Ex No :

Date :

KINEMATICS OF CAM AND FOLLOWER

MECHANISM

Aim:
To study the profile of given cam using cam analysis system and to draw the
displacement diagram for the follower and the cam profile.
Apparatus required: Cam analysis system and Dial gauge
Description:
A cam is a machine element such as a cylinder or any other solid with a surface of contact
so designed as to give a predetermined motion to another element called the follower. A cam is a
rotating body importing oscillatory motion to the follower. All cam mechanisms are composed of
at least there links viz: 1.Cam, 2. Follower and 3. Frame which guides follower and cam.
Specification :
Diameter of base circle
Diameter of cam shaft
Diameter of follower shaft
Dwell period

1.

=
=
=
=

Procedure:
Cam analysis system consists of cam roller follower, pull rod and guide of pull rod.
The cam is set at 0 and the projected length of the pull rod is noted.
2. The cam is rotated through 20 and the projected length of the pull rod above the guide is
noted.
3. The projected length at equal intervals for one complete cycle of cam revolution is noted.

Result:
The motion of follower for the given cam plate has been studied and the profile of the
cam is drawn.
Tabulation:

Sl.
No.

Angle of cam
Degree

Ex No :

Radians

Displacement of follower
mm

KINEMATICS OF SLIDER CRANK MECHANISM

cm

Date

Aim:
To draw the displacement, velocity, acceleration curve for given slider crank mechanism.
Apparatus required:
Cam slider setup
Crank
Scale
Description:
The slider crank mechanism is a kinematic mechanism. The piston displacement from top
dead centre x can be determined from the geometry of mechanism, in terms of length of
connecting rod, crank radius and crank angle.
Formula used :
1. Displacement of the slider when crank has rotated by from inner dead centre.

(sin )2
1cos +
2n

x=r
2. Velocity
v =r [sin +

in m

sin 2
]
2n

3. Acceleration
2

a= r [cos +

in ms-1.

cos 2
]
n

Where
n slenderness ratio

l
r

l length of connecting rod.

r crank radius
crank angle
Assume = 1 rads-1
Procedure:

in ms-2

1.
2.
3.
4.

The length of the connecting rod and crank radius is measured using scale.
The crank is rotated at an internal of 20and the displacement of crank is noted.
Using formula displacement, velocity and acceleration are determined respectively.
The following graphs are plotted b/w
1. Experimental and theoretical displacement.
2. Velocity and acceleration.

Result :
Thus the displacement , velocity and acceleration curve for given slider crank mechanism
is drawn.
Tabulation :
Crank rotation
()

Displacement (cm)
Exp

The

Velocity

Acceleration

(cms-1)

(cms-2)

Ex No:
Date :

DETERMINATION OF MASS MOMENT OF INERTIA OF

CONNECTING ROD BY OSCILLATION METHOD

Aim:
To find the radius of gyration and mass moment of inertia of given connecting rod.
Apparatus required: Connecting rod, stop watch, knife edge apparatus.
Formula used :
k=

g a T p2
4

a 2

Where,
a = Distance of C.G from suspension
Tp= Time
Tp= Tmean/10
Tmean= T1+T2/2
I = m(k2+a2)
Procedure:
1. First the connecting rod is taken and it is supported from the knife edge apparatus.
2. The distance of C.G of connecting rod from the point of suspension is noted.
3. The connecting rod is displaced from the initial position and it is released so that it
will undergo oscillation.
4. The time taken for 10 oscillations is noted and from that time for 1oscillation can be
determined.
5. Now the radius of gyration and mass moment of inertia of connecting rod is
determined using the formula.

Result :
Thus radius of gyration and moment of inertia are calculated as.
1) Radius of gyration
=
2) Mass moment of inertia =
Tabulation :
Time taken for 10 oscillation (s)
S.No

a (cm)

T1

T2

Tm

Tp

(s)

Ex No:
Date :
Aim:

(cm)

DETERMINATION OF MODULUS OF RIGIDITY OF WIRE

USING TORSIONAL PENDULUM

(kg m2)

To determine the modulus of rigidity of given wire using torsional pendulum.

Apparatus required:
Supporting frame, disc wire, measuring tape.
Formula used:
1) Experimental frequency
Fn =

no of cycles
timetaken

HZ

2) Theoretical frequency
Fn =

1 GJ
2
Il

HZ

Where,
J Polar moment of inertia
4
d
J = 32
(m4 )
I Mass moment of inertia
2
mr
I=
(kg m2)
2
d diameter of wire in m
l length of wire in m
G modulus of rigidity (Nm-2)
M=mass of disc (kg)
r = radius of disc (m)
Procedure:
1. First a wire of known diameter (32mm) is taken and it is fixed at one end of torsional
pendulum.
2. A disc of known mass and radius is fixed at other end of the wire.
3. The distance between the fixed pc and the point of suspension of disc is adjusted and it
kept constant.
4. Now a Torque is applied, so that the wire will undergo torsional vibration.
5. Time taken for 5 oscillations is noted by using stop watch, from which time for 1
oscillation can be determined.
6. Now the frequency and modulus of rigidity of wire can be determined using the formula.

Tabulation :

S.No

Length of
wire
(cm)

Time for 5 oscillations

(s)
T1

T2

Tm

Tp

Fn

(s)

(Hz)

(Nm-2) X 1011

RESULT:
Mean modulus of Rigidity of the given wire is G =

Ex No :
Date :

DETERMINATION OF WHIRILING SPEED OF SHAFT

Aim:
To verify the theoretical whirling speed of the given draft with under the first
mode of vibration.
Apparatus Required:
1. Shaft of various diameters
2. Tachometer.
Formula used:

EI
1) Fn = k m l 4

(Hz)

2) Nc = 60 x fn (rpm)
Where
E = youngs modulus of shaft material
E = 2105 N/mm2
I = area moment of inertia (mm4)
m= mass of shaft per unit length (kgm-1)
l = length of between both sides (m)
= density of shaft material
4

d
I = 64

d2
m= 4 l
Procedure:
1. First the shaft is taken and its length, diameter are determined using various measuring
devices.
2. Then one end of shaft is connected to electric motor and the other end is connected to
bearings.
3. Then the motor is switched ON, that shaft starts rotating and the speed of shaft is
controlled by regulating the voltage given to the motor.
4. The voltage is kept constant (say 20 V) and the speed of shaft is determined using
Tachometer.
5. The experiment is repeated for shaft of various diameter and length and the critical speed
is found out.

6. Finally mass per unit length of the shaft and moment of inertia are found out. These
values are substituted in the formula to get frequency and theoretical critical speed.

Tabulation :
S.No

S.No

Shaft diameter
(mm)

Shaft diameter
(mm)

Experimental critical speed

(rpm)

Mass of shaft
(kg)

End condition

Theoretical critical speed

(rpm)

k value

Mode of
vibration

Result:
Whirling speed of given three shafts are calculated theoretically and verified
experimentally for
1. Observed mode which is single.
2. End condition which is supported.

Ex No:
Date :

LONGITUDINAL VIBRATION OF SPRING MASS SYSTEM

Aim:
To determine the frequency and stiffness of a given spring mass system.
Apparatus required:
1) Spring.
2) Load.
3) Meter scale.
4) Weight hanger.
Formula used:

1
1. fn= time period

2.

3. k= P/
Where,

t=2

( Hz)

(s)

P = Load (N)
= Deflection (m)
G =Acceleration due to gravity (ms-2)
Procedure:
1. The spring is suspended from the knife edge or hanger.
2. On the other hand or end of the spring, load is added by using weight hanger.
3. Due to addition of load there will be some deflection is determined by using metre scale.
4. Now the spring is displaced from its position and released so that it will undergo
longitudinal vibration
5. Time period for 10 oscillations is noted from which time for 1 oscillations can b
determined.
6. The stiffness and frequency of vibration can be determined using the formulae.

Tabulation:
S.No

Load
(kg)

Deflection of
load .
(cm)

Time for 10 oscillations

(s)

Tp
(s)

Fn
(Hz)

(Nm-1)
T1

T2

Tm

Result:
Thus, frequency and stiffness of given spring mass system is calculated mass (1kg)
Theoretical
Fn
Tp

Experimental

=
=

Ex No :
Date :

MOTRORISED GYROSCOPE

Aim:
To study the gyroscopic behavior of a rotor and to verify the gyroscopic relation.
Apparatus required:

1. Motorized Gyroscopic set up.

2. Stop watch.
3. Weights.
Formula used:
C=I p
M r2
I=
2

(kgm2)

C
I

Where,
I=mass moment of inertia about the axis of spin
p

180 dt

Where,
p=velocity of precision
w=

2 n
60

Where
w= spinning velocity in rads-1
Description:
If a body is revolving or spinning about an axis, the axis is known as axis of spin.
Procedure:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Tabulation:

Initially the vector has to be kept at constant speed.

Load has to be added step by step.
Time has to be noted.
Then by using formulae all the value can be found.

S.No

Speed of
rotor
(rpm)

Load
(kg)

Angle of
deflection
d (degree)

Time
dt
(s)

(rads-1)

Couple
C
(Nm-1)

P
(rads-1)

Theoretical
P

RESULT:
Thus the experiment for the effect of gyroscopic couple is conducted and experimental
values are tabulated.

Ex No:
Date :

FREE TORSIONAL VIBRATION OF TWO ROTOR SYSTEM

Aim:
To determine the natural frequency of the undamped torsional vibration of the
given two rotor system and to draw the node diagram.
Apparatus required:
1. Rotor
2. Stop watch
Formula used:
To locate the nodal system
L = La + L b
I a La = I b Lb
vb = 1
vb = -Ia Va/Ib
1. Experimental natural frequency , v =1/t
2. texp time taken for no. of oscillation
3. Theoretical natural frequency , fth = 1/tth
t th =2

IaIb
q ( I a +I b )

in sec

Ia = ( mara2)/2
Ib = (mbrb2/2) + msrs2
4. Torsional stiffness of shaft
q = GJ/l
Procedure:
1. Two disc of the shaft is fixed and the shaft is fitted into the bearings.
2. The disc is reflected in opposite direction by hand release.
3. The time required for particular number of oscillation is noted.
4. The cross arm is fixed to one of the discs B and again the time is noted.
5. The procedure is repeated with stiffness equal mass attached to ends of cross
arm.

Tabulation:
Mass
applied to
cross
section

Ia

Ib

Kg m2

Kg m2

Time for
B
oscillation

texp

tth

fexp

fth

Result:
The undamped vibration of two rotor system is carried out and it is observed to
vibrate with
1. Experimental natural frequency =

2. Theoretical natural frequency=

Ex No:
Date

TWO PLANE BALANCING

Aim:
To determine graphically amount of trail masses for complete balancing of given
rotating masses A and B to verify experimentally.
Apparatus required:
1. Balanced masses
2. Auto Transformer
3. Dynamic Balancing setup
4. Allen key
Procedure:
Two masses A (90 gm) and B (60 gm) are rotating with shaft of 78 mm. The
distance between them is 78 mm and its angular position is 550 with respect to A as
shown in . Determine the amount of trial masses of reference planes l and R . l is the
distance of 67 mm from A. R is 145 mm from B .Assume C is at 1750 with respect to
plane A as shown in plane diagram.
1. Rotating masses to be balanced are taken and their distance from the reference
beam plane is considered as l and radius as r .
2. Couple corresponding to each mass is found out by product of mass , radius and
length.
3. Using the values of couples, calculate the couple polygon diagram as shown in
diagram.
4. Centrifugal force is calculated by product of mass and radius
5. Force polygon diagram is drawn using centrifugal force at given angle.
6. Unknown values of mass and angles are important and have the masses are to be
balanced.

TABULATION:
Plane

Mass
(kg)

Radius
(m)

Centrifugal
force
(N)

Distance from
plane L
(m)

Couple
Nm

Result:
Thus the position of individual masses and the value of unbalanced masses are
found graphically and verified experimentally.

Ex No:
Date :

STUDY OF GOVERNOR

Aim:
To study the arrangement and working principle of Centrifugal Governor.
Apparatus Required:
Centrifugal Governor
Arrangement:
This is the most common type of governor. In the Centrifugal type of governors
rotation of the crank shaft is taken to a vertical spindle through suitable gears. It consists
of two balls of equal mass which are attached to the arms, these balls are known as
Governor balls or Fly balls. The upper arms are keyed to the spindle and lower arms
which are known as links which are connected to Sleeve. The sleeve surrounds the
spindle as shown in and can rotate as well as slide over the spindle. One end of a bell
crank lever is attached to the sleeve and the other to a rod which actuates the fuel
supply valve.
Working Principle:
The centrifugal governors are based on the balancing of centrifugal force on the
rotating balls by an equal and opposite radial force. When the load on the engine
decreases , the engine and the governor speed increases,. This increase the centrifugal
force acting on the balls and move radially outwards . Therefore the sleeve rises upwards.
This upward movement of the sleeve reduces the supply of the working fluid and hence
the speed is decreased . Thus the engine speed falls and comes near about the mean
speed.
Similarly when the load increases , the speed of the engine and the governor
decreases. This results in the decrease of centrifugal force on the balls. Hence the balls move
inwards and the sleeve move outwards or downwards . The downward movement of the
sleeve increases the supply of working fluid and hence the speed is increased. Thus
the engine speed rises and comes near around the mean speed.

Result:
Thus the arrangement and working principle of centrifugal governor is clearly
studied.