ELEC 4110 Digital Communications Midterm Exercise

ELEC 4110 Digital Communications

Midterm Exercise 2014

Name:

Student ID:

Question 1 (30 marks)

Question 2 (35 marks)
Question 3 (35 marks)
Total Marks (100 marks)

ELEC 4110 Digital Communications Midterm Exam

Question 1 Multiple Choices & True or False

(3 marks 10)
Please select an appropriate answer to the following questions.
1. Which of the following modulation schemes is the most energy efficient under
the same BER requirement?
A. 8-PSK
B. 16-PSK
C. 8-FSK
D. 16-FSK
Solution: D. Page 20 of lecture note 7.

ELEC 4110 Digital Communications Midterm Exam

2. Which of the following modulation schemes can achieve the highest bandwidth
efficiency under the same BER requirement?
A. 8-PSK
B. 16-PSK
C. 8-FSK
D. 16-FSK
Solution: B. Page 34 of lecture note 7.
3. Which of the following range of frequency band is the most commonly used in
cellular network?
A. 30MHz-300MHz
B. 300MHz-3000MHz
C. 3GHz-30GHz
D. 30GHz-300GHz
Solution: B. For example,
PCCW 3G: 1920.3 - 1935.1/2110.3 - 2125.1/ 1914.9 -1919.9 MHz
Smartone GSM: 907.5-915/952.5/960MHz

4.

Which of the following modulation schemes provides 4 bits per baud?

A. QPSK
B. 8-PSK
C. 16-QAM
D. 64-QAM
Solution: C. Using 16 possible combinations of phase and amplitude, 16-QAM can
represent any of the 16 possible combinations of 4 bits, from 0000 to 1111, with each
symbol change.

ELEC 4110 Digital Communications Midterm Exam

Which of the following forms a set of orthonormal basis?

A.

1 2
0

1 (t )

1 2

2 (t ) 1 2
0

1 2
0

3 (t )

0t2
otherwise
0 t 1
1 t 2
otherwise
2t3
otherwise

B.

C.
3

ELEC 4110 Digital Communications Midterm Exam

D.
{e1 (1,0,0), e2 (0,1,0), e3 (0,1

2 ,1

2)}

Solution: C. A is orthogonal but not normalized. B and D are normalized but not
orthogonal.

Please check the true/false of following statements. Write a T in the bracket if it is

true and a F if it is false. Briefly explain your choice if it is false.
6.

Sampling makes signal discrete in amplitude and bandlimited signals can be

sampled without distortion.
(
F
Solution: Sampling makes signal discrete in time.

7. Matched filter is used to totally remove the effect of noise from the received
signal.
(
F
)
Solution: Although matched filter can maximize the output SNR, it cannot totally
remove the noise.

ELEC 4110 Digital Communications Midterm Exam

8.

Multiplying a match filter with a real constant still gets a match filter.
(
T
Solution: Page 38 of lecture note 2.

ELEC 4110 Digital Communications Midterm Exam

9.

The power of Additive White Gaussian Noise on whole spectrum is infinity.

(
T
)
Solution: AWGN is a theoretical concept with unbounded bandwidth. AWGN has a
N
0
certain power spectral density (PSD), say N0/2. P
df
2
10. If two random variables are uncorrelated, they are independent.
(
F
)
Solution: Uncorrelated relationship cannot imply independence, except for the two
random variables are Gaussian r.v.s..

ELEC 4110 Digital Communications Midterm Exam

Question 2 (35 marks)

Consider the signals

1) Calculate the energy of each signal. (6 marks)

2) Find a set of orthonormal basis functions for these signals. Express them as a linear
combination of those functions. (6 marks)
3) Calculate the energy again used the coordinates in the signal space. (6 marks)
4) Find the inner product of these two signals. (5 marks)
5) Suppose all the signals are transmitted with equal probability. First draw the
corresponding constellation diagram of this modulation. Then draw the decision
region. (6 marks)
6) Try to modify only one signal to achieve a better SER performance under the same
average symbol energy
. Draw the new constellation diagram. (6 marks)

ELEC 4110 Digital Communications Midterm Exam

Solution

5)

ELEC 4110 Digital Communications Midterm Exam

6) Answer varies. For example, make

Question 3 (35 marks)

Consider a baseband digital communication system that employs an orthonormal basis
(
) shown in Figure 1, where
, and a modulation scheme whose
constellation is shown in Figure 2. The ML detector is used at the receiver and
AWGN channel is assumed with power spectral density
/ 2.

ELEC 4110 Digital Communications Midterm Exam

1) What is the bit rate? (6 marks)

2) What is the average symbol Energy
in terms of ? (5 marks)
3) Find (plot) the signal transmitted for symbol . (6 marks)
4) What is the pair-wise probability of
when transmitting

? Also, what is

i.e., the probability of detecting

? Express the result in terms of

and

. (6 marks)
5) Assume that different symbols have equal probability of being transmitted. Derive
a union bound for the symbol error rate in the system in terms of
and
. (6
marks)
6) Relax the error bound derived in 5) to contain one Q function only. Then use this
relaxed error bound to determine the
probability of

, where

required to achieve a symbol error

denotes the average bit energy. (6 marks)

You may use the Q-function table below:

x

10

4.7534

4.5648

4.5062

4.4172

4.2649

4.0556

3.9903

3.8906

3.7190

ELEC 4110 Digital Communications Midterm Exam

Q(x)
0.1
(*10-5)

0.25

0.33

0.50

1.0

2.5

3.3

5.0

10

Solution
1) The symbol rate is 1/T = 800 symbols/s. We have log2(8) = 3 bits per symbol.
Hence the bit rate is 2400 bits/s.
2)

3) The plotted figure is as follow:

4)

5)

6)
observe that

. Hence, it is sufficient to have

, then it is sufficient to have

From Q-function table, the required

11

. Also,

is