONDITIONER
A type of air conditioner that automatically maintains a specified interior
temperature, regardless of changes in the outside temperature.
Sensors constantly monitor the temperature inside and outside the passenger
compartment. When the driver sets a desired temperature, a computer
automatically adjusts the temperatures based on this data, and sets the blower
strength accordingly.
AUTOMATIC DISCONNECTING DIFFERENTIAL (ADD)
Simply flipping a switch permits the driver of a part-time four-wheel-drive
vehicle to engage or disengage the propeller shaft from the drive shafts,
changing between two-wheel and four-wheel drive. With ADD, it is therefore not
necessary to get out of the vehicle to engage disengage the free-wheel hubs
manually.
* One-touch 2-4 Selector
Page 22

AUTOMATIC HEADLIGHT SHUT-OFF SYSTEM
A fail-safe device that prevents the headlights from being left on by mistake. If
the headlights are left on when the ignition is turned off, the headlights and the
taillights will turn off automatically once the driver's door is opened.
AUTOMATIC RIDE CONTROL
Automatic ride control adjusts vehicle shock absorber resistance (damping) in
response to driver inputs such as steering and braking, and for changes in road
surface. During manoeuvres such as hard braking or quick lane changes, the
system increases suspension damping to improve dynamic stability. Damping is
automatically decreased during steady driving, so that bumps and potholes are
absorbed rather than being transmitted to the occupants. Some systems also
allow the driver to select suspension settings; soft, normal or firm (sport)
Most systems use switchable-rate shock absorbers (dampers). Different
sensors may be used, depending on the complexity of the system.
(1) A basic system, such as on the Thunderbird Super Coupe, measures
steering wheel position and braking. The computer adjusts the damping
of all shock absorbers equally. (2) A road-calibrated suspension system, also
known as semi-active suspension, measures the position of individual road
wheels as well as driver inputs. This type system (used on Continental and
Taurus SHO) adjusts shock absorber damping independently for each wheel for
the best combination of performance and ride. In vehicles equipped with a
suspension-firmness switch, selecting a firm setting would cause the computer
to choose heavy damping for most driving conditions, while the soft setting
would result in light damping more often.
Improved ride and handling
AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION
A transmission that automatically shifts gears in response to vehicle speed and
acceleration.
With an automatic transmission, the driver does not need to constantly shift
gears, which makes driving in stop-and-go traffic and on hilly roads much easier.
An automatic transmission is composed of a torque converter (which replaces
the clutch of a manual transmission), and the transmission itself. A car with an
automatic transmission is often simply called an "automatic".
There are different kinds of automatic transmissions. Some have three speeds,
some have four, and some have extra functions such as a lockup mechanism or
overdrive. Some also have settings for improving fuel economy and reducing
noise.
* Manual Transmission (M/T), Transaxle
Page 23

AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION FLUID (ATF)
A special type of oil used in an automatic transmission. Ordinary (manual)
transmission oil must not be used if the use of ATF is specified.
AUTOMATIC WIPERS
Wipers with an interval switch that can be set by the driver in response to the
amount of rain that is falling. To operate, set the wiper switch to INT
(intermittent).
AUTO-SHIFT MANUAL TRANSMISSION AND SELECT-SHIFT MANUAL
TRANSMISSION
Select-Shift Manual (SSM): Select-Shift Manual controls allow the driver to
change gears in a manual transmission without having to operate a clutch
pedal.
Auto-Shift Manual (ASM): Auto-Shift Manual automatically clutches and
shifts a manual transmission. ASM operates similar to an automatic
transmission (ie, has a drive position), but with performance and fuel
efficiency associated with a manual. ASM can achieve better fuel economy
than a conventional manual because it follows a shift schedule that is better
than typical driver-selected shift points.
Both SSM and ASM are essentially manual transmissions with
additional hardware and software. The hydraulic clutch is controlled
by computer rather than driver input. Electro-hydraulic actuators
replace mechanical shift linkage. The shift control/ gear selector is
actually an electrical switch, with many possible forms; eg, the traditional Hpattern, or a control on a steering-column stalk to upshift or downshift. When
operated by the driver, the shift control disengages the clutch, engages the new
gear, and re-engages the clutch, all under control of the computer. The
computer can also control engine speed -- through throttle, ignition or fuel
intervention -- for smoother shifts. Potentially damaging shift commands can be
countermanded by computer intervention.
Fuel economy improvement with fun-to-drive manual shifting, and shift
mode flexibility
AUTO TILTAWAY STEERING WHEEL
A steering wheel that automatically tilts up and out of the way when the ignition
key is removed, making it easier for the driver to get in and out of the car. When
the key is reinserted in the ignition and the steering wheel is pulled down by
hand, the steering wheel returns to its original position.
* Computer-controlled Tilt and Telescopic Steering (Preset Steering), Telescopic
Steering Wheel, Tilt Steering Wheel
Page 24

AXLE
A shaft connecting the right and left wheels. The axle supports the weight of the
vehicle and transmits power from the engine to the wheels. Steering knuckles
are also installed on the front axles. The rear axle consists of an axle shaft and
an axle housing. The load on the rear axle differs from vehicle to vehicle, so
different methods are used to support the load.
* Full-floating Axle, Semi-floating Rear Axle
AXLE HOUSING
A tube that houses the axle shafts. The axle housing runs from the right wheel
to the left wheel. The housing and the axle shafts installed inside of it make up
the axle.
Both ends of the axle housing are mounted to the suspension and support the
body. On an FR vehicle, the differential is installed at the center of the axle
housing.
AXLE SHAFTS
Shafts that are installed inside the axle housing of a rigid suspension; the axle
housing and the axle shafts together make up the axle.
The shafts transmit the engine power from the differential to the wheels. One
end of each shaft is connected to a differential side gear, and the other end to a
wheel.
B
BACKFIRE
An explosive noise created by combustion in the intake manifold. Backfire has
several causes, among them being:
1. The air-fuel mixture is too lean. This causes combustion to occur too
slowly, which in turn allows burning gases to escape from the cylinders)
into the intake manifold through the intake valve(s) after they have
opened for next intake cycle.
2. The valve timing is incorrect. This allows burning gases to escape through
the take valves as explained above.
* After-burn
BACKLASH
The gap between the teeth of gears that mesh with each other. Large backlash,
causes the teeth to hit each other, creating a lot of noise. In general, as gear
teeth wear down, backlash noise increases.
Page 25
BACK-UP LIGHTS (REVERSING LAMPS)

Lights that light up when the vehicle backs up, giving a warning to the rear.
These lights are usually white, to prevent them from being confused with the
brake lamps.
BALD SPOT
An area on a tyre where the tread has worn too thin. When this occurs, the tyre
reached the limit of its usefulness. On a tyre of a passenger vehicle, when tread
wears down to less than 1.6 mm (0.06 in.) in thickness, some areas will appear
to have less tread left than on the rest of the tyre. On truck tyres, bald spots
appear when the tread wears down to less than 3.2 mm.
So-called Tread-wear indicators are built into the tread to indicate when the
tread has worn down too far. When the tyre tread has worn thin, the vehicle will
be difficult to control on wet roads and may skid or hydroplane. This is a driving
hazard, and bald tyres should always be replaced for this reason.
BALL-NUT STEERING
Recirculating-ball Steering
BASE NUMBER
The amount of acid (usually hydrochloric) needed to fully neutralise a lubricants
alkalinity, expressed as Potassium Hydroxide (KOH) equivalents i.e. KOH grams
per litre.
BASE STOCK
The base fluid, usually a refined petroleum fraction or a synthetic fluid, into
which additives are dissolved to produce the final lubricant.
BATTERY
A rechargeable electrical storage device used to power the starter, the ignition
system, the lights, and other electrical equipment on a vehicle.
The battery can carry out most of these functions even when the alternator (a
type of generator used in automobiles) is shut off, because it stores the
electricity that is generated by the alternator when the engine is running.
The battery contains a liquid solution called electrolyte", in which negative and
positive lead plates, joined together by connectors, are immersed. The
electrolyte and lead in the plates react chemically to generate electricity; when
this occurs, we say that the battery is "discharging". The opposite process, called
"charging", uses electricity to be stored in the battery again.
The conventional automotive battery uses Lead (Pb) and lead peroxide (PbO 2) or
zinc for the plates, and dilute sulphuric acid (H2 SO4 ) for the electrolyte. Standard
battery output is about 12 volts and standard capacity is between 40 and 70 AH
(ampere-hours). Since recent vehicles contain more and more advanced
Page 26

electronic equipment, battery and alternator performance have become vital
factors in automobile design.
BATTERY SAVER
The battery saver feature automatically turns off interior lights in a parked
vehicle after a few minutes; to prevent the battery from being drained; eg, when
a reading light is left burning, or a door is left ajar.
If interior lights are left on while the ignition key is in the off position, a
relay will be deactivated within 10-40 minutes to turn off power to the
interior lights.
Helps avoid being stranded due to a dead battery
BEAD
The portion of the tyre that contacts the rim of the wheel. The bead prevents
tyre distortion and keeps the tyre from coming off the wheel. Steel wire similar
to a bundle of piano wire is used as the core of the bead.
BED
The deck at the rear of a truck, in which cargo is carried.
BENCH SEAT
A wide seat that can accommodate two or more persons.
Most modern passenger cars have separate seats in the front, but vehicles such
as taxis that need to seat three in the front use bench seats.
BIAS COEFFICIENT
An indicator of the performance of an LSD (Limited Slip Differential). The bias
coefficient shows the proportion of torque that the LSD attempts to send to the
opposite wheel when a drive wheel on one side begins spinning.
A higher coefficient indicates a greater ability to get out when stuck in a hole,
better cornering performance and better control on slippery roads.
Page 27

BIAS TIRE (BIAS-PLY TIRE)
A tyre whose plies (layers) are built up with their cords running in alternate
directions. This type of tyre is inferior to the radial tyre in both performance and
endurance.
BLANKWASH COMPOUND
A press-applied water/oil dilutable compound formulated to clean the blank and
enhance formability. It is normally applied via roll coaster prior to introduction of
the blank into the press.
BLISTER
A bubble in the paint. If water, oil and other impurities are not cleaned off the
body surfaces before painting, they will prevent the paint from bonding to the
surface of the metal, and the paint will swell to form blisters. Rust can also
cause blisters; they are then called corrosion blisters".
BLOW-BY
The process whereby unburned fuel and combustion products are blown past the
piston rings into the crankcase rather than being fully expelled as exhaust. Blowby products contaminate and dilute lubricants, reducing the effectiveness. The
problem is worse in older or poorly maintained diesel engines.
BLOW-BY GAS
Unburned gas and exhaust gas that escape from the combustion chambers into
the crankcase, via the minute clearances between the pistons and the cylinder
walls. Most blow-by gas is raw, unburned gas, that is released during
compression, and consists of highly concentrated hydrocarbon (HC) gas.
* Positive Crankshaft Ventilation System. (PCV)
BLOWER
A device composed of a motor, and a fan used to circulate air from the air
conditioner and heater, in order to regulate the temperature of the interior of the
passenger compartment. The blower speed can be set by a switch located on the
control panel.
Page 28

BLOW-OUT
It is when a tyre explodes like a balloon. Blow-outs are usually the result of
damage to defects in the tyre itself, overheating of the tyre (which in turn is due
to driving at high speeds on an under-inflated tyre), etc.
* Flat Tyre
BODY
The outermost "shell" of a vehicle, made usually of pressed sheet steel, though
some bodies are made of fibreglass other materials. Some steel bodies also have
plastic or aluminium sections.
Most passenger automobiles consist either of a body supported on a frame (that
they have a "body-and-frame" construction), or they have a "monocoque"
bodies, i.e., one without a separate frame on which the body is welded to the
floor and mounted directly to the suspension via partial frames called "subframes", stub frames", or "cradles". (A monocoque body is also called a
unitised" body; a vehicle with this type of construction can be said to have a
"unibody" construction.)
BODY RIGIDITY
The resistance of the body of a vehicle to elastic deformation (bending and
twisting). Body rigidity is closely related to such factors as noise, vibration,
riding comfort, stability and controllability, and vehicle life.
BOOST PRESSURE
The pressure inside the intake manifold. Boost pressure is the difference from
the atmospheric pressure, and is generally given in mmHg, kPa, kgf/cm2 , or psi.
An engine without a turbocharger or supercharger usually has a boost pressure,
which is lower than atmospheric pressure, and so is expressed as a negative
number. The greater the boost, the greater the amount of air that can be sent to
the engine, and thus the greater the engine power. A vehicle with a
turbocharger or supercharger is usually provided with a boost pressure lamp or
meter.
BOOSTER CABLES (JUMPER CABLES)
When a vehicle has a dead battery, booster cables can be used to connect the
battery to the battery of another vehicle to start the engine. This is called "jumpstarting" the vehicle.
Care must be taken in connecting booster cables. If the cables are connected in
the wrong sequence or to the wrong terminals, electrical equipment may be
damaged. Vehicles Owners Manual generally gives for the details on how to
connect booster cables correctly.
BORE
The inside diameter of a cylinder, usually an engine cylinder. The ratio of bore to
stroke (i.e., the diameter of the cylinder divided by the distance the piston
Page 29

travels in the cylinder) determines whether an engine is a square, over-square
(short-stroke), or long-stroke engine.
High-speed engines, such as gasoline engines used in passenger cars, are
usually square or over-square; engines that produce a lot of torque (rather than
speed), such as diesel engines, are often of the long-stroke variety.
BOUNDARY LUBRICATION
Lubrication between two touching surfaces where the film of oil that normally is
maintained to prevent metal-to-metal contact is broken. This usually occurs at
very high load/low speed operation and extreme pressure (EP) additives are
required to prevent equipment damage.
BRAKE, BRAKING
* Brakes, Engine Braking, Exhaust Brake, Parking Brake
BRAKE BOOSTER
A mechanism which uses the differences in pressure between intake manifold
vacuum and atmospheric pressure to greatly increase braking pressure when the
brake pedal is pressed.
Use of a brake booster permits more effective braking with much less pedal
effort.
Since the engine produces vacuum ONLY when the engine is running,
braking efficiency will decrease and may even be lost if the engine is
shut off while the vehicle is moving.
BRAKE CALIPER
A component of a disc brake which clamps down on the disc rotor (which rotates
with the wheel). Brake pads are mounted on the inside of the calliper, and are
forced by hydraulic pressure to press against the disc rotor. This slows down the
rotation of the disc, and therefore the wheel, causing the vehicle to slow down or
stop also.
BRAKE DRUM
A cylindrical component in a drum brake that constantly rotates with the wheel.
When the brake pedal is pressed, hydraulic pressure forces the brake shoes
against the inside of the brake drum, causing the wheel to slow down or stop
turning, thereby slowing or stopping the vehicle.
BRAKE FLUID
A special non-petroleum based fluid used in hydraulic brakes to transmit
hydraulic pressure.
Most brake fluid contains glycol, which has superior anti-rust properties, and
which has a high boiling point to reduce the occurrence of vapour lock.
BRAKE MASTER CYLINDER
A mechanism that changes the mechanical force of the brake pedal into the
hydraulic force needed to operate the brakes.
Page 30

BRAKE NOISE
A high screeching sound that comes from the brakes when the pedal is pressed.
The sound is caused by the frictional material on the brake pads or brake shoes
rubbing against the rotor or drum.
The amount of brake noise produced differs depending on the quality of the pad
or lining material, but the amount of noise normally has little relationship with
braking performance, and some brake noise is to be expected.
* Pad Wear Indicator
BRAKE PADS
A friction-creating component in a disc brake. Brake pads are installed on the
inside surfaces of each brake calliper. When the brake pedal is pressed, the
callipers clamp the pads against the disc rotors (which rotate with the wheels),
thereby slowing or stopping the vehicle.
BRAKE PULL (PULL TO ONE SIDE)
A situation in which the vehicle veers to one side instead of stopping in a straight
line when the brakes are applied. Brake pull occurs when the brakes are
stronger on one side than on the other, and may be caused by improper brake
adjustment.
BRAKES
A mechanism or system that is used to slow or stop a moving vehicle. The two
main types of brakes used are drum brakes and disc brakes. Both use hydraulic
pressure and are operated by a foot pedal. While the word "brakes" usually
refers to the foot or service brakes (those used to slow or stop the vehicle),
there is also the parking brake, which is used to lock the rear brakes to keep a
parked vehicle from moving.
* Engine Braking, Exhaust Brake
BRAKE SHOE
A crescent-shaped component which is installed inside a brake drum and which
has a frictional material (called the "brake lining") applied to its outside surface.
The brake drum of each wheel is provided with two brake shoes. When the brake
pedal is pressed, hydraulic pressure forces the brake shoes against the inside of
the brake drum, which rotates with the wheel. Frictional pressure between the
brake shoes and the brake drum slows the rotation of the wheel, thereby slowing
or stopping the vehicle.
* Drum Brakes
BRAKE VIBRATION
When the brake pedal is pressed lightly at medium to high speeds, a pulsation of
the brake pedal may be felt. This pulsation will be synchronised with the rotation
of the wheels. Sometimes the instrument panel and steering wheel, and even
the entire vehicle body may begin to vibrate.
Page 31

In the case of disc brakes, this vibration may be caused by lateral run-out of the
rotor, or uneven rotor wear. With drum brakes, the cause may be an out-ofround brake drum (that is, one having radial run-out) or a warped drum. (see
"Run-out" for illustration.)
BRAKE WARNING LAMP
A lamp that lights up when the parking brake is set with the ignition switch on. If
the lamp stays on after the parking brake has been released, the brake fluid
may be low.
BRAKING DISTANCE
The distance that a vehicle travels from the time the brake pedal is depressed
until the vehicle stops moving. Braking distance can be divided into two parts: 1)
"free-running distance (the distance that the vehicle travels from the time the
brake pedal is depressed until the brakes start to operate); and 2) "stopping
distance (the distance that the vehicle travels from the time the brakes start to
operate until the vehicle comes to a complete halt).
Major factors influencing braking distance are the original vehicle speed, the
design of the tyres, and the nature and condition of the road surface
* Hydroplaning
BREAKER
A layer of fabric in a tyre between the outer rubber tread and the inner carcass.
The breaker absorbs shock from the road, and prevents damage to the tread
from reaching the carcass.
BREAKER POINTS ("POINTS"')
* Ignition System
BREAK-IN PERIOD
In the past, a new car had to be driven carefully for a certain distance to "break
in" the engine because running the engine at high rpm or under full load when
new could damage it.
New cars now do not require a specific break-in period (but see the vehicle's
Owner's Manual for precautions to follow when driving a new car).
BRIGHT STOCK
A heavy (high viscosity) base stock with a low pour point.
BROOKFIELD VISCOSITY
Measurement of apparent viscosity as determined by a Brookfield Viscometer
under controlled temperature and shear rates.
BSA
Acronym for British Standards Agency, the British standards organisation, which
sets important standards for many industrial lubricants.
Page 32

BUCKET SEAT
A seat for only one person, with deeper cushions and seat back, which seem to
wrap around the body.
A bucket seat fits the human body better than an ordinary seat, and also
provides support to the sides of the body, especially during high-speed
concerning. For this reason, bucket seats are often used in sporty" cars and
race cars.
BUILT-IN PARKING BRAKE
A parking brake mechanism built into the calipers of the disc brakes. Built-in
parking brakes are used on relatively small cars.
BUMPER
A thick cushion or bar made of polypropylene or steel for absorbing the impact of
a collision. This protects both the passengers and the vehicle body from harm.
Recent advances in bumper design include the use of aerodynamic bumpers,
which also improves the vehicle's appearance by helping the bumper to blend in
with the body.
* Super Olefin Bumper
BUMPER GUARD
A plate used on 4WD off-road vehicles to protect the bottom of the front
bumper.
C
CAB, CABIN
* Passenger Compartment
CAB-OVER TRUCK
A truck with the driver and passenger space located over the engine. This is the
most common truck design, and is used to make the cargo space as long as
possible. A truck with one row of seats is called a "single cab truck", while one
with two rows of seats is called a "double cab truck".
CABRIOLET
A convertible coupe
CADENCE BRAKING
* Antilock Brake System
CAMBER
One aspect of wheel alignment; the amount that the tops of the wheels are tilted
outward or inward. When they are tilted inward, it is called "negative camber";
when they are tilted outward, "positive camber".
Page 33

Most older passenger cars used positive camber, while most modern cars use
zero camber or negative camber to improve cornering performance.
* Caster, Toe-in
CAMSHAFT
A long shaft on which are mounted ovoid (egg-shaped) cams that change the
rotational movement of the camshaft to a reciprocating (up-and-down)
movement, in order to open and close the engine's intake and exhaust valves.
Each cam's longer end pushes a valve to open, while its shorter end permits a
spring to close the valve.
CAPACITOR
* Condenser
CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2)
A compound of carbon (C) and oxygen (O), formed and released into the
atmosphere whenever an animal breathes or a fuel is burnt. Carbon dioxide is of
course created by the combustion of gasoline or diesel fuel in the engine of an
auto or truck. While normal amounts of CO 2 are not harmful to animal life, and
in fact are necessary in the photosynthesis of plants and trees, the release of too
much C02 into the atmosphere is thought to contribute to the greenhouse effect.
Note that carbon dioxide is different from carbon monoxide (CO), which is a
poisonous gas.
CARBON MONOXIDE (CO)
A poisonous gas, carbon monoxide is a compound of carbon (C) and oxygen (O),
and is found in the exhaust emissions of motor vehicles; its release into the
atmosphere is regulated by law in many countries.
CARBON RESIDUE
Coked (generally blackened) material left after an oil has been subjected to very
high temperatures under controlled conditions.
CARBURETOR (CARBURETTOR)
A device that mixes gasoline with air to produce the highly combustible air-fuel
mixture that is needed to fuel the engine. As the venturi (the passage in the
carburettor through which the air passes) gets narrower, the air flows faster and
the pressure drops. At the narrowest part of the venturi, the fuel is drawn out
from one or several nozzles, forming a mist as it mixes with the air. This
atomised air-fuel mixture is then drawn into the cylinders for combustion.
Besides creating the air-fuel mixture, the carburettor also acts as an automatic
regulating device, increasing and decreasing air flow volume in accordance with
increases and decreases in fuel volume as the accelerator pedal is depressed and
released.
* Electronic Fuel Injection (EFI), Central Injection (Ci)
Page 34

CARBURETOR ICING
When moisture freezes inside or around the carburettor, the engine can run
roughly or have trouble starting. Icing occurs when moisture in the air cools and
freezes around the throttle valve, due to the low temperatures caused by the
vaporisation of gasoline.
It can also be caused by snow getting into the engine compartment, then
melting and re-freezing around the throttle body or carburettor. Icing tends to
occur most often in cold, wet weather.
CARCASS
An important part of the tyre, the carcass is made of strong woven polyester,
nylon, or steel. It is able to both withstand weight and shock, and prevent highpressure air from leaking from the tyre.
The strength of the tyre is determined by the strength of the weave and the
number of strands, or "cords", used in the carcass.
A tyre with a diagonal weave is called a "bias tyre", while one with the weave
going across the tyre is called a "radial tyre".
CARGO SPACE
The space for carrying luggage, cargo, or other miscellaneous items. On a
passenger vehicle, this is often a separate compartment called the "trunk" or
"boot". The cargo area of a van or wagon is inside the passenger compartment
at the rear, and can often be enlarged by folding down the rear seats.
CASTER
One aspect of wheel alignment. When the wheel is seen from the side, the
degree to which the inclination of the steering axis ("king-pin angle") varies from
the true vertical is called the "caster". (In other words, it's the forward or
backward tilt of the steering axis.)
As a rule, increasing the caster increases straight-line stability, but it also makes
it more difficult to turn the steering wheel.
* Camber, Steering Axis Inclination (SAI),
Page 35

CATALYTIC CONVERTER
Exhaust gas contains various pollutants such as carbon monoxide (CO),
hydrocarbons (HC), and oxides of nitrogen (NOx). A catalytic converter, installed
in the exhaust pipe in front of the muffler, uses a catalyzing agent to clean such
pollutants from the exhaust. There are two types of catalytic converter:
1) Catalytic Converter for Oxidation (CCO ) Breaks down carbon monoxide (CO)
and hydrocarbons (HC) into carbon dioxide (CO2 ) and water (H20);
2) Three-way Catalytic Converter, also called Catalytic Converter for Reduction
and Oxidation (CCRO )
Breaks down oxides of nitrogen (NOx) by the process of reduction, and also
breaks down carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons as explained in 1) above.
CAUTION PLATE
A plate or label with warnings or directions related to vehicle care. A caution
plate or label uses drawings and/or text to alert the driver and maintenance
personnel to important items, and is affixed in highly visible locations.
CCO (Catalytic Converter for Oxidation)
* Catalytic Converter
CCRO
Three-way Catalytic Converter; Catalytic Converter for Reduction and Oxidation
* Catalytic Converter
CCS
* Cruise Control System
CD (CW , CX)
Aerodynamic drag.
* Aerodynamic Performance
CENTER CONSOLE
A rectangular construction located between the driver's seat and the front
passenger seat. A console that includes both a built-in storage compartment
(called the "console box") and the gearshift lever is called a "full console". A
console that does not include the gearshift lever is called a "semiconsole". A
console that is built into the rear seat is called a "rear console".
CENTER DIFFERENTIAL
A differential in a full-time 4WD vehicle that distributes driving power to the
front and rear wheels, and also compensates for the difference between frontand rear-wheel rotational speed on curves.
Page 36

Using a centre differential on a full-time 4WD vehicle eliminates the tight-corner
braking effect on sharp turns, helping the vehicle turn more smoothly even on
dry, paved roads. The centre differential has helped to popularise full-time 4WD
vehicles.
CENTER DIFFERENTIAL LOCK

A mechanism on a full-time 4WD vehicle that temporarily locks the centre
differential (that is, stops this differential from operating, so that it does not
absorb the differences in rotational speed between the front and rear wheels),
and forces it to transmit power to the front and rear wheels. On a full-time 4WD,
the centre differential normally distributes power to the front and rear wheels,
but if one wheel should get stuck in mud (for example) and begin to spin, the
centre differential would send all the power to that wheel and none to the
others.
The centre differential lock prevents this problem: If a front wheel spins, for
example, the locking mechanism causes power to go to the rear wheels to keep
the vehicle from getting stuck.
The centre lock differential may be either a manually locked mechanical lock or
an automatically locking hydraulic lock with viscous coupling and wet multipledisc clutch.
CENTER HIGH-MOUNT STOP LIGHT (CHMSL)
* High-mount Stop Lamp
CENTRAL INJECTION (Ci)
An electronically controlled fuel injection system; it injects fuel into the throttle
body from one injector (rather than injecting it into each intake port with several
injectors, as with ordinary EFI).
Because it injects only the necessary amount of fuels in response to engine rpm,
central injection is more accurate and fuels efficient than a carburettor, which
supplies fuel continuously.
Page 37

CERAMICS
The strength, light weight, and heat resistance of ceramics makes these
materials a logical choice for turbocharger turbine blades and for the combustion
chambers of diesel engines. Ceramics may someday replace metals as the
material used in building engines.
CERAMIC TURBINE
A turbine (bladed wheel) made of some type of ceramic, and used in a
turbocharger. A ceramic turbine is lighter than a metal turbine, and also more
heat-resistant and durable at high temperatures. Because it is lighter, it begins
rotating sooner than a metal turbine in response to exhaust thrust, reducing
turbo lag and improving acceleration
CHARCOAL CANISTER
A container filled with activated charcoal to absorb gasoline vapours. Gasoline
evaporates from the gasoline tank. and the carburettor; to prevent this vapour
from being released into the atmosphere, the charcoal canister temporarily
absorbs it, then returns it to the intake manifold for burning when the engine is
running. Charcoal canisters are found only on vehicles having gasoline engines.
CHARGE WARNING LAMP
A lamp on the instrument panel that lights up to warn the driver if problems
occur in the charging system while the engine is running.
To prevent complications, the driver should stop and check the battery, or have
the charging system inspected as soon as possible.
CHASSIS
The minimum components required to actually operate a vehicle. The chassis
(pronounced "shassy" or" chassy") includes the frame, engine, drive train,
suspension, brakes, wheels, and steering system.
CHASSIS DYNAMOMETER
An instrument used to simulate driving conditions in the laboratory. The vehicle
is "driven" on the rollers of the chassis dynamometer. Conditions similar to
actual driving conditions can be simulated for testing purposes by varying the
rolling resistance of the rollers.
CHATTER
* Clutch Chatter (Judder, Shudder)
CHECK ENGINE WARNING LAMP
A lamp on the instrument panel that lights up to warn the driver of problems
when the engine is running. It is very important to be aware of engine conditions
at all times while the engine is running.
CHILDPROOF LOCK, CHILD PROTECTOR
* Child Security Lock
Page 38

CHILD SEAT (INFANT SEAT)
A removable auxiliary seat to hold an infant or small child. The child seat holds
the child safely in place and keeps him or her from being thrown about while the
vehicle is in motion or if the vehicle is involved in a collision.
There are two types of child seat: one type is shaped to fit an infant's body, and
the other to fit a child's body; both types are equipped with special restraining
belts, and can be fastened to a front or rear seat with a seat belt.
CHILD SECURITY LOCK (CHILDPROOF LOCK, CHILD PROTECTOR)
A small nub or knob on the frame of a rear door that can be operated to prevent
the door from being opened from the inside. It is usually found on four-door
sedans.
It disables the door-opening lever on inside of the door so that the door cannot
be opened from the inside.
CHIPPING
Damage to the paint from small items, such as pebbles, which are thrown up
from the
road and hit the body of the vehicle.
* Chip-resistant Paint
CHIP-RESISTANT PAINT
Paint that resists chipping caused by objects such as stones thrown up from the
road. Both the thickness and the strength of the paint absorb the impact of
flying objects, keeping the damage from getting through the paint to the body.
Furthermore, even if chipping should occur, this type of paint is designed to
prevent rust from spreading.
CHMSL
* Centre High-Mount Stop Light
Ci
* Central Injection
CIRCUIT BREAKER
A device that protects the wiring and electrical equipment in a circuit if excessive
current flows through it, such as when there is a "short" (short circuit). Like a
fuse, the circuit breaker prevents too much electrical current from flowing
through the circuit; however, instead of using an easily fusible element which
melts under heat, as in the case of a fuse, a circuit breaker breaks the circuit by
opening like a relay.
Circuit breakers are used especially in circuitry that draw too much current to be
handled by a fuse, such as the circuitry of power windows and defoggers.
* Fuse, Fusible Link
CL - AERODYNAMIC LIFT.
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CLEARANCE DETECTION AND RANGING SYSTEM
An obstacle-detection system equipped with ultrasonic wave sensors installed on
the corner of each bumper. The time gap between the transmission of the
ultrasonic waves from the sensors, and their reception after bouncing off an
obstacle gives the vehicle's distance from the object. An electronic beeper or
lamp warns the driver of the obstacle, making it easier to manoeuvre in tight
spaces.
The rear detection and ranging system is the same as the clearance detection
and ranging system, but is installed only on the rear bumper of a vehicle.
* Corner Sensor, Rear Detection and Ranging System
CLEARANCE LAMPS (SIDE LIGHTS)
Lights at the front and rear of a vehicle, showing the presence and width of the
vehicle at night. The front clearance lamps are white or amber, while the rear
ones are red.
CLIMBING RESISTANCE
The force, due to a vehicle's own weight, that tends to pull the vehicle downhill
as it attempts to climb a grade or hill.
CLIPPING POINT
When a vehicle takes a curve at high speed, as in a car race, the "clipping point"
is the nearest point to the inside of the curve that the driver aims at. The name
comes from a race driver's practice of taking the curve as if shaving off the
inside corner.
CLOSE-RATIO GEARS
A transmission design in which the gear ratios are set quite close to each other,
to help keep engine rpm high in order to maintain power.
Close-ratio gears are often used in sports cars with high-powered engines and
manual transmissions.
Note: Following table gives some of the close-ratio gear design vis--vis
ordinary transmission
CLOSE RATIO GEARS
ORDINARY TRANSMISSION
3.074
3.566
st
1 gear
2
nd
gear
1.838
2.056
rd
gear
1.256
1.384
th
gear
1.000
1.000
5t gear
0.856
0.850
Page 40

CLOUD POINT
The temperature at which clouds of wax crystals starts to form within a lubricant
while it is being slowly cooled. In operation these crystals would block oil-ways
and reduce lubrication efficiency.
CLUTCH
On a vehicle with a manual transmission, the clutch isolates the engine from the
transmission during starting, stopping, and gear shifting.
Pressing the clutch pedal separates the flywheel of the engine (i.e., the rotating
crankshaft) from the input shaft of the transmission; releasing the pedal
reconnects the engine and transmission.
The clutch is said to be "engaged" while the clutch pedal is not depressed and
the engine is connected to the transmission. It is "disengaged" when the clutch
pedal is depressed and the engine is isolated from the transmission.
CLUTCH CHATTER (JUDDER, SHUDDER)
When the vehicle starts off, the entire body of the vehicle will vibrate if the
clutch disc is not clamped firmly between the flywheel and the pressure plate.
This "chatter" can be caused by such problems as clutch wear and spring
damage.
CLUTCH COVER
One component of the clutch. The clutch cover is installed on the flywheel (at
the output end of the crankshaft), with the clutch disc and pressure plate
inserted between them.
A spring fixed to the clutch cover presses against the pressure plate, forcing the
clutch disc to press against the flywheel. This prevents the clutch from slipping
while it is engaged (i.e., while the clutch pedal is released).
CLUTCH DISC
A round flat plate located between the flywheel and pressure plate of the clutch.
The clutch disc is splined to the transmission-input shaft and rotates together
with it, as one unit. Its purpose is to transmit power from the engine to the
transmission; to help it do this, both sides of the disc are covered with a
frictional material.
Page 41

CLUTCH FLUID
The fluid used in a hydraulic clutch to transmit power (hydraulic pressure). Brake
fluid is generally used for this.
CLUTCH PEDAL
The pedal used to operate the clutch (in a vehicle with manual transmission).
When the clutch pedal is depressed, the clutch is disengaged, and the gears can
be shifted; when the pedal is released, the clutch re-engages, reconnecting the
transmission with the engine .
CLUTCH PRESSURE PLATE
A round, flat metal plate that pushes the clutch disc against the flywheel. The
section of the pressure plate that contacts the clutch disc is flat, and made of a
heat- and wear-resistant material.
CLUTCH RELEASE BEARING
A device that transmits the movement of the clutch pedal to the clutch. This
movement operates the diaphragm spring, disengaging and engaging the clutch.
CLUTCH SLIPPAGE
Inability of the pressure plate of the clutch to press firmly against the clutch
disc. This is particularly noticeable while the vehicle is climbing a hill or
accelerating, as the clutch cannot transmit full engine power to the transmission.
Clutch slippage may be caused by such problems as lack of pressure from the
clutch disc (due to oil on the disc, etc.) or clutch disc wear.
CO
* Carbon Monoxide
CO2
* Carbon Dioxide
COCKPIT
* Passenger Compartment
COEFFICIENT OF DRAG (CD, CW , CX)
* Drag Coefficient
COEFFICIENT OF LIFT (CL)
* Lift Coefficient
COIL-ON-PLUG IGNITION
Coil-on-plug ignition system uses one ignition coil for each cylinder; attached to
the spark plug. The system replaces remote ignition coils and high voltage
ignition wires in a distributorless ignition system.
12 volt power is sent to each cylinder at the appropriate time by the
electronic engine control module. An ignition coil on each spark plug
converts 12 volts to 30,000 - 35,000 volts to fire the plug. Each plug
fires only during the compression stroke (except when cranking), unlike
Page 42

typical distributorless systems which fire a wasted spark during the exhaust
stroke.
More reliable and robust ignition system with a lower total weight
COIL SPRING
A thin flexible rod that has been coiled into spiral for use in vehicle suspensions.
Advantages over leaf springs include the ability to vary spring "hardness"
(firmness) by changing the thickness of the rod, and the ability to change the
way in which the spring contracts and expands by changing the orientation of
the coil.
COLD CRANKING SIMULATOR (CCS)
A measuring device designed to simulate the condition within an engine at startup in cold temperatures and assess the suitability of the product for low
temperature use.
COLD SPECIFICATIONS ("COLD SPECS")
Specifications for vehicles or vehicle equipment that has been especially
designed for use in cold climates. Examples: A larger battery to improve starting
and increase electrical system capacity; an improved electrical system and
enhanced wiper performance; use of a special coolant that freezes at lower
temperatures; an underbody guard under the engine to keep out snow; etc.
COLD-START INJECTOR
A device that injects fuel into the intake chamber to improve engine ' starting
during cold weather. The cold-start injector only operates when the coolant falls
below a specified temperature.
COLUMN SHIFT
A gearshift lever that is mounted on the steering column, in a similar manner to
the turn signal lever. A column shift leaves more space for the front seat than
the floor shift, and is commonly used in passenger vehicles with bench seats.
COMBINATION METER (INSTRUMENT CLUSTER)
The meters, gauges, and indicator and warning lights that are clustered together
on the instrument panel directly in front of the driver.
The main meters and indicator lights are the speedometer, tachometer, turn
indicators, fuel gauge, and coolant temperature gauge.
COMBUSTION CHAMBER
One of the chambers inside the engine cylinder head where the air-fuel mixture
is ignited. Normally, there is one combustion chamber for each cylinder.
* Cylinder Head
Page 43

COMPACT TWIN-CAM ENGINE
An improved twin-cam engine with better performance in the low- and mediumspeed ranges. A compact twin-cam engine uses the latest technology, such as
scissors gears, to connect the two camshafts. This mechanism permits a more
compact combustion chamber, thereby increasing combustion efficiency and
reducing engine weight.
A conventional (i.e., sporty) twin-cam engine aims for greater power and
response at higher rpm, and is used in vehicles intended for "sporty" driving.
However, most engines used in models designed for average driving normally
turn no more than 3000 rpm. The compact twin-cam engine is therefore
designed to gain the advantages of a twin-cam engine in all engine speed
ranges, from low to high, while operating more quietly at the same time.
A vehicle with a compact twin-cam engine is easy to drive not only at high
speeds on the expressway, but also in town.
COMPRESSION RATIO
The proportion of the total cylinder volume to the volume into which the air-fuel
mixture is compressed. Compression ratios for gasoline engines usually fall into
the range between 8:1 and 11: 1, while those for diesel engines are between
15:1 and 23: 1. This means that the air-fuel mixture in gasoline engines is
compressed to between 1/8 and 1/11 of its original volume, while the mixture in
diesel engines is compressed to between 1/15 and 1/23 of its original volume
COMPUTER-CONTROLLED TILT-AND-TELESCOPIC STEERING (PRESET
STEERING)
Data on the steering wheel position (to what extent it is raised or lowered) is
stored in computer memory, which automatically returns the steering wheel to
the proper position when the key is put in the ignition.
Unlike conventional tilt-and-telescopic systems, computer-controlled preset
steering requires no manual adjustment: the driver can store the optimum
position of the steering wheel in computer memory, after which the computer
will automatically reset the steering wheel to that position whenever the key is
inserted into the ignition.
When the key is removed from the ignition, the steering wheel automatically
swings up, out of the way, to make it easier for the driver to get out of and into
the car.
* Auto Tiltaway Steering Wheel, Driving Position Memory System, Telescopic
Steering Wheel, Tilt Steering Wheel
COMPUTER-CONTROLLED SYSTEM (CCS)
A system which uses a microcomputer for general control of the engine, chassis,
brakes, and other vehicle functions.
Page 44

CCS makes it possible to waste as little power as possible when transmitting
engine power to the transmission and wheels, while at the same time
maintaining high levels of controllability and stability, and improving fuel
economy.
* Electronically Controlled Transmission (ECT), Engine ECU (Engine Control
Computer)
CONCEALED WIPERS
Windshield wipers that are hidden between the front windshield and the hood
when not in use. Concealing the wipers in this way not only improves the
appearance of the vehicle, but also improves the driver's vision and reduces fuel
consumption somewhat by improving aerodynamics. This type of wiper system is
now used on most "sporty" cars.
CONCEPT CAR
A vehicle that is developed from the ground up, and which employs new
concepts throughout the entire vehicle.
The concept car reflects the "spirit of the times" in its design, and is generally
developed around a particular technological theme. Concept cars incorporate
many innovative ideas and are usually unveiled to the public at motor shows
(though they are not usually offered for sale).
CONDENSER
The most common name used for a capacitor in the automotive trade. An
electrical component for temporarily storing small electrical charges.
CONNECTING ROD
A shaft or rod shaped like an I-beam that transmits piston movement to the
crankshaft.
The end attached to the piston pin is called the "small end", while the end
connected to the crankshaft journal is called the "big end".
A connecting rod must be able to withstand high pressures and tensile (pulling)
forces. For this reason, it is made of a strong but light material for high
durability and weight reduction.
CONTINUOUSLY VARIABLE TRANSMISSION (CVT)
A Continuously Variable Transmission is an automatic that can select any desired
drive ratio within its operating range; vs fixed ratios of traditional 3, 4, or 5speed (ratio) transmission. CVT continually selects an optimum final drive ratio
(between engine and drive wheels) for all operating conditions, whether
accelerating or cruising. Unlike conventional automatics, there are no perceptible
shifts. During maximum acceleration, the drive ratio is adjusted to maintain
peak engine horsepower. At a constant vehicle speed, the ratio is set to maintain
an engine rpm which will support the required power. In summary, the CVT
Page 45

provides smooth, fast acceleration and high cruising efficiency with the
convenience of an automatic transmission.
The most common CVT design uses a segmented metal V-belt running
between two pulleys of variable diameter. Each pulley consists of a pair
of cones that can be moved close together or further apart to adjust the
diameter at which the belt operates. The pulley ratios are electronically
controlled to select the best final drive ratio; based on throttle position, vehicle
speed and engine speed.
Performance, fuel
perceptible shifts)
economy
and
smoother
operation
(with
no
CONTROL ARM
One component of a four-link suspension (in the rear). The control arms help the
suspension to withstand driving force, braking force, and lateral force.
This type of suspension is constructed with a pair of control arms at both top and
bottom, called the "upper control arms" and the "lower control arms".
CONVERTIBLE
A sedan or coupe with a folding cloth top or removable metal or plastic top.
Cloth tops may be manually operated or may have an electric motor for raising
and lowering the top. (A convertible with a cloth top is sometimes called a "rag
top.)
* Cabriolet
COOLANT
Water, mixed with antifreeze and other additives, used to cool the engine.
* Cooling System
COOLANT LEVEL WARNING LAMP
A lamp on the instrument panel to warn the driver when engine coolant (in the
reservoir) is low. The reservoir should be refilled when this lamp comes on.
COOLING FAN
* Fan
COOLING SYSTEM
The great amount of heat generated by an engine must be dissipated to keep
the engine from overheating. The two methods available to do this are air
cooling and water cooling.
Most passenger cars have water-cooled engines, which circulate coolant (water
mixed with antifreeze, an anti-rust agent, and other additives) through an aircooled radiator, and from there through water jackets running through the
engine block. This method maintains a stable engine temperature, and the
coolant can be used to provide heat for the heater.
Page 46

Air-cooled engines are cooled by having air flow directly over the engine. This
design is used for some small cars and most motorcycles.
* Fan
COPPER STRIP CORROSION
A qualitative measure of the tendency of a lubricant to corrode pure copper,
usually performed by immersing standard test strips of copper in the oil for a
period under controlled conditions.
CORNER SENSOR
A sensor on the corner of a bumper, which can detect obstacles near the vehicle
and sound a buzzer to warn the driver. When the vehicle approaches an object
to within about 1 meter (about 3 feet), the buzzer sounds an intermittent beep,
which changes to a continuous tone when the vehicle comes within about 30 cm
(about 1 foot) of the obstacle.
This type of sensor is especially useful for parallel parking.
* Clearance Detection and Ranging System, Rear Detection and Ranging System
CORNERING LAMPS
Lamps whose operation is linked to the turn signal lever, and which shine in the
direction of a turn. Cornering lamps operate only when the headlights are on,
and turn off automatically when the steering wheel is returned to the straightahead position. They are provided to improve night-time visibility.
CORROSION INHIBITOR
Additive to protect metal surfaces from chemical attack by water and other
corrosive materials, usually by forming a barrier layer.
COUNTERSTEER
A driving technique used on curves. When taking a curve, the driver turns the
steering wheel slightly in the direction opposite the turn. For example, when the
vehicle corners to the right, the rear tyres skid sideways (to the left), making
the car point too much to the inside of the curve. The driver counters this by
turning the steering wheel slightly to the left.
COUPE
A passenger car, usually for two persons, that is built lower to the ground than a
sedan for a sportier look. "Coupe" (pronounced "koop") is from the French word
"coup" (koo-pay') meaning "cut off", and referred originally to a closed horse
drawn carriage with seats for only two passengers. The modern coupe often has
a hatchback in the rear instead of a trunk.
COURTESY LAMP
A lamp on the inside of a door. When the door is opened, the lamp comes on,
lighting the foot area to help passengers get into and out of the car. At night it
also acts as a warning to vehicles approaching from behind that the door is
open.
Page 47

COWL PANEL
The narrow grilled panel between the front window and the hood, used to bring
air into the vehicle.
CRADLE
* Sub-frame
CRANK
To start the engine.
* Starter
CRANKSHAFT
The shaft in the engine that changes the reciprocating (up-and-down) motion of
the pistons into rotational motion.
For each up-and-down motion of the pistons (one-half of one full cycle of intake,
compression, combustion, exhaust), the crankshaft makes one full turn. The
result is that "engine rpm" actually means crankshaft rpm".
CRDI
Common Rail Direct Injection - developed jointly by Mercedes-Benz and Bosch.
The conventional direct injection (DI) diesel engines must repeatedly generate
fuel pressure for each injection, in CRDI engines the pressure is built up
independent of the injection sequence and remains permanently available in the
fuel line. In the CRDI system, the electronic engine management system
continually adjusts the peak fuel pressure according to engine speed and throttle
position. Sensor data from the camshaft and crankshaft provide the foundation
for the electronic control unit to adapt the injection pressure precisely to
demand. In other words, pressure generation and fuel injection are independent
of each other, enabling fuel injection to be adapted to actual demand and
consequently improving fuel efficiency and emission control.
Critical to this process is a special accumulator that can maintain injection
pressure at a constant high level of up to 1350 bar (19,845 psi). This is the task
actually performed by the common rail, which is connected to all four injectors.
At the end of each injector, a rapid-acting solenoid valve adjusts both the
injection timing and the amount of fuel injected. A microcomputer controls each
valve's opening and closing sequence.
CREEP
The slow, apparently spontaneous, movement of an automatic transmission
vehicle when the engine is running and the shift select lever is set in any forward
gear ("D", "2", "L") or reverse ("R").
Even when driving an automatic, the driver should keep the brake pedal firmly
depressed when stopped to keep the vehicle from moving, even when stopped
on level ground.
Page 48

CROSS-MEMBER
Long, narrow supports which one side of the body or frame to the other, and
whose purpose is to maintain body strength and rigidity.
Cross-members include the front cross member, at the front of the body; the
floor cross-member, attached to the floor; and others.
CROSS-RATIOED GEARS
An error for "close-ratio gears".
* Close-ratio gears
CRUISE CONTROL SYSTEM (CCS)
A system, which automatically regulates vehicle speed, making it possible to
drive without continually holding down the accelerator pedal. When driving at a
constant speed, setting the cruise control switch to a certain speed keeps the
vehicle speed constant at the set speed, even when going up and down hills. The
set speed can also be raised and lowered. To ensure safety, pressing the brake
pedal automatically cancels cruise control. Cruise control makes driving much
more pleasant and comfortable when it is necessary to drive long distances at
constant speeds.
CRUSHABLE BODY
A body in which the trunk and engine compartment are designed to collapse to
absorb the force of a collision, helping to protect the passengers. This feature
was designed for passenger safety, and is now used in most cars.
CRYSTAL-PEARL MICA PAINT
Pearl-mica paint with an increased amount of titanium; this helps it to attain a
beautiful, pearl-like lustre.
CW , CX
CYLINDER
The bored-out part of the engine block in which the combustion of the air-fuel
mixture occurs, moving the piston up and down. Mahindra Vehicles have engines
with four cylinders, while the tractors have engines with four/three/two
cylinders.
* Cylinder Block, Cylinder Head
CYLINDER BLOCK
The main part of the engine; it is made of cast steel or aluminium alloy, and
normally has four, six, or eight cylinders bored into it to hold the pistons.
In addition, the block contains oil passages and coolant passages, and slots for
the crankshaft bearings.
CYLINDER HEAD
Mounted above the cylinder block, the Shock Absorber cylinder head holds the
intake and exhaust valves, and the combustion chambers in which the air fuel
Page 49

mixture is exploded. In a gasoline engine, the spark plugs are also installed in
the cylinder head. Intake ports to receive the air-fuel mixture and exhaust ports
to expel the exhaust gases are also provided. The cylinder head is usually made
of the same cast steel or aluminium alloy as the cylinder block.
D
DAMPER
* Shock Absorber
DAMPING FORCE
Force acting in the opposite direction to the direction that an object is moving.
Shock absorbers, for example, provide resistance to control the movement of
suspension springs. This resistance is one example of damping force.
If the damping force is too large, the springs will not provide bounce, making for
a rough ride. If the damping force is too small, on the other hand, the vehicle
will bounce excessively.
To give a sports car added stability in cornering, hard springs and shock
absorbers with large damping force are used.
DASH, DASH PANEL
* Dashboard
DASHBOARD ("DASH"', DASH PANEL, FASCIA)
The panel, often padded, running across the
front
of
the
passenger
compartment, and containing the instrument cluster, the air conditioning

controls and vents, the audio system controls, electrical wiring, the glove box,
etc. Often loosely referred to as the "instrument panel".
DEAD ANGLE
A blind spot in the driver's field of vision. When the driver looks toward the rear
of the vehicle, many areas are not visible even through the mirrors. Recent
attempts to reduce dead angles include making pillars narrower to increase the
driver's field of vision.
Page 50

DEAD BATTERY
* Discharged Battery
D-EFI
* Electronic Fuel Injection
DEFOGGER
A device for removing "fog" (condensed moisture) from the inside of windows.
The rear window defogger uses a heated filament, embedded in the glass, which
sometimes does double duty as a radio antenna.
* Defroster
DEFROSTER
A device for removing condensed moisture from the inside of windows. The front
windshield is generally defrosted with a current of warm air from the heater or
air conditioning system.
* Defogger
DELAYED ACCESSORY POWER
Delayed accessory power continues electric power temporarily to certain
convenience features after vehicle power has been turned off. Delayed
accessories include radio and power windows, and possibly wipers, power
moonroof and message centre. Delay time is up to 10 minutes after the key is
turned off, as long as both front doors remain closed. Opening a front door turns
off the delayed accessory power. For example, the feature allows the customer
to close a forgotten window without reinserting the key.
This system requires a timer and relay attached to some of the vehicle's
electrical circuits. The timer activates a relay to close these circuits
when appropriate. It later opens the circuits (turning off power) when a
front door is opened, or the set time has elapsed.
Increased convenience with accessories available for use after vehicle
ignition key is removed.
DEMULSIBILITY
A measure of lubricants ability to separate from water after being mixed.
DENSITY
Mass per unit volume a given size of a more dense material (such as lead) will
be heavier than the same size of a less of a less dense material (such as water).
DESIGNED PASSENGER CAPACITY
The maximum number of persons that may ride safely in a vehicle.
DETACHABLE SUN ROOF
* Targa Top
Page 51

DETERGENT
An additive to keep engine parts clean and reduces build up of deposits that
would reduce efficiency and impair operation. Detergents are often metallic
soaps that also exhibit alkalinity.
DETONATION
Uncontrolled combustion of the end gases in the combustion chamber of a spark
ignition engine resulting in knocking or pinking.
DIAGNOSTIC FUNCTIONS
Functions for diagnosing various electronic and computer-controlled components
and systems. The large amount of electronic equipment with which modern
vehicles are often provided sometimes makes it difficult to find both the problem
and the cause of the problem when these components and systems break down.
To aid technicians in locating these kinds of malfunctions quickly and accurately,
diagnostic functions are often added to the computers, and special sockets are
provided for connecting test equipment.
DIAPHRAGM SPRING
A component of the clutch system. The diaphragm is the saucer-shaped spring
that presses the pressure plate against the clutch disc to transmit engine power.
A diaphragm-spring clutch -requires less pedal effort than a coil-spring clutch,
and the spring does not lose power during high speed engine operation.
DIESEL ENGINE
An engine that runs on diesel fuel. In this type of engine, air is first compressed
in the cylinders. This heats the air to a very high temperature. A mist of diesel
fuel is then injected into the cylinders. The fuel ignites and a controlled explosion
occurs. The basic construction of a diesel engine resembles that of a gasoline
engine, but a diesel engine does not require spark plugs. Furthermore,
combustion pressure is higher in a diesel engine than in a gasoline engine, and a
diesel engine produces more noise and vibration and must have a sturdier
construction. Newer diesel engines, however, have improved designs that reduce
noise and vibration.
A diesel engine features better fuel economy than a gasoline engine, and can be
used to drive longer distances; for these reasons, diesel engines are more suited
to commercial use.
DIESEL INJECTION PUMP
A pump, which supplies fuel to a diesel engine at the pressure, required for fuel
injection. The pump automatically varies injection volume and injection timing in
response to changes in engine load and rpm.
DIFFERENTIAL
A set of gears that reduces the rotational speed of the propeller shaft (in FR
vehicles) or transaxle (in FF vehicles) for use by the drive wheels. Located
Page 52

between the drive wheels, it also distributes power to both wheels in accordance
with road conditions. For example, to keep the vehicle moving smoothly on
turns, it provides for appropriate differences in wheel rotational speed depending
on the sharpness of the curve.
DIFFERENTIAL LOCK
A device that can lock the differential to prevent it from providing a difference in
wheel rotation speed. In a four-wheel-drive vehicle, if one of the drive wheels
drops into a pothole, the differential will transmit all of the power to that wheel,
causing it to spin. As a result, the other wheel will stop turning, and vehicle will
not be able to get out of the hole.
A lockable centre, rear, or front differential, found on 4WD vehicles, allows the
differential to be locked in such cases. Locking the differential causes the power
to be transmitted to the other wheels so that the vehicle can climb out of the
hole on its own.
* Centre Differential Lock
DIGITAL COMBINATION METER
A meter display panel in which signals from various sensors are converted by a
computer into a digital display, such as numbers and bar graphs, showing
vehicle speed (speedometer), engine rpm (tachometer), amount of fuel
remaining in the tank (fuel gauge), coolant temperature (temperature gauge),
etc.
DIGITAL METER
A meter or gauge, such as a speedometer, tachometer, fuel gauge, or water
temperature gauge, which provides a highly visible digital display in the form
numbers or a bar graph. (The other type of meter used in cars, the analog
meter, uses a needle to indicate a value on a dial or scale.)
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* Digital Combination Meter
DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING AUDIO SYSTEM
A Digital Signal Processing (DSP) system modifies audio signals digitally to
achieve better control of sound quality. DSP can be used for standard functions
such as volume, balance, fade and tone control, as well as AM and FM stereo
decoding. It also allows advanced audio processing; such as concert hall
emulation, sound shaping and adaptive noise reduction filtering.
DSP requires a digital audio signal. Analog audio signals (such as
cassette tapes or radio broadcasts) must be converted to digital through
a converter. Digital sources include compact discs. After processing, the
digital codes must be converted back to analog to be amplified and sent
to the speakers.
Digital Signal Processing allows better/ more consistent control over the audio
signal, because processing is not dependent on material properties of linear
circuit elements (which can vary with environment). In addition, many standard
radio functions can be combined in one integrated circuit. DSP also allows
features which would not be practical with linear circuits (eg, concert hall
emulation which requires long delay times). Finally, DSP makes it easier to make
software changes to tailor the product for customer needs.
Improved audio sound, consistent performance, additional feature
content, including programmable features (tailored to specific
customers or markets)
DIPSTICK
* Oil Level Gauge
DILUTION
Contamination of the lubricant by unburned fuel leading to thinning and lowering
of flash point. Usually caused by overly rich fuel: air ratios or blow-by in poorly
maintained engines.
DIN
Acronym for Deutsche Industrie Norm, the German standards organisation.
DIRECT INJECTION (DI) ENGINE
Direct injection (DI) refers to fuel injected directly into the combustion chamber
above the piston. Direct injection has long been used on large diesel engines.
Smaller diesels are increasingly adopting direct injection (vs. indirect injection
into a pre-chamber).
Direct Injection can also be used in spark ignition (generally gasoline) engines
instead of port fuel injection - for cleaner emissions, increased full throttle
power, and potentially for lean-burn operation.
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Port Fuel Injection (PFI): By comparison, port fuel injection (used spark-ignition
engines) have injectors in the intake port near the valve. During the intake
stroke, fuel sprayed into the port enters the combustion chamber along with the
air charge.
Direct Injection: With Direct Injection Spark Ignition (DISI) engines, fuel is
injected in one of two ways depending on operating conditions. Lean burn
operation (at part throttle), injects fuel after the air has entered, causing higher
fuel concentration near the injector and spark plug for easy ignition. This is
known as stratified charge. The overall air/fuel ratio is lean; for better fuel
consumption. At full power, fuel is injected at the same time as air (same as for
conventional) to promote good mixing. Fuel evaporating in the combustion
chamber cools the air slightly, for higher volumetric efficiency and power. Since
all fuel being injected goes directly into the cylinder, it can be metered more
precisely, promoting cleaner emissions.
Better fuel efficiency and more power
DIRECTIONAL INDICATORS
* Turn Signals
DISC BRAKE
A type of brake having disc-shaped rotors that rotate with each wheel. Each
brake disc is clamped by brake pads (via a calliper), which apply friction to slow
or stop the vehicle. Disc brakes dissipate heat well and can be used for braking
downhill with little danger of overheating. The pads also resist wear well, and
provide stable braking.
* Drum Brake
DISC ROTOR
A steel disc in a disc brake that rotates with the wheel. The rotor utilises pads
that are squeezed from both sides by a calliper to provide the friction to stop the
vehicle.
Disc rotors may be made of a solid metal disc, or they may be ventilated discs,
provided with radial vanes that allow air to pass through the rotor for better
cooling.
DISC WHEEL
A wheel with an approximately disc- shaped centre insert welded to an outer
rim.
Disc wheels feature high endurance against the forces acting on the wheel. Since
the wheel affects driving stability, the disc wheel must be designed for the
vehicle on which it is to be used. Disc wheels are generally made of steel, or an
aluminium alloy ("mag" wheels).
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DISCHARGED BATTERY
If the voltage of a battery has dropped so low that it can't start the engine, the
battery is said to be discharged (or "dead" or on to slow or "flat").
A dead battery may be caused by an electrical drain, such as the headlights
being left on for a long period of time with the engine stopped. It may also be
caused by the simultaneous operation of too many electrical devices, such as the
headlights and air conditioner, while the engine is idling.
DISPERSANT
An additive that prevent particles from conglomerating to form sludge and
deposits. Dispersant keeps contaminants in suspension so that they can be
flushed out when the oil is changed rather than settling in the sump.
DISPLACEMENT (PISTON DISPLACEMENT)
The volume of air in a cylinder that the piston displaces (pushes out or away) as
it moves up and down, from bottom dead centre to top dead centre.
The term "displacement" by itself usually refers to the total displacement of an
engine (that is, the displacement of all cylinders combined). Displacement is
normally measured in cubic centimetres (cc or cm3 ), litres, or cubic inches (cu.
in. or in 3 ).
DISTRIBUTOR
A device that sends the high-voltage current, generated by the ignition coil, to
the spark plug in each cylinder in the proper order.
The engine can operate properly only if the timing for each cylinder's intake,
compression, combustion, and exhaust stroke is correct. The distributor ensures
this by maintaining proper ignition timing.
DISTRIBUTOR CABLE
* High-tension Cord
DIVERSITY ANTENNA
A diversity antenna system uses two antennas mounted at different locations on
the vehicle and automatically chooses one that provides the better FM radio
signal. The customer is therefore less likely to notice static or weak audio signals
due to obstructions.
An antenna system that uses two antennas. This prevents large objects
(buildings, etc.) from blocking the radio waves received by the
antennas, thus maintaining proper reception.
A diversity antenna system is generally composed of a main antenna
and a sub-antenna. Reception normally comes through the main antenna, but if
the signal deteriorates due to interference, the system automatically switches
over to the sub-antenna.
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Power lines, traffic lights and buildings can cause local areas of weak FM signals.
When driving through such areas, a listener might notice decreased volume or
increased noise or static; often when the vehicle is stopped for a traffic signal.
With two antennas, there is a better chance that one of them will receive a clear
signal. A circuit inside the radio automatically chooses the better signal.
Better FM radio reception
DOHC
* Double Overhead Camshaft
DOLBY NOISE REDUCTION (NR)
A noise-reduction system developed by Dolby Laboratories (of the UK) to reduce
noise on tape recordings.
Normally, the noise level remains uniform in a recording, regardless of the
recording level, so the lower the recording level, the more noticeable the noise.
Noise is also more unpleasant at higher frequencies. The noise ratio is reduced
by recording medium- and high-frequency sounds louder, then reducing them to
normal for play-back.
Note:
Dolby and the double-D symbol are trademarks of the Dolby Laboratories
Licensing Corporation.
DOOR LOCK LIGHT
Lighting around the keyhole of a door to make the hole clearly visible at night.
Pulling up the outside door handle on the driver's door causes this light to light
up for a few seconds.
DOOR MIRROR
One type of outer mirror, mounted on the outside of the front doors. The mirror
surface of a door mirror is larger than that of a fender mirror, making it easier
for the driver to judge the distance and position of following vehicles. Door
mirrors are also more fashionable than fender mirrors. For these reasons, most
passenger cars now use door mirrors.
DOOR TRIM
The inside panel on the door. Door trim can be flat or moulded.
Flat trim is made of padded rigid panels, with a covering material. Moulded trim
is made of a moulded base material, formed as one piece. The arm rest is
moulded trim, and gives a three-dimensional effect that can be used to create a
more luxurious interior.
* Moulded Door Trim
DOOR-HAZARD WARNING LAMP
A warning lamp on the instrument panel that lights when a door is not closed
properly. In some models, a buzzer also sounds.
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DOUBLE-CLUTCHING
Depressing the clutch pedal twice when shifting gears. During normal
downshifting with a manual transmission, the clutch pedal is depressed, held
down until the transmission is in the lower gear, then released. In double
clutching, however, the clutch pedal is depressed and held down while the
transmission is shifted into neutral, then released. With the transmission in
neutral, the accelerator pedal is depressed slightly, then the clutch pedal is
depressed again. The transmission is shifted to the lower gear, then the clutch
pedal is released.
Double-clutching allows the rotational speed of the driving and driven gears to
match, allowing smoother gear shifting. Modern transmissions use a
synchromesh mechanism, however, which makes double clutching unnecessary.
DOUBLE OVERHEAD CAMSHAFT (DOHC)
Two camshafts mounted above the engine block to open and close the intake
and exhaust valves.
The standard DOHC arrangement uses two intake and two exhaust valves for
each cylinder, and moves the valves directly via cams mounted on the camshaft.
This design permits lighter valves than an SOHC (single overhead cam) design,
which has only two valves per cylinder (one for intake and one for exhaust). It
also allows more precise valve movement at high rpm's, and thus improves
high-speed performance.
For these reasons, the DOHC design is often used in high-speed, highperformance engines, and especially in engines for cars used in motor sports.
DOHC engines are also called "twin-cam engines".
* Compact Twin-cam Engine
DOUBLE LOCKING
The Double Locking feature makes it virtually impossible for an intruder to open
a locked vehicle door without key or remote transmitter (keyfob); whether from
outside or inside. Even after breaking a window, a thief could not unlock the
doors; and would have to enter through the window to attempt to steal the
vehicle.
Double locking is activated by turning the key in a specific sequence (eg,
toward locked position twice -- within 3 seconds). With remote keyless
entry (RKE), Double Locking is activated by pressing the "lock" button
twice. Double locking is deactivated by unlocking the door; either with
remote transmitter or the vehicle key. To reduce the possibility of locking people
in the vehicle, the double lock can be activated only when the ignition is off and
the key removed.
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Increased security for parked vehicles (theft deterrent)
DOWN-SHIFTING
Changing to a lower gear, such as shifting from fourth gear to third gear.
As lower gears have a higher gear ratio, downshifting can be used to improve
acceleration, or to slow the vehicle on steep grades without using the brakes
(this is called "engine braking").
DRAG COEFFICIENT (CD VALUE, COEFFICIENT OF DRAG)
A numerical value (such as 0.65) represents the magnitude of the aerodynamic
drag that works against the forward movement of the vehicle.
The smaller the drag coefficient, the less the drag. Aerodynamic drag increases
in proportion to the square of the speed of the vehicle, so a lower drag
coefficient gives both better fuel economy at high speeds and increases
maximum speed.
To lower the drag coefficient, the vehicle body is made as smooth as possible,
with projecting components either eliminated or made more aerodynamic.
DRAWING COMPOUND
A press-applied lubricant formulated to enhance formability and protect formed
metal parts during interim inventory.
DRIFT
Excessive side slipping or skidding by the tires.
In extreme cases, the rear wheels skid sideways so much that directional
stability is lost and the vehicle goes in to a spin. Causes of drift include
attempting to corner at a speed that is too high.
DRIVABILITY (DRIVEABILITY)
A driver's general
how smoothly it
"behaviour", and
performance, etc.
evaluation of whether the vehicle responds as expected and

runs. This evaluation covers the vehicle's general driving
includes hesitation, surge, jerking (bucking), acceleration
For the engine in particular, it covers such factors as poor
starting, rough idling, knocking, afterburn, and backfiring.

DRIVE BY WIRE
Drive by wire means that one or more of the primary vehicle systems operate
with electronic controls (instead of a traditional mechanical linkage). An
electronic signal transmits driver input to steering, throttle or brake input to an
electronically-controlled steering gear, throttle-body, or brake system. The
phrase "by wire" can apply to (brake by wire), steering (steer by wire) and
transmission (shift by wire). It can also refer to a clutch or shift mechanism. An
example of "drive by wire" is an electronically controlled throttle, in which the
computer controls the relationship between the accelerator pedal and throttle
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position to optimise actual throttle response. This can increase fuel economy,
improve driveability, and reduce emissions.
Drive by Wire uses electronically-controlled actuator(s), with sensors to
detect driver input. Electronic throttle system senses driver input at the
accelerator pedal. This signal commands the servo-actuated throttle
body to control throttle position; using other information such as
transmission shift schedules.
Improved interior package due to smaller components, as well as
reduce weight and better reliability; due to replacing mechanical
hardware with electronic sensors, wires and actuators.
DRIVE LINE
* Power Train
DRIVE SHAFT
A shaft that transmits power from the differential to one of the drive wheels. The
design of the drive shafts differs depending on the drive method and the
suspension used.
Note: In some countries, the word "drive shaft" is used to refer to the propeller
shaft.
* Axle Shaft
DRIVE TRAIN
* Power Train
DRIVER ALERTNESS MONITORING
Driver alertness monitoring is designed to detect when the driver's ability has
become impaired, whether from inattention, drowsiness or intoxication. A simple
system may merely sound an alarm. More complex systems could include
warnings for impending collisions, or that the path of the vehicle is straying from
the roadway.
Two methods are proposed for monitor driver alertness: One uses
infrared cameras that detect eye motions and compute trends that track
driver vigilance. Another is to monitor driver-performance in
maintaining the vehicle in its lane; using cameras which detect lane
markers.
Warns driver when not adequately alert
DRIVING FORCE
The force that moves the vehicle forward or backward, determined by such
factors as engine torque and gear ratio.
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Larger gear ratios deliver greater driving force, but at identical gear ratios, more
driving force is produced by an. engine with greater torque.
DRIVING POSITION
How the driver sits in the seat so that he is able to most comfortably reach all
controls and pedals, the steering wheel, the gearshift lever, etc.
The position the driver naturally adopts is related to his physique, desired
degree of comfort, and other preferences. To allow the driver to make changes,
adjustable controls are often provided for the seat and steering wheel, such as a
seat sliding mechanism, a seat height adjuster, a tilt steering wheel, etc.
DRIVING POSITION MEMORY SYSTEM
Finding that one's preferred driving position and settings have been changed can
be annoying for a driver. However, after someone else has driven a car equipped
with this system, the driver can automatically reset the driver's seat and the
mirrors to their original positions simply by pushing a button.
Settings for adjustable items, such as the driver's seat and seat back, steering
wheel, and door mirrors are all stored in computer memory. After another driver
has changed any of these items, they can all be restored with the touch of a
button.
Settings for two drivers can be stored in computer memory, and the settings will
remain in memory unless the battery cable is disconnected.
* Auto Tiltaway Steering Wheel, Computer-controlled Tilt-and-telescopic
Steering, Telescopic Steering Wheel, Tilt Steering Wheel
DRIVING RESISTANCE
The sum of the various resistances to which a moving vehicle is subjected,
especially resistance from the air and the road.
Driving resistance can be classified into air resistance, rolling resistance (from
tires and road), climbing resistance, cornering resistance, etc.
DUAL-ZONE / MULTI-ZONE TEMPERATURE CONTROL
Zone temperature control of the heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC)
system allows the driver, as well as passengers in one or more zones of the
vehicle, to select preferred HVAC air temperatures. Zone temperature selectors
(in addition to the driver's control) are located within reach of occupants.
HVAC systems extract heat from hot engine-coolant flowing through the
heater core -- to warm air entering the cabin. Conventional systems
typically control outlet temperature in one of the following ways:
HVAC air bypass -- Part of the HVAC air flows past the heater core
(heating it), while the remainder by-passes it (with a temperaturecontrol door). All engine-coolant flows through the heater core. Heated
and unheated air are combined at the outlet to achieve the desired
temperature.
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Engine coolant bypass -- All HVAC air flows past the heater core. A
valve bypasses part of the heated engine coolant around the heater
core, to control outlet air temperature (ie, more heated engine coolant
flowing through the heater core results in warmer outlet air).
For zone systems, more complex solutions are required to deliver selected air
temperatures:
HVAC air bypass -- HVAC air for the respective zones pass through
separate air ducts in the heater core. Control doors (for each zone)
bypass part of the air (as above). Heated and unheated air are
combined at the desired temperatures for the respective zones.
Engine coolant bypass -- The heater core is divided into two separate
coolant passages; one for each zone. Valves regulate outlet air
temperature(s) by controlling fluid flow through each half of the heater
core. HVAC air for each zone is directed through ducts in the heater
core, with outlet air at the desired temperature.
The driver, and passengers in each zone, can achieve more personalised
temperature levels.
DRUM BRAKE
A brake having a drum that rotates with the wheel.
Depressing the brake pedal forces the brake shoes against the inside of the
drum, slowing or stopping the vehicle.
* Disc Brake
DRUM-IN-DISC BRAKE
A drum brake that is built into a disc brake. Drum-in-disc brakes are used in
comparatively large passenger vehicles.
DRYFILM LUBRICANT
A solid film lubricant applied to the metal formulated to enhance formability
DUAL AIR CONDITIONER
An air conditioning system consisting of two independent air conditioners with
separate controls; one for the front seat and one for the rear.
This system not only increases cooling effectiveness in the rear, but also makes
it possible to adjust front and rear temperatures separately in accordance with
individual preferences.
DUAL CARBURETORS ("DUAL CARBS")
Two carburettors installed on one engine. Dual carburettors achieve higher
power and improved engine response. They used to be installed mainly on sports
car engines. Carburettors have been replaced by EFI in most modern production
cars
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* Carburettor
DUAL-EXHAUST MANIFOLD
An exhaust manifold with two ports for carrying exhaust gas from each cylinder,
as well as two mufflers and two tail pipes. A dual-exhaust system reduces
exhaust gas resistance, thereby increasing power, and is mainly used in highperformance engines.
DUAL-LENS HEADLAMP
A headlamp with two lenses. This type of headlamp has a sharper, more threedimensional appearance than a conventional headlamp, and lends greater
elegance to the front mask of the vehicle.
DUAL-MODE FOUR-WHEEL STEERING (DUAL-MODE 4WS)
Four-wheel steering, switchable between 2WS and 4WS to control the rear wheel
turning angle and direction. 4WS can also be switched between "normal" and
"sport" modes. Normal mode provides better driving stability, while sport mode
gives better response. In addition, a cancel mode is available for use when
backing up, providing the more familiar 2WS for parking.
* Speed-responsive Electronically Controlled 4WS
DUAL OVERHEAD CAMS
DUAL SLIDING SEAT
A seat that can be adjusted to suit the physique and degree of comfort desired
by the driver, making driving easier and less fatiguing.
The seat can slide forward and back, and can be raised and lowered, and the
length of the seat cushion can also be adjusted. A smaller driver can simply slide
the seat forward and raise it, while a larger driver can slide it back and lower it.
Various models have seats with various types of possible adjustments, some
manual and some electrical.
DUAL SLIDING SEAT WITH MEMORY
An adjustable seat whose positions (forward and back, raised and lowered, and
cushion length) can be stored in computer memory and retrieved at the touch of
a switch.
DUCK TAIL
The rear of a trunk lid that is raised like a duck's tail and cut off plumb at the
end. The duck tail design generally lowers wind resistance and reduces rear end
lift.
Page 63
E
EARTH
Electrical ground
* Ground
EAST-WEST MOUNTING
* Lateral Mounting
EASY-ENTRY MECHANISM
A spring-loaded mechanism that slides the front passenger seats as far forward
as possible. It is activated by pulling a lever at the side of the seat or stepping
down on a pedal at the back of the seat. This widely used device makes getting
in and out of two door vehicles easier.
ECM
* Engine Control Module
ECONOMY (ECON)
A switch which causes the air conditioner to operate more economically by
lowering the utilisation rate of the air conditioner compressor, and thus reducing
the load on the engine. This in turn lowers fuel consumption.
The air conditioner is normally switched from "A/C" to "ECON" after the
passenger compartment has cooled down somewhat.
ECSAINE SEAT COVERING
A buckskin-like artificial leather seat covering made by bundling together tufts of
extremely fine polyester fibre
Ecsaine covering has the feel of natural leather, is resistant to water, does not
shrink when dried, and does not harden like leather will.
ECT
* Electronically Controlled Transmission
ECU
* Electronic Control Unit
EFFECTIVE TURNING RADIUS
The turning radius of the farthest outside point on the vehicle body. This point
effectively limits the vehicle's ability to turn close to obstructions such as
guardrails and walls. The greater the distance from the front tires to the front of
the car (that is, the greater the front overhang), the greater the effective turning
radius, and the poorer the manoeuvrability of the vehicle.
* Minimum Turning Radius
EFI
Page 64

EHC
* Electronic Height Control
EHPS
* Electro-hydraulic Power Steering
EIGHT-WAY ADJUSTABLE SEAT
A seat with eight adjustment mechanisms, which provide the driver with a more
comfortable ride than a standard seat.
EIGHT-WAY ADJUSTABLE SPORT SEAT

A driver's seat with eight adjustment functions, providing superior holding during
cornering.
The eight adjustment functions include:
1) raising and lowering of the seat,
2) sliding the seat forward and backward,
3)
4)
5)
6)
multi-position reclining of the back,

free-position reclining of the back,
side support,
lumbar support,
7) raising and lowering of the headrest, and

8) moving the headrest forward and backward.
ELECTRIC HORN
A horn that produces sound when an electromagnet vibrates a metal plate.
ELECTRICALLY POWERED STEERING
Electrically powered steering uses an electric motor to drive either the power
steering hydraulic pump or to drive the steering linkage directly. The power
steering function is therefore independent of engine speed, resulting in
significant energy savings. Other advantages (dependent on specific vehicle
expense, modular build with reduced vehicle assembly labour, and enhancement
of steering feel.
Page 65
Conventional power steering systems (by comparison) use an engine

accessory belt to drive the pump, providing pressurised fluid that
operates a piston in the power steering gear or actuator to assist the
driver.
Electro-hydraulic steering: One electrically-powered steering concept
uses a high-efficiency pump driven by an electric motor. Pump speed is
regulated by an electronic controller to vary pump pressure and flow,
providing steering efforts tailored for different driving situations (see
VAPS). The pump can be run at low speed, or shut off completely, to
provide energy savings during straight ahead driving (which is most of
the time in most world markets).

Direct Electric Steering: Another type uses an electric motor attached
directly to the steering rack via a gear mechanism (no pump or fluid).
A variety of motor types and gear drives are possible. A
microprocessor controls steering dynamics and driver effort. Inputs
include vehicle speed, and steering wheel torque, angular position, and
turning rate.
Energy savings/improved fuel economy, and potentially better steering
feel, with reduced system complexity and improved system reliability.
ELECTRICALLY RETRACTABLE DOOR MIRROR

A door mirror that can be folded in and out at the touch of a button. When the
vehicle is parked in a narrow space, such as a parking tower, the door mirrors
can be folded in by electric motors to prevent them from hitting walls or other
cars.
* Folding Door Mirror
ELECTRO-HYDRAULIC POWER STEERING (EHPS)
A type of power steering that is operated by an electric motor instead of by the
engine.
A computer controls hydraulic pressure in relation to vehicle speed, providing
more stable steering response: At high vehicle speeds, EHPS reduces power
assistance; at low speeds, EHPS increases assistance to make the steering wheel
easier to turn.
* Power Steering
ELECTRONIC AIRBAG SYSTEM
A system that uses a computer-generated signal to inflate an airbag when
sensors detect an impact due to a collision.
* Supplemental Restraint System (SRS) Airbag
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ELECTRONICALLY CONTROLLED AIR SUSPENSION / ELECTRONIC AIR
SUSPENSION
Electronic air suspension provides the comfort of riding on air with adjustable
spring rates, and capability to change ride height and load carrying ability. Under
normal driving conditions, an electronic air suspension vehicle rides at the same
height as a traditionally sprung vehicle. With a heavy load, ride height is
automatically increased. On Mark VIII, the suspension lowers the ride height by
20 mm at highway speeds for improved aerodynamics, with about two-percent
better fuel economy. Lower ride height can also improve on-centre feel of the
steering, due to the change in suspension geometry (increased caster angle). On
Expedition, the driver can lower the vehicle several inches for easier entry and
exit (access mode).
A suspension in which metal springs have been replaced with compressed air.
The air is contained in a chamber mounted atop each shock absorber, and the
pressure of the air in the chamber is computer controlled.
The computer determines driving conditions and automatically adjusts the
suspension hardness and vehicle height, providing a more comfortable ride even
on sharp curves and bad roads.
Instead of a coil or leaf spring, each corner of the vehicle is supported
by an air spring (bladder) at each corner (shock absorbers are still
required). With a constant quantity of air, each air bladder acts
similarly to a normal spring. To increase vehicle ride height, more air is
pumped into the bags by a pump. Air is released from the bags to decrease the
height.
Improved ride and handling and fuel economy; with ease in entering
and leaving 'tall' vehicles.
* Air Suspension, Electronically Modulated Suspension (EMS), Vehicle Height
Adjuster
ELECTRONIC AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION
An electronic automatic transmission utilises an electronic control module to
signal when to shift. The module also determines when to lockup and unlock the
torque converter. By controlling these functions electronically, rather than
mechanically, the transmission can be tuned for better driveability.
Electronic automatic transmissions use computer-controlled solenoids to
control primary functions (internal pressure; converter lockup; shift and
clutch scheduling). through the transmission hydraulic system. By
comparison, non-electronic transmissions rely on mechanical controls
such as centrifugal weights and mechanical valves).
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Improved driveability due to better control of transmission shifting
ELECTRONICALLY MODULATED SUSPENSION (EMS)
A computer-controlled system which automatically changes shock absorber
firmness and vehicle height.
On rough roads, vehicle posture is continually changing. In response to these
changes, EMS controls shock absorber firmness and vehicle height to maintain a
stable vehicle posture. The system also includes anti-roll control, which controls
rolling of the body to the left or right while cornering, and anti-dive control,
which reduces the tendency of the vehicle to nose-dive (lean forward) during
sudden braking.
Shock absorber firmness and vehicle height can be controlled by the driver; this
means that the same vehicle can provide both riding comfort and "sporty"
driving.
* Electronically Controlled Air Suspension
ELECTRONICALLY CONTROLLED HYDRAULIC-DRIVE COOLING FAN
SYSTEM
A computer-controlled system that operates a cooling fan hydraulically. This
reduces the load on the engine, thereby improving fuel economy and reducing
engine noise.
ELECTRONICALLY CONTROL- LED TRANSMISSION (ECT)
An automatic transmission in which electronic control technologies are utilised to
control it.
The ECT consists of:
1) Various sensors which detect the operating conditions of the vehicle, such as
shift lever position ("range"), vehicle speed, engine load, etc.
2) An ECU (electronic control unit), called the "ECT ECU", a small computer
which precisely controls the timing of up- and down-shifting of the
transmission, based on the data (electronic signals) sent from the sensors.
3) The actuators, which are solenoid valves that control the shift valves in the
automatic transmission, and actually control the shifting of the transmission
from one gear to another.
The ECT has the following features:
Improved drivability - e.g., smoother up- and down-shifting;
Improved fuel economy, since the ECU can shift the transmission into the
gear most suited for the driving conditions;
The driver can select the driving pattern he or she desires, such as Normal or
Power;
Self-diagnosis can be carried out by the transmission (actually by the ECT
ECU).
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ELECTRONIC CONTROL UNIT (ECU)
A name for any of several small computers that control various functions of an
automobile. ECUs are the "brains" of the various electronic devices and systems
that control the engine, ABS, ECT, and other systems. An ECU, often simply
called a "computer", is composed of an input signal identifier, a microprocessor,
an output signal transposer, and a power unit.
One of the ECUs, the engine control unit is sometimes called the "engine control
module" (ECM) or "engine control computer".
ELECTRONIC FUEL INJECTION (EFI)
A computer-controlled fuel injection system. The EFI sensors continuously detect
driving conditions and provide the appropriate air-fuel mixture to the cylinders.
EFI provides better fuel economy than carburetion, improves engine
performance, and reduces exhaust emissions.
There are two main type of electronic fuel injection in use at present: D-EFI and
L-EFI.
1) D-EFI :
The "D" in "D-EFI" stands for "Druck", which is German for "pressure", and
D- EFI can also be called "manifold pressure control type" EFI. This is
because this type of EFI senses the amount of intake air based on the
pressure (or rather, the strength of the vacuum) in the intake manifold. (DEFI was developed based on the D-Jetronic system of the German company
Bosch.)
2) L-EFI :
The "L" in "L-EFI" stands for the German "Luft" or "air", and L-EFI can also be
called "air-flow control type" EFI. This is because this type of EFI directly
senses the amount of air flowing into the intake manifold by means of an air
flow meter. (L-EFI was developed based on Bosch's L-Jetronic system.)
(D-EFI and L-EFI supersede a mechanical type of fuel injection once used called
K- Jetronic, also from Bosch.)
Note: EFI is now referred to as "MFI (multiport fuel injection)" or "SFI
(sequential multiport fuel injection)" in the USA.
* Ci
ELECTRONIC HEIGHT CONTROL (EHC)
Detects vehicle nose-diving or rear-end squat caused by the weight of
passengers or cargo, and returns the vehicle to a level posture.
For example, when passengers get into the rear seats and the trunk is heavily
loaded, the rear of the vehicle sinks. This raises the front of the vehicle,
upsetting vehicle balance, and causing the headlamp to shine upward. The EHC
automatically compensates for this, and stabilises the vehicle for more level and
pleasant ride.
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ELECTRONIC MESSAGE CENTER
The electronic message centre displays a text containing vehicle information and
system warnings. The computer keeps track of fuel consumption, oil life, engine
temperature, exterior lighting, charging system and various fluid levels. If
trouble arises in any of these areas, a message alerting the driver is displayed.
In addition, a systems check can be performed by the driver on other vehicle
systems such as automatic ride control.
A fluorescent or LCD text display is mounted in the centre or overhead
console, or instrument cluster. A computer reads input from various
systems; some systems are monitored continuously, while others only
during a systems check. If a problem occurs in any of the continuouslymonitored systems, an appropriate warning (eg, check tail lamps) is displayed.
Other vehicle system problems are identified when a systems check is
performed.
Customer convenience and early problem identification
ELECTRONIC MESSAGING
Electronic messaging provides traffic and other warnings to the driver through
an interface in the vehicle. Encoded traffic information is continually transmitted
to the vehicle's FM radio. A dynamic warning information system being piloted in
some regions could include warnings such as a train crossing, icy bridge, high
wind, deer crossing or falling rocks. Its advantage is that current information
(vs. blanket warnings) about specific hazardous conditions can be transmitted.
Convenience information could also be displayed; eg, parking, food, gas,
lodging, intersections and other items of interest.
The electronic messaging system operates on various roadside-tovehicle communication systems. Two-way communication is possible
over short distances between the vehicle and antennas along the
roadway and at parking areas. A Dedicated Short Range Communication
(DSRC) system proposed as a standard for electronic toll collection could also be
used for dynamic warnings. Other alternatives such as cellular telephone and FM
radio band are being proposed for longer-distance communications.
Improved convenience and safety with situation-specific information
targeted to drivers
ELECTRONIC TOLL COLLECTION
Roadway and bridge tolls can automatically be paid without slowing down. This
eliminates lost time at tollbooths, and congestion that often precedes toll booths.
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A transponder mounted in the vehicle communicates by radio signals to
antennas buried in the pavement or mounted at roadside. The
appropriate fare is deducted by the transponder from a prepaid account.
A typical unit on top of the dash or in the instrument panel is about the
size of a deck of cards, with a display, keypad, and an audio signal for instant
account balance. As part of a vehicle to roadside communications system, the
transponder could also send and receive other information. Standards such as
Dedicated Short Range Communications (DSRC) are being developed for
roadside-readers and in-vehicle tags.
Time savings and convenience when paying tolls
ELR
* Emergency Locking Retractor
EMERGENCY FLASHERS
* Hazard Warning Lights
EMERGENCY LOCKING RETRACTOR (ELR)
This device, found on three-point seat belts, causes the belts to lock when pulled
on sharply.
During normal operation, the seat belt will extend and retract in response to the
wearer's movements. During sudden braking, however, if the seat belt is pulled
out faster than the permissible feed rate, the mechanism locks the belt, thus
preventing the wearer from being thrown forward.
EMERGENCY SPARE TYRE
A compact spare tire for temporary use in an emergency. There are two types of
emergency tire. The first and most common is the "temporary use tire" which is
narrower than a standard tire and uses higher pressure. The second is the
"space-saver tire" which collapses for storage and is inflated only when used.
Note: This concept is currently not implemented in India, elsewhere, both types
are for temporary emergency use only, and should be replaced with a standard
tire as soon as possible.
EMISSION CONTROL SYSTEM
The emission control system cleans pollutants from the exhaust gases. The
components used for this include:
1) A catalytic converter for purifying the exhaust gases;
2) A PCV system for returning blow-by gases to the cylinders for combustion;
3) An EVAP system (a charcoal canister for separating evaporated gasoline
vapour [HCI from air for reuse in combustion); and,
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4) An EGR (exhaust gas re-circulation) system for returning burnt gases to the
cylinders in order to reduce the combustion temperature, thus reducing NOx.
* Exhaust Emissions
EMULSIFIER
Additive that stabilises water/oil emulsions and prevents or retards separation.
ENERGY-ABSORBING STEERING COLUMN
A steering wheel and column that are designed to collapse in a collision, there by
reducing injury to the driver.
Several different methods are used for absorbing shock. The steering wheel itself
may bend when struck by the driver's chest; energy absorbing material may also
be used in the steering wheel pad. Another method uses a steering column that
bends under impact.
ENERGY-ABSORBING URETHANE BUMPER
A shock-absorbent urethane bumper, which helps reduce the shock, felt by the
passengers in a minor collision
ENGINE (MOTOR)
An engine or motor is a machine that produces power. In an "internal
combustion engine" (usually simply called an "engine"), this is done by
exploding an air-fuel mixture in several sealed cylinders. The force of these
explosions is changed to motive power by pistons and a crankshaft. (An electric
motor" creates power by converting electricity to rotary motion. The word
"motor" technically refers to this latter type of machine, though people often
loosely refer to a automobile's engine as its "motor".) The source of motive
power for most automobiles is an engine powered by gasoline or diesel fuel,
though cars powered by electric motors are now being developed. In addition to
the components that directly produce motive power, an engine also has various
auxiliary components or systems such as: a lubrication system which uses
engine oil to lubricate and cool the engine; a cooling system which dissipates the
excess heat generated by the engine; etc.
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2-Cycle
4-Cycle
Engine
Reciprocating
Engines currently in use can be classified as follows:
Gasoline
(Small Cars & Motorcycles)
Diesel
(Trucks)
Gasoline
(Passenger Cars & Small Trucks)
Diesel
(Trucks, Buses & Passenger Cars)
LPG
(Commercial Vehicles such as
Taxis and Small Trucks)
Rotary
Passenger Cars
Turbine & other experimental
ENGINE BLOCK
* Cylinder Block
ENGINE BRAKING
Using the engine instead of the brakes to slow the vehicle. In a manual
transmission vehicle, this is usually done by releasing the accelerator pedal and
downshifting. Engine braking causes a difference between wheel rpm, engine
rpm, and transmission rpm, creating drag that causes the speed to drop. The
lower the gear, the greater the effect.
When driving downhill, "riding" the brake pedal will cause the brakes to
overheat, reducing their effectiveness. For safety during extended downhill
braking, the driver should combine use of the brakes with engine braking.
Note: There is no device called an "engine brake", as some people seem to
believe; engine braking is merely the effect described above.
ENGINE CONTROL MODULE (ECM)
The US term for Engine ECU.
ENGINE ECU (ENGINE CONTROL COMPUTER)
An ECU, or electronic control unit, is a small computer installed in a vehicle.
There are several or many ECUs in most modern automobiles. The Engine ECU,
or engine control computer, gathers data (information) such as intake air
volume, coolant temperature, and engine rpm, and automatically adjusts the airfuel ratio and ignition timing based on this data. It does this in order to maintain
optimal power, improve fuel economy, and reduce exhaust emissions under
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varying engine conditions, such as acceleration and deceleration, differing rates
of fuel consumption, and so forth. An engine control computer has three main
functions:
1) Management of general engine functions, such as the control of fuel
injection duration; electronic spark advance (ESA); control of ignition timing;
idle speed control (ISC); etc.
2) Self-diagnosis; and
3) Activation of fail-safe and/or backup systems if a problem occurs.
The Engine ECU also helps to carry out computerised control of a number of
other electronically controlled systems, such as the ECT (electronically controlled
transmission), ABS (anti-lock brake system), and many others.
Note: The Engine ECU is called the "Engine Control Module" (ECM) in the USA.
ENGINE MODEL CODE
An alphanumeric code indicating engine specifications. For example, the first
part of the code "NEF-3800-TCI" indicates the basic engine model type, while
the second part indicates engine, followed by other features such as EGR, Turbo
Charger, emission compliance, etc. (some other manufacturers also add further
variations, such as whether it is a twin-cam engine, whether the engine is
supercharged, etc.)
Example
NEF
3800
TCI
Features
Engine Capacity
Engine Family
ENGINE OIL
Oil that is used to coat the moving parts inside the engine. This helps the pistons
to move more smoothly, and seals the combustion chamber to prevent the
leakage of gases during combustion. It also lubricated parts of the engine,
carrying away carbon and accumulated foreign matter. In addition, it prevents
the rust that would otherwise be caused by the moisture produced during
combustion.
Engine oils are available in many different "viscosities" (thickness) for different
driving conditions and climactic conditions.
The viscosity of an oil is often called its "weight", and is indicated by numbers
such as SAE 10W-30 or SAE 20. The letters "SAE" stand for "Society of
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Automotive Engineers", and show that the oil meets the SAE's viscosity
standards, which are indicated by the numbers. The larger the number, the
higher the viscosity (the thicker the oil) and the more heat the oil can withstand;
the smaller the number, the lower the viscosity (the thinner the oil), and the
more easily it can flow in cold weather.
There are two types of engine oil used gasoline engines: multi-grade oils and
single-grade oils. Multi-grade oils are indicated by code numbers such as SAE
2OW-50, while single-grade oils are shown by numbers such as SAE 30:
In multi-grade oils, the number before the "W" shows the oil's "weight"
(viscosity) at - 200C (- 40F), while the number after the "W" shows its weight
at1000C (2120F). Some examples of multi-grade oils are SAE 15W-40,
SAE5W-30, etc. Since their viscosity is not affected very much by changes in
temperature, multi-grade oils can normally be used throughout the year
under ordinary climactic conditions.
Single-grade oils have only one code number; this number indicates the oil's
viscosity at 1000C (2120F). Some examples of single-grade oils are SAE 20,
SAE 30, etc. (Single-grade oil with a "W" in them - for example, SAE 2OW
are for use in cold climates only, and are tested at - 200 C.)
Engine oils are also classified according to their quality: the classification used is
the one devised by the American Petroleum Institute (API) ; categories range
from SA (pure petroleum oil with no additives), to SH
(top-grade
oil
with
various additives that ensure outstanding wear resistance and durability). API
classifications for diesel engine oil range from CA (for use with very light loads)
to CD (for use in turbo-charged diesel engines that require fuel high sulfur
content).
Note : When adding engine oil, always refer to the Vehicle's Owner's Manual,
and use the oil of the recommended weight for the expected driving conditions
and the anticipated climactic conditions.
ENGINE PERFORMANCE GRAPH
A graph that indicates engine rpm on the horizontal axis, and horsepower and
torque on the vertical axis. Such a graph can also indicates how the fuel
consumption rate changes; measurements are made at full throttle.
ENGINE SPEED
* Revolutions per Minute (RPM)
ENGINE-SPEED-SENSING POWER STEERING
This type of power steering changes the necessary steering effort based on
engine rpm. At lower rpms, the necessary steering effort is reduced, while at
higher rpms, the necessary steering effort is increased.
For example, when the vehicle is moving slowly or just starting off, the engine
rpm is low, so the necessary steering effort is decreased - in other words, the
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steering wheel feels "lighter". At higher rpms (higher vehicle speeds), the
necessary steering effort is increased (so the wheel feels "heavier") to ensure
greater steering stability.
* Vehicle-speed-sensing Power Steering, Progressive Power Steering
ENGINE STALL
Inadvertent or unforeseen stopping of the engine while the vehicle is in motion.
Some possible causes include overheating of the engine, shifting by the driver
into the wrong gear, and failure of the fuel system or electrical system.
ENGINE UNDERGUARD
A synthetic resin plate installed under the engine to prevent stones and other
objects from flying up into the engine compartment.
EP (EXTREME PRESSURE)
Additive system where the lubricant deposits a solid film, usually of iron
sulphide, onto the surface of components at high temperatures to provide
boundary lubrication.
EPA
Environmental Protection Agency (American)
ESTATE CAR
* Station Wagon
EVAP
* Emission Control System
EXHAUST BRAKE
A type of braking system, found on diesel engines for trucks, which uses exhaust
gas to build up rotational resistance in the engine, thus acting as a kind of
brake.
A valve, located in the exhaust pipe, closes to prevent exhaust gas from
escaping. This causes pressure to build up in the exhaust system, slowing down
the flow of exhaust gas out of the engine. This in turn causes the engine to run
more slowly.
EXHAUST EMISSION REGULATIONS (STANDARDS)
Regulations or standards, which set maximum allowable levels for pollutants
from automobile exhaust. In addition to the CO, HC, and NOx in exhaust gas,
such regulations also set levels for other types of emissions, such as blowby gas,
evaporated gas (hydrocarbon, or HC), and black smoke. In 1960, the first U.S.
exhaust emission regulations set limits for the emission of CO and HC.
Regulations become stricter every year, and now most industrialised countries
have very strict exhaust emission regulations.
EXHAUST EMISSION STANDARDS
* Exhaust Emission Regulations
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EXHAUST EMISSIONS (EXHAUST GASES)
The gases that are discharged from the exhaust pipe. In addition to the burnt
remains of gasoline (or diesel fuel), exhaust gases also contain raw, unburned
gas (HC), and blow-by gas.
Exhaust gases are a major source of environmental pollution, as they contain
many harmful and/or noxious substances, such as CO (carbon monoxide), HC
(hydrocarbons), and NOx (oxides of nitrogen), which must be filtered out by the
exhaust system before being released into the atmosphere.
EXHAUST MANIFOLD
The set of tubes that channel the exhaust gases from each cylinder to the
exhaust pipe.
It is shaped to ensure a smooth flow of exhaust gases. Most V6 and 8 engines
have two exhaust manifolds.
* Intake Manifold
EXHAUST PIPE
The pipe that carries engine exhaust from the exhaust manifolds) to the muffler.
EXHAUST TEMPERATURE WARNING LAMP
A lamp that comes on if the catalytic converter becomes abnormally hot. If this
lamp comes on, the vehicle should be stopped and the engine allowed to idle in
order to cool down. The vehicle should not be parked over dry grass or other
flammable material. After the engine cools off, it is usually safe to continue
driving, as long as the lamp stays off.
EXHAUST VALVES
Valves that open to discharge exhaust gases from the cylinders after engine
combustion. The exhaust valves open during the exhaust cycle, and remain
closed during intake, compression, and combustion cycles.
* Intake Valves
F
FACELIFT
* Minor Change
FADE
Brakes sometimes "fade" (that is, they lose their effectiveness) after repeated
use going down long, steep hills. Fade is caused by the overheating of the brake
lining and brake pads due to friction, which causes them to lose their friction
force. Engine braking can be used when going down steep hills to prevent
fading.
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FAIL-SAFE
The word "fail-safe" comes from the expression "fail to a safe condition". Failsafe functions prevent accidents in the event of equipment failure. One example
of a fail-safe system is the dual brake system. Should one system fail, the other
system can still stop the vehicle safely.
Fail-safe functions are incorporated into most computer-controlled systems. In
the event of failure, the computer automatically shuts down the failing system or
component and switches over to a backup system or component.
FAIL-SAFE COOLING SYSTEM
A fail-safe cooling system allows a vehicle to be driven under limited power in
the event that engine coolant is lost. In case of a ruptured hose, the engine
operates in an emergency mode with limited power for driving a short distance
(10-50 miles depending on the system). This eliminates the cost and
inconvenience of having the vehicle towed to a service station, and does not
leave the customer stranded.
If the coolant level sensor reads below a critical amount, the EEC
module switches the engine to an emergency limp-home mode, in which
only half of the cylinders get fuel. With only half the cylinders firing, the
engine generates much less heat because it is operating at low power.
The cylinders alternate between even- and odd-firing pistons. The engine is able
to move the vehicle at moderate speeds (up to about 50 mph).
Customer is not stranded in case of coolant system failure
FAN (COOLING FAN)
A fan located either in front of or behind the radiator, which increases the flow of
air through the radiator, keeping the radiator cool even if the vehicle is moving
slowly. The fan may be driven by the engine crankshaft or by an electric motor.
* Cooling System
FAN BELT
A canvas-covered belt with embedded fabric threads, which transmits the
rotation of the crankshaft to the engine-cooling fan. At the same time, it also
operates the alternator and the water pump.
FASCIA
This word is used to mean both "dashboard" and "front mask
FASTIDLE
A temporary increase in engine rpm immediately after starting, while the engine
is still cold. This is done automatically to warm up the engine and help it run
more smoothly.
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FENDER (WING, GUARD)
The body panel covering each wheel.
FENDER APRON
Main components of the front body of the vehicle, the fender aprons serve as
frames on the inside of the fenders.
The aprons also act as mud guards for the left and right wheel housings and
support the suspension. Other equipment, such as the battery, is also mounted
on the apron.
FENDER MIRROR
A mirror mounted on the front of the fender.
Fender mirrors are located far from the driver, so their reflecting surfaces are
made convex to provide a wide field of vision Some fender mirrors have an
electric remote control switch to adjust the mirror angle.
Most cars now use door mirrors instead of fender mirrors, but the advantages of
the fender mirror include lower wind resistance and less head movement
required to see behind the vehicle.
FF
* Front-engine, Front-wheel-drive
FIBER REINFORCED PLASTIC (FRP)
A sturdy, lightweight, plastic material that is reinforced with glass fibres. It is
easy to design and machine, which is why it is preferred for use on race car
bodies.
FINAL GEARS
The last set of reduction gears in the power train that transmits power to the
wheels; they are composed of the drive pinion and the ring gear (annulus gear).
The final gears are built into the differential, and reduce the rpm of the propeller
shaft (in FR vehicles) or the transmission (in FF vehicles), increasing torque. The
reduction ratio specifications shown in vehicle specifications are obtained by
dividing the drive pinion (propeller shaft) rpm by the ring gear (axle shaft) rpm.
FINAL GEAR RATIO
* Reduction Gear Ratio
FL
* Fusible Link
FLARE
* Smoke Flare
FLASH POINT
Minimum temperature at which a material will support instantaneous combustion
(a flash) but before it will burn continuously (fire point). Materials stored or
handled above their flash points should be treated with care as they may ignite
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explosively if exposed to even the slightest spark even a static electricity
discharge.
FLAT BATTERY
* Discharged Battery
FLAT SPOT
When a vehicle is left standing or parked for a long time, flat spots on the tires
remain when the vehicle starts moving.
This distortion may remain for the first 5 to15 minutes of driving,
vibration to the body and steering wheel. It is caused by the
especially in nylon tires. The tendency to develop flat spots is
pronounced in cold weather, when a tire needs more time to
transmitting
fibers found
much more
return to a
"normal" shape.
FLOODING THE ENGINE
Giving too much gas (i.e., depressing the accelerator pedal too long or too often)
when trying to start a balky engine. (This occurs only in vehicles having a
carburetted engine.)
If too much gasoline is fed to the carburettor, the engine will not be able to start
due to an over-rich air-fuel mixture. If this occurs, the best thing to do is shut
off the ignition for several minutes and refrain from pumping the accelerator
pedal. This will let the excess gasoline evaporate from the intake system, after
which the engine might start if there is no other malfunction present.
FLYWHEEL
A heavy metal disc mounted at the rear end of the crankshaft to help the
crankshaft turn smoothly.
The crankshaft is turned by the pistons, which are moved up and down by the
explosion of the air-fuel mixture in each cylinder.
Some unevenness is inherent in this process, so a flywheel is used to add the
inertia provided by its own weight, thereby making the crankshaft rotate more
evenly and the engine run more smoothly.
FOG LAMPS
Auxiliary lamps for use when the driver's field of vision is not clear, such as in
fog or rain. Headlamps are the main lights used for normal driving and illuminate
the road a greater distance ahead, but fog lamps have wider beams that shine
only 20 to 40 meters (60 to 1 20 feet) ahead. Fog lamps can be white or amber,
but are usually amber because this provides better visibility to oncoming traffic.
FOLD-DOWN SEAT
A rear seat which folds forward, connecting the passenger compartment with the
trunk. This allows more luggage space, and is especially convenient for carrying
bulky or long objects, such as bicycles, lumber, etc.
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FOLDING DOOR MIRROR
A door mirror that can be folded against the door when not in use. This helps to
protect the mirror in a car wash and in narrow parking spaces. Recently, an
electrically retractable mirror has become quite popular in some countries.
FOOT BRAKES (SERVICE BRAKES)
The brakes that are normally used to slow or stop a vehicle. These are usually
simply called the "brakes", but may be called the "foot brakes" to distinguish
them from the parking brake.
FOUR-SPEED AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION WITH OVERDRIVE
This is a three-speed automatic transmission with an overdrive gear added.
An overdrive gear is any gear with a gear ratio smaller than 1:1 (for example,
1:0.85). This gives less torque but greater speed. Using overdrive when driving
at steady medium to high speeds permits the engine to operate at lower rpms,
reducing fuel consumption and lowering engine noise.
FOUR-STROKE ENGINE
The pistons in a four-stroke engine make two "round trips" (four up-and-down
strokes) each time the engine makes one complete cycle of intake, compression,
combustion, and exhaust.
An engine in which the pistons make one round trip for each engine cycle (from
in-take to exhaust) is called a "two-stroke engine". The valve mechanism on a
four-stroke engine is more complex, making the engine more complex also.
FOUR-VALVE ENGINE
An engine in which each cylinder has four valves: two for the intake of air-fuel
mixture and two for discharging burnt gases. Most twin-cam engines are of this
type. The four-valve design ensures a smoother flow of air-fuel mixture into the
combustion chamber and exhaust gas out of the chamber.
Each valve can also be made smaller and thus lighter, improving engine
response. Sometimes the total valve count is used the name, so a four-cylinder
engine with four valves per cylinder is also called a 16-valve engine" and a sixcylinder engine make engine, a "24-valve engine". Furthermore, since these are
twin-cam engines, they are also referred to as "twin-cam 16" and "twin-cam 24"
engines.
FOUR-WAY ELECTRIC VERTICAL SEAT ADJUSTER
This type of seat adjuster raises and lowers both the front and rear of the
driver's seat cushion independently.
To increase comfort and reduce fatigue, the front and rear of the seat can be
electrically raised and lowered. (A conventional vertical seat adjuster can change
seat height and vary the angle of the seat back, but this system can adjust the
cushion angle separately, eliminating the need to re-adjust the seat back angle.
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FOUR-WHEEL ABS
* Anti-lock Brake System
FOUR-WHEEL DRIVE (4WD)
In a 4WD vehicle, power is transmitted to all four wheels. In conventional 2WD
(two-wheel drive) vehicles, power is transmitted to only two wheels, either those
at the front or those at the rear. Power in 4WD vehicle, however, goes to all four
wheels, providing more stability on curves and slippery roads.
Furthermore, if one wheel gets stuck in a hole and begins to spin, an LSD
(limited-slip differential) allows only the wheel that is not stuck to turn, thereby
helping the vehicle get out of the hole. The major disadvantage of 4WD vehicles
is greater fuel consumption, due to the weight of the extra components needed.
The major types of 4WD vehicles are:
1) Part-time 4WD, which can be switched between 2WD and 4WD;
2) full-time 4WD, which always stays in the 4WD mode; and
3) stand-by (or flexible) full-time 4WD, which automatically switches
between 2WD and 4WD depending on driving conditions.
FOUR-WHEEL STEERING (4WS)
Steering in which both the front and rear wheels turn to change vehicle
direction. (In conventional steering, of course, only the front wheels turn to
change direction.)
In 4WS, the rear wheels respond not only to the degree the steering wheel is
turned, as in front-wheel steering, but also to vehicle speed. At medium and
high speeds, the rear wheels of a 4WS vehicle turn in the direction of the turn,
helping to change lanes smoothly and take S-curves with greater stability. At
low speeds, however, the rear wheels turn in the opposite direction, producing a
minimum turning radius that is 0.5 meter (1 1/2 ft.) smaller than that of an
average medium-class vehicle, thus making it easier to turn in tight spaces. The
smaller turning radius also makes cornering on narrow roads easier, and reduces
the likelihood of hitting the curb or damaging the body.
* Dual-mode 4WS
FR
* Front-engine, Rear-wheel-drive Vehicle
FRAME
The "skeleton" of the vehicle, on which the engine, transmission, body and
suspension are mounted. Frames have various shapes, including the H-frame, Yframe, and perimeter frame.
The frame helps prevent road vibration and noise from being transmitted to the
body, and gives a more comfortable ride. However, frames add extra weight, so
modern passenger cars are generally made with a light, shock-absorbent
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monocoque body instead of a frame. Frames are used for trucks, vans, and large
sedans.
FRAME NUMBER
A number used to identify a vehicle in some countries. Some countries also use
a Vehicle Identification Number (VIN). A frame number is an identification
number stamped on the body or the frame and each vehicle is given a serial
number. It consists of a basic model code and a serial number:
MMXDB
0012345
WMI (World Manufacturer
Identification)
VIS (Vehicle Indicator Section)
* Nameplate
FREE-WHEEL HUB
A mechanism that disconnects the non- driving wheels from the axle to operate
a part-time 4WD vehicle in two-wheel drive. All four wheels are connected to the
axles when the vehicle is driving in 4WD. After the changeover to 2WD,
components such as the differential, axle shaft, and propeller shaft would
continue rotating along with the wheels. The free-wheel hubs disconnect the
wheels from axle shaft, eliminating this unnecessary rotation and resulting in
reduced drive noise and fuel consumption.
FRICTION
Resistance to motion of one object over or through another, usually evidenced
as heat. Friction depends on the smoothness of the surfaces in contact and the
force with which they are being pressed together. Lubricants act to reduce
friction by coming between two surfaces and creating a very smooth interface.
They also act to carry friction-derived heat away from surfaces.
FRONT CONFIRMATION MIRROR
A mirror that is used to check the area immediately in front of vehicles with a
limited field of forward vision, such as large trucks and buses.
FRONT-ENGINE, FRONT-WHEEL-DRIVE (FF) VEHICLE
A vehicle with its engine located in the front and which drives the front wheels,
causing the vehicle to be pulled forward by the front wheels rather than being
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pushed Compared with rear-wheel drive, front wheel drive provides greater
straight-line stability, and side winds don't affect vehicle handling as much. The
propeller shaft tunnel found in the centre of the floor on rear-wheel-drive
vehicles is also not needed, giving more interior leg-room. However, having the
engine, transmission, and differential all at the front of the vehicle makes the
nose very heavy, so the steering wheel tends to be slightly "heavier" (i.e. After
the necessary steering effort increases) than on rear-wheel-drive vehicles.
FRONT-ENGINE, REAR-WHEEL-DRIVE (FR) VEHICLE
A vehicle having the engine in the front, and a propeller shaft which transmits
power to the rear axle and rear wheels. Having the engine, transmission, and
differential dispersed throughout the vehicle distributes the weight evenly,
making the steering wheel easy to handle. On the other hand, the propeller shaft
requires a tunnel through the floor, making rear leg-room less spacious than in a
FF vehicle.
FRONT MASK
The nose of the vehicle around the headlamps and radiator grille.
FRONT SPOILER
A skirt installed under the front bumper. At high speeds, the front spoiler
reduces lift and improves straight-line stability.
FRONTAL COLLISION WARNING
A Frontal Collision Warning system warns the driver when it detects objects in
the path of the vehicle; e.g., a vehicle slowing ahead. Some systems can also
apply braking to help avoid a collision. The collision warning system has several
advantages over human performance in helping to avoid collisions. These
including constant attention (e.g., to the vehicle ahead), and reacting more
quickly to situations.
The vehicle is fitted with a forward-looking sensor (such as radar or
laser), similar to one used for adaptive cruise control. A camera may
also be used for additional input. The combined information provides a
reliable picture of the road ahead, and may be used to support other
functions such vision enhancement.
Reduced risk of a frontal collision due to inattention or conditions with
poor visibility
FRP
* Fibre-reinforced Plastic
FUEL CELL
A fuel cell is an electrochemical device that converts chemical energy from
hydrogen (or other fuel) and an oxidant directly into electricity. Electricity from
fuel cells could power electric motors at each wheel of future vehicles. Fuel cells
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consist of a fuel supply (typically hydrogen), an oxidant (typically oxygen from
air), two porous electrodes (anode and cathode), and an electrolyte (between
the electrodes). A catalyst (eg, platinum) speeds up reactions. A single fuel cell
is several millimetres thick. To power a vehicle, fuel cells are connected in series
to provide appropriate operating voltage.
Fuel cells work on the reverse of the electrolysis principle (a familiar
high school science project) which separates water into hydrogen and
oxygen by passing an electric current between two electrodes.
Conversely, fuel cells combine hydrogen and oxygen to produce
electricity and water. In a typical fuel cell, hydrogen fed to the anode is
catalytically oxidised to produce hydrogen ions (H+) and electrons (e -). Electrons
flow through an electrical load (e.g., electric motor) into the cathode. Hydrogen
ions flowing from anode through electrolyte to cathode complete the circuit.
Oxygen fed to the cathode combines with hydrogen ions and electrons to
produce water.
Hydrogen fuel can be stored on-board the vehicle as compressed gas, cryogenic
liquid, or metal hydride. It can also be in the form of a hydrocarbon (eg, gasoline
or methanol)-- stored in a conventional tank and converted to a hydrogen-rich
gas by catalytic reaction.
An environmentally-friendly vehicle that doesn't deplete fossil fuel
reserves. A direct hydrogen fuel cell-powered vehicle would be a true
zero-emission vehicle; water being the only by-product. And there is a
virtually unlimited potential supply of hydrogen to be distilled from water
(although currently very costly). While a fuel cell vehicle powered by converted
gasoline or methanol would not have true zero-emissions, its projected fuel
economy would be two and a half times that of a conventionally-powered
vehicle.
FUEL EVAPORATION SEPARATOR
Parking an automobile in direct sunlight with a full tank of fuel could cause the
volume of fuel to expand beyond the tank's capacity. The fuel evaporation
separator prevents the fuel from flowing directly into the charcoal canister if this
occurs.
* Fuel System.
FUEL FILTER
A filter that uses a special type of filter paper to remove water and impurities
from the fuel before the fuel reaches the engine. if these were not removed,
they would prevent the fuel from burning correctly or clog narrow passages in
the fuel system or engine, causing the engine to run roughly.
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FUEL LID (FUEL DOOR)
A small hinged door or panel covering the gas cap. It is opened by a lever near
the driver's seat.
FUEL PUMP
A pump that pumps fuel from the fuel tank to the engine. The fuel pump may be
operated by the camshaft or by an electric motor.
Engines using carburettor generally use a camshaft-driven pump, while EFI
engines use an electric pump. The electric pump
may be installed in the fuel
tank or somewhere along the fuel line.
FUEL SEDIMENTER
A device in a diesel vehicle to separate water from the fuel. A warning lamp
lights if the water in the sedimenter exceeds a specified level. A fuel sedimenter
must be used because diesel fuel absorbs moisture from the air easily, and the
water would collect in the fuel tank, impairing engine operation.
FUEL SYSTEM
An important automotive system that feeds fuel (gasoline or diesel fuel) to the
engine to be burned in the cylinders.
The main component of the fuel system of a gasoline engine is the carburettor,
or computer-controlled EFI (electronic fuel injection) system. The main fuelsystem component of a diesel engine is the fuel injection pump.
FUEL TANK (GAS TANK)
A tank for holding fuel. It is constructed of plastic or steel plating with strong
anti-rust properties. A fuel sender is located inside the tank; it measures the
amount of fuel remaining in the tank. Baffles are built into the tank to prevent
the fuel from sloshing around when the vehicle takes off or stops.
FULL-AREA WIPING SYSTEM
A windshield wiper system which maintains a uniform wiping angle, regardless of
the wiping speed selected. Conventional wiping systems are set for a wiping
angle that is actually smaller than adequate, in order to compensate for overrun
of the wipers at high wiper speeds. However, this leaves large unwiped areas
when the wipers are operating at low speeds. The full-area wiping system
overcomes this problem by decreasing the wiping angle at high wiper speeds to
compensate for the overrun, while increasing the angle at low wiper speeds to
ensure that more of the windshield is wiped. This improves the driver's field of
view at all wiper speeds.
FULL-FLOATING AXLE
A type of axle in which the weight of the entire vehicle is supported on the axle
housing (the tube containing the axle shaft). The axle shaft itself serves only to
transmit driving force, and therefore is not required to withstand excessive
forces (vehicle weight, shock from the road, torsion and bending, etc.). For this
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reason, the full-floating axle is especially suited to vehicles that must carry
heavy loads, and so is often used on trucks.
* Semi-floating Rear Axle
FULL MODEL CHANGE
Major changes in a pre-existing model's body, chassis, and/or engine design,
accompanied by marked improvements in function and performance. Less
drastic changes in only some of these areas are called "minor changes".
FULL-TIME 4WD
A vehicle in which power is always transmitted to all four wheels. Full-time 4WD
vehicles are provided with a centre differential, which compensates for the
difference in rotational speed that is created between the front and rear wheels
when the vehicle corners. Sometimes 2WD vehicles can be seen squealing their
tires when taking off, but this does not occur with 4WD vehicles, because power
is distributed to all four wheels, providing better traction and reducing this waste
of power. Wheels also spin less on slippery roads, ensuring greater driving
safety. In some 4WD vehicles, the centre differential may cause difficulty when
one wheel spins, such as when it is caught in a pothole. To solve this problem,
recent full time 4WD vehicles use a differential lock that sends most of the
power to the other wheels when the difference in rotational speed exceeds a
certain limit. This prevents the wheel that is stuck from spinning, and helps the
vehicle get out of the hole.
FULLY CONCEALED WIPERS
Wipers in which the wiper arms and blades are stored between the front
windshield and the hood panel and are completely hidden when not in use.
This design improves both the driver's view and the appearance of the vehicle.
Wipers that conceal only the wiper arms are called "semi-concealed wipers".
FUSE
A safety device that is installed in an electrical circuit.
If a current that is greater than the rated capacity of the fuse flows through the
fuse, the fuse "blows out"; that is, the element in the fuse heats up and melts.
This breaks the circuit, stopping the flow of current. This prevents the circuit
from overheating due to the electrical overload.
Fuses and fuse blocks are installed in several places in an automobile: for
example, under the instrument panel, in the engine compartment, etc.
* Circuit Breaker, Fusible Link
FUSIBLE LINK (FL)
A high-capacity fuse. There are two types of fusible link used at present: the
cartridge type and the link type.
* Circuit Breaker, Fuse
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FWD
* Front-wheel drive.
G
GARNISH
Decorative items which are used to improve vehicle appearance, and which may
also be used to protect functional parts.
Some examples are found on the pillars inside the passenger compartment and
on the outside of the quarter pillars; others are the decorative plates (rear
garnish) found between the rear combination lamps.
* Interior Trim
GAS
A gaseous substance, such as oxygen, nitrogen, natural gas etc.. Also, slang for
gasoline" and for "accelerator pedal".
GASOLINE ("GAS", PETROL)
The most common fuel used in automobiles. Gasoline is a mixture of
hydrocarbons such as hexane, heptane, and octane, with other fuels and
additives often being added.
Gasoline is manufactured by removing sulphur and other impurities from crude
oil to produce naphtha. Additives are then i-nixed in to create gasoline. Gasoline
with a high octane rating is called "premium" or "high-test" gasoline, while that
with a lower rating is referred to as "regular" gasoline.
GASOLINE ENGINE
The most widely used type of internal combustion engine for automobiles. In this
type of engine, air and gasoline are mixed together (creating the so-called "airfuel mixture"), then sent to each cylinder, where an electric spark from a spark
plug causes the mixture to ignite and explode. This drives the piston downward,
rotating the crankshaft, which in turn rotates the wheels of the vehicle.
A gasoline engine is smaller and lighter than other types of engines, and
produces a lot of power. In addition, it is relatively quiet and vibration free. This
type of engine is so widely used that the words "automobile engine" are almost
synonymous with gasoline engine". Gasoline engines can be classified into twocycle and four-cycle reciprocating engines and rotary engines.
* Diesel Engine, Engine, Gas Turbine
GAS TANK
* Fuel Tank
GAS TURBINE ENGINE
An engine that uses a compressor to pump a combustible gas into the
combustion chamber at high pressure. This gas is burnt, and the resulting highCorporate Quality Office
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velocity, high-pressure heated gas turns a turbine (a bladed wheel), which in
turn produces power.
The recent oil crises have encouraged more research on engines that use fuels
other than gasoline, and a number have been developed, including the gas
turbine.
This type of engine is lighter and more compact than the a standard internal
combustion engine, and operates by rotary motion only, so it obtains greater
power with less vibration.
GAUGE (METER)
Analog gauges and meters use rotating needles to display the status of various
automotive components and systems; digital gauges and meters use LEDs or
LCD displays to show the same information. Most gauges and meters are located
on the instrument panel in front of the driver.
GEAR BOX
* Transmission
GEAR JUMP-OUT
When the transmission gears slip into neutral on a manual transmission vehicle.
The main cause is incomplete gear engagement by the driver, but it can also be
caused by wear or damage to various components of the transmission.
Jump-out must often occurs under these conditions during acceleration,
deceleration, and when driving on rough roads.
GEAR RATIO
Engine (crankshaft) rpm divided by transmission rpm. Engine power cannot
normally be used directly by the wheels, so to convert this into power that can
be actually used by the vehicle, various "speed gears" (the driving gears) in the
transmission are meshed with various output gears (driven gears) to control the
gear ratio; that is, to vary the relationship between the engine speed and the
output speed of the transmission.
For example, in fourth gear, there is roughly a one-to-one ratio between engine
rpm and transmission rpm (that is, the rotational speed of the crankshaft and
that of the transmission output shaft). However, in first (low) or second gear,
there is a higher gear ratio (for example, 1:4.5, 1:3.0, etc.), which provides the
torque needed for climbing hills. (in other words, a lower gear lowers the output
rpm and increases the torque.) Fifth gear (overdrive), on the other hand, has a
gear ratio that is less than one (for example, 1:0.85), providing less torque but
more speed.
Note: Gear ratios are normally expressed without the " 1 ". Thus, a gear ratio of
1:4.5 is usually given simply as "4.5".
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GEAR SHIFT LEVER
A lever for changing gears. This is called the "shift selector lever" on an
automatic transmission.
GLOBAL WINDOW OPENING/CLOSING
Global window operation allows all the vehicle's windows to be open or closed
with a single command from outside of the vehicle. In its simplest form, the key
is inserted in the door and turned past lock position to close all windows and
sunroof. Other options for opening or closing are the key fob or one-touch
operation.
Whether activated by switch or remote, a relay closes all motor circuits
to simultaneously open or close the windows. In the case of one-touch
operation, the relay remains closed long enough for all the windows to
open or close. If the vehicle has multiplex wiring, a signal is sent to
each window motor. Advanced (smart) window regulators must be fitted to
reverse the window motors safely in case of an obstruction.
Greater convenience
GLOVE BOX (GLOVE COMPARTMENT)
A small storage compartment in the dash in front of the front passenger seat.
The glove box was originally created as a place to store driving gloves, a
necessity in the days when automobiles were often open to the weather and had
no heater; today, however, the glove box finds greater use as a storage place
for maps, cassette tapes, etc.
GLOW PLUG
A heating plug used to improve the starting of diesel engines. When it is turned
on, the plug warms the air in the combustion chamber, thereby promoting
ignition and combustion. Turning on the ignition (starter) switch sends electric
current to the plug and causes it to start heating. The proper way to start a
diesel engine is to turn on the switch, wait until the plug heats up completely,
and then start the engine.
GLOW PLUG RELAY
The electric circuit that supplies current to the diesel engine glow plug. Its
purpose is to protect the starter switch from over-currents.
GLOBAL POSITIONING NAVIGATION SYSTEM (GPS)
A system that uses signals from a satellite to pinpoint the position of a vehicle,
displays the information in detail on a display monitor in the vehicle. This system
can also indicate possible routes and distances to the destination. As this system
has a smaller margin of error than conventional navigation systems, it can more
accurately give one's position.
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GOVERNOR
A mechanism that governs another mechanism. One example is the governor of
a diesel injection pump, which automatically controls the engine speed and
output by adjusting the fuel injection volume in accordance with the load on the
engine and the throttle opening.
GRADE
A set of fairly minor variations in a vehicle model, usually identified by a two- or
three-letter code or by a special word. The code or word is often displayed on
the body of the vehicle. (Examples: "STD", "DX, "LE", etc.).
A number of variations in the same model are possible in terms of equipment
and specifications, and a variety of grades allows each customer to choose the
vehicle most suited to his or her expected pattern of use, budget, and individual
preferences.
GRAPHIC EQUALISER
An audio device that divides sound into a number of sound ranges, and allows
the tone quality of each range to be separately adjusted. Most audio equipment
makes only a rough adjustment of overall tone quality for high (treble) or low
(bass) tone, but a graphic equaliser makes much finer adjustments possible.
GRAPHITE PAINT
A special paint used to bring out depth and give a solid "feel" to the body. Mica
is mixed into a colour base, then graphite pigment, made from carbon, is mixed
in. When seen from straight on, this type of paint makes the car look bright with
its mica sparkle and graphite lustre. Seen from an angle, the darkness of the
carbon seems to float up and dampen the sparkle, adding depth and "quietness"
to the colour.
GREASE
A semi-viscous petroleum-based substance used to lubricate various parts of an
automobile. Because it doesn't run off as easily as a liquid lubricant, such as oil,
it can lubricate for a longer time. Its main drawback is its inability to get into
small spaces as easily as oil.
GRILLE
* Radiator Grille
GRIP
The firmness of the contact between the road surface and the tires.
A larger or wider tire usually has a better grip than a smaller tire. The better the
grip, the less likely a car is to skid. Road surface conditions and vehicle
suspension design also affect grip.
GROSS HORSEPOWER
Engine power measured using the only essential equipment required to run the
engine (e.g., fuel pump, oil pump, and water pump).
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Usually, however, current new-car brochures list the "net" horsepower of an
engine, in which the output of the engine is measured under the same conditions
as when the engine is actually installed on a vehicle. Net horsepower is about 10
to 15% less than gross horsepower.
GROSS VEHICLE WEIGHT
The weight of a vehicle when fully loaded with driver, passengers, all optional
equipment, and luggage.
Gross weight is calculated using an average weight for each passenger, which
may differ depending on the country. Laden gross weight is the gross weight
with the maximum load added.
GROUND CLEARANCE
The distance from the ground to the lowest part of the vehicle. In general, lower
ground clearance gives a lower centre of gravity, thus improving stability.
GUARD
* Fender
GULL-WING DOOR
A door that opens upward, pivoting at the centre of the roof. As the name
implies, when they are open, gull-wing doors resemble the wings of a seagull in
flight. This type of door makes it easier to get in and out of the car, especially in
tight places.
H
HALF-CLUTCH
Depressing the clutch pedal slightly to cause the clutch to partially disengage.
This technique can be used to make fine adjustments in speed when starting,
cornering, and driving at low speeds.
HALOGEN HEADLAMPS
Headlamps using halogen bulbs. Halogen bulbs have a halogen gas (a gas such
as iodine or bromine) sealed inside the bulb to raise the filament to an extremely
high temperature and produce a bright white light. The bulb retains its original
brilliance for almost its entire life.
HANDS-FREE TELEPHONE
A telephone that can be used without holding the receiver. Most such systems
have a microphone installed in the centre of the steering wheel and use the
radio speakers for sound.
HARDTOP
Originally, a "hardtop" was any car that had a solid roof, such as one made of
metal, as opposed to a "soft top", which had a roof made of cloth. Now,
however, "hardtop" simply means a passenger car with no centre pillars (posts
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in the middle of the body, between the front and doors). Sometimes a hardtop
will have centre pillars, but even then, it will not have frames around the side
windows.
HARSHNESS
An NVH problem; resembles the sensation that would be felt by the driver if one
of this tires were to be hit with it. The tires transmit both shock and noise from
the road, due to such conditions as general surface roughness, bumps and
potholes, and seams in the pavement. In general, wider tires and higher tire
pressure produce greater harshness.
* Noise, Vibration, and Harshness (NVH)
HATCHBACK (LIFTBACK)
A coupe with a door in the rear that swings upward. The rear seat folds down to
create a large cargo space.
HAZARD WARNING LIGHTS
Emergency flashers that are used when the vehicle could be a danger to traffic,
such as during a breakdown on a busy highway.
Turning on the hazard warning lamp switch causes the turn signal lamps at each
end of the vehicle to flash simultaneously as a warning to passing cars.
* Parking Lights
HC
* Hydrocarbons
HEADLAMPS (HEADLIGHTS)
Lights at the front of a vehicle for illuminating the road when driving at night.
According to the highway transportation law of one typical country, the high
beams must be capable of making obstacles visible at night from a distance of
100 meters (330 ft.), and the low beams from 40 meters (130 ft.).
HEAD
* Cylinder Head
HEADS-UP DISPLAY
The head-up display (HUD) system allows the driver to view pertinent vehicle
information without looking away from the road. Gauge and indicator images are
projected on the windshield in front of the driver. HUDs typically include (at a
minimum) turn signal indicators, high beam indicator, and a warning to check
gauges. These gauge and warning displays can be turned off when desired to
minimise the possibility of distraction. Systems can be designed to display other
head-up information; vehicle speed being the most common addition.
The display information is produced in an area within the instrument
panel. It is projected (through a series of lenses and mirrors) upward
through a small window on the top of the instrument panel onto the
windshield. A special coating on a portion of the windshield may be used
Page 93

to properly reflect the information toward the driver.
Potentially greater safety and convenience because the driver does not
have to look down at the instrument panel as often to view vehicle
gauges.
* Holographic Heads-up Display
HEAT-CONDUCTIVE GLASS
* Heated Glass
HEATED GLASS (HEAT-CONDUCTIVE GLASS)
Window glass in which electrically conductive ink is imprinted onto the surface of
the glass and then plated with a metal such as nickel or copper. An electric
current is passed through the filament thus created to heat the glass and melt
snow or evaporate moisture that is blocking the driver's view. Heat conductive
glass is often used for the rear window.
* Rear Window Defogger
HEATED WINDSHIELD
A heating filament is imbedded in the sides and bottom of the front windshield to
melt snow and prevent the wipers from freezing in place. A timer switch
operated from the drivers seat allows the glass to be heated for 20 minutes.
HEATER
Of the four common types of heaters (hot water, electric, exhaust gas, and
combustion), most passenger vehicles use the first: that is, the type that
employs engine coolant which has been warmed by the engine.
After the engine has heated the coolant, it passes through a heat exchanger.
Outside air is forced through the heat exchanger and transmits the heat to the
passenger compartment.
The heater unit is composed of:
1) a heater core, which takes heat from the engine coolant and uses it to warm
the air passing through it; and
2) a damper, which adjusts the volume of air sent to the heater core.
HEIGHT CONTROL
* Electronic Height Control
HIGH-BEAM INDICATOR LAMP
A lamp on the instrument panel that lights to remind the driver that the
headlamps are on high beam.
HIGH INTENSITY DISCHARGE HEAD LAMPS
High Intensity Discharge (HID) head lamps provide a brighter, whiter light for
increased forward visibility. They produce about three times as much light as
conventional halogen bulbs and have a distinct appearance. Also, they are more
durable than filament based bulbs, and require 40-60% less power to operate.
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HID head lamps use electrical energy to excite an inert gas. A quartz
glass capsule, filled with xenon gas, receives a momentary high voltage
charge from an integral ignitor, causing an arc between the two
electrodes to light. Once the arc is stabilised, it runs at 80 volts,
supplied by a remote ballast. A reflector housing and lens direct the light at the
roadway. Discharge lighting has been used in street lamps and stadium lighting
for decades, but the technology is relatively new to automobiles.
Better night visibility, increased headlamp durability, increased safety
and improved styling
HIGH-MOUNT BRAKE LIGHT
HIGH-MOUNT STOP LAMP
A single brake light installed in the middle of the rear end of the vehicle. The
high-mount stop lamp is installed at a higher position than standard brake lights,
so that it shines at the level of the eyes of the driver in the following vehicle ;
this ensures better visibility. All US-spec passenger cars now require high-mount
stop lamps.
HIGH-OCTANE GASOLINE
Gasoline with a higher octane rating than regular gasoline. High-octane gasoline
is used in high-performance engines to improve fuel consumption and thus
engine performance. High-octane gasoline is often called "super", "premium",
etc.
HIGH-STRENGTH SHEET STEEL
Among the different kinds of sheet steel used to construct vehicle bodies, high
strength sheet steel is especially resistant to stretching. Since high-strength
sheet steel can be made thinner than standard sheet steel, it helps to reduce
vehicle weight.
HIGH-TENSION CORDS (RESISTIVE CORDS)
One of several electrical cords used to carry the high voltage generated by the
ignition coil. High-tension cords carry voltage from the ignition coil to the
distributor, and from the distributor to each of the spark plugs.
* Spark Plug Cable
HILL-CLIMBING PERFORMANCE
An indication of how steep a grade a vehicle can climb. It is a measure of the
steepest grade that a vehicle can climb on a dry, paved road. The gross weight
of the vehicle is used to calculate this. (For a passenger car, "gross weight" is
the actual weight of the vehicle itself plus 55 kg, multiplied by the designed
passenger capacity.
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Hill-climbing performance is given as tan ? , which is the height of the hill
divided by the horizontal distance from the top of the hill to the starting point of
the vehicle. The larger this number, the steeper the grade the vehicle can climb.
HOLOGRAPHIC HEADS-UP DISPLAY
A system that projects a vehicle speed display onto the windshield in front of the
driver. It also displays warning lamps whenever they light up. This makes it
unnecessary for the driver to look down at the instrument panel to check speed
or other vehicle conditions. The apparent "distance" from the display to the
driver's eyes can also be adjusted, making the display easier to read for near- or
farsighted persons.
HORIZONTALLY-OPPOSED ENGINE
An engine designed with the crankshaft in the centre and the cylinders set
horizontally, facing each other. This engine design is lower and wider than a
standard engine.
* In-line Engine, V-engine
HORN PAD
The pad in the centre of the steering wheel that contains the horn switch and
driver's airbag.
HORSEPOWER (HP)
A unit of measure for engine output. One horsepower in the US/British system is
the force required to lift 33,000 lbs. a distance of 1 foot in 1 minute. One metric
horsepower is the force needed to lift 75 kg a distance of 1 meter in 1 second,
and is abbreviated "PS" (which stands for the German "Pferdestrke", meaning
"horsepower"). (1 hp = 1.01 4 PS; 1 PS = 0.986 hp)
Horsepower is measured in two kinds of engine output tests. The gross power
test measures the horsepower of the engine alone, while the net power test
measure the horsepower of an engine with the muffler, radiator, and other
components needed for actual operation on a vehicle. The current practice is to
indicate net horsepower.
In countries that use the metric system, there is now a trend to express engine
out-put in kilowatts (kW), rather than in PS (1 kW = 1.36 PS; 1 PS = 0.735 kW).
* Net Horsepower, Gross Horsepower pressure
HOT-AIR INTAKE SYSTEM
A system that heats the engine intake air when the outside temperature is low.
This system collects heated air from around the exhaust manifold and sends it to
the air cleaner. It has been devised to prevent common cold-weather problems,
such as poor fuel atomisation, and carburettor icing due to condensation of
moisture in the intake air.
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HYBRID CAR
A car with more than one power source. A hybrid car attempts to utilise the
advantages of each available power source and avoid their disadvantages.
Some examples of hybrid cars are those using both an internal-combustion
engine and an electric motor; an engine and a flywheel; an electric motor and a
flywheel; and a gas turbine and a flywheel.
HYDRAULIC BRAKE BOOSTER
A device, which increases the hydraulic pressure to the brakes, thereby
increasing braking effectiveness and reducing the amount of foot pressure
required to operate the brake pedal.
HYDRAULIC CONTROL SYSTEM
Any system that controls a component of another system by means of hydraulic
(oil) pressure.
One important example is the planetary gear unit of the automatic transmission,
which carries out the actual gear shifting using hydraulic pressure (rather than
by a mechanical means as in a manual transmission).
HYDRAULIC MULTI-PLATE CLUTCH TYPE CENTER
CONTROL SYSTEM
DIFFERENTIAL
A four-wheel-drive system for vehicles with an automatic transmission. The

system senses vehicle speed, throttle opening, and differences in front and rear
tire rotational speed, and based on this data, automatically controls the
distribution of power to the front and rear wheels.
This computer-controlled system also has a multi-disc hydraulic clutch that
prevents the tight-corner braking phenomenon. In addition, if one of the wheels
starts to get stuck in mud (for example), extra drive power is supplied to the
wheel that is not spinning to help the vehicle escape.
HYDRAULIC STRUT MOUNT
The top of the suspension that attaches to the body (that is, the suspension
mount) is provided with a fluid chamber. This helps the suspension to absorb
shocks, thereby reducing the vibrations and noise that are transmitted to the
body.
HYDROCARBONS (HC)
Organic compounds formed from carbon (C) and hydrogen (H). These
compounds have become a serious problem as the cause of photochemical
smog. There are three major sources of hydrocarbons: Engine exhaust, fuel
evaporation, and poor combustion caused by blow-by gas.
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HYDRCRACK (HC)
Refining process that produces synthetic base stocks with improved
characteristics. Such base stocks typically have exceptionally high stability and
viscosity indexes.
HYDROFINISHING
A refinery process that saturates base stock by treating them with hydrogen to
improve their stability.
HYDROPLANING
When a vehicle is driven at high speeds on wet roads, the tires tend to "float" off
the surface slightly, causing the steering and brakes to lose their effectiveness.
Higher speed, deeper water, and lower tire pressure all contribute to
hydroplaning and should be taken into consideration when driving in the rain.
* Braking Distance
I
ICING
* Carburettor Icing
IDLE-UP MECHANISM
A device that increases engine idling speed in response to increased engine load.
When the engine is idling and the air conditioner comes on, the extra load on the
engine can result in a stall. The idle-up mechanism automatically therefore
raises engine rpm to keep the engine running smoothly.
The idle-up mechanism also operates during increased loads (due to the use of
power steering, electrical equipment, etc.).
IDLING
Slow engine rotation with the vehicle stopped and the accelerator released.
To conserve fuel and reduce exhaust emissions, idle speed is generally set to the
lowest speed from which the engine will still accelerate smoothly. In addition, a
fast-idle mechanism is used to raise the idle speed to warm up the engine more
quickly.
IDLING VIBRATION
Engine vibration during idling causes an intermittent trembling throughout the
vehicle, such as in the body, steering wheel, and the gearshift lever. This
trembling becomes more obvious when the idle speed is set low.
IGNITER (IGNITION MODULE)
An electrical or electronic device that controls the operation of the ignition coil.
In vehicles, the igniter is a transistorised controller composed of electronic
circuits.
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IGNITION COIL
An electrical device that generates the high-voltage current needed for engine
ignition.
IGNITION KEY CHIMES
If the driver turns the engine off and opens the door with the key still in the
ignition, these chimes will sound a warning to remind the driver to remove the
key.
IGNITION MODULE
* Igniter
IGNITION KEY LIGHTING
Lighting around the ignition key switch. For a few moments after the door has
closed, a circular green light illuminates the ignition, making it easier to insert
the key at night.
IGNITION SWITCH
The switch that is used to start and shut off the engine. Normally, it has four
positions: LOCK, ACC (accessories), ON, and START. This switch is generally
combined with a steering wheel lock mechanism. On engine vehicles, the ignition
switch is called the "starter switch" (diesel engines have no ignition system).
IGNITION SYSTEM
The system on gasoline and LPG engines that causes a spark to ignite the airfuel mixture in each cylinder for engine combustion. The ignition system is
composed of the ignition coil, which generates high-voltage current; the
distributor, which sends this current to the spark plugs; the high-tension cables,
which carry this current; and the spark plugs, which produce sparks in the
cylinders, causing combustion of the compressed air-fuel mixture to occur.
A diesel engine has no ignition system, as the fuel self-ignites due to the heat
that is produced when the air is compressed.
ILLUMINATED ENTRY SYSTEM
A lighting system that lights up the ignition switch and foot space for easy
vehicle entry and exit. When using a vehicle at night, the driver may have
difficulty in stepping into the vehicle or finding the ignition switch. With the
illuminated entry system, simply pulling the outside door handle on the driver's
door lights up the door lock. At the same time, the foot lamps, ignition switch
lamp, and interior lamps come on. The lamps stay on for several seconds after
the door is closed, then automatically go off.
INDEPENDENT DOUBLE- WISHBONE SUSPENSION
A type of suspension using both upper and lower control arms to support the
wheels. The resemblance of the control arm to the shape of a bird's breastbone
gives it the name "wishbone".
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Double-wishbone suspension keeps the wheels closer to vertical than does
conventional strut suspension, thereby reducing sway. Softer springs can also be
used, giving a more comfortable ride. This system also allows engineers greater
freedom in changing the location of springs and shock absorbers.
INDEPENDENT SUSPENSION
Suspension in which each wheel is supported by a separate arm, with the arms
being indirectly connected to the body via the springs.
Independent suspension achieves a more comfortable ride because the
movements of one wheel do not affect the opposite wheel. Some types of
independent suspension are the strut type, the wishbone type, the trailing-arm
type, and the semitrailing arm type. The most common type used in small- and
medium-sized passenger cars is MacPherson strut suspension
* Rigid Axle Suspension
INDICATOR LAMPS
Lamps that inform the driver of vehicle conditions, such as whether the head
lamps are on high beam, whether the turn signals are operating, etc.
* Warning Lamps
INERTIAL RESISTANCE
* Acceleration Drag
INFANT SEAT
* Child Seat
INFINITE DOOR CHECK
The Infinite Door Check is a mechanical-hydraulic device designed to hold the
door open at any position along its swing path. Traditionally, vehicles equipped
with mechanical door checks (or detents) hold the door only at half open or fully
open positions; the door will not stay in place at other positions. Infinite door
check, by holding the door open at any position, enables customers to protect
their own vehicle and avoid denting or chipping the paint of adjacent vehicles in
tight parking spaces. It also allows the occupant to position the door at any
convenient position when entering or exiting, even when the vehicle is parked on
an incline.
The IDC makes use of a phenomenon called stiction. Stiction is defined
as the ratio of static to dynamic friction. The IDC mechanism utilises
patented valving technology to amplify the dynamic force to overcome
static friction, which makes the door easy to move once it is in motion,
but holds the door position when it is released or stopped.
Easier entry and exiting from the vehicle, and reduced likelihood of
damage to the door edge or to adjacent vehicles.
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INHIBITOR
An additive that improves performance by reducing undesirable chemical
reaction or rusting.
INTERACTIVE VEHICLE DYNAMICS (IVD)
Interactive Vehicle Dynamics is designed to minimise loss of vehicle control due
to loss of traction. The IVD system could be activated when a vehicle is taking a
turn too quickly, or when encountering an icy patch.
The system compares the driver's intended direction (from the steering
wheel angle) to the actual vehicle path, which is inferred from
accelerometers and wheel-speed sensors. If the actual path is different
from that intended (e.g., when the vehicle is understeering or
oversteering, or on slippery road conditions), the IVD controller applies braking
at selected wheel(s) and reduces engine torque if required to correct the
situation. The system is designed to make the best use of available traction to
keep the vehicle on the intended path and minimise loss of control.
Increased driver control, handling performance and safety
INTELLIGENT VEHICLE HIGHWAY SYSTEM (IVHS)

The Intelligent Vehicle Highway System (IVHS) provides a variety of information
to the vehicle and driver through co-operation of automotive electronics,
communications, controls and systems engineering technologies.
IVHS has two areas of interest to car and truck makers:
telematics, and
active safety warning and control systems.

Several features have been identified:
Telematics
Navigation systems
Traffic messaging
Emergency messaging and security tracking (e.g. RESCURESCURemote Emergency Satellite Cellular Unit)
Short range communications/ automatic toll collection)

Active Safety Warning and Control Systems:
Collision warning/avoidance
Backup and parking aids
Side vision aid

Vision enhancement (All weather/night vision)
Adaptive cruise control
Lane departure control
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Many features could share technologies or components. Some are described
separately in this guide.
Increased comfort and safety through exchange of real-time
information on highway conditions and vehicle operating environment
ILSAC
Acronym for International Lubricant Standardisation and Approval Committee.
INJECTION NOZZLES
In gasoline engines with electronic fuel injection (EFI), these are nozzles that
inject fuel near the intake ports of the combustion chambers.
In diesel engines, an injection pump first sends the fuel under high pressure to
the nozzles, which turn the fuel into a spray and inject it into the combustion
chambers.
INJECTION PUMP
A pump that supplies fuel to the diesel engine. The pump controls the injection
quantity in response to engine rpm and the throttle opening, sending fuel under
high pressure to the injection nozzle of each cylinder.
IN-LINE ENGINE
An engine whose cylinders are arranged in a straight line.
This design can be used to reduce engine width, but it increases engine length.
An engine with four cylinders arranged in a straight line is called a "straightfour" engine. One with six cylinders in a row is called a "straight-six" engine.
* Horizontally Opposed Engine, V-Engine
INNER LINER
The layer of rubber on the inside of a tubeless tyre. (The inner liner replaces the
tube found in old-style tubed tyres.) This type of tyre is lighter than a tubed
tyre, and if it receives a small puncture, the inner liner can close up the hole to
prevent sudden air loss.
INSTRUMENT CLUSTER
The area on the instrument panel in which most meters and gauges are located.
* Combination Meter
INSTRUMENT PANEL
The portion of the dashboard in front of the driver's seat which houses the
various meters, warning lamps, radio, stereo, air conditioner blower outlets, and
other features. Sometimes loosely used to mean the entire dashboard.
* Combination Meter
INSOLUBLES
Contaminants found in used engine oils such as dust, wear particles or oxidised
products. Often measured by reference to matter remaining insoluble after
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mixing with pentane or benzene, which dissolve organic materials in different
ways.
INSULATORS
Insulators prevent heat, sound, and vibration from being transmitted to the
interior of the vehicle.
Exhaust pipe heat insulators are made of heat insulating material. Hood
silencers, floor mats, and other parts are made of sound insulating material.
Engine mounts are made from a rubber insulating material, which prevents
engine vibrations from being transmitted to the interior of the vehicle.
INTAKE MANIFOLD
A system of pipes that directs air (or air-fuel mixture in a gasoline engine) to
each cylinder. The manifold must distribute air to each cylinder equally and
smoothly.
* Exhaust Manifold
INTAKE PORT
Part of the cylinder head; the intake ports directs the air-fuel mixture from the
intake manifold into the cylinders. The design of the intake manifold and intake
ports greatly influences both intake efficiency and combustion efficiency.
INTAKE VALVES
The intake valves allow the air-fuel mixture to be drawn into the cylinder.
The valves open to receive the mixture, then remain closed during compression
and combustion.
* Exhaust Valves
INTER-COOLER
A device that cools the air that is sent from the turbocharger or supercharger to
the engine. The turbocharger sends out hot compressed air. Since the density of
hot air decreases as the air expands, if the air is sent to the engine without first
being cooled, the resulting combustion efficiency would be less than desired. So
the inter-cooler cools the hot air, thereby sending a greater amount of highdensity air to the engine. This increases turbocharger efficiency. Lowering the air
temperature also reduces knocking.
Both air-cooled and water-cooled inter-coolers are used.
As a large volume of air is needed, the inter-cooler may be installed in front of
the radiator or in the air scoops on the hood.
* Air Intake
INTERIOR TRIM
A general name for ornamental and/or functional fixtures that are found inside
the vehicle such as door panels, seat cover fabric, instrument panel covering,
protective strips on quarterpillars, knobs, etc.
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Trim can be roughly classified as foam trim, injection-moulded trim, and stretch
fabric trim (e.g., for roof headliners, etc.).
* Garnish
INTERIOR VOLUME
One specification in a vehicle classification method promulgated in 1976 by the
EPA (Environmental Protection Agency of the United States) to classify vehicles
according to fuel consumption.
Vehicles are divided into five classes of passenger vehicles, three classes of
wagons, and four classes of trucks.
These classifications are based on purpose of usage, interior volume, and other
factors.
Types
Passenger
Vehicles
Wagons
Trucks
Two-seater
Small station wagon
Small pick up
Mini-compact car
Mid-size station
wagon
Standard pick-up
Sub-compact car
Large station wagon
Special purposevehicle
Mid-size car
Cab-chassis (truck
without bed)
Large car
Van **
NOTES: The above classification system may differ somewhat depending on

whether it is fuel economy, emission standards, or safety standards that is being
considered.
** In recent years, there have been negotiations by manufacturers with the US
government as to whether vans should be considered passenger vehicles or
trucks. Recently, to complicate the issue, so-called "mini-vans" have also
appeared on the market. At the moment, it appears that some types of vans
are considered passenger vehicles in some cases, and trucks in other cases.
INTERMITTENT WIPERS
"Intermittent" indicates that the wipers stop for a uniform interval of time after
each pass across the window. This function is used for light precipitation, such as
drizzle or fog. On some models, the driver can select the length of the interval,
so there is no need to continually turn the wipers on and off.
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J
JASO
Acronym for Japanese Standards Organisation. Most often encountered in
standards for motorcycle oils both two and four stroke. There are currently
three two stroke performance ratings FA, FB and FC with the last being the
highest performance.
JASO has recently established a standard for four stroke motorcycle engines,
which are not compatible with modern passenger car lubricants due to the
presence of friction modifiers in the oils, which interfere with the operation of
immersed clutches in most motorcycle engines.
JUDDER
* Clutch Chatter
JUMPER CABLES
* Booster Cables
JUMP-OUT
* Gear Jump-out
JUMP START
* Booster Cables (Jumper Cables)
K
KEY-CONFINE PREVENTION FUNCTION
This prevents the ignition key from being locked in the car, by keeping the doors
from locking if the driver should inadvertently try to lock the doors with the key
still in the ignition.
KEYLESS ENTRY
Keyless entry makes it possible to open the doors and trunk without using a key.
A coded signal is transmitted by a small hand-held remote control unit that
utilises either radio waves or infrared rays. The system can be operated only
when the code matches the one in the on-board computer's memory.
* Remote Control Door Lock
KEY-LINKED POWER DOOR LOCK
A power door lock system that locks or unlocks all doors when the driver's door
is locked or unlocked. When the driver exits the vehicle and locks the driver's
door, all the doors lock simultaneously
KICKBACK
When a front tire hits a rough spot in the road, the shock will be transmitted to
the steering wheel, causing it to jerk. This is called "kickback".
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KICK-DOWN
A driving technique used with an automatic transmission to increase speed
quickly, such as when passing. Suddenly pressing the accelerator pedal to the
floor automatically causes the transmission to change to a lower, more powerful
gear. This technique gives the quick acceleration necessary for passing and for
changing lanes on an expressway.
KINEMATIC VISCOSITY
The measure of a fluids resistance to flow (essentially its thickness or thinness)
under gravity at standard temperatures, usually 40 and 100 degrees Celsius.
KINGPIN ANGLE
* Steering Axis Inclination
KNOCK CONTROL SYSTEM
A computer-controlled system that suppresses the knocking that is produced by
the engine.
Knocking is caused by abnormal combustion, and if it is untreated, it can cause
damage to engine components such as valves, pistons, and spark plugs. The
knock control system uses sensors installed in the cylinder block to detect
knocking. A computer then attempts to return the combustion to normal by
delaying the ignition timing as well as by other methods.
KNOCKING (PINGING)
A sharp metallic clicking from the engine, caused by sudden acceleration in a
gear that is too high.
This is due to the spontaneous combustion of unburned gas that occurs before
the spark plug produces the spark. This exploding gas hits against the piston,
creating the "knocking" sound. Severe knocking causes an uncomfortable
vibration that could even damage engine components such as valves, pistons, or
spark plugs.
KNUCKLE ARM
A joint on the steering linkage t hat connects a tie rod with a front wheel (one tie
rod for each wheel). The knuckle arms transmit the movement of the tie rods
(and thus of the steering wheel) to change the vehicle's direction.
L
LAMINATED GLASS
Window glass that is made by pressing together two sheets of glass with a
strong transparent film between them. Mainly used in windshields, it is not easily
pierced even when cracked by rocks kicked up from the wheels of other vehicles.
Even if it breaks, laminated glass does not shatter, and the driver's field of vision
is not seriously impaired.
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* Tempered Glass, Zone-tempered Glass
LANDS
The areas of a piston between the grooves (rings)
LAP BELT
* Two-point Seatbelt
LATERAL ACCELERATION FORCE (LATERAL G'S)
When a vehicle makes a turn, the lateral acceleration is the centrifugal force
which causes the vehicle to tend to continue moving in a straight line; these
"lateral G's" attempt to pull the vehicle's occupants to the side as the vehicle
turns
This force can cause the car to lean and even slip sideways. Lateral acceleration
force increases with speed, so caution is required when cornering sharply
LATERAL CONTROL ARM
* Lateral Rod
LATERAL MOUNTING (EAST- WEST MOUNTING)
Side-to-side mounting of a component, especially an engine. Engines on FF
(front-engine, front-wheel-drive) vehicles are usually laterally mounted.
* Longitudinal Mounting
LATERAL ROD (LATERAL CONTROL ARM)
One kind of control arm used in link suspensions. The lateral rod gives support
against lateral forces. To fix the lateral position of the axle, the lateral rod is
connected laterally from the axle to the body.
LCD
* Liquid Crystal Display
LEAD
Toxic heavy metal present in tetramethyl lead, which is added to leaded petrol
to improve its octane rating. Expelled as lead salts with exhaust, the metal will
damage catalytic converters and has been shown to have detrimental health and
environmental effects. Metallic and alloyed lead is also used in sleeve bearings
and bushings where the metals natural lubricating ability is useful.
LEADING-ARM SUSPENSION
A type of front suspension in which the arms linking the body and front
suspension are connected behind the wheels.
* Trailing-arm Suspension
LEADING-TRAILING BRAKES
One type of drum brake. The leading-trailing brake combines a leading shoe and
a trailing shoe to obtain the same braking efficiency whether the vehicle is
moving forward or in reverse.
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LEAF-SPRING SUSPENSION
A type of rigid-axle suspension using leaf springs. The leaf springs run parallel to
the body; they are connected to the axles in the middle of the springs, and the
ends of the springs are connected to the body.
The benefit of leaf springs is that the vehicle can carry heavy loads. At present,
leaf springs are used mostly on heavy-duty vehicles designed for carrying cargo.
LEAN BURN ENGINE
A lean burn engine is designed to operate with a very lean air fuel ratio during
light load conditions. Most modern gasoline engines are controlled to run at
chemically correct (stoichiometric) air fuel ratio (about 14.7 to 1) to make the
three-way catalyst operate at high efficiency, thus reducing tailpipe emissions.
Lean burn engines mix more air with the fuel when full power is not needed,
resulting in better fuel economy. Air/fuel ratio in lean burn engines can be as
high as 20 to 1. When full power is needed, such as during acceleration or hill
climbing, a lean burn engine reverts to a stoichiometric (14.7 /1) ratio or richer
(ie, lower than 14.7).
A very lean mixture of air and gasoline will not ignite as easily as a
stoichiometric mixture when a spark is introduced. Several methods can
be employed to achieve lean burn; including high temperature, high
turbulence, and stratification (high concentration of fuel vapour near the
spark plug). Lean burn engines are often designed with high intake swirl to
increase turbulence. Direct injection is one way to provide stratification. Since
more air is taken in, the throttle plate can be opened wider for a given power,
and losses associated with pumping are reduced.
Lean operation also results in higher combustion efficiency and lower heat
losses, for better fuel economy.
Note; Current three-way catalysts are designed to optimise NOx reduction at
close to stoichiometric ratio. Lean burn engines generally cannot meet strict NOx
emissions standards using a three-way catalyst. If a lean NOx catalyst becomes
available, it may be possible to use lean burn while meeting NOx emission
standards.
Better fuel efficiency without sacrificing engine power
LED
* Light-Emitting Diode
LED HIGH-MOUNT STOP LAMP
A brake lamp that is mounted high at the center rear of the vehicle to
supplement the normal right and left brake lamps. For illumination, it uses LEDs
(light-emitting diodes), which resist vibration and last longer than conventional
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bulbs. Recently, high-mount stop lamps have been built into the rear spoiler,
combining safety with a sporty style that has become quite popular.
L-EFI
LIFT COEFFICIENT (CL)
A measurement of one kind of wind resistance that is generated by the
movement of the vehicle. Lift coefficient indicates the force that pushes the
vehicle upward.
LIFTBACK (HATCHBACK)
A passenger car in which the trunk forms part of the passenger compartment.
The rear door lifts open for easy loading and unloading of luggage.
LIGHT-ALLOY WHEELS
Disc wheels made of alloys such as aluminium. In addition to reducing vehicle
weight, aluminium wheels add a sporty touch to the car.
LIGHT CONTROL SYSTEM
A computer-controlled system that senses the ambient level of light and
automatically turns the headlights and taillights on and off in accordance with it.
LIGHT-EMITTING DIODE (LED)
A semiconductive material that emits light when stimulated. LEDs are long-life
diodes that resist vibration better than ordinary light bulbs, and which operate at
lower voltages. LEDs are used in high-mount stop lamps and in meters and
gauges.
LIGHT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
The light management system automatically changes the headlamp pattern in
response to different driving conditions. The pattern is based on vehicle speed,
steering wheel position and oncoming traffic (manual switching between high
and low beams for oncoming traffic is not required). Another feature is shifting
of the light pattern in the direction of the turns for improved visibility in curves.
At city driving speeds, the light pattern is broader to better illuminate the sides
of the roadway.
A microprocessor gathers data from various vehicle inputs (eg, speed)
in order to alter the beam pattern. The system also monitors positions
of several vehicle controls; e.g., turn signal switch, high beam switch,
brake pedal and wiper switches. The computer selects one of several
headlamp patterns. The desired light pattern is produced by multiple bulbs which
gradually ramp on or off. A switch allows the driver to revert to the conventional
low/high beam system.
Improved forward visibility at night, greater convenience
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LIGHTS-ON WARNING BUZZER
A buzzer that sounds when the driver opens the door without turning off the
lights. This buzzer will continue to sound even after the driver turns off the
engine and locks the ignition until the lights are turned off.
LIMITED-SLIP DIFFERENTIAL (LSD)
A type of differential that directs the driving force to the other (non-spinning)
wheel if either of the drive wheels starts to spin. (A standard differential is
designed to absorb the difference in speed between the wheels, such as on
curves, but cannot direct driving force to the other wheel, in case one wheel
spins.) The LSD is especially useful on unpaved roads, to prevent the wheels
from getting stuck in the mud or a hole in the road.
LIMOUSINE ("LIMO")
A luxury passenger car with a glass partition separating the front and rear seats.
Some limousines can seat six to eight passengers, and so-called "stretch limos"
have extremely long bodies.
LINK SUSPENSION
One type of rigid-axle suspension, in which the axle is connected to the body by
several arms or linkages
The suspension uses springs to control bounce, and the arms control longitudinal
(front-rear) movement, as well as lateral (side-to-side) movement.
* Rigid Axle Suspension
LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY (LCD)
A display system using liquid crystals to create a thin, light image on a screen.
This system takes advantage of the ability of liquid crystal to change their
reflexive properties and light permeability properties in response to changes in
electrical voltage.
Because a liquid crystal display is much lighter and more compact than a
cathode ray tube (CRT), consumes much less energy, and gives off less heat, it
is often used for gauges, meters, and computer screens.
LIQUID CRYSTAL GLARE-PROOF MIRROR
A rear-view mirror that can suppress glare from the headlights of following
vehicles at the flip of a switch.
This type of mirror takes advantage of the light permeability properties of liquid
crystal, which change in response to electrical voltage.
LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS
A gasoline engine can be made to run on liquefied petroleum gas by means of a
few simple modifications.
An LPG engine provides less power than a gasoline engine but gives better fuel
economy. Since most gas stations do not carry LPG, owning an LPG vehicle is
still somewhat inconvenient.
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LLC
* Long Life Coolant
LOAD-SENSING PROPORTIONING VALVE (LSPV)
The LSPV mechanism adjusts the braking effectiveness between the front and
rear wheels in response to the load on the rear wheels, preventing the rear
wheels from locking and skidding.
This adjustment is especially important for trucks, which have a very large
difference in front and rear wheel weight depending on whether they are loaded
or empty.
LOCK-TO-LOCK
The full rotational range of the steering wheel.
The lock-to-lock value is determined by turning the steering wheel completely in
one direction, then counting the number of rotations needed to turn it from that
point until it is turned completely in the other direction. The term is used as in
"Lock-to is two and one-half turns". In general, a steering wheel with a smaller
lock-to-lock value has greater sensitivity.
LOCK-UP CLUTCH
A mechanism, which causes the torque converter to transmit power directly from
the engine to the automatic transmission, effectively bypassing the torque
converter.
Normally, the torque converter uses oil to transmit torque indirectly to the
transmission, but this results in some power loss. To reduce this loss, a clutch
inside the torque converter directly connects the engine with the transmission
after the vehicle reaches a certain speed.
This improves both performance and fuel economy.
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LONGITUDINAL MOUNTING
Forward-rear mounting of a component, lock. Especially Engines in FR (frontengine, rear-wheel-drive) vehicles are usually longitudinally mounted.
* Lateral Mounting (East-West Mounting)
LONG LIFE COOLANT
Coolant that can be used all year round. The cooling and rust prevention
properties of LLC last longer than those of other coolants with anti-freeze. When
the coolant is low, a 30% concentration (50% in cold areas) should be added.
LONG-STROKE ENGINE
An engine in which the stroke (distance the piston travels up and down in the
cylinder) is greater than the cylinder bore (inner diameter).
Long-stroke engines produce more torque at low speeds, and handle more easily
in city traffic. The long-stroke design is, for this reason, often used for diesel
engines.
LOW-ASPECT TIRE (WIDE TIRE)
Low-aspect tires have a low side wall height relative to the tread width.
Decreasing the aspect increases the amount of contact that a tire can make with
the road, Improving cornering stability. However, because increasing the width
more than a standard amount can create an overload on the axle and can cause
interference between the tire and the housing, use of such tires is prohibited in
some countries.
* Aspect Ratio, Tire Size
LOW-FUEL WARNING LAMP
The low-fuel warning lamp lights up to warn the driver when the fuel level is low.
It operates only when the ignition switch is on. It normally lights up when less
than 10 litres (2.6 US gallons) of fuel remain in the fuel tank, though it may
occasionally also light up when there is more than 10 litres in the tank; this is
usually caused by the vehicle leaning to one side and causing a false reading to
be taken by the fuel gauge
LOW TYRE PRESSURE WARNING
A low tyre pressure warning system alerts the driver if the air pressure in a tire
becomes too low. Typically, a light on the instrument panel will be illuminated to
warn of the low-pressure condition.
Two common implementations exist for this warning. The first uses
pressure sensors in each wheel to periodically transmit pressure data to
a receiver in the vehicle. If the tyre pressure falls below a preset level, a
warning light is illuminated. In some applications, the pressure in each
tire can be read inside the vehicle. The pressure-sensing system is particularly
useful for vehicles with run-flat tires that do not go flat when losing pressure.
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Another implementation uses four-wheel anti-lock brake hardware (ABS);
including wheel-speed sensors and a computer that processes the signals. If a
tyre has low pressure, it will turn faster than the other wheels (i.e. more
revolutions for a given distance).
Wheel speed differences are used to detect low pressure, and a warning light will
alert the driver in about 3 miles.
Automatically alerts drivers of low tyre pressure
LPG ENGINE
* Liquid Petroleum Gas Engine
LUBRICATION
The control of friction and consequent wear by the placement of a friction
reducing substance, which may be a fluid or solid, between two moving surfaces.
LSD
* Limited Slip Differential
LSPV
* Load-sensing Proportioning Valve
LUBRICATION SYSTEM
To prevent engine seizure, reduce heat and wear, and keep the engine running
more smoothly, the lubrication system puts a film of oil on all moving parts and
surfaces that make contact with metal. Included in this system are the oil pump,
oil filter, oil strainer, and oil pan.
LUGGAGE SPACE
The trunk of a liftback. Liftbacks have been designed to utilise luggage space
very effectively. One model has collapsible rear seats to connect the trunk with
the back seat area, thereby providing more space for long items such as skis.
Both passenger cars and commercial vehicles are designed with as much
luggage space as possible to provide a more convenient vehicle, both for such
everyday uses as shopping, and for recreation.
In a sedan, the luggage space is called the "trunk" or "boot".
LUGGING THE ENGINE
A problem that occurs when, for example, you drive up a hill in a gear that is too
high for that hill (that is, when the transmission is not sending enough torque to
the driving wheels to pull the vehicle up the slope).
When this occurs, the engine knocks and seems to lose power, and the vehicle
may jerk violently as it attempts to climb the hill.
LUMBAR SUPPORT
An adjustable lower back support in the seat back. Adjusting the lumbar support
to fit the occupant reduces fatigue on long trips.
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M
MACPHERSON STRUT SUSPENSION
Named after its designer, Earle S. MacPherson, this has become synonymous
with in dependent suspension.
* Strut-type Coil-spring Suspension
MAG WHEEL
* Disc wheel
MAINTENANCE-FREE
Maintenance includes both periodic inspection and adjustment, neither of which
is required by a maintenance-free component or system.
Periodic inspection and adjustment have always been required for the engine
and chassis, but recent developments in engineering and improved component
performance have made it possible to greatly reduce wear in a number of areas,
thereby increasing the number of maintenance-free components used in an
automobile.
Batteries and platinum spark plugs are both good examples of "maintenancefree" parts. (This doesn't mean, however, that everything is 100% maintenance
free. Naturally, minimal inspection is necessary, along with periodic inspection as
required by law.)
MAINTENANCE-FREE BATTERY
A battery that doesn't need to be refilled with water periodically, and whose
natural discharge (the "leakage" of electricity from a battery over time) has also
been reduced.
Both of these factors make it possible to use this type of battery "off the shelf",
even after it has been stored for a fairly long period of time.
MAKE
The "brand" of a vehicle; for example, "M&M"
MANUAL TRANSMISSION (M/T)
A transmission in which the driver shifts the transmission gears manually. The
clutch pedal must be pressed when this is done, or the gears may not mesh
properly.
* Automatic Transmission, Synchromesh
MASTER CYLINDER
* Brake Master Cylinder
MAXIMUM PAYLOAD
The maximum weight of cargo that can be carried by trucks and commercial
vehicles. To maintain highway safety, the highway transportation laws of many
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countries set the maximum allowable payload for each model, and these limits
are often posted on the vehicle and stated in new vehicle brochures.
MAXIMUM POWER
The greatest amount of power that an engine can produce. Engine power is
indicated in kilowatts (kW), PS (metric horsepower), or US horsepower, which
represents engine performance.
In general, peak rpm for a gasoline engine ranges from 5,000 to 7,000 rpm, and
from 3,000 to 4,500 rpm for a diesel engine. Maximum power is influenced by
such limits as acceleration capacity and maximum speed.
* Red Zone
MAXIMUM SPEED
The highest speed a vehicle can attain, measured in km/h (kilometres per hour)
or mph (miles per hour).
MAXIMUM TORQUE
The greatest amount of torque that can be produced by an engine. Maximum
torque is one important indicator of engine performance, and is listed in new
vehicle brochures in kilogram-meters kgf/m), Newton-meters (N-m), or footpounds, (ft-lbf).
As torque affects acceleration and climbing capacity, the maximum torque
generated per engine rpm varies according to vehicle use: In general, truck
engines are designed to produce their maximum torque in low- rpm ranges,
while sports cars are designed to produce maximum torque in high-rpm ranges.
MEMORY PROFILE SYSTEM
The Memory Profile System offers different drivers the ability to set into memory
their preferred positions for several comfort and convenience features. A driver
is identified; eg, by a unique key-fob or entry code, and the vehicle systems
automatically adjust to his or her presets. Depending on the vehicle, some of the
following features can be included in the memory profile:
Seat position
Steering wheel position (tilt/telescope)

Mirror positions
Seatbelt "D" ring height
Pedal positions
Radio station presets
Power steering assist level
Ride firmness
Additionally, the profile can include features desired to be inactive (or active),
such as automatic door locking.
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A driver records a personal profile by first adjusting everything in the
vehicle the way he or she likes it. Pressing and holding a numbered
memory button on the door records the profile onto a computer chip.
Later, the driver can restore the vehicle to their personal preferences by
touching the numbered button or with a specific key fob or keyless entry code.
Various actuators are required to adjust the settings on the vehicle systems.
Improved comfort and convenience, features automatically set to
individual driver's preferences
METALLIC PAINT
Paint that has aluminium powder mixed in with it, giving it a metallic sparkle. A
clear finish gives this type of paint a high lustre.
* Micaceous Iron Oxide Paint, Pearl-Mica Paint, Solid Paint
METER LIGHTING CONTROL (RHEOSTAT)
A control that is used to adjust the lighting on the instrument panel.
METER
* Gauge
METRIC HORSEPOWER (PS)
* Horsepower
MFI
* Multiport Fuel Injection
MICACEOUS IRON OXIDE (MIO) PAINT
A type of paint with hexagonal crystalline flakes. The appearance of the paint
changes, in response to the changes in the amount of light: it will appear to
sparkle brightly in the sun, while giving a softer sparkle in the shade.
MIDSHIP ENGINE
An engine located in the centre of the vehicle. The M&M MR2 is a good example
of a vehicle with a midship engine.
* Midship-engine, Rear-wheel-drive (MR), Vehicle; Front-engine, Front-wheeldrive (FF) Vehicle; Front-engine, Rear-wheel-drive (FR) Vehicle
MIDSHIP-ENGINE, REAR-DRIVE (MR) VEHICLE
The engine in an MR vehicle is located in the centre of the body, and drives the
rear wheels. Putting the heaviest component, the engine, in the centre in this
way balances the load evenly and gives greater stability. However, the engine
takes up so much space that this design can only be used for two-seaters, so it
is mainly employed in sport cars.
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MILL OIL
A mill applied oil primarily used for the preservation of sheet metal.
MINIMUM TURNING RADIUS
The radius of a circle made by the outer front wheel when the vehicle turns with
the steering wheel turned all the way to the left or right.
The minimum turning radius is determined mainly by the wheelbase (distance
between front and rear wheels), the front tread (distance between left and right
wheels), and the maximum turning angle of the wheels. In general, the smaller
the turning radius, the easier it is to get in and out of tight parking spaces.
* Effective Turning Radius
MINOR CHANGE
A relatively small model change. "Minor changes" commonly include such
modifications as partial changes in the engine, chassis, transmission, or overall
vehicle design, but may occasionally include a new engine or body style as well.
* Model Change
MIO PAINT
* Micaceous Iron Oxide Paint
MIST WIPER
A wiper function in which the wipers operate once when the wiper lever is pulled
forward, and stop when the lever is released.
MODEL CHANGE
Generally used to mean "full model change". A full model change involves major
improvements in function and performance, as well as major changes in styling,
to vehicles already on the market. Less drastic changes are called "minor
changes" (or "facelifts").
Full model changes incorporate overall changes in the engine, chassis and body
styling. Passenger cars generally introduce full model changes every four to six
years. Minor changes are made every two or three years to introduce partial
changes in interior and exterior appearance and local changes in performance.
* Minor Change
MODEL CODE
* Vehicle Model Code
MOULDED DOOR TRIM
A seamless panel that is used to line the inside of the door. The armrest is built
into the moulded door trim.
MOULDING (MOLDING)
Strips of materials such as plastic, aluminium, or stainless steel, which are used
both inside and outside a vehicle to emphasise the vehicle's appearance and
protect the body. Some typical examples include: the side protection moulding,
used to protect the door panels; the wheel arch moulding, used to protect the
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fenders; and the rocker panel moulding, used to protect the rocker panels from
stones and other debris thrown up by the wheels.
* Protection Moulding
MONOCOQUE BODY
A frame and body combined, into a single unit. Eliminating the frame gives more
interior space and lightens the vehicle , so most cars now use a monocoque
body. A monocoque body is also called a "unitised body"; the term "unibody
construction" is also used.
* Sub-frame
MOON ROOF
A sunroof that is covered with a glass panel.
* Sun Roof
MR
* Midship-engine, Rear-drive (MR) Vehicle
MUFFLER (SILENCER)
A device that reduces exhaust noise. The muffler, a large elliptical cylinder, is
located midway along the exhaust pipe.
MULTI-ADJUSTABLE POWER SEAT
A seat in which all positions can be electrically adjusted at the touch of a single
switch for greater driving comfort.
MULTIGRADE OIL
An oil to which additives (viscosity index improvers) have been added to reduce
the oils natural thinning at higher temperatures. This allows oils to be made
thinner to allow easy cold starting without them becoming so thin as to be
ineffective at full operating temperatures. Thinner oils are increasingly preferred
as they reduce internal drag in the engine and improve efficiency. Modern
engine tolerances are now low enough not to need thick oils to prevent leaks.
MULTI-PLATE LSD
One type of Limited Slip Differential. If the wheel on one side loses traction and
spins, the multi-plate LSD uses the frictional force created by the plates to
transmit power to the wheel that is not receiving it (i.e., the wheel that is
spinning).
MULTIPLEX COMMUNICATION
Multiplex Communication permits electronically-controlled components to
communicate with each other by sending digital information that allows sharing
of common data, sensors and/or actuators. Multiplexing can eliminate a great
deal of vehicle wiring, and also saves on redundant sensors and actuators.
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The multiplexing system consists of a network of computer-based
modules, and their local sensors and actuators. When components need
to communicate, a computer sends a digital signal over the multiplex
bus with the appropriate information. An example is the power doorlock/ window system. On conventional systems control switches on the driver's
door are wired directly to actuators in other locations; resulting in numerous
wires running through the driver's door. In a Multiplex system a door module
sends the necessary information/command (over one or two wires) to operate
the appropriate actuator. For example, when the power window switch on the
driver's-side is pressed to open the passenger-side window, the computer sends
a digital signal to the passenger-window motor module -- vs. directly closing the
window motor circuit as with a conventional system.
Greater reliability results from less wiring, along with reduced cost and
weight. Multiplexing also allows for better vehicle diagnostics and
reduced warranty costs.
MULTIPORT FUEL INJECTION (MFI)
A US term for electronic fuel injection (EFI).
N
NAMEPLATE
A label or plate mounted inside the engine compartment. The nameplate shows
the vehicle's make (manufacturer), model code, VIN (Vehicle Identification
Number), and other important information.
NAVIGATION SYSTEM
In-vehicle navigation provides directions to get to a desired destination.
Instructions can be delivered by voice, graphic icons (such as arrows), a
scrolling video map, or a combination. To begin, the driver inputs a desired
destination (often from a menu). The computer accesses a database and plans
the route. Instructions are fed to the driver as the vehicle approaches pertinent
intersections. If the driver deviates from the intended route, the computer
selects an alternate route and delivers new instructions.
For a navigation system to deliver timely instructions, the computer
must know the location of the vehicle. Usually, a Global Positioning
System (GPS) receiver in the vehicle is used to locate the vehicle. In
some systems, dead reckoning is used, either on its own or in
conjunction with GPS. Dead reckoning uses wheel speed sensors and/or
accelerometers to infer vehicle movement and track the location of the vehicle.
Dead reckoning, when used with GPS, improves accuracy and provides more
precise route instructions than GPS alone. Once the current, or starting point,
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and destination are known, the computer accesses a street-map database to
plan the route. The data can either be stored on-board the vehicle in the form of
a CD-ROM, or off-board; i.e., accessed from a remote computer; e.g., by cellular
phone.
A potential advanced feature option is when up-to-the-minute traffic information
is assessed from a central location to plan the best route.
Convenience and security
NET HORSEPOWER
One measurement of engine horsepower, and the one that is usually shown in
new car brochures. To measure net horsepower, all equipment, such as exhaust
pipes, cooling fan, and air cleaner, are installed on the engine, and the engine is
run on a test bench. (The engine's power can also be measured with all
accessories removed; the results are then given as gross horsepower). Net
horsepower is less than gross horsepower due to the load that the accessories
put on the engine.
NEUTRAL
One of the "gears" (gear combinations) in a transmission. In neutral, power is
not transmitted to the wheels. Neutral is indicated with an "N" on the shift lever.
NEUTRAL START SWITCH
A switch in an automatic transmission vehicle that does not allow the engine to
start unless the shift lever is in "N" or "P".
If the engine were to be started with the transmission in gear, the vehicle could
start moving immediately. The neutral start switch prevents this, thereby
ensuring safer operation.
NEUTRAL STEER
A steering characteristic in which a uniform turning radius is maintained even
when the vehicle accelerates. There are actually no vehicles produced with
neutral steer, but this expression is used when referring to vehicles that are
close to this ideal. That is, they go where the driver points them when cornering.
* Understeer, Oversteer
NEUTRAL BASE STOCK
The most commonly used base stocks. Produced by vacuum distillation or crude
oil and subsequent finishing processes.
NEUTRALISATION NUMBER
A measure of the alkalinity or acidity of an oil the number is the amount, in
milligrams, of acid or alkali that must be added to neutralise the oil.
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NEWTONIAN FLOW
Occurs in liquids where the rate of shear is directly proportional to the shearing
force. This is the case with most base stocks. However, oils that contain viscosity
index and flow improvers exhibit non-Newtonian flow.
NITRATION
Results when nitrogen oxides, formed from atmospheric gases during the
combustion process in an internal combustion engine, attack an oil, usually
leading to thickening and deposit formation.
NLGI
Acronym for National Lubricating Grease Institute, American professional body
most often encountered in selection of the appropriate thickness of grease e.g.
NLGI 2.
NOISE, VIBRATION, AND HARSHNESS (NVH)
A general term to refer to such problems as vehicle noise vibration and
harshness.
* Harshness
NON-RETRACTING (NR) SEAT BELT
A two-point seat belt that buckles across the lap only, and is commonly used in
the centre rear seat.
NOSEDIVE
When the brakes are applied, the nose (front end) of the car sinks downward.
This often occurs during hard braking.
* Rear-end Squat
NOx
* Oxides of Nitrogen
NR
* Non-retracing Seat Belt
NVH
* Noise, Vibration, and Harshness
O
02 SENSOR
A sensor that measures the concentration of 02 (oxygen) in the exhaust
emissions.
Measuring the amount of oxygen in the exhaust enables the engine control
computer to adjust the air-fuel ratio for the best mixture and to use the catalytic
converter most effectively.
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OCTANE RATING
Gasoline is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons, such as hexane (C6Hl4 ), heptane
(C7 H16), and octane (C8 Hl8 ), as well as various other additives. The octane
number, or rating, shows how much octane there is in a particular gasoline in
comparison to other types of hydrocarbon. The higher the octane rating, the less
knocking there will be; fuel with a higher octane rating generally provides
smoother engine performance.
Gasoline with a higher octane rating is called by various names, such as
"premium", super", etc. (in comparison, "regular" gasoline is gasoline with a
lower octane rating.)
OD
* Overdrive
ODOMETER
The odometer is built into the speedometer dial and shows the total distance
travelled by the vehicle since its date of manufacture.
Unlike the trip meter, the odometer cannot be reset to zero.
OFF-ROAD
Driving on an unpaved road or on rough, road-less terrain. Since such terrain is
rougher than a paved road, it is easier for the vehicle to slip and slide on loose
earth, fall into ruts and potholes, etc. This makes vehicle control more difficult
and puts a greater strain on the suspension.
Four-wheel-drive vehicles are most commonly used off-road for these reasons.
OH
* Overhaul
OHC
* Overhead Camshaft
OHV
* Overhead Valve
OIL CONSUMPTION RATE
This refers to the amount of oil that enters the combustion chamber and is burnt
up. The lower the oil consumption rates, the better.
OIL COOLER
An oil cooler is used on some vehicles to prevent the oil from overheating, which
can occur when driving at high speeds over long distances.
There are two types of oil cooler: one utilises engine coolant, and the other is
air-cooled.
OIL FILTER
When engine oil is used for a long time, carbon, metal shavings, and other
matter get mixed in with the oil and can damage the pistons, cylinders and other
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moving parts, causing engine seizure. The oil filter removes foreign matter such
as this.
OIL GALLERIES
The passages that bring engine oil to the various parts of the engine. The
galleries channel the oil through such engine parts as the cylinder block, the
camshafts), and engine rpm, the rocker arms.
OIL LEVEL GAUGE (DIPSTICK)
A metal strip with graduations ("hashmarks") on the end, and which is used to
check the amount of engine oil in the oil pan. The gauge is marked "F" (full) and
"L" (low). If the level is between "F" and "L", the engine has the proper amount
of oil. The oil level should be checked with the vehicle on a level surface before
the engine is started or at least 5 minutes after the engine has been turned off.
OIL LEVEL WARNING LAMP
A lamp on the instrument panel which lights to warn the driver if the engine oil
level has dropped too low or if there is a problem in the lubrication system; it
operates only while the engine is running.
* Oil Pressure Warning Lamp
OIL PAN
A receptacle for holding engine oil, located below the engine. To control sloshing
of the oil, one section of the oil pan is made deeper and provided with baffles.
OIL PRESSURE REGULATOR
To prevent excessive oil pressure at high engine rpm, this regulator adjusts the
amount of oil supplied to the engine.
When the pump pressure rises above a certain level, a relief valve, inside the
regulator opens and returns the excess oil to the oil pan.
OIL PRESSURE WARNING LAMP
If there is a drop in oil pressure while the engine is running, a lamp on the
instrument panel lights to warn the driver. This problem should be taken care of
immediately, as the oil referred to here is that used to lubricate and cool the
engine; low oil pressure means insufficient lubrication and cooling, and could
lead to damage to the engine or engine seizure.
* Oil Level Warning Lamp
OIL PUMP
The oil pump circulates oil inside the engine. It pumps up oil from the oil pan
and sends the oil under pressure to the moving parts of the engine, such as
bearings, pistons, camshafts, and valves.
ONE-BOX CAR
A type of vehicle in which the engine compartment, passenger compartment,
and luggage compartment are all combined; that is, the body can be
conceptualised as a single large "box".
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This design makes optimal use of vehicle space, making it possible to load the
vehicle with the maximum possible number of passengers or the most cargo
possible.
* "Two-box Car", "Three-box Car"
ONE-TOUCH 2-4 SELECTOR
A mechanism that can switch between 2WD (two-wheel drive) and 4WD (fourwheel drive) at the touch of a button, even while the vehicle is in motion. (This
switch is available on part-time 4WD vehicles.)
This selector is operated by simply pushing a button, so the driver can continue
driving safely while switching over, (there is no necessity of leaning down to pull
a lever, which would be dangerous while driving.) This means that the driver can
easily switch from 2WD to 4WD when the road changes from a paved road to a
rough, unpaved road, or when the vehicle suddenly hits an iced-over section of
road.
* Automatic Disconnecting Differential
ONE-TOUCH POWER WINDOW
A power window that automatically opens or closes all the way at the touch of a
switch. (There is no need to hold the switch down as with a conventional power
window.) However, the window can also be partially opened or closed by holding
the switch down, if the driver so prefers.
OPTION
Non-standard equipment that is available, usually at extra cost, at customer
request when ordering a vehicle.
Examples include a sunroof, CD player, and aluminium ("mag") wheels. Some
options must be factory installed, and cannot be added by the dealer.
OUTPUT
How much power an engine produces.
* Horsepower
OVER-SQUARE ENGINE
The inner diameter (bore) of the cylinders in this kind of engine is greater than
the distance that the piston moves up and down inside the cylinders (stroke), so
it is also called a "short-stroke engine".
The short stroke makes this engine more suited to operation at higher rpm, and
it provides higher output, than other types of engine, and is common in
passenger vehicles.
* Long-stroke Engine, Square Engine
OVERCHARGING
A malfunction of the charging system in which the battery is charged beyond its
capacity; excessive overcharging can damage the battery.
Overcharging could be caused by a bad voltage regulator.
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* Regulator
OVERDRIVE (OD)
In an automatic transmission, overdrive refers to a high-speed gear that has a
gear ratio of less than 1:1. In general, 3rd gear has a ratio of 1 : 1, and
overdrive about1 :0.8. The smaller the gear ratio is, the higher the rpm of the
driven gear is so the same vehicle speed can be maintained at a lower engine
rpm; this improves fuel economy and reduces engine noises.
OVERHANG
The ends of the vehicle up to the axles. The front overhang is the distance from
the centre of the front axle to the front end of the vehicle, and the rear overhang
is the distance from the centre of the rear axle to the rear end of the vehicle.
OVERHAUL (OH)
To carefully disassemble, inspect and test, adjust or repair, and reassemble, a
component or assembly.
In a major overhaul, the whole vehicle is inspected and repaired; other common
types of overhaul are engine and transmission overhauls.
OVERHEAD CAMSHAFT (OHC) ENGINE
An engine in which the camshaft is mounted above the cylinder head, rather
than below it. In overhead camshaft engines, the cams on the camshaft open
and close the intake and exhaust valves directly or via short rocker arms, rather
than via long push rods as in the case of overhead valve (OHV) engines. If only
one camshaft is used to operate the both the intake and exhaust valves, it is
called a "single overhead camshaft" (SOHC) arrangement; if there is one
camshaft for the intake valves and one for the exhaust valves, it is called
"double overhead camshaft" (DOHC).
OVERHEAD VALVE (OHV) ENGINE
Many years ago, many automobile engines had intake and exhaust valves
located to the side of the cylinder block rather than above it. These were called
"side-valve engines". In contrast to this, engines with their valves located above
the cylinders were called "overhead valve (OHV) engines".
In overhead valve engines, the valves were operated by camshafts that were
located below the cylinders, via long push rods. (These were what engines threw
when they "threw a rod".)
In a further refinement, the camshaft was moved to the top of the engine (in the
cylinder head); this new type of engine was then called an "overhead camshaft"
(OHC) engine.
Overhead camshaft engines with two camshafts, the latest development in this
process, are called "double overhead camshaft" (DOHC) engines.
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The historical accidents outlined above explain why overhead camshaft engines,
while technically also overhead valve engines, are contrasted with overhead
valve engines as if they were something totally different.
OVERHEATING
An abnormally high engine temperature, as indicated when the needle of the
water temperature gauge moves into the red zone. Continued overheating can
cause the coolant to boil and result in engine seizure.
Overheating has several possible causes: a bad thermostat, a plugged radiator,
insufficient coolant, a bad water pump, etc.
OVERREVVING
Raising engine rpm too high, either with the accelerator or by downshifting too
Overrevving puts the tachometer needle into the red zone and may cause engine
damage.
* Overrun
OVERRUN
Exceeding the engine's maximum recommended output. In general, this means
exceeding the permissible engine speed, as indicated when the needle of the
tachometer enters the red zone. Overrunning the engine for even a short length
of time may result in engine damage.
* Overrevving
OVERSTEER
Steering that causes the vehicle to veer to the inside of the turn when speeding
up on a curve. Oversteer enables the driver to turn the steering wheel less when
cornering, and is often used on racing cars. The opposite design - understeer, is
used in passenger vehicles.
* Reverse Steer, Neutral Steer
OXIDATION
Naturally occurring process where atmospheric oxygen attacks oils, leading to
darkening, thickening and deposit formation. Like all chemical reactions,
oxidation accelerates exponentially with temperature and is thus more of a
problem under high operating temperatures.
OXIDATION INHIBITOR (ANTIOXIDANT)
Additive that reduces oxidation usually by reacting with oxygen radicals before
they can attack the oil.
OXIDES OF NITROGEN (NOx)
The term "oxides of nitrogen" more commonly abbreviated as NOx , refers
generally to NO (nitrogen monoxide) and N02 (nitrogen dioxide), which are
chemical compounds of nitrogen and oxygen that are formed when fuel is
burned. These chemicals have become a serious problem as causes of
photochemical smog.
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The higher the temperature at which gasoline is burned, the more NOx is
produced. Unfortunately, however, trying to control the production of NOx by
lowering the combustion temperature also results in lowered engine
performance. For this reason, a balance must be found between the two
requirements (less NOx and more power).
P
P & B VALVE
* Proportioning & Bypass Valve
PAD WEAR INDICATOR
A piece of metal which generates a high-pitched screeching noise to alert the
driver that the brake pads of a disc brake have worn down to their limit.
PAINT
The vehicle body is covered with several layers of paint to protect and beautify
it. These consist of a primer coating, an intermediate coating, and a finish
coating, with a type of paint especially suited for each.
* Metallic Paint, Micaceous Iron Oxide (MIO) Paint, Pearl-Mica paint
PANORAMIC DIGITAL METER
A large, panoramic display of meters and gauges, in which these are displayed in
four colours (red, yellow, orange, and bluegreen) for better visibility.
* Digital Combination Meter
PARKING BRAKE
A type of brake used to keep the vehicle from rolling when it is parked. The
standard parking brake locks the rear wheels to keep the car from moving. Most
parking brakes are operated by a lever installed between the driver's seat and
the passenger seat. The pedal type parking brake is a foot operated brake
installed to the left of the brake pedal on some cars with an automatic
transmission. To set the brake after parking, the driver steps on the pedal.
Pulling on the brake release knob disengages it.
The advantages of a pedal type brake include more console space between the
front seats, as well as ease of setting the brake reliably with one's foot.
* Built-in Parking Brake
PARKING LIGHTS (LAMPS)
Lights at the front and rear that indicate the presence of a stopped vehicle.
Depending on the country, front lamps may be white or amber, and rear lamps
are red. On some older vehicles, the parking lights could be operated in two
ways;
1) by turning on a separate parking light switch, which caused only the
parking lights to go on; and
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2) by turning on the headlight switch one clickstop (rather than the usual
two), causing the parking lights and instrument lights to go on together.
On newer vehicles, only the second method is normally available.
PART NUMBER
A number used to precisely identify a part or sub-assembly.
PART-TIME 4WD
A four-wheel drive system that allows the driver to manually change between
two-wheel and four-wheel drive, in accordance with road conditions.
For ordinary driving, the driver can use two-wheel drive, in which all power goes
to the rear wheels (or the two front wheels in a FF vehicle). On rough or snow
covered roads, the driver can use a switch to change to4Wd for greater stability.
The transmission then transmits power to the transfer (auxiliary transmission),
which sends this power to the other two wheels.
Part-time 4WD does not have a centre differential to compensate for the
difference between the front and rear turning radii on curves, so it cannot
prevent the tight-corner braking phenomenon. (A full-time 4WD vehicle, on the
other hand, is equipped with a centre differential to prevent this.) For this
reason, it is best to use 2WD when driving a part-time 4WD vehicle on dry
pavement to prevent the tight-corner braking effect.
* 4WD, Full-time 4WD, Stand-by 4WD, Flexible Full-time 4WD.
PASSENGER COMPARTMENT (CAB, "'COCKPIT")
The enclosed part of a vehicle in which the driver and passengers ride; generally
called the "cab" on a truck, and the "cockpit" in a race car.
PASSIVE ANTI-THEFT SYSTEM (PATS)
Passive Anti-Theft Systems (PATS) protects against theft by requiring a
specially-coded ignition key. The vehicle starts and operates only with the
correct key that matches the sensor in the vehicle; thwarting attempts to hotwire the ignition. An indicator lamp on provides feedback to the driver that the
system is working.
A miniature transponder with integrated circuit and antenna is embedded
in the ignition key. A wireless radio-frequency transmission transfers the
code between the key and vehicle. If the codes match, the module sends
a signal through the wiring system to the engine electronic control;
allowing the engine to start. There are 72 x 1024 (million-billion) possible codes,
so every Ford can have a unique code. New PATS keys for replacements or
spares can be encode by dealerships.
Increased protection against vehicle theft
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PATTERN NOISE
Noise generated by grooves cut into the tread of the tyres.
PCV
* Positive Crankcase Ventilation
PEARL-MICA PAINT
A paint containing mica chips and having a pearl-like lustre.
* Metallic Paint, Micaceous Iron Oxide Paint, Solid Paint
PEDAL TRAVEL
The distance that a pedal (such as the accelerator pedal) moves in relation to
the floor or some other reference point.
PERCOLATION
Boiling of the gasoline inside the carburettor. This occurs when the temperature
rises too high in the engine compartment. When this happens, the vaporised
gasoline in the carburettor flows into the intake manifold. This produces an
overly rich air-fuel mixture, which causes the engine to stall and become very
hard to restart until it cools down.
PERFORMANCE ROD
A reinforcement rod for protecting the vehicle body from distortion caused by
bending and twisting forces. Performance rods are used around the front and
rear suspension.
PERIMETER FRAME
A type of frame in which the side members of the frame run around the edge of
the passenger compartment floor, and a cross- member crosses in the middle.
This design permits a lower floor, increasing interior height.
PERSONAL LAMP
The dome light illuminates the entire passenger compartment, but a personal
lamp illuminates only -a limited area for such lighting needs as map reading.
PETROL
* Gasoline
PHOTOVOLTAIC PANEL
Photovoltaic panels contain cells that convert sunlight into electricity. While solar
powered vehicles are not currently feasible for production, solar panels can be
used to power some vehicle components; e.g., run a fan to exhaust hot interior
air when the vehicle is parked in the sun., or to recharge the vehicle's battery.
Photovoltaic panels can be integrated into the hood, roof, sunroof, deck-lid or
spoiler.
Photovoltaic cells use energy from incoming photons to excite electrons.
These electrons produce a very small amount of electrical energy in the
cell. Power produced depends on the total cell area; many cells are
required to run a small electric motor, or to trickle charge the battery. .
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Modern solar cells are able to convert about 40% of the energy of sunlight to
electricity.
Supplemental power source to power additional customer features
PILLAR
The posts holding up the roof. The pillars at both sides of the front windshield
are called "front pillars" (or "A pillars"), the pillars between the front and rear
seats centre pillars" (or "B pillars"), and those in the rear "quarter pillars" (or "C
pillars").
PINHOLES
Small holes in the paint that looks as if they were made with a pin.
Pinholes may be caused by oil or other impurities that have found their way into
the paint during baking. In resin paint, pinholes may be caused by impurities in
the resin.
PISTON
A smooth cylindrical-shaped piece of metal that fits into an engine cylinder and
reciprocates (goes up and down) inside it. The piston compresses the air-fuel
mixture as it moves up, then moves down due to combustion, transmitting the
force of the combustion through the connecting rod to the crankshaft.
PISTON DISPLACEMENT
* Displacement
PISTON RING
The piston rings seal the gap between the piston and the cylinder wall,
preventing the air-fuel mixture from leaking through.
The rings are installed in grooves around outside of the piston. Piston rings
include two compression rings that prevent the air-fuel mixture from escaping,
and an oil control ring which wipes excess oil from the cylinder wall.
PISTON STROKE
The distance that a piston moves vertically inside the cylinder. The ratio between
stroke and bore (inner diameter of the cylinder) plays an important role in
determining engine characteristics.
* Bore
PITCH
A condition in which the front and rear of the vehicle oscillate up and down like a
seesaw. Naturally, the greater the pitching the less comfortable the ride.
Pitching is less common on vehicles with longer wheel bases.
* Roll, Yaw
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PLANETARY GEAR UNIT
The mechanism that carries out the actual shifting of gears in an automatic
transmission. The unit contains three essential components, called the "sun
gear", the planetary pinions", and the "ring gear".
The sun gear is on the central axis of the gear train. The planetary pinions mesh
with and rotate around the sun gear, while simultaneously "walking" around the
inside the ring gear. In other words, the pinions mesh both with the ring gear on
the outside and the sun gear on the inside. By locking a particular gear in the
unit, the transmission can select among the various gears, such as 1st,
overdrive, or reverse.
PLATINUM-TIPPED SPARK PLUG
The spark plug with platinum-covered electrodes. Platinum-tipped plugs last
much longer than standard plugs, and also provide a better spark. They must be
replaced every 100,000 km (60,000 miles), but require no inspection or
adjustment in between.
PLUG
* Spark Plug
PLY
Below the tread of a tyre is the carcass cord, made of cloth. The number of plies
in a tyre indicates how many layers of carcass are used, which is directly related
to the tyre strength.
POINTS
The breaker points in the distributor.
* Ignition system
POLISHING
Removal of the surface finishing (honing) on cylinder linings as a result of ring
sticking or abrasive particles. Leads to high oil consumption and poor efficiency.
POLYPROPYLENE (PP)
Polypropylene is a strongly shock-absorbent polymer (synthetic resin) used in
resin bumpers.
Polypropylene resist shock, heat, and other damage, and its lightweight help
reduce overall vehicle weight, and employed for making bumpers.
POSITIVE CRANKCASE VENTILATION (PCV)
Blow-by gas and unburned gas can leak past the piston rings from the cylinders
into the crankcase during the combustion (power) stroke. The PCV system
returns this gas to the cylinders to be re-burned, thus reduces the amount of
pollutants that are released into the atmosphere.
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POUR POINT
The lowest temperature at which an oil will continue to flow and, thus, below
which it becomes useless as a lubricant.
POUR POINT DEPRESSANT
Additive that lowers the pour point, usually by inhibiting the formation of wax
crystals in the oil.
POWER ADJUSTABLE SHOULDER BELT ANCHOR
A seat belt anchor that can be raised or lowered with an electric motor to adjust
the shoulder belt to the wearer's size. The standard shoulder belt anchor has
several fixed positions to which it can be manually adjusted; this system,
however, uses a switch to set the anchor to any position in the area of
movement.
Seatbelt adjustment is therefore convenient, especially when combined with the
"automatic adjusting" memory system, by means of which the most comfortable
driving position can be stored in computer memory and retrieved at the touch of
a button.
* Adjustable Shoulder Belt Anchor
POWER ANTENNA
An antenna that can be raised and lowered by means of a switch inside the car.
To prevent antennas from being broken off by vandals, some cars now use
power antennas that automatically retract when the ignition switch is turned off.
POWER DOOR LOCK
A lock which uses electric motors or solenoids to lock and unlock all doors with a
control switch located by the driver's seat.
POWER EASY-ACCESS SYSTEM
When the key is removed from the ignition, the driver's seat and the steering
wheel automatically move to permit easier exit from and entry into the car.
Removing the key causes the steering wheel to tilt up and the seat to slide back.
Putting the key back in the ignition causes the seat and steering wheel to return
to their original positions.
There are several mechanisms and systems similar to this on various
automobiles, all having different names and features. Some are mechanical and
some are computer-controlled, and some are integrated with other "memory"
systems, such as the "memory auto tilt-away steering column". The "automatic
adjusting system" in the stores not only two drivers' favoured steering wheel
positions, but also their favoured seat positions, mirror positions, etc., in a
computer system - and all retrievable at the touch of a button.
* Power Adjustable Shoulder Belt Anchor
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POWER LOCKING HUB
A free-wheel hub that can be locked and unlocked by means of a switch inside
the vehicle. The power-locking hub can be switched while the vehicle is in
motion, but the 2WD mode can't be switched to 4WD unless the vehicle is
moving at a speed of less than 20 km/h (12 mph).
POWER OVERSTEER
In a high-powered vehicle, if the accelerator is depressed too suddenly while the
vehicle is going around a curve on a slippery road, the drive wheels will receive
too much torque, causing the vehicle to start slipping sideways.
This phenomenon is called "power oversteer", and occurs because the large
amount of torque reduces the traction of the tyres. (In the case of FR and large
4WD vehicles, both of which are driven completely or partially by the rear
wheels, the rear wheels will slide sideways, causing the vehicle to spin out
towards the outside of the curve.)
POWER REMOTE-CONTROL DOOR MIRROR
A door mirror that can be adjusted by remote control from the driver's seat for
greatest visibility.
Both mirrors can be raised and lowered, and turned left and right independently.
This is done by motors, which are operated by a switch located near the driver.
POWER SEAT
A seat provided with electric motors for adjusting the seat angle and position.
This allows the driver to adjust the seat to the most comfortable posture for
driving. By operating just one switch, the driver can move the seat forward and
back, and up and down, power and can also adjust the angle of the seat back.
Some seats also have a headrest that can be moved up and down and forward
and back.
POWER SLIDING DOOR
A sliding door on a van that is opened and closed by an electric motor.
Another mechanism, called an "easy closer", also securely closes an improperly
closed sliding door.
POWER STEERING
A steering system that has a built-in shaft hydraulic mechanism that provides
steering assist; that is, it helps the driver turn the steering wheel more easily.
This mechanism also reduces the effort required to turn the wheel while parking,
and reduces the shock transmitted to the steering wheel from the road.
POWER TAKE-OFF (PTO)
A mechanism that is used to operate such equipment as pumps and winches on
a crane, dump truck, fire truck, and other vehicles. The PTO may be driven by
the drive train, or by the engine directly.
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POWER TILT-AND-SLIDE SUN ROOF
A slide mechanism that opens and closes the roof panel, and a tilt mechanism
that raises and lowers the rear edge of the roof panel; each is operated by an
electric motor.
The slide mechanism can be operated while driving to let in sunlight and wind,
and the tilt mechanism to ventilate the interior of the vehicle.
POWER-TO-WEIGHT RATIO
Vehicle weight divided by maximum power output. The power-to-weight ratio
shows how much weight the vehicle has per unit of output (kg/PS or lb/hp). The
lower this number is, the better the acceleration and hill climbing performance.
POWER TRAIN (DRIVE TRAIN)
All of the components that create power or transmit it to wheels.
The power train includes: the engine, the clutch or torque converter, the
transmission or transaxle, the propeller shaft or drive shafts, the differential, and
the axle shaft. Some manufacturers distinguish between power train" and "drive
train", calling everything from the engine to the wheels the "drivetrain", while
the engine, transmission/transaxle and clutch only are called the "powertrain".
In such cases, the rest of the drive train (propeller shaft/drive shafts,
differential, axle shaft, hubs, etc.) is called the "driveline".
POWER WINDOW
A window that can be opened and closed by means of a switch. The driver's
window can be opened completely without the necessity of holding down the
switch.
POWER WINDOW LOCK
The front and rear passenger windows can be opened or closed and locked in
position by a switch from the driver's seat. When driving with small children, it is
recommended that this switch be kept in the locked driving position.
PP
* Polypropylene Bumper
PPS
* Progressive Power Steering
PRE-HEATER
A device that heats the air in the combustion chamber of a diesel engine to
improve startability. One method used to do this is to heat the air with a glow
plug.
PRELUBE
A mill applied oil primarily used for the preservation of sheet metal that is
formulated to enhance formability.
PREMIUM GASOLINE
* High-octane Gasoline
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PREPHOSPHATED
A phosphate surface treatment used together with wet lubricants to enhance
formability and corrosion protection.
PRESET STEERING
* Computer Controlled Tilt & Telescopic Steering
PRESSURE PLATE
* Clutch Pressure Plate
PRESSURE REGULATOR
A common type of valve used to adjust pressure. On an EFI engine, the pressure
regulator maintains constant fuel pressure at the fuel injectors. Pressure
regulators are also used on LPG engines and on air brake systems.
PRETENSIONER MECHANISM
A mechanism that instantaneously winds up the slack (looseness) in a seat belt
in the event of collision.
Any shock from the front of the vehicle, above a predetermined level, is detected
by sensors, causing the seat belts to instantaneously wind up any slack, thereby
increasing the belt's effectiveness.
PRINTED ANTENNA
An antenna wire printed on a window, usually the rear window.
PROGRESSIVE POWER STEERING (PPS)
A power steering system in which a computer changes the steering
responsiveness in accordance with vehicle speed. With this system, the steering
wheel handles easily at low speeds such as during parking, becomes
progressively harder to turn as vehicle speed increases, providing greater
stability at high speeds.
PPS responds not only to speed, but also to resistance from the road, thereby
providing greater stability both on rough roads and at high speeds. It gives a
greater feeling of unity between vehicle and driver than is possible with
conventional power steering.
* Engine-speed-sensing Power Steering, Vehicle-speed-sensing Power Steering
PROJECTOR HEADLAMPS
In this type of headlamp, the light source is focused on a smaller area, while still
providing good lighting.
This type of headlamp is made with an elliptical reflector plate and concave lens,
which refract (bend) the light rays and cause them to shine forward.
Concentrating the light into a smaller area in this way reduces reflection of the
light due to rain, etc., thereby reducing glare.
PROPELLER SHAFT
On a vehicle, the propeller shaft transmits power from the transmission to the
differential, which in turn transmits power to the rear wheels.
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Since the propeller shaft links the transmission and differential, the shaft may
have two or three joints to compensate for roughness in the road, which can
cause changes in the relative positions of the transmission and differential.
Recent design favours the two-section shaft, which lowers road noise.
Note: In some countries, the propeller shaft is called the "drive shaft".
* Transmission Differential
PROPORTIONING VALVE (P VALVE)
The P valve adjusts the hydraulic pressure that is sent to the rear wheels when
the brakes are applied, giving the vehicle greater stability during braking.
A vehicle nose-dives when the brakes are applied suddenly, reducing vehicle
weight on the rear wheels. This would cause the rear wheels to lock up and skid,
but the P valve adjusts the hydraulic pressure to the rear brakes to prevent this
from occurring.
* Load-sensing Proportioning Valve (LSPV)
PROPORTIONING & BYPASS VALVE
A valve that controls brake pressure with a 1) proportioning valve (P valve); and
2) a bypass valve (B valve), which causes brake fluid to bypass the P valve in
the event that the front brakes fail. This prevents a drop in hydraulic pressure to
the rear brakes, enabling the vehicle stop.
PROTECTION MOULDING
Synthetic rubber or plastic moulding installed on the side of the car where the
body panels bulges outward. Protection moulding both protects the body from
damage and serves as decoration.
PROTOTYPE
A vehicle made for test production before actual production and sales of the new
model begin. A prototype can be used to test and analyse the vehicle's
functioning and performance. The actual production model then reflects the
results of the prototype study. Some prototypes, called "concept cars", are
developed to participate in motor shows and are not made with a definite
production period in mind.
PS
The abbreviation for the German "Pferdestrke", or "metric horsepower". (1PS =
0.7355 kW = 0.986 hp.)
* Horsepower
PTO
* Power Take-off
PULL TO ONE SIDE
* Brake Pull
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PULSATION DAMPER
A device used to absorb minute surges in the fuel pressure in an EFI engine; it is
sometimes necessary if the pressure regulator alone can't handle them. This
helps to keep the air-fuel ratio from changing and prevents noise due to the
pulsation of fuel in the fuel lines.
* Pressure Regulator
PULSATION EFFECT
Every time an intake valve opens or closes, the air pressure in the intake
manifold fluctuates. This creates a pulsation in the air flow in the intake
manifold. The residual fluctuation from the previous intake and the fluctuation
from the succeeding intake coincide, creating an increase in pressure in the
intake manifold. This helps to increase the flow of air into the engine, boosting
engine performance.
PUSH ROD
Push rods operate the valves in an OHV engine. In response to cam movement,
each push rod transmits camshaft rotation to the rocker arm as up-and-down
movement. Push rods are required on OHV engines because of the distance
between the camshaft and the valves.
P VALVE
* Proportioning Valve
Q
QUARTER PANEL
A section of body panel, above the front and rear tyres.
QUARTER PILLAR
* Pillar
R
RACK-AND PINION STEERING
A pinion gear at the end of the steering shaft transmits steering wheel rotation
to a serrated bar called the steering rack, which crosses the steering shaft and
goes to the front wheels.
This type of steering system provides a for sharp, direct response due to the
direct gear connection, and is now standard on
* Re-circulating-ball Steering
RADIAL TYRE
A type of tyre developed for high-speed driving. The carcass of a tyre is made of
woven layers of material, called cords, which help the tyre to hold the
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pressurised air inside. The carcass of a radial tyre has a weave that runs across
the tyre (i.e., radially).
Radial tyres grip the road surface better than bias tyres, they corner better, and
they last longer. Their only drawback is that provide a slightly less comfortable
ride than bias tyres. However, most passenger cars use radial tyres because of
improved road conditions and the increasing availability of high-speed highways.
RADIATOR
A device that cools the engine coolant. The radiator is generally installed behind
the front grille to provide optimal contact with outside air.
Air is forced through the radiator both by a fan and by the airflow created by the
ward motion of the vehicle. The coolant is carried through a network of small
tubes in the radiator; this provides maximum contact with the cool outside air,
which passes through the radiator to dissipate the heat.
RADIATOR GRILLE
A grid in the nose of a vehicle, in front of the radiator. The grille permits air to
flow into the engine compartment.
The grille originally served to prevent stones from flying up and hitting the
radiator. Today it also serves as a key element in vehicle design, and helps to
give a particular model its characteristic look.
RADIUS ROD
* Strut Bar
RAG TOP
A convertible with a cloth top.
REAR COMBINATION LAMP
The tail lamp, brake lamp, turn signal lamp, they back-up lamp, and parking
lamp, all combined into one unit (one for each side).
REAR DETECTION AND RANGING SYSTEM
A system that uses ultrasonic sensors mounted on the rear bumper to warn the
driver of obstacles behind the vehicle and to indicate their distance.
The system only operates when the transmission is shifted into reverse.
* Clearance Detection and Ranging System Corner Sensor
REAR-END SQUAT
The rear end of the vehicle sinks towards the road surface during take-off or
acceleration.
* Nose Dive
REAR-ENGINE, REAR-WHEEL-DRIVE VEHICLE (RR VEHICLE)
A vehicle in which the engine is located in the rear and drives the rear wheels.
This type of vehicle has more passenger space as it loses less floor space to the
propeller shaft "hump" found in an FR (front- engine, rear-wheel-drive) vehicle.
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However, this arrangement is coming to be used less than in the past because
the weight of the engine rests on the rear wheels, giving the vehicle a tendency
to oversteer.
REAR LIGHT FAILURE WARNING LAMP
A warning lamp on the instrument panel which lights up if a tail lamp or brake
light bulb is burnt out. This lamp only operates if the ignition is on.
REAR MONITOR
A monitor system that uses a camera mounted in the rear spoiler to display a
portion of the area behind the vehicle on a screen. This helps the driver detect
obstacles behind the vehicle.
REAR SPOILER
A type of "wing" mounted at the rear of the vehicle.
The rear spoiler changes the direction of the air flowing from the roof, reducing
both the wind resistance and the lift force that are applied to the rear of the car.
REAR WINDOW DEFOGGER
A heating filament bonded to the inside of the rear window glass to remove
"fog". On cold or rainy days, windows become fogged up easily, causing poor
visibility.
A fine nickel-chrome wire is imprinted on the inside of the glass. Current is
passed through the wire, generating heat and removing fog from the glass. The
defogger also helps to remove snow and water droplets from the outside surface
of the window.
* Heated Glass
REBUILT PARTS
Used parts that are repaired to like-new condition and resold.
RECIPROCATING ENGINE (PISTON ENGINE)
An engine in which the pistons move up and down (reciprocate) inside cylinders,
turning the crankshaft.
Two types of reciprocating engines are the gasoline engine and the diesel
engine. (Another type of engine is the Wankel or rotary engine, which creates
power using rotary rather than reciprocating motion.)
RECIRCULATING-BALL STEERING
A steering system that uses a number of small steel balls installed in the
steering gear which transmits steering wheel rotation to the wheels.
The balls in this gear help the steering wheel to turn very easily and smoothly,
and reduce kickback.
RECLINING SEAT
A seat with a back that can be tilted backward and forward.
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RECREATIONAL VEHICLE (RV)
A type of vehicle primarily suited to out door leisure activities. Generally, 4WD
vehicles, such as vans and pickup trucks, are used as RVs. Some are equipped
with such appliances as refrigerators and televisions.
REDUCTION GEAR RATIO (FINAL GEAR RATIO)
The gear ratio of the two gears that transmit power from the transmission to the
axles. A small drive gear turns a large driven gear, which causes the rpm to drop
but increases the torque. The driven gear has three to four times as many teeth
as the driving that transmits power from the transmission. (These two gears are
also gear called the final gears, so the reduction gear ratio is also called the
"final gear ratio".)
RED ZONE
The area on the tachometer, coloured red, which shows that the engine rpm has
risen too high.
If the needle goes into the red zone, damage to the engine may result. Bringing
engine rpm up into the red zone is called "over-revving" the engine; one must
be especially careful when racing the engine or when down-shifting at high
speeds, as these actions tend to cause over-revving.
REFINING
A series of physical and chemical processes that convert crude oils into a wide
range of products including LPG, Petrol, Kerosene, Jet fuel, Diesel, Fuel Oil,
Bitumen, Waxes and lubricant base stocks.
RE-REFINING
Process for recycling used oils to a near virgin state.
REGULAR GASOLINE
Gasoline used in ordinary automotive engines. "Regular" gasoline has a lower
octane rating than high-octane ("super") gasoline, which is used in highperformance cars.
* Octane Rating
REGULATOR (VOLTAGE REGULATOR)
An electrical device that controls alternator output to maintain a constant
voltage level, adjusted to suit the amount of electricity being used.
The most common type of regulator in current use is the IC regulator, which use
semiconductor circuits called IC's (integrated circuits).
RELAY
An electrically or electronically operated switch. In one common type of relay, an
electric current operates an electromagnet, which opens or closes an electrical
switch. This in turn controls some other electrical device
RELEASE BEARING
* Clutch Release Bearing
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REMOTE-CONTROL CONVENIENCE FEATURES
This system allows vehicle owners to control certain functions of their automobile
by calling an automated service with a touch tone phone. Addressable functions
can include opening or closing windows or sunroof; unlocking the doors (e.g., to
retrieve keys locked inside), disabling the engine (in case of vehicle theft), or
other functions. The service could also be used for locating a parked vehicle
(e.g., flash lights or sound horn), setting the vehicle's clock, or configuring
certain features.
The vehicle owner calls an automated voice response system with a
touch tone phone, enters a personal identification number (PIN), and
selects the desired function is selected from the menu. A pager signal
(command) is sent to a receiver in the vehicle, and the vehicle controller
executes the requested function. Paging technology also allows text messages
sent from a telephone or computer to be displayed in the vehicle.
Increased convenience and vehicle security, theft deterrent and vehicle
recovery
REMOTE-CONTROL DOOR LOCK
A system used to lock and unlock the car doors by remote control. A transmitter,
which may be built into the ignition key, transmits a signal, which operates the
lock. The radio antenna picks up this signal, and the doors are locked or
unlocked. The signal can be received from a distance of up to 1-meter (3 feet).
This system is especially convenient for unlocking the doors in the dark or when
your hands are full.
REMOTE-CONTROL DOOR MIRROR
A door mirror which can be operated from the driver's seat by a switch. Some
fender mirrors are also remotely controlled.
REMOTE LIGHTING SYSTEM
Remote lighting system removes the sources of light from the lamp fixture and
locates it in a remote collector assembly. Light is transmitted to the various
fixtures and accessories via fibre optics or light pipes. The advantages of remote
lighting include reduced power consumption, greater durability, and more
flexibility in packaging and styling lamp fixtures.
A halogen bulb or a high-efficiency light source (e.g. high-intensity
discharge light) is located in a light collector assembly. There are several
possible configurations or architectures. One is the multi-beam setup
pictured, in which the remote-lighting system controls one function.
Another concept is central lighting, in which light from a single remote source is
distributed to perform multiple functions (i.e., head lamps, turn signals, etc.)
and controlled by light valves (i.e., on/off function).
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Increased lighting efficiency and reliability; as well as greater styling
flexibility
RESERVOIR
Reservoirs store fluid that overflows due to an increase in volume when the fluid
is heated. Reservoirs are provided for storing brake fluid, clutch fluid, and
coolant.
RESISTIVE CORD
* Spark Plug Cable
RESPONSE
"Response" has two meanings:
1) "acceleration response", or how quickly the engine speed rises when
the accelerator pedal is pressed; and
2) "steering response", or how quickly the vehicle changes direction when
the steering wheel is turned.
RETRACTABLE DOOR MIRROR
* Electrically Retractable Door Mirror, Folding Door Mirror
RETRACTABLE HEADLIGHTS
Retractable headlights move up for use and down for storage when not in use.
Retracting the headlights during the daytime both reduces wind resistance and
provides sleeker styling.
REV LIMIT
The limit of permissible engine rpm. In an EFI engine, exceeding the rev limit
causes the fuel supply to be cut off to protect the engine.
REVERSE AID/PARKING AID
Reverse Aid/Parking Aid is a short-range collision-warning system to aid in
reversing and parking manoeuvres. As the vehicle approaches pedestrians, or
other vehicles or obstacles, an audible beep warning sounds. The frequency of
beeping increases as the obstacle is neared, until it becomes a solid tone when
closer the vehicle is closer than a set distance; eg; about 8 inches (20 cm).
Reversing aid uses sensors on the rear only. Parking aid uses sensors
front and rear. Low-cost, high-performance sensors such as ultrasonic
range sensors are fitted to the vehicle. Generally, more than one sensor
is used to form a detection zone as wide as the vehicle. A microprocessor
monitors the sensors and emits a signal to help the driver reverse or park more
easily and with greater safely.
Easier and safer reversing and parking manoeuvres, especially for
vehicles where drivers have limited view at the front, rear, or corners of
the vehicle.
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REVERSE STEER (US-OS CHARACTERISTIC)
A steering characteristic in which understeer (US) changes to oversteer (OS)
midway through a tight curve. To make driving easier, most cars are designed to
have understeer, in which the vehicle steers further to the outside than the
driver actually intends. This is because, when a curve is too sharp, reverse steer
causes the steering characteristics to change from understeer to oversteer, a
somewhat dangerous situation. The point at which this occurs is called the
"reverse point".
* Neutral Steer
REVOLUTIONS PER MINUTE (RPM)
The unit of measurement used to indicate the number of rotations an engine
(i.e., the crankshaft) makes in one minute.
The tachometer shows engine rotational speed in thousands of revolutions per
minute. RPM is also called "engine speed".
RHEOSTAT
A variable resistor.
* Meter Lighting Control
RIDING COMFORT
"Riding comfort" is used in two senses: 1) in the broad sense of general
passenger comfort inside the vehicle; and 2) in the narrow sense of the ability of
the vehicle to absorb vibration, thus providing a better ride. The wider meaning
relates to the vehicle interior; for example, NVH (noise, vibration, and
harshness), seat comfort, placement of driving controls, lights, visibility, and
ventilation. In other words, all of the factors that go into making passengers
liking to ride the vehicle car!" The narrower, technical meaning of riding comfort
refers to how well the vehicle shields the passengers from unpleasant vibrations
transmitted from poor road surfaces.
RIGID-AXLE SUSPENSION
A type of suspension that joins the body to the axles. The axles are insulated
from the body by springs. This type of Suspension is simple and sturdy, but the
movements of the right and left wheels affect each other, causing the vehicle to
lean to one side when theroad is uneven.
RIGIDITY
When weight or force is applied to any object may distort (bend and twist). This
is called "elastic deformation". "Rigidity" is the degree of resistance to this
distortion. In the case of an automobile, the rigidity of body and/or frame affects
such factors as the riding comfort, driving stability, and controllability.
RIM
The outside circumference of a disc wheel, having a roughly U-shaped cross
section. The tyre is attached to the rim.
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* Disc Wheel
RING STICK
Sticking of the rings on the piston of an internal combustion engine of a
reciprocating compression leading to wear and loss of power. Usually caused by
a build-up of deposits in the ring grooves.
ROAD CLEARANCE
* Ground Clearance
ROAD HOLDING
The ability of a vehicle to stay on the road. Road holding ability depends on
many factors; the tyres (the amount of contact between the tread and the road;
the tread pattern; tread wear); the design of the suspension; the quality of the
shock absorbers; the vehicle tread (the distance between the left and right
tyres); etc. On a bumpy, unpaved, winding road, the vehicle bounces up and
down, sways from side to side, and may slip and slide. If these movements are
too severe, the ride will be very uncomfortable and it will become difficult to
keep the vehicle on the road. However, if the vehicle has good road holding
ability, the rear end of the vehicle won't bounce around, it will be easier to keep
the vehicle on the road, and the ride will be more comfortable.
ROAD NOISE
Noise transmitted from the road to the vehicle. Road noise is caused by tyre
contact with the ground. Noise caused by body vibration from shock transmitted
from road unevenness through the suspension to the body is also called, "road
noise".
ROCKER ARM
In an overhead valve (OHV) engine, one of the levers that transmit the
movement of the cams to the valves.
When a cam pushes the rocker arm, the rocker arm pushes the corresponding
valve open. Some overhead camshaft (OHC) engines do not use rocker arms;
instead, the cams operate the valves directly.
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ROLL
Lateral (side-to-side) oscillation of the vehicle body. Roll is felt most on curves
that cause severe leaning of the vehicle body.
* Pitch, Yaw
ROLL BAR
A bar rising from the floor on each side of the front seats and running across the
ceiling to reinforce the roof and prevent it from being crushed if the vehicle rolls
over. Cars used for racing, such as rally cars and touring cars, usually have roll
bars.
ROLLING RESISTANCE
Resistance to forward movement created by the tyres as they roll down the
road. This type of resistance is influenced by such factors as tyre pressure, tyre
deformation, and wheel bearing wear.
As vehicle speed increases, rolling resistance also increases (but can be lowered
by using more rigid radial tyres.)
ROOF DRIP
A gutter running around the edges of the roof to prevent water from dripping
into the car.
ROOF HEADLINING
The lining of the ceiling. A thin cushioning material is used for the headlining,
and currently in many models, the headlining is also covered with cloth to give a
softer interior "atmosphere".
There are several types of headlining: panelling attached directly to the roof is
called a "panelled ceiling"; a stitched covering suspended from the roof is called
a suspended ceiling"; and a ceiling made with a moulded backing is called a
"moulded ceiling".
ROTARY ENGINE (WANKEL ENGINE)
In a rotary engine, a triangular rotor is rotated to directly produce power (rather
than converting the up-and-down motion of pistons into power, as in a
Page 145

reciprocating engine). This type of engine does not require the complicated valve
system of a reciprocating engine and so needs fewer parts, resulting in less
noise and vibration. However, some fuel remains unburned in a rotary engine
and the engine uses a large amount of lubricating oil. Because of this, the engine
is not economical and is not much used.
RPM
* Revolutions per Minute
RR
* Rear-engine, Rear-wheel-drive Vehicle
RUN-ON (DIESELING)
An undesirable situation in which the engine continues to run after the ignition
switch has been turned off. Run-on occurs in an engine that has overheated
after being driven at high speeds for a long period of time. The residual
unburned gases in the engine ignite in reaction to the overheated spark plugs
and carbon built up in the combustion chambers, causing combustion to
continue.
RUN-OUT
Any kind of deformity of a round object (a wheel, a tyre, a brake disc, etc.).
There are several types of run-out, as shown in the illustration below:
RUNOUT
Radial
Out of
Round
Off Centre
(eccentric)
Lateral
(Axial)
Warpage
Nonperpendicularity
RV
* Recreational Vehicle
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S
SAE
Acronym for Society of Automotive Engineer, American professional body most
common seen in relation to Viscosity grades e.g. SAE 10W-30
SAFETY PAD
Impact-absorbent padding installed on the instrument panel and in the centre of
the steering wheel.
The safety pads help to protect the driver and front passenger from injury in the
event of a collision. A typical safety pad is made of urethane foam with a metal
panel insert. The metal panel is made of an energy-absorbent material, and the
urethane foam absorbs the dispersed energy.
SAI
* Steering Axis Inclination
SANDWICHED VIBRATION - CONTROL PANEL
A panel with a sheet of vibration-damping material, such as asphalt, sandwiched
between two steel plates.
This reduces vibration and noise to all areas of the vehicle. It is installed in such
places as the dash panel, the cowl panel, and the rear wheel housings.
* Vibration-damping Sheet Steel
SATELLITE SWITCHES
Switches for equipment such as audio and air conditioning, positioned within
easy reach of the driver.
SCISSORS GEAR
A set of camshaft gears designed to prevent gear noise due to the backlash that
occurs with conventional gears.
A pair of gears rotating in the same direction on the same axis uses a spring to
maintain full contact with both the leading and trailing teeth of the opposite
gear.
Page 147
SCRUB RADIUS ("SCRUB")

* Steering Offset
SEALED BEAM HEADLAMPS
A headlight in which the lens, reflector plate, and filament are built into a single,
sealed unit filled with an inert gas. This type of headlamp is large, has a good
light distribution pattern, and provides good visibility.
* Halogen Headlamps
SEAT BELT
Seat belts keep passengers from being thrown out of their seats and becoming
injured in the event of sudden braking or a collision.
The two-point seat belt is worn across the wearer's lap, while the three-point
seat belt restrains the wearer across both the lap, chest, and one shoulder.
Many countries have laws that require persons in the front seat (and sometimes
in the rear seats also) to wear seat belts.
SEAT BELT PRETENSIONER
A seatbelt pretensioner tightens the seatbelt in the first milliseconds of an
accident to better keep the occupant in position. With a tightened belt, an
occupant is less likely to strike interior surfaces, such as the roof structure or
steering wheel. It also may restrain the occupant from contacting the airbag
before it is fully deployed, further reducing the risk of injury.
A collision sensor, often the same sensor used to trigger the airbags,
detects the beginning of a collision. A signal from the sensor activates a
mechanical or pyrotechnic pretensioning device located at a belt
anchoring point. The pretensioner takes up slack in the belt system until
a predetermined force is reached,. The belt remains tight around the occupant
for the duration of the collision.
Increased safety for belted occupants in some types of collisions.
* Pretensioner Mechanism
SEAT BELT TONGUE PLATE
The metal part on the end of the seat belt. Inserting the tongue plate into the
buckle on the other strap of the seat belt locks the belt.
SEAT BELT WARNING LAMP
A lamp that lights up if the driver's seat belt is not buckled when the ignition
switch is turned on. This is to remind the driver to fasten the belt.
SEAT BELT WITH MECHANICAL TENSION-REDUCING ADJUSTER
A mechanical system that reduces the force of the seat belt pulling against the
wearer. This prevents overtightening, providing greater comfort. The seatbelt
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wind-up mechanism has both a strong and a weak spring, to adjust tension.
While the seatbelt is being worn, the weak spring is used to keep the belt from
pulling against the wearer's body. The strong spring is used when the seat belt
winds up or is pulled out. Naturally, the seat belt locks in an emergency to
safeguard the wearer. In some models, the mechanism used to change between
the strong and weak spring may be operated by an electric switch.
SEAT BELT WITH POWER TENSION-REDUCING ADJUSTER
A type of seat belt in which belt tension can be adjusted by the wearer by means
of a switch in the buckle.
SEAT SLIDE ADJUSTER
A seat adjuster that allows the passenger to adjust the seat position by
operating the seat slide [ever. The lever is located at the bottom of the seat and
can be used to slide forward and back, and to lock it in place.
SEDAN
The most typical type of passenger car. A sedan is a "three-box car", in which
the luggage compartment (trunk or boot) is separated from the passenger
compartment. A sedan also has two rows of seats, one in front and one in the
rear, and can seat from four to six passengers. Sedans are generally classified
by the number of doors that they have as "two-door sedans" or "four- door
sedans".
SELF-IGNITION
Ignition of the air-fuel mixture that is due to any cause other than a spark (for
example, ignition due to carbon deposits in the cylinder).
SEMI-CONCEALED WIPERS
Concealed windshield wipers in which only the wiper arms are hidden between
the hood and the windshield when not in use. (Wipers that are completely
hidden are called "fully concealed wipers".)
Concealing the wipers when not in use not only provides a clearer field of vision,
but also improves vehicle appearance.
SEMI-FLOATING REAR AXLE
One method of supporting vehicle weight the seat on the rear axle. Most rigidaxle passenger vehicles use this method as it is of simple construction. The
wheel is mounted directly on the rear axle and weight is distributed equally
between the rear axle shafts and the axle housing.
* Full-floating Axle
SEMI-TRAILING-ARM SUSPENSION
One type of independent suspension. The lower arms, which support the rear
suspension, are located in front of the wheels, and the axes along which the
arms move are positioned at an angle, relative to the body centreline.
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Semi-trailing-arm suspension is often used for the rear suspension of an
automatic transmission vehicle.
* Independent Suspension
SEQUENTIAL MULTIPORT FUEL INJECTION
A US term for Electronic Fuel Injection (EFI).
SERVICE BRAKES
* Foot Brakes
SFI
* Sequential Multiport Fuel Injection
SHAKE
Vibration of the body, seats, and steering wheel when the vehicle is operating at
high speeds.
Shake is caused by such problems as wheel imbalance; this is because wheel
vibration due to this imbalance is transmitted to, and amplified by, the body and
engine, which results in shaking of the vehicle.
* Shimmy
SHEAR STABILITY
The measure of a Viscosity Index Improvers (VII) resistance to the shearing
forces in the engine. VIIs with low shear stability will quickly break down,
resulting in a thinning of the oil.
SHIFTING SHOCK
A small jolt that may be sensed when an automatic transmission shifts gears.
SHIFT LOCK SYSTEM WITH KEY INTERLOCK
This prevents sudden vehicle take-off due to improper operation of the shift
lever on an automatic transmission vehicle.
Two safety functions are provided for automatic transmissions: 1) Shift lock
prevents the transmission from being shifted out of Park ("P") unless the brake
pedal is depressed; and 2) the key interlock device prevents the key from being
removed from the ignition unless the shift lever is in "P".
SHIFT POINT
The points (in time) at which an automatic transmission automatically shifts
gears are called "shift points". These depend on the vehicle speed and the
throttle opening, as well as on the engine and transmission used.
SHIFT POSITION DISPLAY
* Shift Position Indicator Lamp.
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SHIFT POSITION INDICATORLAMP
A lamp on the instrument panel which shows the range (shift lever position) into
which the driver has shifted the transmission (automatic transmission models
only).
SHIMMY
Steering wheel vibration caused by lateral shaking of the front wheels. Shimmy
is most often caused by wheel imbalance and by driving on rough roads.
* Shake
SHOCK (ABSORBER (DAMPER)
One component of the suspension system. The springs continue to bounce up
and down after a shock is received from the road. The shock absorbers, which
are generally filled with a special fluid, help to be damp (restrain) the bouncing
of the springs thereby providing a smoother ride.
SHORT-STROKE ENGINE
* Bore
SHOULDER BELT GUIDE
A guide for the upper section of a three-point seat belt, attached to the upper
belt anchor. The guide can be used to adjust the angle at which the belt crosses
the shoulder, making it easier for people of smaller stature to wear the belt even
with the seat moved forward.
SHUDDER
* Clutch Chatter
SIDE AIRBAGS
A side air bag is mounted outboard of occupants and inflates to cushion
occupants in the event of a side-impact collision. Some side air bags are
designed for protecting the head and neck, others for hip and chest, and others
for chest ,head ,and neck.
Because side air bags are generally smaller in volume than front bags, and there
is less crush space on the sides of a vehicle (compared to the front), they
must deploy more quickly. Airbags that protect the passenger's upper
body in the event of a side collision. Side airbag equipment includes
bags, inflators, and collision sensors inside the doors. In a collision, the
airbags would, deployed from the armrests and cover the area from the arm rest
to the roof with a thin, mat-like airbag.
Side air bags can be fitted in the door trim panel, in the moulding above the
door, or in the outboard edge of the seatback. They are inflated when an inertial
sensor detects a side impact collision.
Greater protection in side impact collisions
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SIDE DOOR BEAM
A strong metal bar built into the door to provide protection in event of a collision
from the side. In front or rear-end collisions, the trunk and engine compartment
deform to absorb shock, but in collisions from the side, only the doors offer
protection. Side door beams provide greater protection in such cases.
SIDE LIGHTS
* Clearance Lamps
SIDE MEMBER
The parts of the frame that run from the front to the rear of the vehicle on each
side. Side members are made from square pipe and keep the frame from
twisting or bending.
SIDE SUPPORT
Supports that are located on the left and right edges of the seat cushion and
seat back to support the upper body of the passenger, especially when the
vehicle corners or makes tight turns.
Some seats have adjustable supports so passengers can modify them to
accommodate their own physique and comfort requirements.
SIDE VISORS
Strips of metal or plastic installed above side windows. These provide additional
shade on sunny days and allow the windows to be opened slightly for ventilation
on rainy days without fear of letting rain enter the vehicle.
SIDE VISION AID (BLIND SPOT DETECTION SYSTEM)
Side vision aid alerts the driver if another vehicle is in the blind spot when
changing lanes. Blind spots are the obscured areas immediately to the left and
right sides of vehicles, behind the driver's peripheral view. When the driver
activates the turn signal, an indicator, typically located on the side-view mirror,
signals whether or not a vehicle is in the blind spot. The side vision aid
supplements the driver's view to the side and rear from windows and mirrors, to
permit safe lane changes.
Active infrared detectors are mounted on each side of the vehicle, e.g.,
near taillights or side mirrors. These detectors "look" into the next lane
to see if a vehicle is there. When the driver activates the turn signal, an
indicator (usually an LED) appears, indicating whether the lane is
occupied or unoccupied; or that the system has malfunctioned.
Potential increase in safety and accident avoidance when changing lanes
SIDEWALL
The side of the tyre. Information, such as tyre size and manufacturer, is printed
on the sidewall.
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SILENCER
* Muffler
SINGLE OVERHEAD CAMSHAFT (SOHC) ENGINE
An engine with a single camshaft mounted over the cylinder head for opening
and closing both the intake and exhaust valves. Another type of OHC engine,
called DOHC (dual overhead camshaft) or "twin cam", uses two independent
camshafts, one to operate the intake valves, and one to operate the exhaust
valves.
SIXTY/FORTY (60/40) SEAT
A rear seat whose back is separated into two sections, each of which can be
folded down independently. One half of the seat can be used for Passengers
while the other can be collapsed to form a continuous cargo space with the
trunk.
This design is especially convenient for family travel and for carrying long items,
such as skis, lumber, etc. Collapsing both sides of the seat joins the back seat
with the trunk to allow the vehicle to handle large amounts of cargo.
SLIDING SUN ROOF
A sun roof with one panel that slides back for storage or removal. The sliding
sun roof can be operated manually or automatically.
SLIT-BEAM STOP LAMP
A stop lamp (brake light) that is long and very narrow, such as the stop lamp on
a rear spoiler. The slit-beam stop lamp, like the high-mount stop lamp, is more
visible from the rear, and can help prevent rear end collisions.
SLUDGE
A dark mud like residue that collects in the cooler parts of an engine, such as the
sump, as a result of the build up of deposits. May block pumps and oil ways.
Controlled by dispersants that keep deposits in suspension and prevent them
from congealing.
SMART WIPERS
Smart wipers are windshield wiper systems that can determine when and how
the windshield wipers operate, based on moisture on the windshield. Smart
wipers do not require the driver to continually adjust wiper speed or delay
interval. This system is an enhancement to vehicle-speed-dependent interval
wipers (which increase the frequency of strokes with vehicle speed).
Smart wipers work by sensing moisture on the windshield. One
alternative is an optical sensor with light source that works as shown in
the diagram. When moisture is detected on the windshield, the controller
starts the wipers continually selecting appropriate wiper settings
depending on moisture measured.
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Increase safety and convenience through reduced driver adjustments
SMOKE FLARE
An emergency signalling device that produces smoke and sparks for about five
minutes. The smoke flare can be used to warn of a vehicle's presence if it breaks
down on an expressway, at a railway crossing, etc.
SNOW CHAINS
* Tyre Chains
SNOW TYRE
A tyre with features such as a larger surface area and a special tread pattern, all
of which have been designed to reduce skidding on snow-covered roads.
Grooves in a snow tyre are wider and deeper than on a standard tyre, and snow
tyres softer tread blocks that make it harder for snow to become embedded in
the grooves.
SOHC
* Single Overhead Camshaft Engine
SOLAR-ENERGY ABSORBING GLASS
Glass impregnated with small amounts of metal such as iron, nickel, or cobalt.
As sunlight passes through, the glass absorbs rays of longer wavelengths near
the infrared end of the spectrum. This is because light of longer wavelengths
produces more heat, so this keeps the passenger compartment cooler in direct
sunlight.
SOLID PAINT
A type of paint containing a pigment without aluminum flakes.
The colour of the body is therefore determined solely by the light reflected from
the film on the surface of the paint.
* Metallic Paint, Micaceous Iron Oxide Paint, Pearl-mica Paint
SOLVENT EXTRACTION
Most common process for purification of base stocks during refining. Removes
less stable components.
SOLVENT REFINING
A process where solvents, such as furfural and phenol, are used to remove base
stocks from heavy crude oil fractions.
SPACE SAVER TYRE
* Emergency Spare Tyre
SPARK PLUG
A device that creates sparks which ignite the compressed air-fuel mixture in the
cylinders. Spark plugs are installed in the cylinder head and protrude into the
cylinders. High voltage current from the ignition coil causes sparks to jump
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between the electrodes and ignite the air-fuel mixture. Spark plugs are not used
in diesel engines as the high temperatures resulting from the compression of the
air in the cylinders causes "spontaneous" combustion of the diesel fuel.
SPARK PLUG CABLES
The high-tension cords that carry high-voltage current from the distributor to the
spark plugs.
SPEAKER
A device that converts electrical signals to sound. The speaker receives electrical
signals, then uses an electromagnet to vibrate a panel to output the sound.
Speaker types vary according to the method of sound reproduction used:
Tweeter
For high-range
diameter).
sounds
(most
have
small
Squawker
For mid-range sounds.
Woofer
For low-range sounds (most have a large diameter).
Full-range 1
For sounds in all ranges
SPECIFIC FUEL CONSUMPTION

A measure of the fuel economy that can be attained by a vehicle; usually, it is
simply called "fuel consumption".
There are two ways of measuring specific fuel consumption:
1) The distance a vehicle can travel on a certain amount of fuel; or
2) The amount of fuel consumed by a vehicle to travel a specific distance.
In the first case, fuel consumption is usually given in kilometres per litre (km/I )
or miles per gallon (mpg). In the second case, it is usually given as litres per
100 kilometres.
A "10-mode" fuel consumption test is used in some countries to measure
hypothetical city driving, while a "15mode" fuel consumption test may be used
to measure hypothetical suburban driving. Differences in road conditions and
driving techniques can cause wide variations in fuel consumption, so these
measurements serve only as guidelines.
(To calculate the fuel consumption for your own car, in km/I, or mpg, fill the
tank completely and measure the distance driven until you fill the tank again.
Divide the amount of fuel used by the number of kilometres or miles driven.)
An engine performance graph indicates fuel consumption by showing the weight
of the fuel consumed, in grams, for each horsepower developed per hour
(g/PS*h).
SPECIFICATIONS ("SPECS")
A detailed description of materials, dimensions, etc. Specifications include such
items as vehicle model code, vehicle dimensions, designed passenger capacity,
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performance, etc. Specifications are vital to ensure that the desired vehicles are
built correctly, and they are needed to order vehicles accurately.
SPECS
* Specifications
SPEED-SENSITIVE INTERMITTENT WIPERS
Wipers that automatically adjust the wiping interval to the vehicle speed. (The
faster the vehicle moves, the faster the wipers move.)
This arrangement improves visibility at high vehicle speeds, and eliminates
unnecessary wiping at lower speeds.
SPIKED TYRE
A tyre having spikes or studs in the tread to reduce skidding on icy or snowcovered roads.
Due to the dust, noise, and road damage they create, sales of spiked tyres are
not permitted in some countries.
SPLIT-PORT INDUCTION (SPI)
Split port induction uses two intake runners leading to a single port and intake
valve for each cylinder. One of the runners is open at all engine speeds, while
the other opens only at higher speeds. This allows increased mixing of the intake
charge at lower engine speeds, with unrestricted engine breathing at high
speeds. Peak power is increased while fuel economy, emissions and cold start-up
are improved during normal operation.
The low speed intake ports are located low in the head, creating a
tangential flow path into the cylinder. The geometry produces a high
degree of swirl more effectively mixing the air and fuel to for
combustion. At higher engine speeds (above 2500-3000 rpm) butterfly
valves open (see illustration) for airflow through both ports. The high-speed
ports can be tuned for efficiency.
Increased power, better emissions and fuel economy
SPOILERS
Wing-shaped components mounted on the body of a vehicle to increase stability
by redirecting the airflow generated by the forward motion of the vehicle.
Redirecting the airflow in this way creates a force, which pushes the vehicle
down against the road, increasing vehicle stability. In addition, spoilers help to
increase fuel efficiency and reduce wind noise. Air spoilers include roof spoilers,
spoilers under the front bumper, and rear spoilers.
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SPONTANEOUS COMBUSTION
Combustion (of the air-fuel mixture in the cylinders of a diesel engine) due to
the heat created by the compressed air in the cylinders.
* Self-ignition
SPORTS CAR
A high-performance car with greater power, better handling, better acceleration,
and a higher top speed than an ordinary passenger car.
There are no clear standards for determining when a car is a "sports car", but
sports cars fall somewhere between cars built purely for speed (race cars) and
fast passenger cars. A "sporty" car would be a fast passenger car with the
styling of a sports car.
SPORTS SEAT
A seat with cushions for the hips, sides, and back, that can be adjusted to suit
driver physique and desired comfort.
A sports seat holds the body firmly in place during hard cornering, and is
generally provided on "sporty" cars.
SPORTY CAR
Although there are no clear standards, one could probably safely say that a
"sporty" car is a fast passenger car with the styling of a sports car.
SPRING
A component of the suspension system. Springs absorb vibrations and shocks
from the road and prevent most of them from reaching the body. There are
several types of springs, including plate-shaped leaf springs, rod-shaped torsion
bars, and spiral coiled springs.
SPRUNG WEIGHT
* Unsprung Weight
SQUARE ENGINE
An engine whose stroke (distance the piston moves up and down in the cylinder)
and bore (inner diameter) are equal. A square engine has characteristics midway
between long-stroke and short-stroke engines.
* Bore
SRS (SRS AIRBAG)
* Supplemental Restraint System Airbag
SS 1/4-MILE ACCELERATION
A method of measuring vehicle acceleration performance. One quarter of a mile
is about 400 meters, so this would be "O-to400-meter acceleration" in the metric
system.
It is also called "zero to four", "SS" stands for "standing start", so "zero to four"
indicates the time it takes a car to go a quarter mile from a dead stop.
* Zero-to-four Acceleration
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STABILITY
How well a vehicle performs the basic movements required of it without
deviating from the course set by the driver: driving in a straight line, cornering,
etc. Stability is determined by such factors as suspension design, body strength,
location of the vehicle's centre of gravity, and the performance of suspension
springs and shock absorbers.
The main elements of handling and stability are:
a. Straight-line stability
No rear-end squat during vehicle takeoff
Straight-line stability in side winds and on bad roads
b. Cornering
No vehicle roll
Steering stability
STABILISER(S)
Steel rods attached to the suspension to counter body -roll.
When the wheels on only one side of the vehicle go over a bump, or when the
vehicle goes around a curve, the force that attempts to return the stabiliser to
its original position counters body roll.
STALL
* Engine Stall
STAND-BY 4WD
A 4WD vehicle with viscous coupling, and which runs in 2WD under normal
conditions, but automatically changes over to 4WD on slippery surfaces.
This type of vehicle is flexible because it can automatically switch between 2WD
and 4WD, thereby providing both vehicle stability and fuel economy.
* Full-time 4WD, Part-time 4WD
STANDING WAVE
A "wave" that travels around the circumference of a tyre when the vehicle is
travelling at high speeds. When the vehicle is in motion, the tyre constantly
flexes as a new section of the tread comes into contact with the road surface.
Later, when this section leaves the road surface, the pressure of the air inside
the tyre and the elasticity of the tyre attempt to restore the tread and carcass to
their original state. At higher speeds, the tyre rotates too quickly to allow
enough time for this. This process causes undulations in the tread which are
referred to as "standing waves".
The majority of the energy locked up in the standing waves is converted into
heat, which sharply raises the tyre temperature. Under certain circumstances,
the heat build-up can even destroy the tyre in the space of a few minutes by
causing separation of the tread from the carcass (this is called a "blow-out").
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Generally, the maximum permissible speed for a passenger car tyre is
determined by the vehicle speed at which a standing wave arises: e.g.,
approximately 150 km/h (93 mph) for a bias-ply tyre. (This value is smaller if
the tyre pressure is lower.) A radial-ply tyre, on the other hand, can withstand
higher vehicle speeds since its carcass is securely held by rigid belts, and is less
subject to deformation.
STARTER
A mechanism that starts the engine. The starter is attached to the engine
cylinder block and engages with the ring gear on the flywheel.
Turning on the ignition switch activates the electric motor in the starter, which
"turns over" or "cranks" the engine (rotates the crankshaft, to which the
flywheel is attached).
This causes the engine to begin operating; cranking stops when the engine is
capable of running on its own.
STATIC ELECTRICITY
A small electrical shock that may be felt when an electrical conductor such as
metal is touched. In an automobile, a door is a good example of this; this occurs
because of the difference in electrical potential that is produced when your
clothing rubs against the seat. In order to avoid this startling shock, you can
ground yourself by touching a metal part of the vehicle while (not after!) exiting.
STATIC STEERING
* Stationary Steering
STATION WAGON (ESTATE CAR)
A "two-box car", in which the rear seats are not separated from the cargo space.
These seats can fold down to form a continuation of the deck of the cargo space.
Also, the roof does not slope down over the rear, as in a sedan, but continues
straight back until it reaches the rear of the vehicle.
STATIONARY STEERING - (STATIC STEERING)
Turning the steering wheel with the vehicle stopped. This is often done while
parking or turning around in a tight space. On a vehicle without power steering,
stationary steering requires more effort as the steering wheel is harder to turn
when the vehicle is stopped than when it is moving.
STEEL WHEELS
Disc wheels made of pressed plate steel. Many cars use them because they are
sturdy and cost less than the more light-weight aluminium- or magnesium-alloy
("mag") wheels.
STEEL-BELTED RADIAL TIRE
A tyre with rows of fine steel wires built into the tread. These radials have better
cornering performance and resist wear better than textile radials, which are
made with nylon and polyester fibres.
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STEERING AXIS INCLINATION (KING PIN ANGLE)
One aspect of wheel alignment. The axis around which the wheel rotates as it
turns to the left or right is called the "steering axis". Looking at the front wheels
from the front, the "steering axis inclination" (SAI) is the degree to which the
steering axis varies from the true vertical. The inclination of the steering axis
(which was once an actual component called the "kingpin") determines the force
with which the wheel will attempt to return to the straight-ahead position after a
turn. The distance between
1) the point at which line drawn through the steering axis meets the ground,
and
2) the point at which he wheel centreline meets the ground is called the
"offset" or "scrub radius".
A smaller offset makes the steering wheel easier to turn.
STEERING COLUMN
A shaft that transmits steering wheel rotation to the steering gears. The steering
column is made up of the main shaft, and the column tube (attached to the
body). In a collision, the column tube collapses, absorbing and reducing the
shock that otherwise would be directly applied to the driver.
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STEERING GEARS
Gears that change steering wheel rotation to straight-line, lateral movements,
and then transmit those movements to the wheels, thereby changing the
direction in which the wheels point. These gears also help to make the steering
wheel easier to turn.
* Rack-and-pinion Steering, Re-circulating ball Steering
STEERING LINKAGE
The components that transmit the movement of the steering wheel from the
steering gears to the tyres. The linkage is made up of rods and arms.
STEERING MAIN SHAFT
A shaft that transmits steering wheel rotation to the steering gears. Some shafts
are designed to collapse in a collision in order to reduce the impact applied to
the driver.
STEERING SYSTEM
A system, consisting of a steering wheel, steering column, steering gears,
steering linkage, etc., used to change vehicle direction.
* Steering Column, Steering Gears, Steering Linkage, Steering Main Shaft,
Steering Wheel Pad; Rack-and-pinion Steering, Re-circulating-ball Steering,
Power Steering, Progressive Power Steering
STEERING WHEEL LOCK
A device used to prevent vehicle theft by locking the steering wheel shaft when
the vehicle is parked.
The standard method is to use a pawl that fits into a groove in the steering main
shaft when the ignition key is removed. The steering main shaft lock can only be
released by turning the ignition switch.
STEERING WHEEL PAD
The centre of the steering wheel, which is generally where the horn button is
situated.
* Safety Pad
STICK SHIFT
* Manual Transmission
STRAIGHT-FOUR ENGINE
* In-line Engine
STRAIGHT-SIX ENGINE
* In-line Engine
STOKE (St)
The unit used most commonly in hundredths (or centistoke) to measure a fluids
viscosity.
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STROKE
The distance that one component moves linearly in relation to another
component.
* Bore, Piston Stroke, Pedal Stroke
STRUT BAR
A bar supporting the axle on a strut suspension. Strut bars bear the longitudinal
forces that act on the suspension.
STRUT-TYPE COIL-SPRING SUSPENSION
This widely used type of suspension consists of coil springs mounted on the
shock absorbers. This arrangement provides for a smooth ride, as it reduces
shock from the road surface.
* MacPherson Strut Suspension; Coil Spring, Shock Absorber, Strut Bar
STUB FRAME
* Sub-frame
STUDDED TYRE
* Spiked Tyre
STUDLESS TYRE
Tyres with a unique tread pattern made of a rubber that does not harden at low
temperatures. Studless tyres help to prevent the vehicle from skidding and
sliding on frozen surfaces even without the use of spikes.
* Spiked Tyre
SUB-ASSEMBLY
A component made by joining two or more smaller parts by welding, bolts,
crimping, etc.
SUB-FRAME (STUB FRAME)
A small frame used on vehicles with monocoque bodies. It carries the front
suspension and/or differential carrier.
The sub-frame is attached to the body with rubber mounts, insulating the body
from vibrations coming from the road surface. The sub-frame also improves
vehicle stability and control.
SUN ROOF
A panel in the middle of the roof that can be opened and closed for ventilation,
and to let sunlight in. Some panels open by sliding, while others utilise a
removable panel. When the panel is made of glass, it is called a moon roof.
SUN ROOF MONITORING SYSTEM
A system that causes a buzzer to sound if the engine is turned off with the sun
roof left open.
SUN ROOF VISOR
A wind deflector panel installed at the front of the sun roof opening.
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When the sun roof is open, the visor reduces wind noise and keeps wind from
rushing into the passenger compartment.
SUPER OLEFIN BUMPER
Super olefin polymer (SOP) is a new material developed is used in bumpers to
give them a mirror suspension and/or the engine, or the rear smooth finish.
It also makes them lighter and more shock-resistant than conventional urethane
bumpers. As this material can be recycled, it also reflects environmental
concerns.
SUPER-STRUT SUSPENSION
A suspension that uses two lower arms rather than one. The location(s) at which
the super-strut suspension is connected to the wheels improves road-holding
performance. This type of suspension also improves cornering stability and
provides sportier handling. In addition, it reduces the fluctuations in power that
are transmitted from the tyres to the steering wheel, thus improving straightline stability.
SUPERCHARGER
A supercharger is an air pump or compressor that forces pressurised air into the
cylinders during the intake stroke of the engine. Increased density intake air,
along with additional fuel, increases power. The term supercharger is generally
applied to engine-driven compressors, but can also include exhaust-gas-driven
turbochargers, which are discussed separately. Mechanical superchargers a do
not have the lag associated with turbochargers.
A mechanism that uses the engine to force it is large amounts of air into the
cylinders in order to increase power. A supercharger utilises a compressor run by
the crankshaft to force air into the cylinders. Increasing the volume of air
pumped into the cylinders increases the amount of fuel supplied, so a
supercharger can provide more power than a non-supercharged engine with
the same displacement.
Since the supercharger uses power directly from the engine, depressing
the accelerator gives an immediate response. (A turbocharger uses the
engine's exhaust gases to do the same job as a super-charger, but its
response is a little slower. This delay is known as "turbo lag.")
Mechanically driven superchargers receive power from the crankshaft via a belt
or chain-drive. The supercharger mechanism can be either a positive
displacement type (e.g., Roots or scroll compressor), or airfoil based (e.g.,
centrifugal compressor). Since the supercharger speed is proportional to engine
speed, pressure builds instantly, giving power on demand (i.e., no lag).
Operating a supercharger continually can hurt fuel economy, so some
superchargers have a clutch to disengage the compressor when high power is
not demanded.
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Increased power "on-demand" for a given sized engine

SUPPLEMENTAL RESTRAINT SYSTEM (SRS) AIRBAG
In the event of a collision, the supplemental restraint system causes an airbag to
inflate instantaneously to supplement the seat belt in reducing driver impact
against the steering wheel.
In vehicles with only one airbag, the bag is located under the safety pad in the
centre of the steering wheel. Some models also have an airbag on the
passenger's side in the front; this airbag is located above the glove box.
Airbags help the seat belt hold the driver (and front passenger if there are two
airbags) in place during a collision.
* Electronic Airbag System
SUSPENSION BALL JOINT
A joint that connects the suspension arm to the axles (steering knuckles) and
serves as a hinge, absorbing changes in position when the wheel turns or moves
up and down.
SUSPENSION
A system of bars, struts, springs etc., which supports the body and connects it
with the wheels. It also improves riding comfort by absorbing road shocks.
The two main types of suspension are "rigid axle-suspension", which connects
the axles with the wheels, and "independent suspension", which is installed
separately on each wheel and moves independently.
Independent Suspension
Rigid Axle Suspension
MacPherson Strut
Parallel Leaf Spring
Double Wishbone
Transversal Leaf Spring
Coil Spring
De Dion
Pneumatic Cylinder
4-Link
Torsion Bar
Leading Arm with Lateral Load

Trailing Arm with Lateral Load
Diagonal Link
Full Trailing Arm
Semi Trailing Arm
Trailing Arm with Twist Beam

(also called Semi-Rigid
Axle Suspension)
Swing Axle
Dual Link
Multi-Link
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SYNCROMESH MECHANISM
A mechanism in a manual transmission that fits between a forward gear and its
clutch hub and synchronises their rotational speeds to ensure smoother shifting.
If a mechanism such as this were not provided, gear crunching would occur
when the transmission was downshifted (from fourth gear to third, for example),
because the rotational speeds of the gear and clutch hub would not be the same,
and the gears would not engage well.
However, in reality, a rotating synchroniser ring between the gear and the clutch
hub makes them rotate at nearly the same speed, providing smoother, quieter
shifting. (Note that the clutch hub mentioned here has nothing to do with the
clutch used to disengage the transmission from the engine; the clutch hubs are
used in shifting the transmission and are located inside the transmission itself.)
SYNTHETIC BASE STOCK
Lubricating base stock made by a series of chemical reactions to produce a
finished material with controlled and predictable properties. Includes a wide
range of chemicals, such as esters, PAOs, hydrocracked polyglycols and other
complex copolymers.
T
TACHOMETER
A gauge showing engine speed (that is, the engine rpm, or number of
revolutions made by the engine crankshaft each minute). The size of the current
or the frequency of the electrical pulses generated by the distributor or ignition
coil is proportional to the engine rpm. The tachometer relies on this relationship
to measure engine rpm. To help prevent engine damage due to overrunning of
the engine, the tachometer is marked with a red zone to indicate dangerously
high engine speeds.
TAIL LAMPS
* Rear Combination Lamp
TAPPET
* Valve Lifter
TARGA TOP (DETACHABLE SUN ROOF)
A removable roof section located over the front seats. Convertibles are vehicles
with removable tops, but more recently roofs with a removable section over the
front seats only have become popular. Another popular style is the T-bar roof,
which has removable panels, leaving only a T-shaped bar down the middle.
T-BAR ROOF
A roof whose left and right panels can be removed, leaving only the centre
section running from front to rear.
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Removing the roof panels gives the same feeling as driving in an open car. With
the panels removed, the roof resembles the letter T, giving the design its name.
TELESCOPIC STEERING WHEEL
An adjustable steering wheel that can be moved closer to or farther from the
driver. The steering column can be telescoped in or out, making it possible for
the steering wheel to be pulled out or pushed in about 4 cm (1/2 in.). The driver
can use this with the slide-seat mechanism and seat reclining mechanism to coordinate the seat position and steering wheel distance for the most comfortable
driving position.
* Auto-Tiltaway Steering Wheel, Tilt Steering Wheel
TEMPERED GLASS
Tempered glass is about four times stronger than normal glass and crumbles,
rather than shattering, when broken. It is mostly used for the side and rear
windows.
* Laminated Glass, Zone-tempered Glass
TEMPORARY-USE TYRE
One type of emergency tyre that can be used to replace a flat tyre. To conserve
trunk space and lighten the vehicle, this type of tyre is made narrower than a
standard tyre. To identify the tyre as non-standard, the wheel is painted yellow.
A temporary-use tyre should be replaced as soon as possible with a normal tyre.
* Emergency Spare Tyre
TEN-MODE DRIVING PATTERN
This is a method or schedule for driving a vehicle to measure its fuel
consumption under certain fixed conditions; for example, warming up,
accelerating, cruising decelerating, stopping, accelerating, etc. Various countries
use various different driving patterns.
* Ten-mode Fuel Economy Rating
TEN-MODE FUEL ECONOMY RATING
This is a method used to rate the fuel economy (fuel consumption) of vehicles in
some countries. It is calculated based on the ten-mode driving pattern.
Under this method, fuel consumption is measured under the same conditions for
cars using the ten-mode method, so results are often used to compare the fuel
efficiency of one type of car to that of another.
This rating method gives only an ideal result, however; under actual driving
conditions fuel economy is often not as good as ideal standard. For this reason,
it gives only a rough indication of the fuel economy that can be achieved by a
vehicle under normal conditions.
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THEATRE LIGHTING / ILLUMINATED ENTRY
Theatre lighting is an enhancement to the illuminated entry feature. Illuminated
entry can turn on interior lights when a door is opened, the remote key
transmits an unlock-signal, or the customer lifts a door handle. Theatre lighting:
ramps up the lights when the door is opened,

keeps lights on for about 20 seconds after the door is closed, and
dims the lights gradually over a period of about 2 seconds.
An electronic circuit detects the various signals that turn on the interior
lights. With Ford's implementation of theatre lighting, the circuit sends
power to the lights according to the profile shown in the illustration
above. Other illuminated entry features remain unchanged.
A more pleasant and dramatic entry and exit experience
THERMOSTAT
A device that senses and automatically adjusts the temperature of the engine
coolant (in vehicles with water-cooled engines).
THREE-BOX CAR
A vehicle that can be conceptually divided into three "boxes": the engine
compartment, the passenger compartment, and the luggage compartment. A
standard sedan is a three-box car.
* "One-box Car", "Two-box Car"
THREE-POINT SEAT BELT
A seat belt that is composed of a lap belt combined with a shoulder belt, and is
fastened at three points. This is the standard seat belt found in the front seats of
many vehicles.
THROTTLE BODY
The component in an EFI engine that controls the volume of air taken into the
engine.
The throttle body is connected to the accelerator pedal, and is composed of such
parts as the throttle valve (which controls air intake volume) and the throttle
position sensor (which detects changes in the throttle valve opening).
THROTTLE POSITION SENSOR
A sensor in an EFI engine that detects the opening of the throttle valve.
Based on signals from this sensor, the engine control computer controls the
amount of fuel injected into the intake ports and also the ignition timing.
THROTTLE VALVE
A butterfly valve that adjusts the volume of air taken into the engine, opening
and closing in response to accelerator pedal pressure. When the throttle valve
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opens, engine rpm increases. (Note that the accelerator pedal is also sometimes
loosely referred to as the "throttle".)
TIGHT-CORNER BRAKING EFFECT (PHENOMENON)
When a part-time 4WD vehicle operating in four-wheel drive turns a sharp
corner on a dry, paved road, it reacts as if it had been braked.
This is because the turning radius of the front tyres is greater than that of the
rear tyres, so the front tires must travel a greater distance than the rear tyres,
and thus must turn faster. However, as there is no centre differential to absorb
this difference in speed, the resulting sensation (to the driver) is similar to that
when the brake pedal is depressed.
This effect is not a sign of a malfunction, but because it makes driving somewhat
difficult, it would be best to avoid driving a part-time 4WD vehicle in the 4WD
mode on dry, paved roads. (Full-time 4WD vehicles do not have this problem
because they are equipped with a centre differential, which absorbs differences
in front and rear tyre rotational speeds.)
TIGHT-CORNER BRAKING PHENOMENON
* Tight-corner Braking Effect
TILT CAB
A truck cab that tilts forward to expose the engine for inspection and repair.
TILT METER
A meter indicating the degree of vehicle tilt to front and rear and left and right,
as determined by the movement of a weight inside the meter. Tilt meters are
often provided on off-road vehicles, such as 4WD trucks and vans.
TILT STEERING WHEEL
A steering wheel whose angle can be adjusted to suit the driver's physique and
preferred driving position. A tilt steering wheel may be designed to be operated
manually, with a lever, or electrically, with a switch.
* Auto Tiltaway Steering Wheel, Telescopic Steering Wheel
TIME LAG
A slight delay that occurs before are something takes effect or produces results.
For example, the time between the moment the driver depresses the accelerator
and the moment he feels the turbocharger begin to operate is called "turbo lag".
This type of time lag occurs because exhaust gas is used to turn the turbine
wheel, and some time is required for the gas to begin turning the comparatively
heavy wheel.
A small time lag can also occur during braking and other functions.
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TIME-ADJUSTABLE INTERMITTENT WIPERS
Intermittent wipers for which the time between each pass across the windshield
is infinitely variable.
Conventional intermittent wipers operate at uniform intervals, but timeadjustable wipers have a switch with variable settings between 3 & 12 seconds,
which allows them to be adjusted to better suit driving conditions.
TIMING BELT
A toothed belt that meshes with the teeth on a timing pulley and transmits the
crankshaft rotation to the camshaft timing pulley. Timing belts on cars are
usually made of rubber or rubber-clad canvas.
TIMING GEAR (TIMING PULLEY)
The timing gear synchronises the camshaft rotation with the piston movement to
open and close the engine valves at the proper time.
TINTED WINDSHIELD
A windshield with a tinted band at the top. Tinting helps protect passengers from
the glare of the sun.
TYRE (TIRE)
The tyres not only support vehicle weight, but also transmit power and braking
force to the road surface, and allow the vehicle to change direction. Tyres also
absorb shock from the road, thus improving riding comfort.
Tyres are classified according to their construction as either bias tyres or radial
tyres. Today most passenger vehicles are equipped with radial tyres.
TYRE CHAINS (SNOW CHAINS)

Chains that can be wrapped around the tyres to allow a vehicle to be driven on
ice and snow without slipping. Chains can be classified by material into metal
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chains, and non-metal chains, such as rubber and urethane. By shape, chains
can be classified into square-mesh chains, which emphasise the prevention of
forward skidding, and lozenge-mesh and diagonal mesh chains, which emphasise
the prevention of sideways skidding.
Tyre chains must be mounted at least on the tyres of the drive, wheels (the front
wheels of FF vehicles, and rear wheels of FR vehicles), though it is advisable to
equip all four tyres with chains.
TYRE PRESSURE
The air pressure inside a tyre. Tyre pressure is an important factor in achieving
optimal tyre performance. Over-inflated tyres can cause a number of problems,
such as a bumpy ride or excessive wear on the tyre surfaces that contact the
road. Under-inflated tyres provide a comfortable ride, but may overheat, and
normal wear may occur on both shoulders of tyres.
For recommended tyre pressures, see the relevant Owner's Manual or tyre label
pasted to the side of the door or centre pillar.
TYRE ROTATION
To extend their life, tyres must be rotated" (i.e., their relative positions on the
vehicle must be changed) periodically. This is done because front and rear tyres
wear differently, and at different rates, and rotating them in this way promotes
more even wear. It is generally recommended that tyres be rotated every
10,000 to 12,000 km (6,250 to 7,500 miles). See the relevant Owner's Manual
for specific recommendations.
TYRE SIZE
Tyres come in various sizes, and provide various levels of performance. These
are indicated by codes which are stamped on the tyres. The following gives size
and performance codes for vehicle tyres:
185 / 60 R 14 82 H
Maximum permissible speed
(Q = 160 km/h;
S = 180 km/h: H =210 km/h)
Maximum permissible load
(78 = 425 kg; 80 = 450 kg;
82 = 475 kg)
Rim diameter (in inches)
Radial tyre code
Tyre aspect ratio
(tire height width 100
Tyre width (in mm)
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TOE (TOE-ANGLE)
* Toe-in or toe-out.
TOE-IN
One element of wheel alignment. If the front wheels could be seen from directly
overhead, they would be seen to point slightly inward in front.
Since front wheels are generally given a slight outward slant at the top (this is
called "positive camber"), which causes them to attempt to roll to the outside as
they rotate, toe-in corrects this tendency.
* Wheel Alignment
TOE-OUT
The opposite of toe-in.
TORQUE
The force that causes an object to rotate. Torque in the automotive world refers
to:
1) the rotational force generated by the engine; and
2) the amount of force needed to turn or tighten a bolt, nut, or screw.
The torque that is generated by the engine is created by the combustion of the
air-fuel mixture, which turns the crankshaft. The higher the combustion
pressure, and the greater the distance the pistons travel in the cylinders, the
greater the torque that is generated.
Greater torque gives a vehicle greater power to move forward, and enables it to
move forward tenaciously when climbing a hill or carrying a heavy load. In
general, the fewer fluctuations in torque, the easier the vehicle is to drive.
Torque is generally measured in "kg-m" (kilogram-meters), "N-m" (Newton
meters), or "ft-lb" (foot-pounds); smaller units of torque are "kg-cm" (kilogramcentimetres) and "in-lb" (inch-pounds). (Recently, the letter "f" [standing for
"force"] has been added to these units, creating "kgf-m", "kgf-cm", "ft-lbf", and
"in-lbf" [but not "Nf-m"]. The size of the units remains the same, however.)
* Horsepower
TORQUE CONVERTER
A device used in conjunction with an automatic transmission, which both
transmits torque and multiplies it, via transmission fluid. This "torque" is that
force which is developed by the engine, and transmitted by the torque converter
to the automatic transmission. The engine's crankshaft rotates the "pump
impeller" (inside the torque converter), creating a flow of transmission fluid. This
causes the "turbine runner" (facing the pump impeller in the torque converter)
to rotate. This rotation is, in turn transmitted to the automatic transmission,
causing the torque (but not the engine speed) to increase. Since power is
transmitted to the automatic transmission hydraulically rather than
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mechanically, as with a manual transmission, the vehicle can be stopped with
the transmission in gear and the engine will not stall.
TORQUE GRAPH
The torque developed by an engine changes depending on the engine rpm; a
torque graph indicates this change.
Engines are divided into low-speed engines and high-speed engines, depending
on where on the graph maximum torque is produced. Other conditions being
equal, the greater the torque, the greater the climbing and acceleration power of
the vehicle. (See the entry Engine Performance Graph for an example of a
torque graph.)
TORQUE-SENSING LSD
An LSD (limited-slip differential) that takes advantage of the frictional force
between the thrust washers and the teeth of the worm gears to transmit torque
to the non-spinning wheel when the other wheel is spinning.
A torque-sensing LSD is able to transmit greater torque than a conventional LSD
and gives greater control on curves.
TORQUE-WEIGHT RATIO
The weight of a vehicle divided by the maximum possible torque developed by
its engine. The torque-weight ratio gives an indication of the vehicle's
acceleration power. The smaller this ratio, the greater the vehicle's climbing and
acceleration power.
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TORSION BAR SPRING
A torsion bar spring (usually simply called a "torsion bar") is part of the
suspension. It is a spring-steel rod that uses its torsional elasticity to return to
its original state once it has been twisted.
One end of the torsion bar is anchored to the frame or other structural member
of the body, and the other end to a component, such as a suspension arm, that
is subjected to a torsional load. Torsion bars are light, and simpler than coil
springs, and so are often used in the front suspension of small cars. They are
also used as stabiliser bars.
TORSION BEAM SUSPENSION
One type of rigid-axle suspension. Torsion beam suspension uses a trailing arm
connected to a crossbeam. This arrangement prevents the front-end squat that
occurs during sudden braking.
TOTAL DISPLACEMENT
The displacement of one cylinder multiplied by the total number of cylinders in
the engine.
Total displacement, expressed in cubic centimetres (cc), litres, or cubic inches
(cu. in.), has a major influence on horsepower. In some countries, automobile
taxes are based on total displacement and vehicle size.
TOWING HOOKS
Hooks used to attach towing cables to a vehicle. In general, these hooks are
attached near the bottom of the front and rear bumpers.
When towing a vehicle with hooks on both sides, each hook must be connected
to the hook on the same side of the towing vehicle. These hooks can also be
used the pull a vehicle out of a ditch or heavy mud.
TRAC
* Traction Control
TRACTION
The adhesive friction of the rotating tyres on the surface of the road. Traction
transmits the power from the engine to the road, pulling the vehicle forward.
Traction can be increased by using "stickier" tyres (tyres with a better grip), or
by increasing torque (i.e., downshifting).
TRACTION CONTROL SYSTEM (TRC, TRAC)
Traction control is designed to prevent a vehicle's wheels from spinning on
slippery surfaces. It shares many of the mechanical and electronic elements of
anti-lock brakes (ABS). Each wheel "searches" for optimum traction several
times a second and adjustment are made accordingly. All-Speed Traction Control
is designed to prevent wheel spin at any driving speed.
Another system, Traction Assist, works only at speeds below about 25 mph. It is
used primarily to avoid wheel spin when accelerating from a stop on slippery
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surfaces. The traction control system reduces wheel spinning caused by overrevving of the engine on icy or snowy roads, thereby enabling smoother takeoffs. Ordinarily, the driver must carefully regulate accelerator pressure when
cornering or taking off on slippery roads. However, the TRC uses a computer to
control the engine output when the wheels spin, enabling optimal take-off and
acceleration for the given conditions, and improving safety. At the same time, it
also controls the brake system to reduce the torque transmitted to the road.
As a result, the TRC allows maximum tyre grip, ensuring greater stability on
slippery roads.
Note: This traction control system is abbreviated "TRAC" in North America, and
"TRC" elsewhere.
The computer detects incipient wheel-spin, based on reading relative
wheel speeds. Wheel-spin is then controlled by one or a combination of
the following:
brake application at one or more wheels
closing the throttle

retarding the spark
fuel cut-out
leaner air/fuel ratio

These actions reduce the torque at any spinning wheel to improve traction.
Better use of available traction on slippery surfaces.
* Antilock Brake System (ABS)
TRACTIVE POWER
A measure of the weight that can be pulled with a device such as a winch
TRAILING-ARM SUSPENSION
A type of independent suspension. The arm that supports each rear wheel is
attached at a support point in front of the wheel. Trailing-arm suspensions are
classified as full-trailing or semi-trailing, depending on the orientation of
installation (relative to the forward direction of the vehicle). Some FF vehicles
use this type of rear suspension because of its simple construction and its
resistance to changes in toe-in and tread.
* Semi-Trailing Arm Suspension
TRAILING TWIST-BEAM SUSPENSION
A type of rigid-axle suspension. The right and left trailing arms are connected to
a twist beam inside the axle beam. Since the twist beam can twist, it helps
maintain good tyre-to-ground contact.
TRANNY
* Transmission
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TRANSAXLE
A transmission and differential combined into one unit; used with FF vehicles.
TRANSFER
The mechanism on 4WD vehicles that transmits power from the transmission to
both the front and rear wheels. On a part-time 4WD vehicle, the transfer can
also be used to switch between 2WD and 4WD.
TRANSFER GEAR RATIO
On a 4WD vehicle, the transfer distributes power from the transmission to the
front and rear wheels.
Most transfers on part-time 4WD vehicles have one gear for high speeds and
another gear for low speeds. The transfer gear ratio is the ratio between these
two gears. The driver can operate the transfer with a transfer gearshift lever
located beside the gearshift lever.
TRANSMISSION
A component of the drive train that receives power (in the form of rotation) from
the engine and transmits it to the drive wheels. Before it transmits the power,
however, it changes the direction of the rotation (forward or reverse) and/or the
"speed " of this rotation (that is, the gear ratio and torque). It does this in such
a way as to most nearly suit the driving conditions.
There are two types of transmission: manual and automatic. Automatic
transmissions can be further broken down into hydraulically controlled and
electronically controlled types.
TRC
* Traction Control
TREAD
"Tread" has two meanings in automotive use:
1) The distance between the centres of the left and right tyres. A wider
tread improves riding comfort as well as controllability and stability.
2) The layer of rubber on the surface of a tyre. Tyre tread usually has
grooves cut into it to improve traction and to allow water to drain
away.
TREAD PATTERN
The pattern of grooves cut into the tyre tread. Tread pattern not only determines
driving, turning, and stopping performance, but is also related to characteristics
such as tyre wear, noise, rolling resistance, and riding comfort. There are
several basic tread patterns:
The rib pattern consists of several parallel zigzag grooves that run
along the circumference of the tyre. This pattern is best suited for
travelling on paved roads at high speeds, and is used for a wide variety
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of vehicles, from passenger cars to buses and trucks. The 'rib pattern
helps to suppress road noise.
The grooves in the lug pattern run at roughly right angles to the tyre
circumference. Frequently used on construction machinery and truck
tyres, this tread pattern is suited for use on unpaved roads. The lug
pattern provides good traction and improved braking performance. In
this pattern, the tread is divided into independent blocks. These are
often seen on snow tyres, as the blocks improve traction, braking and
controllability.
The composite pattern combines various other patterns to provide the
advantages of each.
TREAD WEAR INDICATOR

* Bald Spot
TRIBOLOGY
The study of the lubrication and of the interaction between moving surfaces.
TRIM
* Interior Trim
TRIP METER
An odometer that can be set to zero by a reset button. A trip meter with two
mileage indicators is called a "twin trip meter". This is convenient on a long trip,
because one meter can be used, for example, to record the distance driven since
the gas tank was last filled, while the other can be used to record the total
distance driven, or the distance between one landmark and the next.
TRUNK LID OPENER
A switch or latch handle near the driver's seat used to open the trunk (boot) lid
from inside the car. To prevent theft, some trunk lid openers can be made
inoperable.
TSOP
* Super Olefin Bumper
TUBELESS TYRE
A tyre that does not use an inner tube. A thin rubber inner liner is put on the
inside of the tyre in place of the tube to prevent air from leaking through minute
cracks in the tyre. The inner liner also helps reduce air leakage if an object such
as a nail punctures the tyre. A tyre with a tube is called "tubed tyre".
TUCK-IN
A factor in cornering performance and found especially in FF vehicles. Suddenly
releasing the accelerator on a curve causes the car to steer more sharply to the
inside of the curve than the driver would expect. Recent advances in automotive
technology have curbed the tendency of vehicles to tuck in; this normally makes
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steering correction unnecessary, thereby providing more stable driving
performance.
TUNE-UP
An engine must periodically be "tuned up" to adjust and maintain its
performance. A tune-up can include changing the spark plugs, setting the
ignition timing, adjusting the idle speed, adjusting the valve clearance, etc.
(Tuning up an engine is a regular part of ordinary maintenance; "tuning" an
engine or suspension, on the other hand, means to alter its performance for
racing.)
TUNER
Equipment that receives signals (radio waves) that are broadcast by radio and
television stations. When a radio tuner is set to the desired frequency, it changes
the radio waves that it receives into electrical signals, which are then in turn
converted to sound by the speakers.
TUNGSTEN LAMP
The type of bulb used in ordinary headlights. It uses a tungsten filament, which
is filled with a gas such as argon or nitrogen to keep the tungsten from
deteriorating due to oxidation.
TURBOCHARGER
A turbocharger is basically an air pump that is designed to utilise some of the
fuel's energy that would otherwise be wasted in the form of exhaust gases.
These gases drive a turbine wheel, which is coupled to a compressor wheel by
means of a shaft. This compressor wheel is driven at high speeds, forcing more
air into the cylinders. Since turbochargers use the wasted energy of the exhaust
gases, the power output of the engine can be increased with less power loss. In
addition, a smaller engine can be used to output more power than with an unturbocharged engine.
Since the exhaust gas turns the turbine wheel like wind turning a windmill, there
is a lag (called "turbo lag") between the time the turbocharger is activated and
the time it actually begins operating at full power; once it starts producing the
extra power, however, it provides a great increase in acceleration. Furthermore,
since air is forced into the engine without putting any additional load on the
engine, more fuel can be burned, resulting in an increase in engine output.
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A supercharger performs the same function as a turbocharger, but a
supercharger is directly powered by the engine, i.e., by the crankshaft, rather
than by exhaust gas.
TURBO LAG
The lapse between the time the accelerator pedal is depressed and the time the
turbocharger effect is felt. Because the turbocharger uses exhaust gas to rotate
the turbine wheel, turbine rotation does not increase immediately when engine
speed is increased; this is "turbo lag".
Turbine wheels are now being made both smaller to reduce turbo lag, or twin
turbochargers are used.
TURN SIGNAL INDICATORS
A pair of lamps on the instrument panel that flash to let the driver know that the
turn signals or hazard lamps are operating.
* Turn Signals (Turn Signal Lamps
TURN SIGNALS (TURN SIGNAL LAMPS)
Lights at each end of the vehicle that flash to show that the driver intends to
turn or change lanes. The turn signals are operated by a turn signal lever, which
turns on a flasher, usually located on the steering column.
The flasher in turn causes the left or right turn signals to blink.
TURNING RADIUS
The distance (r) from the centre of a turn (0) to the steering linkage (S).
Changes in this distance cause the wheel or turning angles ( and ) to change
proportionally. If the left and right front wheels were to turn exactly the same
amount when the vehicle cornered, the wheels wouldn't turn around the centre
of the same circle, and turns couldn't be made smoothly in other words, sideCorporate Quality Office
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slipping would occur. To prevent this, a small difference is created in the turning
angles of the left and right tyres so they will turn around the centre of the same
circle.
This is done by so arranging the steering linkage that the turning angle of the
outside wheel is slightly smaller than that of the inside wheel ( < ). This
makes the turning radius of the outside wheel slightly longer than that of the
inside wheel (r1 > r2), ensuring that both wheels turn around the same centre.
Doing this prevents the uneven tyre wear and various power losses that would
otherwise occur as the inside front tyre slipped or skidded sideways while
turning (grey area in figure a.)
TWIN TURBOS
Two turbochargers installed on one engine. Exhaust gas is used to rotate the
turbine wheel of a turbocharger, but if the engine rpm does not rise high
enough, the turbocharger effect will not be produced. Also, a time lag also exists
between the moment the driver depresses the accelerator, and the moment he
begins to feel the turbocharger effect. The twin turbo engine was designed with
these problems in mind. Providing two smaller turbochargers(rather than one
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larger one) allows the turbine wheels to start turning sooner, providing the turbo
effect at a lower engine rpm, and decreasing turbo lag.
* Turbo Lag
TWIN-CAM ENGINE
TWIN-ENTRY TURBO
In most turbochargers, there is a single passage which channels exhaust gas to
the turbine wheel and causes it to rotate. The twin-entry turbo, however, has
two passages for this.
Having two passages helps maintain a smooth flow of exhaust gas through the
turbocharger, improves turbine rotation efficiency, and increases power. In
addition, it improves response by reducing turbo lag.
TWO-BARREL CARBURETOR
A carburettor with two air passages, called "barrels". The two-barrel design
improves fuel economy under normal driving conditions and increases engine
power at high speeds. This type of carburettor uses only one barrel at low rpm's,
as the amount of air needed by the engine is low. At high rpm's, the other barrel
opens automatically to provide more air and thus greater power.
* Air-fuel Ratio
TWO-BOX CAR
A vehicle that can be conceptually divided into two "boxes":
1) the engine compartment; and
2) the passenger compartment and cargo space.
A station wagon is a good example of a two-box car.
* "One-box Car", "Three-box Car"
TWO-CYCLE ENGINE
A two-cycle engine completes one full sequence of intake, compression,
combustion, and exhaust as the piston goes up and down once (one up-stroke
plus one down stroke equals two cycles). (By contrast, in the other common
design, a four-cycle engine, one full sequence of intake through exhaust requires
two round trips piston to be completed.)
Since a two-cycle engine produces twice as many explosions, it has such
advantages as producing more power for the same displacement and less engine
weight. However, fuel economy and low-speed torque suffer in comparison.
Currently, the two-cycle design is used for engines comparatively small
displacement, such as those for motorcycles and mini-compact cars.
TWO-POINT SEATBELT (LAP BELT)
This type of seat belt is used in the rear seats of passenger cars, and in
passenger vehicles such as buses
* Three Point Seatbelt
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TWO-WAY AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION
An automatic transmission with a lock-up clutch in the torque converter. (The
lock-up clutch directly links the transmission with the engine, as if the torque
converter were not there; see Lock-up Clutch.) "Two-way" means that engine
power can be transmitted directly in this way, as well as through the torque
converter in the normal way.
When a vehicle with this type of transmission is being driven above a medium
speed, the lock-up clutch engages automatically, the and power is transmitted
directly to the transmission, just as in the case of a of the manual transmission.
This design reduces power loss and improves fuel economy. At low speeds, on
the other hand, power is transmitted through the torque converter as usual to
provide greater torque. This means that this type of transmission is able to
combine the benefits of a manual transmission with the convenience of an
automatic transmission.
TWO-WHEEL DRIVE (2WD, 2 X 4)
The most common drive configuration: two wheels (either the front or the rear
wheels) are used to move the vehicle. The three types of two-wheel drive
usually are:
1) FF (front-engine, front-wheel-drive);
2) FR (front-engine, rear-wheel-drive); and
3) MR (mid-engine, rear-wheel-drive)
U
U-BOLT
A U-shaped bolt used to attach leaf springs to the axle; mainly used on trucks to
join the chassis frame to the main sills.
UNDERSTEER
Steering that tends to cause the vehicle to go wide when speeding up in a turn.
* Oversteer
UNIBODY CONSTRUCTION (UNITIZED BODY)
* Monocoque Body
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UNVERSAL JOINT
One of the joints on the propeller shaft; its purpose is to absorb changes in the
angle of the propeller shaft vis-a-vis the transmission and differential so that it
can transmit power smoothly, quietly, and with as little loss as possible, from
the transmission to the differential. There are several type of universal joint, as
shown below:
Hookes
Joint
Universal
joint
Flexible
joint
Constant
velocity
joint
Tripod
Type
Birfield (Rzeppa) Type
The function of the propeller shaft is to transmit power from the transmission to
differential. The transmission is normally installed on the chassis or frame, and
the differential and the rear axle are supported by the suspension. Therefore,
the position of the differential in relation to the transmission constantly changes,
in accordance with the road surface conditions and the size of the load.
The propeller shaft must be designed in such a way that it transmits power
smoothly from the transmission to the differential without being affected by such
changes. For this purpose, a universal joint is installed at each end of the
propeller shaft to absorb vertical changes in the angle of the suspension.
Moreover, a sleeve yoke is incorporated to absorb changes in the distance
between the transmission and the differential.
UNLEADED GASOLINE
In many countries, the most commonly used type of gasoline at present. A
common method of raising the octane rating of gasoline used to be to mix lead
compounds (tetraethyl lead or alkyl lead) with the gasoline. However, newer
methods of raising the octane rating without adding lead have now been
developed; these methods not only improve engine performance, but are more
environmentally friendly".
UNSPRUNG WEIGHT
The tyres, wheels, axles, and other weight located (functionally speaking) below
the suspension. Less unsprung weight transmits less vibration from the road
surface, giving a more comfortable ride.
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URETHANE BUMPER
A bumper containing urethane, a highly shock-absorbent polyurethane. The
bumper is attached to a reinforcement panel which holds it to the body.
V
V-6 ENGINE
* V-Engine
V-8 ENGINE
* V-Engine
V-BELT
A belt with a V-shaped cross-section. This design provides greater contact
between belt and pulley, and transmits power more reliably. The engine V-belt
transmits crankshaft rotation to the fan, alternator, and water pump.
VACUUM SENSOR
A sensor that is used mainly in engines equipped with D-type EFI to detect the
intake manifold "pressure" (actually a vacuum).
This sensor sends signals to the Engine ECU (a small computer, called the
Engine Control Module in the US), which determines the optimal fuel injection
volume based on this data. This helps both to improve fuel economy and to
reduce unwanted exhaust emissions.
VALVE
A device that opens and closes to control the flow of gases or liquids.
Typical examples are the intake valves, which control the flow of air into the
engine cylinders, and the exhaust valves, which control the flow of burned gas
out of the cylinders.
VALVE LIFTER (TAPPET)
A tubular component of the intake and exhaust valves. Each lifter makes contact
with a cam lob on the camshaft. As the cam rotates, it pushes on the valve lifter,
causing the valve to move up and down.
VALVE SPRING
The valve springs push against the intake and exhaust valves, closing the
valves. Each valve opens and closes in response to cam movement, opening
when the lobe (the oblong part) of the cam compresses the spring. As the cam
releases the spring, the spring forces the valve closed. The valve springs also
serve to support the valves.
VAN
A vehicle in which the passenger compartment and luggage compartment are
combined. The seats can be folded down for carrying luggage and folded up for
carrying passengers.
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VAPOUR LOCK
A situation in which a fluid begins to boil or otherwise evaporate inside its
hydraulic tubing. The resultant vapour compresses under pressure, preventing
the hydraulic system from properly transmitting pressure.
In the brake system, for example, frictional heat can cause the fluid in the brake
lines to boil, giving rise to bubbles in the fluid. Depressing the brake pedal
compresses these bubbles, causing the pedal to feel spongy" (that is, to offer
little resistance).
Vapour lock can be caused by using the brakes too much while going down a
long hill, making it very important to use the engine to help brake the vehicle.
* Engine Braking
VARIABLE ASSIST POWER STEERING (VAPS)
Variable Assist Power Steering changes the power assist depending on vehicle
speed. At low speeds, steering assist is greater, resulting in lower efforts for lowspeed turns and parking. At freeway speeds, assist is reduced, resulting in
relatively higher efforts for better road feel from the steering wheel. Some
systems, such as used on Continental, allow the driver to select among different
steering-assist modes (levels).
Most production power steering systems use a hydraulic pump driven by
the engine. To reduce the power assist, the flow of power steering fluid to
the steering gear is restricted. Some systems can switch between two
flow levels for low or high assist. Other systems have multiple levels to
provide smoother transitions and better steering feel at intermediate speeds. An
alternative to restricting fluid flow is an electrical-powered system which can also
provide multiple levels of assist.
Combination of reduced steering effort and good road feel
VEHICLE EMERGENCY-MESSAGING SYSTEM (VEMS)
This system allows the driver to push a single button in an emergency to contact
a service centre, which dispatches appropriate emergency services. Ford's
system, first installed in the Continental, is called Remote Emergency Satellite
Cellular Unit (RESCU). The system allows the occupants to talk to a service
centre representative via cellular phone, and also transmits the following
information:
Type of alarm (roadside assistance or medical emergency)
Vehicle identification number

Vehicle location
Last recorded speed and direction of the vehicle
Time associated with the last recorded position
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Call-back phone number of the vehicle's cellular phone
The voice channel allows the centre to provide the following services:
Maintain direct voice contact until emergency help arrives
Notify pre-designated family contacts or friends in case of emergency
Provide estimated time of arrival of roadside assistance
Call back to confirm resolution of the problem
A possible enhancement to VEMS is automatic activation of the system when the
vehicle's airbags are deployed.
The RESCU system includes a cellular telephone that dials the RESCU
Response Centre in Irving, Texas. Vehicle location is determined through
a global positioning system (GPS) receiver in the vehicle. Vehicle position
and speed are continuously fed to the RESCU computer, which
determines the direction of the vehicle.
RESCU can be manually activated through one of two buttons on the overhead
console; one for roadside assistance, the other for police or medical emergency.
Some systems include automatic activation when an airbag is deployed (RESCU
does not automatically activate). Once the system is activated, a voice channel
is opened while data is transmitted to the centre and displayed on the computer
of the person at the service centre who talks to the driver. The service centre
assesses the emergency and relays the message either to the local 911 system,
or to the roadside assistance centre. In case the driver is unable to speak, the
emergency is immediately relayed to 911. The driver can press a cancel button if
the system is activated by mistake.
Safety and security; with customer not able to obtain help quickly in
case of accident or other emergency
VARIABLE INDUCTION SYSTEMS
There are two types of variable air induction systems:
1. Variable Induction System (VIS)
Passages in the intake manifold are opened or closed by a computer in
response to engine rpm, thus ensuring an efficient intake of air into the
cylinders - one which more closely matches engine conditions. At low and
medium speeds, the so-called "induction passages" are closed by air
control valves, constricting the intake manifold and causing the air to
move at a higher velocity into the cylinders. This improves air intake
efficiency at these speeds.
At high speeds, the internal resistance would become so great that the
engine would begin to lose power, so the air control valves are opened.
This increases the effective diameter of the intake manifold, reducing
intake air resistance.
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2. Acoustic Control Induction System (ACIS).
The effective length of the intake manifold is increased or decreased by
the opening and closing of air control valve(s) in accordance with engine
conditions.
At low speeds and under small loads, or at high speeds and large loads,
the valves are open, shortening the intake manifold; at high speeds and
small loads, or at low speeds and large, the valves are closed, lengthening
the intake manifold.
VARIABLE VALVE TIMING (VVT)
Variable valve timing allows the point at which an engine's valves open and close
to change with operating conditions -- such as engine speed and throttle
position. In addition to changing the valve timing with respect to the crankshaft,
some systems also change the duration the valve is open and the extent to
which it opens (ie, lift) Varying these parameters allows the engine to operate
more efficiently at all engine speeds while maintaining good driveability.
A system that adjusts the timing of the opening and closing of the intake and
exhaust valves, as well as the degree of valve opening, in response to engine
rpm. This helps to stabilise engine output and idling.
Traditionally, camshafts open and close intake and exhaust valves at
fixed points in the engine cycle, regardless of engine speed or throttle
position. Variable valve timing can employ several mechanisms to change
valve opening and closing. It can affect either the intake valves and/or
the exhaust valves, depending on the design. Some methods include advancing
or retarding the cams or valves (with respect to crankshaft angle), or activating
additional camshafts or rocker arms.
Improved power, fuel economy and emissions (depending on the system)
VARNISH (LACQUERS)
Thin, insoluble film forming on engine parts which leads to ring sticking and
fouling of close tolerance parts. Primarily occurs in high temperature areas and
can be controlled by detergents.
VEHICLE IDENTIFICATION NUMBER (VIN)
A number used to identify a vehicle globally. Many countries use a frame
number. A VIN number is given to each vehicle in accordance with the laws
governing vehicles. Each VIN number, given by Mahindra, consists of letters,
numbers and symbols. VIN numbers are used in almost all the countries at the
present:
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Each VIN consists of a WMI (World Manufacturer Identifier), VDS (Vehicle
Description Section) and VIS (Vehicle Indicator Section) in this order; seventeen
characters and numbers are used in total, as shown below:
MA1
PH4DD X2D10053
WMI (World Manufacturer
Identification)
VDS (Vehicle Description Section)
VIS (Vehicle Indicator Section)
(Refer M&Ms drawing # 0028181, for the details of the each digits)
* Name Plate
VEHICLE MODEL CODE
A code used to ensure that the specifications of a vehicle match those that were
requested. The model code used by Mahindra has the following form:
B X 5 2 6 M G N
Special Features (Optional)
Special Features
Body Options
Seating Options
Drive (2WD/4WD)
Transmission Speed (4 Sp/5 Sp)
Type of Engine
Product Family
VEHICLE-SPEED-RESPONSIVE AUTOMATIC DOOR LOCK
A system which ensures the automatic locking of all doors when the vehicle
speed exceeds a certain speed (e.g., 20 km/h or 12 mph).
This system uses the vehicle's speed sensor to detect when the vehicle has
exceeded a set speed, and activates an electric switch to lock the doors
VEHICLE-SPEED-SENSING POWER STEERING
A type of power steering which changes the amount of steering assist in
response to vehicle speed. The steering wheel turns much more easily at low
speeds, such as when parking, but high-speed response is better, providing
greater stability.
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* Engine-speed-sensing Power Steering, Progressive Power Steering
VISION ENHANCEMENT SYSTEM (ALL-WEATHER/NIGHT VISION)
All-weather/night vision provides the driver with information about objects in the
path of the vehicle that could not normally be seen at night or in adverse
conditions. It is especially helpful for identifying pedestrians and animals
crossing in front of the vehicle. Some systems can also display information about
the roadway, such as the proximity of upcoming vehicles and changes in the
road. The information is generally displayed in the driver's normal field of vision.
All-weather/night vision systems can use either radar or infrared
lights/receiver on the front of the vehicle. Data is fed into a computer
which continually processes the information and creates an image
displayed in front of the driver. Potential capability includes ability to
distinguish between other vehicles or obstructions and non-threatening objects,
reducing the possibility of false alarms.
Safety and improved vision at night, or during adverse conditions.
V-ENGINE
An engine whose cylinder block is arranged Model name in two "banks", forming
a "V" shape. For the same number of cylinders, this arrangement reduces the
engine's height and length in comparison to an in-line engine. Engines with six
cylinders and eight cylinders are called V-6 and V-8 engines, respectively.
* In-line Engine, Horizontally Opposed Engine
VENTILATED DISC BRAKES
Disc brakes that have a greater ability to dissipate heat than ordinary solid disc
brakes. Friction causes brakes to become hot, leading to problems such as
vapour lock and possible brake failure. Ventilated disc brakes use double disc
rotors, between which air passages are provided; air flows through these
passages, improving heat dissipation.
VENTILATOR
A device that brings fresh air into the vehicle and expels stale air. Most
ventilators blow in fresh air through the air conditioner blower ports on the
dashboard. Stale air is forced out by this through small passages in the doors
quarter pillars, and other openings.
VENTURI
Narrow air passages in the carburettor. The strong suction generated by the
venturi causes fuel to be drawn down into the barrel of the carburettor, where it
mixes with the air. The resultant air-fuel mixture then enters the intake
manifold, where it is sent to the cylinders for combustion. The venturi may be
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made either with a cross section of a fixed size (a "fixed venturi") or with a cross
section of a size that varies with air flow volume (a "variable venturi).
VERTICAL SEAT ADJUSTER
A seat adjuster that is used to adjust the driver's seat to a comfortable height
for driving. The adjuster can raise and lower the entire and seat cushion, or raise
and lower the front and rear of the cushion separately.
VIBRATION-DAMPING SHEET STEEL
Sheet steel that is used in the vehicle body to damp (reduce) vibration. The
composite type 6ses a layer of high polymer resin sandwiched between two steel
sheets. The simple type uses a single steel sheet with special vibration-damping
materials imbedded in it. The composite type is standard because it is more
cost-effective.
VIN
* Vehicle Identification Number
VISCOSITY
A measure of a liquids resistance to flow its thickness, in simple terms.
VISCOSITY INDEX (VI)
The rate at which a liquids viscosity changes with temperature, usually
decreasing. The higher the VI the less change occurs.
VISCOSITY INDEX IMPROVER (VII)
Additive that improves the Viscosity Index of an oil. Usually a complex polymer
that interacts with the oil molecules to reduce the mobility at a rate which
increases with temperature thereby reducing the oil tendency to become less
viscous or thinner.
VISCOUS COUPLING
A device that couples two components together via oil rather than mechanically
One type of viscous coupling takes advantage of the viscosity (thickness) of oil
to distribute engine torque to the front and rear wheels in 4WD vehicles.
* Viscous LSD
VISCOUS LSD
When a wheel on one side of a vehicle Station Wagon starts spinning, the
viscous LSD (limited slip differential) uses a viscous coupling to send power to
the wheel on the opposite side.
This prevents wheels from spinning on slippery road surfaces, and provides
greater traction. Straight-line stability is also improved at high speeds, and
cornering is easier on slippery surfaces.
VOICE ACTIVATION
Voice activated control systems allow the occupants to use voice commands to
control a variety of vehicle systems and features. Voice activation works with
such features as cellular telephone, audio system, navigation, climate control,
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and other electronically-controlled systems. At present, primary controls and
those crucial to safety are not candidates. Voice activation system can reduce
accidents by minimising the time the driver's hands are off the wheel and eyes
are off the road.
Voice activated control systems interface with other systems through
multiplexing networks. Voice commands are processed by the computer
and an appropriate signal sent to the commanded device. The system is
designed to work with any spoken voice, without requiring training for
each individual user. By comparison, current voice activation systems for cellular
phones are limited in functionality (i.e., able to recognise only a small number of
commands), and must be trained to recognise the voice of the user.
Potential safety advantage and improved convenience
VOLATILITY
A measure of the oils resistance to evaporation, which would require more
frequent top up to replace the lost lubricant.
VOLTAGE REGULATOR
* Regulator
VVT
* Variable Valve Timing
W
WAGON
* Station Wagon
WALK-THROUGH VAN
A van with a high ceiling so the driver can walk from the driver's seat to the rear
area. This means that the driver does not need to get out of the vehicle to go to
the rear of the vehicle.
WANKEL ENGINE
* Rotary Engine
WARM-UP
Running a cold engine at idle speed until it is warm enough to run normally.
When the engine is cold, gasoline does not vaporise well and engine oil is too
thick (its viscosity is too high) to get into and lubricate small spaces in the
engine. These factors cause the engine to run rough until the engine warms up
to its normal operating temperature.
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WARNING LAMPS
Lamps, such as the low-fuel warning lamp, that are located on the instrument
panel, and provide the driver with information necessary for driving, or problems
with the engine, brakes, oil, etc.
* Indicator Lamps
WASHER FLUID
Liquid used by the window washer to clean the windshield.
The main ingredient is alcohol, but the fluid also contains a mixture of soap,
water, and an anti-rust compound. It is designed not to damage rubber or paint.
WASHER MOTOR
A small motor that pumps washer fluid to the washer nozzle. The washer motor
is installed at the bottom of the washer fluid tank.
WASHER NOZZLE
A nozzle from which washer fluid is sprayed. Normally, a windshield has two
nozzles, one at each side of the engine hood. They are often hidden in the grid
panel that lies directly in front of the windshield.
WASTE GATE VALVE
To prevent engine breakdown due to excessive boost pressure generated by the
turbocharger, this regulator valve prevents the pressure from rising above a
specific setting.
Exhaust gas turns the turbocharger turbine. A by-pass valve in the exhaust gas
passage opens to let out excess exhaust gas, thereby regulating turbine speed.
* Turbocharger
WATER JACKET
A collection of water passages for engine coolant, which removes the heat
generated by the engine. The water jacket runs inside the cylinder block and
cylinder head. The water pump sends coolant from the radiator to the water
jacket to cool the engine, after which the coolant flows back to the radiator.
WATER PUMP
A pump that circulates engine coolant. The water pump is installed at the front
of the engine block and is operated by the engine.
WATER TEMPERATURE GAUGE
A gauge showing the engine coolant temperature when the ignition switch is on.
If the indicator needle goes into the red (HOT) zone, the engine is in danger of
overheating, and the driver should stop open the hood, and wait with the engine
idling until the coolant temperature goes down.
WAX
Applying wax to the vehicle body protects the body, increases the lustre of the
paint, and prevents dirt from sticking to the body. Wax should be applied to the
body -once a month, or whenever water no longer beads s up on the body. The
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vehicle should be washed before wax is applied, and the body temperature
should not be higher than 350 C (950 F). Higher temperatures may cause spotting
of the wax. Waxes containing rubbing compound are good for getting the surface
clean, but may also remove some of the paint and decrease its lustre, so waxes
without rubbing compound are preferable.
WEAR INDICATOR
* Bald Spot
WEATHER STRIP
Rubber strips installed around the doors, trunk, and windows, to keep out dust,
water, and noise.
WEDGE SHAPE
A vehicle design with a low nose and a raised rear. At high speeds, the vehicle is
pressed down against the road and the weight on tyres increases. This causes
the vehicle to "hug the road". Since the design is related to speed, it is most
often used for sports cars and race cars.
WET MULTIPLE-DISC CLUTCH
A clutch that is used in place of a centre differential in some 4WD vehicles; also,
a type of clutch used in automatic transmissions.
WHEEL
* Disc Wheel
WHEEL ALIGNMENT
The angle of installation of the wheels relative to the ground and the suspension.
Wheel alignment affects stability and controllability, and also affects tyre wear.
The various alignment angles are called camber", "caster", "toe-in", and "toe
out".
WHEEL BALANCE
There are two types of wheel balance commonly used: static and dynamic.
Static balance means the balance of the wheel while it is at rest ("static");
further more, this is balance in the radial direction (that is, as seen when
looking at the wheel face-on). If a wheel with static imbalance is mounted on
a shaft and held vertically, the e wheel will rotate until it comes to rest with
the heavy spot (the spot that is causing the imbalance) at the bottom.
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Dynamic balance is the balance of the wheel while it is rotating; this is

balance in the lateral (side-to-side) direction. A wheel with dynamic imbalance
will be seen to wobble or shimmy when viewed edge-on.
WHEEL BALANCING
Unbalanced wheels can cause body vibration (shake) and steering wheel
vibration (flutter), degrading steering stability and controllability and preventing
a comfortable ride. To avoid these problems, wheel balance must be checked
before tyres are installed.
To do this, lead weights are attached at various places on the wheel rim to
achieve the proper wheel balance; this process is called "wheel balancing".
WHEEL BASE
The distance between the front and rear axles. Lengthening the wheel base
provides a more comfortable ride and increases interior space, but at the same
time, the convenience of a smaller turning radius is lost.
WHEEL CYLINDER
One of the parts of a drum brake. Depressing the brake pedal causes hydraulic
pressure to act on the wheel cylinder of each wheel. The wheel cylinder then
forces the brake shoes against the brake drum.
WHEEL HOUSING
A cavity inside the body that houses a wheel. The front wheel housing must be
large enough to provide room for the wheels to turn to the right and left.
WHEEL OFFSET
One dimension of a wheel. Wheel offset is the distance from the installation
surface of the wheel to an imaginary line that runs down the centre of the wheel
rim.
WHITE SMOKE
White smoke comes out of the tailpipe of every kind of vehicle on occasion, but
it is especially seen in vehicles with diesel engines.
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A diesel engine generally emits white smoke when running at low temperatures,
when starting, or when driving at high altitudes. This smoke indicates poor
combustion and that unburned fuel remains in the exhaust. White smoke is
undesirable because it contains HC (hydrocarbons) and their oxides.
WIDE TYRE
* Low-aspect Tyre
WINCH
A device that moves or pulls objects by winding up a cable. The end of the cable
can be attached to a the tree or other fixed object to pull a vehicle out when it is
stuck in sand or snow, etc. Winches may be either manual or motor powered.
They are mainly used on off-road 4WD vehicles.
WIND DEFLECTORS
Wind deflectors change the direction of wind flow around the vehicle. They are
often installed on the tops of large trucks to reduce wind drag. They are also
installed on the front edge of sunroofs to prevent wind from rushing into the
vehicle when the sunroof is open.
WIND NOISE
An unpleasant noise that is created when travelling at high speeds by
components such as door mirrors that protrude from the body of the vehicle and
disturb the flow of air around the body. This problem can be alleviated by
streamlining the body.
WINDOW REGULATOR
A mechanism used for opening and closing a car window. It is often handcranked, but is also available with an electric motor.
WINDSCREEN
* Windshield
WINDSHIELD
The front window of a vehicle.
* Windshield Glass
WINDSHIELD GLASS
Government safety standards in many countries require safety glass to be used
for vehicle windows. Standards for front window are especially strict, stipulating
that the glass used must be not easily pierced and if cracked must not obstruct
the driver's field of vision". The types of safety glass used for vehicles include
laminated glass, tempered glass, and zone-tempered glass
WINDSHIELD WIPER WITH WASHER
Pressing the washer "on" switch will activate the washer motor. This causes the
wipers to spray washer fluid onto the windshield, and then make two or three
passes to clean it.
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WINDSHIELD WIPERS
Rubber blades that clear rainwater and dirt from the windshield to maintain the
driver's field of vision. Some vehicles also have wipers on the back windows and
headlights.
* Fully-concealed Wipers
WING
* Fender
WIPER ARM
The rod that connects the wiper blade to the wiper motor via a linkage.
WIPER BLADE
A rubber "blade" which wipes the windshield. It fits into a metal holder on the
windshield wiper, and is curved to follow the curvature of the windshield. The
rubber blade loses its wiping effectiveness with age, and could scratch the glass
if it is used over a long time period, so wiper blades should be changed
periodically.
WIPER DE-ICER
A heated wire imbedded in the bottom of the windshield. This wire heats the
windshield to prevent the wiper blades from freezing to the windshield.
WIPER LINK
A linkage, which converts the rotation of the wiper motor to the back-and-forth
movement of the wiper blades.
Y
YAW
Oscillation of the vehicle body to the left or right, especially while turning. One
cause of this is the vehicle's aerodynamic characteristics; other possible causes
include poor wheel alignment unbalanced wheels, improper tyre pressure, and
too much play in the steering system. Severe yaw can be dangerous, as it can
cause the driver to lose control of the vehicle.
* Roll, Pitch
Page 195

Y-FRAME
The ends of the this type of frame are shaped like the letter Y. In a collision, the
Y shapes absorb shock, to reduce the impact applied to passengers. This design
is often used on trucks and "one-box" wagons, which do not have a hood.
Z
ZERO-TO-FOUR ACCELERATION
A standard method of measuring vehicle acceleration in countries using the
metric system. "Zero-to-four" means acceleration from a standing stop ("zero")
to 400 meters ("four"), with the resulting time being given in seconds.
Other methods of showing acceleration performance are to measure the time
required to accelerate from a standing stop to a certain speed (e.g., 0 km/h to
100 km/h), and to determine the passing acceleration by measuring the time
required to accelerate from a uniform cruising speed to a certain higher speed
(e.g., 40 km/h to 70 km/h).
* SS Y4-mile Acceleration, Acceleration Performance
ZONE-TEMPERED GLASS
Tempering strengthens glass by preventing cracks from spreading and thus
maintaining the driver's field of vision.
In zone-tempered glass, only the centre section of the windshield is tempered.
* Tempered Glass, Laminated Glass
ZINC (ZDP)
Zinc dithiophosphate (ZDP) is the most commonly used anti-wear / oxidant
additive in engine oils.
Page 196

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