Contents
1. Introduction
2. Definitions
11
4. Classification of Vibrations
15
19
31
Annex B Examples
43
52
References
52
Your partners
53
1. Introduction
1. Introduction
1. Introduction
- Natural Frequency
- Modal Mass
- Damping
(Chapter 3; Annex A)
2. Definitions
2. Definitions
The definitions given here are
consistent with the application
of this design guide.
Damping D
Damping is the energy dissipation of a vibrating system. The total damping consists of
Material and structural damping,
Damping by furniture and finishing (e.g. false floor),
Spread of energy throughout the whole structure.
Modal mass Mmod =
generalised mass
Each mode of a system with several degrees of freedom can be represented by a system with
a single degree of freedom:
f =
where
f
Kmod
Mmod
1
2
K mod
M mod
Thus the modal mass can be interpreted to be the mass activated in a specific mode shape.
The determination of the modal mass is described in Chapter 3.
2. Definitions
Natural Frequency f =
Eigenfrequency
Every structure has its specific dynamic behaviour with regard to shape and duration T[s] of a
single oscillation. The frequency f is the reciprocal of the oscillation time T(f = 1/T).
The natural frequency is the frequency of a free oscillation without continuously being driven by
an exciter.
Each structure has as many natural frequencies and associated mode shapes as degrees of
freedom. They are commonly sorted by the amount of energy that is activated by the oscillation.
Therefore the first natural frequency is that on the lowest energy level and is thus the most likely
to be activated.
The equation for the natural frequency of a single degree of freedom system is:
f =
where
K
M
1
2
K
M
is the stiffness,
is the mass.
OS-RMS90 =
RMS- value of the velocity for a significant step covering the intensity of 90% of peoples steps
walking normally
OS:
vRMS:
One step
Root mean square = effective value, here of velocity v:
vRMS =
where
T
v
1
v (t ) 2 dt = Peak
T 0
2
3. Determination of
Floor Characteristics
11
3. Determination of
Floor Characteristics
Type
Structural Damping D1
Wood
6%
Concrete
2%
Steel
1%
Composite (steel-concrete)
1%
2%
Paperless office
0%
1%
Library
1%
Houses
1%
Schools
0%
Gymnastic
0%
1%
0%
Swimming screed
1%
Total Damping D = D1 + D2 + D3
13
4. Classification
of Vibrations
15
4. Classification
of Vibrations
4. Classification of vibrations
Table 2 Classification of floor response and recommendation for the application of classes
0.8
3.2
3.2
12.8
12.8 51.2
Sport
0.8
Industrial
0.2
Hotel
Retail
0.2
Meeting
0.1
Office
Residential
0.1
Function of Floor
Education
Upper Limit
0.0
Health
Lower Limit
Critical Workspace
Class
OS-RMS90
Recommended
Critical
Not recommended
17
5. Design Procedure
and Diagrams
19
5. Design Procedure
and Diagrams
- Natural Frequency
- Modal Mass
- Damping
(Chapter 3; Annex A)
B
Frequency of the floor [Hz]
C
D
A
B
C
D
E
F
A
B
C
D
E
F
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
E
F
A
B
C
D
E
F
A
B
C
D
E
F
A
B
C
D
E
F
A
B
Eigenfrequency of the floor [Hz]
C
D
E
F
E
F
32
34
35
36
37
38
31
Support Conditions:
clamped
f =
hinged
9.00
7.00
E t3
12 m (1 2 )
; M mod = M
2
==11..57
57((11++ 2 ) )
8.00
l2
6.00
5.00
4.00
3.00
2.00
1.00
0.00
0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0
14.00
Ratio = l/b
L/B
2
4
=
=1
1..57
57 1
1+
+2
2..5
5
2 +
+5
5..14
14
4
16.00
12.00
10.00
8.00
6.00
4.00
2.00
0.00
0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0
Ratio
L/B
= l/b
2
4
= 1.57 5.14 + 2.92 2 + 2.44 4
14.00
12.00
10.00
8.00
6.00
4.00
2.00
0.00
0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0
Ratio = l/b
L/B
E
t
m
Support Conditions:
clamped
f =
hinged
l2
E t3
12 m (1 2 )
; M mod = M
Poisson ratio
Total mass of floor including
finishes and representative
amount of imposed load
(see chapter 3) [kg]
) 2 + 2.44 4
==11..57
57 ( 11 ++ 2.33
12.00
10.00
8.00
6.00
4.00
2.00
0.00
0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0
14.00
Ratio = l/b
L/B
2
4
16.00
12.00
10.00
8.00
6.00
4.00
2.00
0.00
0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0
18.00
14.00
Ratio =
Ratio
= l/b
L/B
44
44
=
= 11..57
57 55..14
14 ++ 23..92
13
2 +
+ 52..14
16.00
12.00
10.00
8.00
6.00
4.00
2.00
0.00
0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0
0.17
Ratio = l/b
L/B
33
E
I
Support Conditions
Natural Frequency
Modal Mass
f =
3 EI
0.37 l 4
M mod = 0.41 l
f =
3 EI
0.2 l 4
M mod = 0.45 l
f =
3 EI
0.49 l 4
M mod = 0.5 l
f =
1
2
3 EI
0.24 l 4
M mod = 0.64 l
Where:
f1 =
2
EIy
m l4
b 2 b 4 EIx
1 + 2 +
l l EIy
l
b
E
Ix
Iy
Formulas for the approximation of the modal mass for orthotropic plates
are give in Annex A.6.
y
l
x
z
35
f =
1
2
K
M
K=
Mg
3
4
where:
g
= 9.81
3
4
f =
1
2
K
1
=
M 2
4g
18
=
3 max
max [mm]
where:
A.5 Dunkerley
Approach for
Natural Frequency
1
1
1
1
= 2 + 2 + 2 + ...
2
f
f1
f2
f3
Initial System
37
A.6 Approximation
of Modal Mass
Figure 15
Application of loads:
M mod = f 2 ( x, y ) dF
M mod =
Where:
Where:
fi
dMi
Nodes i
dM i
Example 1
Plate simply supported along
all four edges, ly ~ lx
ly
lx
x
f ( x, y ) = sin
lx
f ( x, y (
max
sin
ly
= 1.0
Mass distribution
M
lx ly
Modal mass
M mod
M
= f ( x, y ) dF =
lx l y
F
2
ly lx
2 x
00sin l x
sin 2
l
dx dy
M
4
39
Example 2
Plate simply supported along all
four edges, lx<<ly
lx
ly
lx 2
lx 2
1.
0
lx
2
and
ly
lx
x
y l y : f ( x, y ) = sin
2
lx
sin
l
f ( x, y ) max = 1.0
2.
x
lx
l
y l y x : f ( x, y ) = sin
2
2
lx
1.0
f ( x, y ) max = 1.0
Mass distribution
M
lx ly
Modal mass
M mod =
( x, y ) dF
M
lx ly
M
4
lx
2 lx
ly
y= lx
2
0
x
sin2
lx
sin 2
l
lx
l
x
y = l y 2
2 sin 2
dx dy + x
0 0
x
dx dy
ly
Example 3
lx
f ( x, y ) =
x
x
sin
lx
y
+
y
sin
l
y
f ( x, y ) max = 1.0
With
x
y
x + y
Mass distribution
M
lx l y
Modal mass
M mod =
M
f ( x, y ) dF =
lx l y
2
2 + y 2
8 x y
=M x
+ 2
2
2
2
lx l y
0 0
x
x
sin
lx
y
y
+
sin
l
y
dx dy
41
Annex B Examples
B.1
Filigree slab with ACB-composite beams (office building)
B.1.1 Description of the Floor
B.1.2 Determination of dynamic floor characteristics
B.1.3 Assessment
B.2
Three storey office building
B.2.1 Description of the Floor
B.2.2 Determination of dynamic floor characteristics
B.2.3 Assessment
44
44
47
47
48
48
50
51
43
B.1.1 Description
of the Floor
In the first worked example, a filigree slab
with false-floor in an open plan office is
checked for footfall induced vibrations.
The slab spans uniaxially by over 4.2 m between
main beams. Its overall thickness is 160 mm.
The main beams are ArcelorMittal Cellular
Beams (ACB) which act as composite beams.
They are attached to the vertical columns by
a full moment connection. The floor plan is
shown in Figure 18. For a vibration analysis it
is sufficient to check only a part of the floor
(representative floor bay). The representative
part of the floor to be considered in this example
is indicated by the hatched area in Figure 18.
31.4
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
16.8
23.0
1.0
15.8
1.0
4.2
39.8
1.0
16.8
1.0
1.0
1.0
3.2
1.0
21.0
4.2
1.0
x
1.0
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
1.0
8.4
[m]
Annex B Examples
160
76.95
93.05
304.05
422
592
287.95
HE400B
HE400M
[mm]
Concrete C25/30:
Es = 210000 N/mm,
Ecm = 31000 N/mm,
fy = 460 N/mm
fck = 25 N/mm
Figure 20
Expected mode
shape of the considered
part of the floor
corresponding to the
first Eigenfrequency
45
Section properties
Loads
Slab
Slab
Ac , x = 160 mm 2 mm
I c , x = 3.41 10 5 mm 4 mm
Main beam
Assuming the previously described first
vibration mode, the effective width of
the composite beam may be obtained
from the following equation:
l0 l0
+
8 8
0.7 16.8
= 2
= 2.94 m
8
Main beam
Self weight (includes 2.00 kN/m for ACB):
g beam = 5.0
Aa,net
Aa,total
Ai
Ii
4.2
2
2 + 2.0 = 23.00 kN m
2
Live load:
= 21936 mm2
= 29214 mm2
= 98320 mm2
= 5.149 x 109 mm4
q slab = 0.3
4.2
2 = 1.2 6 kN m
2
Annex B Examples
B.1.2 Determination of
dynamic floor characteristics
B.1.3 Assessment
Eigenfrequency
Damping
D1
D2
D3
With
With
slab
beam =
f1 =
18
= 7. 0 Hz
6.6
Modal Mass
The total mass of the considered floor bay is
M mod
1.9 2 + 4.5 2
8 1.9 4.5
= 37397
+ 2
= 17220 kg
2
6.4 2
2 6.4
47
B.2.1 Introduction
The method leads in general to conservative
results when applied as single bay method using
the mode related to the fundamental frequency.
However, in special cases in which the modal
mass for a higher mode is significantly
low, also higher modes need to be
considered, see the following example.
B.2.2 Description
of the Floor
The floor of this office building, Figure 21,
spans 15 m from edge beam to edge beam.
In the regular area these secondary floor
beams are IPE600 sections, spaced in
2.5 m. Primary edge beams, which span
7.5 m from column to column, consist
also of IPE600 sections, see Figure 22.
IPE600
IPE600
9 x 2.5
IPE600
7.5
IPE600
IPE600
IPE600
IPE600
IPE600
IPE600
IPE600
IPE600
IPE600
IPE600
IPE600
IPE600
IPE600
D
[m]
Annex B Examples
Steel S235:
Concrete C25/30:
Section properties
Slab (transversal to beam, E = 210000 N/mm2)
A
I
= 1170 cm/m
= 20355 cm4/m
Composite beam
(beff = 2,5 m; E = 210000 N/mm)
A
I
= 468 cm
= 270089 cm4
Loads
Slab
Self weight:
g = 3.5 kN/m
g = 0.5 kN/m
g + g = 4.0 kN/m (permanent load)
Life load
q = 3.0 x 0.1 = 0.3 kN/m
(10% of full live load)
Composite beam
Self weight:
g = (3.5+0.5) x 2.5 + 1.22 = 11.22 kN/m
Life load:
q = 0.3 x 2.5 = 0.75 kN/m
49
B.2.3 Determination of
dynamic floor characteristics
Supporting conditions
The secondary beams are ending in the
primary beams which are open sections with
low torsional stiffness. Thus these beams
may be assumed to be simply supported.
Eigenfrequency
In this example, the Eigenfrequency is
determined according to three methods: the
beam formula, neglecting the transversal
stiffness of the floor, the formula for
orthotropic plates and the self-weight method
considering the transversal stiffness.
3 EI
2 3 210000 10 6 270089 10 8
=
= 4.8 Hz
0.49 l 4
0.49 1220 15 4
f1
=
2
EI y
m l4
b 2 b 4 EI x
1 + 2 +
l l EI y
=
2
Annex B Examples
B.2.4 Assessment
Based on the above calculated modal
properties the floor is classified as class
D (Figure 6). The expected OS-RMS90
value is approximately 3.2 mm/s.
beam
5 4.3 10 2500
= 0.3 mm
384 34100 2.0355 10 5
5 11.97 15000 4
=
= 13.9mm
384 210000 270089 10 4
18
14.2
= 4.8 Hz
Modal Mass
The determination of the Eigenfrequency
shows that the load bearing behaviour of
the floor can be approximated by a simple
beam model. Thus this model is taken for
the determination of the modal mass:
D = D1 + D2 + D3 = 1 + 1 + 1 = 3 %
With
D1
D2
D3
51
Technical
assistance
& Finishing
Technical assistance
Finishing
Construction
drilling
flame cutting
T cut-outs
notching
cambering
curving
straightening
cold sawing to exact length
welding and fitting of studs
shot and sand blasting
surface treatment
sections.arcelormittal.com
References
[1]
[2]
www.constructalia.com
Your partners
Authors
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