com
I
K
I
When current was reversed through the wire,
the needle was found to deflect in the
opposite direction to the earlier case.
S
I
dB
I dl sin
r2
ii) dB dl
iii) dB sin
iv) dB 1 /
r2
dB =
dl
I
0 I dl sin
4
r2
dB =
dB =
0 I dl x r
4
r2
0 I dl x r
4
r3
0 I dl sin
r2
sin = a / r = cos
or
r = a / cos
tan = l / a
or
l = a tan
dl = a sec2 d
x B
dl
0 I cos d
4
B = dB =
-1
I cos d
4
B=
0 I (sin 1 + sin 2)
4a
then 1 = 2 = / 2
B=
0 2I
4a
or
B=
0 I
2a
I
B
dB cos dB
90
a
O
I
x
I
X Y
D
dB sin
dB sin
dB cos dB
dl
The plane of the coil is considered perpendicular to the plane of the
diagram such that the direction of magnetic field can be visualized on
the plane of the diagram.
At C and D current elements XY and XY are considered such that
current at C emerges out and at D enters into the plane of the diagram.
dB =
0 I dl sin
4
r2
or
dB =
0 I dl
4 r2
The angle between dl and r is 90 because the radius of the loop is very
small and since sin 90= 1
The semi-vertical angle made by r to the loop is and the angle between r
and dB is 90 . Therefore, the angle between vertical axis and dB is also .
dB is resolved into components dB cos and dB sin .
Due to diametrically opposite current elements, cos
components are always opposite to each other and hence they
cancel out each other.
Sin components due to all current elements dl get added up
along the same direction (in the direction away from the loop).
0 I (2a) a
0 I dl sin
or B =
B = dB sin =
4 (a2 + x2) (a2 + x2)
2
4 r
B=
0 I a2
2(a2 + x2)3/2
Special Cases:
B=
i) At the centre O, x = 0.
0 I
2a
Different views of direction of current and magnetic field due to circular loop of
a coil:
I
B
B
B
I
dB =
0 I dl sin
4
B = dB =
B=
a2
dB =
0 I dl
4 a2
0 I dl
90
x
O
dB
4 a2
0 I
2a
B
x
TIP:
When we look at any end of the coil carrying current, if the current is in
anti-clockwise direction then that end of coil behaves like North Pole
and if the current is in clockwise direction then that end of the coil
behaves like South Pole.
Fm = (q v B sin ) n
Special Cases:
i)
I
q-
v
F
Force
(F)
Magnetic
Field
(B)
Electric
Current
(I)
or F = q (E + v x B)
f = - e (vd x B)
If n be the number density of electrons,
A be the area of cross section of the
conductor, then no. of electrons in the
element dl is n A dl.
vd
dl
I
Force experienced by the electrons in dl is
dF = n A dl [ - e (vd x B)] = - n e A vd (dl X B)
where I = neAvd and -ve sign represents that
= I (dl x B)
the direction of dl is opposite to that of vd)
F = dF = I (dl x B)
F = I (l x B)
or
F = I l B sin
0 I 1
(in magnitude)
2 r
I1
F12 F21
B2
I2
x B1
0 I 2
(in magnitude)
2 r
Force acting on PQ due to current I1 through it is
F12 =
0 I 2
2 r
F12 = F21 = F =
I1 l sin 90
or
F12 =
0 I 1 I 2 l
2 r
0 I 1 I 2 l
2 r
Force per unit length of the conductor is
F/l =
0 I 1 I 2
2 r
N/m
I1
I1
I2
F
I2
Definition of Ampere:
Force per unit length of the
conductor is
F/l =
0 I 1 I 2
N/m
2 r
I1
I1
B
I2
B
FSP = I (b x B)
FRS
| FSP | = I b B sin
FQR = I (b x B)
| FQR | = I b B sin
Forces FSP and FQR are equal in magnitude but
opposite in direction and they cancel out each other.
Moreover they act along the same line of action (axis)
and hence do not produce torque.
FPQ
Q
FQR
FPQ = I (l x B)
| FPQ | = I l B sin 90= I l B
FRS = I (l x B)
| FRs | = I l B sin 90= I l B
FRS
(in magnitude)
= I l B (b cos )
= I lb B cos
= I A B cos
(A = lb)
= N I A B cos
xS
= 90 -
FPQ
= N I A B sin
So,
= I A B cos (90 - )
+ = 90 i.e.
NOTE:
One must be very careful in using the formula in terms of cos or sin
since it depends on the angle taken whether with the plane of the coil
or the normal of the coil.
or
= N (M x B)
(since M = I A is the Magnetic Dipole Moment)
Note:
1) The coil will rotate in the anticlockwise direction (from the top view,
according to the figure) about the axis of the coil shown by the dotted
line.
2) The torque acts in the upward direction along the dotted line (according
to Maxwells Screw Rule).
3) If = 0, then = 0.
4) If = 90, then is maximum. i.e. max = N I A B
5) Units: B in Tesla, I in Ampere, A in m2 and in Nm.
6) The above formulae for torque can be used for any loop irrespective of
its shape.
= N I A B sin
PBW
M
FRS
P
N
N I A B sin = k
k
N A B sin
At equilibrium,
I=
Q
FPQ
LS
Hair Spring
LS
TS
S
N
S
P
Mirror
k
NAB
or
Lamp
I = G where G =
Scale
NAB
is called Galvanometer constant
NAB
k
NAB
kR
Ig
or
S =
G
S
Is = I - Ig
Ig G
I Ig
V
or R =
Ig
-G
Ig
Ammeter
Voltmeter
It is a low resistance
instrument.
Resistance is GS / (G + S)
Resistance is G + R
Shunt Resistance is
(GIg) / (I Ig) and is very small.
Series Resistance is
(V / Ig) - G and is very high.
It is always connected in
series.
Resistance of an ideal
ammeter is zero.
Cyclotron:
HF
Oscillator
S
D1
B
B
D2
D1
D2
N
D1, D2 Dees
W
Window
Theory:
The magnetic force experienced by the charge provides centripetal force
required to describe circular path.
mv2 / r = qvB sin 90
Bqr
v=
m
m
r
the magnetic field and m/q ratio and not on
t=
or t =
v
the speed of the charge or the radius of the
Bq
path.
If T is the time period of the high frequency oscillator, then for resonance,
2m
T=2t
or T =
Bq
If f is the frequency of the high frequency oscillator (Cyclotron Frequency),
then
Bq
f=
2m
B2 q2 R2
=
m
The expressions for Time period and Cyclotron frequency only when
m remains constant. (Other quantities are already constant.)
m0
But m varies with v according to
m=
Einsteins Relativistic Principle as per
[1 (v2 / c2)]
If frequency is varied in synchronisation with the variation of mass of the
charged particle (by maintaining B as constant) to have resonance, then the
cyclotron is called synchro cyclotron.
If magnetic field is varied in synchronisation with the variation of mass of
the charged particle (by maintaining f as constant) to have resonance, then
the cyclotron is called isochronous cyclotron.
NOTE: Cyclotron can not be used for accelerating neutral particles. Electrons can
not be accelerated because they gain speed very quickly due to their lighter mass
and go out of phase with alternating e.m.f. and get lost within the dees.
r
I
Proof:
B . dl = B
= B (2 r)
B . dl = 0 I
Current is emerging
out and the magnetic
field is anticlockwise.
B . dl = B . dl cos 0
=
dl
dl
= ( 0 I / 2 r) x 2 r
B . dl = 0 I0
B . dl = B . dl + B . dl + B . dl + B . dl
PQ
QR
RS
SP
= B . dl cos 0 + B . dl cos 90 + 0 . dl cos 0 + B . dl cos 90
B = 0 n I
and 0 I0 = 0 n a I
= B dl = B.a
(where n is no. of turns per unit length, a is the length of the path and
I is the current passing through the lead of the solenoid)
B . dl = 0 I0
B . dl = B . dl cos 0
=B
And
dl
P
r
dl = B (2 r)
O
B=0
0 I0 = 0 n (2 r) I
B = 0 n I
NOTE:
The magnetic field exists only in the
tubular area bound by the coil and it does
not exist in the area inside and outside the
toroid.
i.e. B is zero at O and Q and non-zero at P.
B0
B=0
Q
MAGNETISM
1. Bar Magnet and its properties
2. Current Loop as a Magnetic Dipole and Dipole Moment
3. Current Solenoid equivalent to Bar Magnet
4. Bar Magnet and it Dipole Moment
5. Coulombs Law in Magnetism
6. Important Terms in Magnetism
7. Magnetic Field due to a Magnetic Dipole
8. Torque and Work Done on a Magnetic Dipole
9. Terrestrial Magnetism
10. Elements of Earths Magnetic Field
11. Tangent Law
12. Properties of Dia-, Para- and Ferro-magnetic substances
13. Curies Law in Magnetism
14. Hysteresis in Magnetism
Magnetism:
- Phenomenon of attracting magnetic substances like iron, nickel, cobalt, etc.
A body possessing the property of magnetism is called a magnet.
A magnetic pole is a point near the end of the magnet where magnetism is
concentrated.
Earth is a natural magnet.
The region around a magnet in which it exerts forces on other magnets and
on objects made of iron is a magnetic field.
Uniform field
perpendicular & into the
plane of the diagram
M=IA n
B
SI unit is A m2.
TIP:
When we look at any one side of the loop carrying current, if the current
is in anti-clockwise direction then that side of the loop behaves like
Magnetic North Pole and if the current is in clockwise direction then
that side of the loop behaves like Magnetic South Pole.
B
x
TIP: Play previous and next to understand the similarity of field lines.
Bar Magnet:
Geographic Length
Magnetic Length
M = m.2l. l
The direction of the dipole moment is from South pole to North Pole
along the axis of the magnet.
F m1 m2
m1
m2
r2
F=
k m1 m2
F=
or
r2
0 m1 m2
4
r2
F=
F=
0 m1 m2 r
4
r2
0 m1 m2 r
4
r3
ii) It can also be defined as the magnetic dipole moment (M) acquired per
unit volume of the substance (V).
iii) It can also be defined as the pole strength (m) per unit cross-sectional
area (A) of the substance.
iv) I = M / V
v) I = m(2l) / A(2l) = m / A
vi) SI unit of Intensity of Magnetisation is A m-1.
0 2 M x
BN
4 (x2 l2)2
BQ
If l << x, then
BP
4 x3
BP = BN - BS
BS
B
l
x
4 (y2 + l2)3/2
If l << y, then
BP
BS
0 2 M
0 M
0 M
4 y3
mB
2l
M
mB
S
distance
t = mB (2l sin )
= M B sin
t = MxB
Direction of Torque is perpendicular and into the plane containing M and B.
dW = td
d
= M B sin d
2
W = M B sin d
1 2
mB
mB
mB
W = M B (cos1 - cos 2)
If Potential Energy is arbitrarily taken zero when the dipole is at 90,
then P.E in rotating the dipole and inclining it at an angle is
Potential Energy = - M B cos
Note:
Potential Energy can be taken zero arbitrarily at any position of the
dipole.
Terrestrial Magnetism:
i)
Declination ():
The angle between the magnetic meridian and
the geographic meridian at a place is Declination
at that place.
It varies from place to place.
Lines shown on the map through the places that
have the same declination are called isogonic
line.
Geographic
Meridian
BH
BV
Magnetic Meridian
BV = B sin
B = BH2 + BV2
Tangent Law:
If a magnetic needle is suspended in a region
where two uniform magnetic fields are
perpendicular to each other, the needle will
align itself along the direction of the resultant
field of the two fields at an angle such that
the tangent of the angle is the ratio of the two
fields.
tan = B2 / B1
B2
B1
PARA
FERRO
1. Diamagnetic
substances are those
substances which are
feebly repelled by a
magnet.
Eg. Antimony, Bismuth,
Copper, Gold, Silver,
Quartz, Mercury, Alcohol,
water, Hydrogen, Air,
Argon, etc.
Paramagnetic substances
are those substances
which are feebly attracted
by a magnet.
Eg. Aluminium,
Chromium, Alkali and
Alkaline earth metals,
Platinum, Oxygen, etc.
Ferromagnetic substances
are those substances
which are strongly
attracted by a magnet.
Eg. Iron, Cobalt, Nickel,
Gadolinium, Dysprosium,
etc.
2. When placed in
magnetic field, the lines of
force tend to avoid the
substance.
S
S
3. When a diamagnetic
rod is freely suspended in
a uniform magnetic field, it
aligns itself in a direction
perpendicular to the field.
4. If diamagnetic liquid
taken in a watch glass is
placed in uniform
magnetic field, it collects
away from the centre
when the magnetic poles
are closer and collects at
the centre when the
magnetic poles are
farther.
If paramagnetic liquid
taken in a watch glass is
placed in uniform
magnetic field, it collects
at the centre when the
magnetic poles are closer
and collects away from
the centre when the
magnetic poles are
farther.
If ferromagnetic liquid
taken in a watch glass is
placed in uniform
magnetic field, it collects
at the centre when the
magnetic poles are closer
and collects away from
the centre when the
magnetic poles are
farther.
5. When a diamagnetic
substance is placed in a
magnetic field, it is
weakly magnetised in the
direction opposite to the
inducing field.
When a paramagnetic
substance is placed in a
magnetic field, it is
weakly magnetised in the
direction of the inducing
field.
When a ferromagnetic
substance is placed in a
magnetic field, it is
strongly magnetised in
the direction of the
inducing field.
6. Induced Dipole
Moment (M) is a small
ve value.
7. Intensity of
Magnetisation (I) has a
small ve value.
Intensity of Magnetisation
(I) has a small + ve value.
Intensity of Magnetisation
(I) has a large + ve value.
8. Magnetic permeability
is always less than
unity.
Magnetic permeability
is more than unity.
Magnetic permeability
is large i.e. much more
than unity.
9. Magnetic susceptibility
cm
Curies Law:
Magnetic susceptibility of a material varies inversely
with the absolute temperature.
IH/T
or
I/H1/T
cm 1 / T
cm = C / T
H/T
I
B
E
D