Master Plumber Review

Master Plumber Review

Plumbing
The systems of pipes and fixtures that
bring water into buildings and carry
away waterborne wastes
These pipes are generally concealed
behind walls, floors & ceiling
Fixtures such as water closet, lavatories,
bathtubs are attached to this system and
are visible in various rooms of homes,
offices, schools, and other buildings.

Plumbing

NPCP: the art and techniques of

installing in buildings the pipes, fixtures
and other apparatus for bringing in the
water supply, liquids, substances and/or
ingredients and removing them and
such water, liquid and other carried
waste affecting health and sanitation
and hazardous to life and property; also
the pipes and fixtures after they have
been installed, the plumbing system.

Plumbing System

The systems of pipes and fixture and

other appurtenances which includes the
water supply-liquids, substances and/or
ingredients distributing pipes, and those
pipes removing them; the fixtures and
fixture traps; the soil, waste and vent
pipes, the house drain; the house sewer,
the storm water drainage, all with their
devices, appurtenances and
connections within or on a building.

Plumbing System
Water Supply
Storm / Drainage System
Vent System
Sewer / Waste System
Fire Protection

Early Years of Plumbing

Plumbum (lead)
a material which at a certain point in the

history of plumbing was widely used for

piping and water changes
replaced by cast iron in the 19th century
a person who worked in the sanitary field is
called Plumbarius, during Roman times
the material that had greatly contributed in
the field of sanitation is the cause of the
downfall of the Roman Empire

Modern Day of Plumbing

Sir John Harrington

Invented the precursor of the modern day water

closet

Alexander Cummings
After 2 years, reinvented Harringtons water

closet
Invented S-trap sliding bowl and trap

Samuel Prossen (777)

Applied and received a patent for plunger closet
Later, closet with a valve at the bottom had been

introduced

Modern Day of Plumbing

Thomas Twyford (1185)

Revolutionized the water closet design when he

built the first trapless toilet in one piece

Unique design because of the material used
rather than the common metal and wood
contraption
The internal mechanism is considered as one of
the pioneers in the field of sanitary science

J. G. Jennings (1852)
Got a patent for his washout water closet
Shallow pan with a dish tray and water seal
Waste is washed through S-trap

Modern Day of Plumbing

Flush meter valve
Backflow preventer
Wall-mounted closet
Reverse trap water closet
Blowout water closet

Master Plumber Review

Water
Most fundamental and basic component of
life on earth
Covered of the earths surface
Plays a key role in the metabolic
breakdown of essential molecules (protein
& carbohydrates) called hydrolysis

Ground water
great source for supplying our water
Susceptible to contamination, once

contaminated it takes decade to recover

Properties of Water
Heat Capacity
Surface Tension
Capillarity
Dissolving Ability

Properties of Water
Heat Capacity
Ability to absorb heat without becoming
much warmer itself
Water has greater heat capacity than
any other substances except ammonia

Properties of Water
Surface Tension
Ability of water to stick to itself and pull
itself together
Water has extremely high surface
tension
Water molecules cling together to
slightly that it can support heavier than
itself
Example: dripping tap

Properties of Water
Capillarity
Ability of water to climb upon a surface
against the pull of gravity

Dissolving Ability
Ability to dissolve any substance
Known to be the Universal Solvent

Uses of Water
Nourishment
Cleansing and Hygiene
Ceremonial Uses
Transportation Uses
Cooling Medium
Ornamental Element
Protective Uses

Uses of Water
Nourishment
Much of the human body is water
The most abundant chemical in our
body as well as in our diet
Amount of pure water that we need for
drinking and cooking is very small only
(~3 gal/od)

Uses of Water
Cleansing and Hygiene
Water is nearly ideal medium for the
dissolution and transport of organic
waste
Water high heat storage capacity makes
the attainment of comfortable
temperatures for bathing easy
Much larger quantities of water are used
for cleaning than for nourishment

Uses of Water
Ceremonial Uses
Water acquired a ceremonial
significance that remains particularly
evident in religious services
Examples:
Vessel containing water at the entrance of

Catholic churches
Pools in the forecourt of mosques
Full immersion baptismal fonts at the altars
of some Protestant churches

Uses of Water
Transportation Uses
Water as transportational medium
Waterways had been developed to allow
the passage of water vessels and to be
able to transport large quantities of
goods as well as people

Uses of Water
Cooling Medium
water can store heat readily, removed
large quantities of heat when it
evaporates
Water is used in some devices that need
the removal of heat easily and efficiently
Example:
Water used in cooling air-condition unit

Uses of Water
Ornamental Element
In almost any landscaping application,
indoor or outdoor, water becomes a
center of interest
Our association of water with nourishing,
cleansing, and cooling make water a
very powerful design element a fact
recognized by landscape designers
throughout the history

Uses of Water
Protective Uses
Water is essential element of fire protection
The vast quantities of water potentially
required for fire fighting must be delivered
quickly; the result is pipes of enormous
sizes regulated by very large valve
Despite its size and guarantee of at least
partial exposure in public places, a fire
protection water supply system is rarely
treated as a visually integral design
element

Water Quality
Physical Characteristics
Chemical Characteristics
Biological Characteristics
Radiological Characteristics

Physical Characteristics
Turbidity
Color
Taste and Odor
Temperature
Foamability

Physical Characteristics
Turbidity
Caused by the presence of suspended

materials (clay, silt, other inorganic

materials, planktons, or finely divided
organic materials)

Color
Often caused by dissolved organic matter,

from decaying vegetation.

Color changes usually do not threaten
health but often are psychologically
undesirable.

Physical Characteristics
Taste and Odor
Caused by organic compounds, inorganic

salts, or dissolved gases.

This condition can be treated only after a
chemical analysis has identified which
source is responsible

Temperature
In general, water supplied between 50 and

60 F (10 and 16 C) is preferred

Physical Characteristics
Foamability
Caused by concentration of detergents
The foam itself does not pose a serious
health threat, but it may indicate the
other more pollutant associated with
waste are also present

Chemical Characteristics
Alkalinity
Hardness
Toxic Substances

Chemical Characteristics

Ground water particularly to chemical

alteration because as it moves downward
from the surface it slowly dissolves some
mineral contained in rocks and soils.

Chemical Analysis
Possible presence of harmful substances
The potential for corrosion within the water

supply system
The tendency for water to stain fixture and
clothing

Chemical Characteristics
Alkalinity
Caused by bicarbonates, carbonate or
hydroxide components
Testing for these components of waters
alkalinity is a key to which treatments to
use

Chemical Characteristics
Hardness
A relative term, hard water inhibits the
cleaning action of soap and detergents,
and it deposit scale on the inside of hot
water pipes and cooking utensils, thus
wasting fuel and making utensils unusable
Caused by Calcium & Magnesium salts
Classified as:
Temporary (Carbonate)
Permanent (Bicarbonate)

Chemical Characteristics

pH
Measure of waters hydrogen ion

concentration, as well as relative acidity or

alkalinity

ph = 7 (neutral)
ph < 7 (acidic)
ph > 7 (basic)

Water at natural state: ph = 5.5 9.0

Chemical Characteristics
Toxic Substances
Arsenic (As)
Barium (Ba)
Cadmium (Cd)
Cyanides (Cn)
Fluoride (F)
Lead (Pb)
Selenium (Se)
Siver (Ag)

Biological Characteristics
Bacteria
Protozoa
Virus

Potable water should be kept as free

as possible from disease-producing
organisms (bacteria, protozoa & virus)

Biological Characteristics
Bacteria
Coliform Group (E. Coli) present in
fecal matter of humans as well as those
of birds & other animals
Protozoa

Virus

Radiological Characteristics
The mining of radioactive materials and
the use of such materials in the industry
and power plants have produced
radiological pollution in some water
supplies
Since radiological effects are
cumulative, concentrations of
radioactive material should be low

Water Sources

Surface Water
River
Lake
Pond
Impounding Reservoir
Ocean

Ground Water
Wells

Water Sources
Surface Water
A mixture of surface run-off and groundwater
Surface sources include rivers, lakes, ponds

and impounding reservoir

Water Sources
Ground Water
That portion of the rainwater which has

percolated into the earth to form

underground deposits called aquifer.
Aquifer water-bearing soil formation
As a source of water can be extracted in
many different ways.

Ground Water
Wells
Holes in the earth from which a fluid may be

withdrawn using manual or mechanical means

such as draw bucket, pumps, etc.

Water Wells
Water that flows into well is ground water
This water comes from rain that is absorbed into

the ground and is slowly filtered through the

different layers of the ground and into the
ground-water reservoir (or Aquifer)
The top of the zone is known as the water table
the level at which water stands in a well that is
not being pumped.

Types of Wells
Dug Wells
Driven Wells
Bored Wells
Drilled Wells

Types of Wells
Dug Wells
These can be constructed with hand
tools or power tools
It can be dug to a depth of about 15
meters (50 feet) and can have the
greater diameter that a space may allow

Types of Wells
Driven Wells
These are the simplest and usually the
least expensive
A steel drive-well point is fitted on one end
of the pipe section and driven into the earth
The drive point is usually 1 - 2 inches
(32 51 mm) in diameter
The point may be driven into the ground to
a depth of up to 15 meters (50 feet)

Types of Wells
Bored Wells
These are dug with earth augers
Usually less than 30 meters (100 feet)
deep
They are used when earth to be bored is
boulder free and will not cave in
Diameter ranges from 2 30 inches
The well is lined with metal, vitrified tile
or concrete

Types of Wells
Drilled Wells
These require more elaborate equipment of
several types, depending on the geology of
the site
They measure up to 300 meters (984 feet)
Percussion Method
Involves raising & dropping of a heavy drill bit and

stem
Having thus pulverized, the earth being drilled in
mixed with water to form slurry, which is periodically
removed
As drilling proceeds, a casing is also lowered (except
when drilling through rocks)

Types of Wells
Drilled Wells (cont.)
Rotary Drilling Method
(hydraulic/pneumatic)
Utilize cutting bit at the lower end of the drill

pipe
Drilling fluid is constantly pumped to the
cutting bit to aid in the removal of particles of
earth, which are then brought to the surface
After the drill pipe withdrawn, a casing is
lowered into position

Types of Wells
Drilled Wells (cont.)
Down-The-Hole Method
A pneumatic hammer is combined with the

percussion effect of the rotary drill bit

Water Supply Facilities

Level I
Farthest user is not more than 250 meters from

the point source

At least 20 liters/capita/day

Level II
Farthest house is not more than 25 meters from

the communal faucet system

At least 60 liters/capita/day

Level III
The house has service connection from the

system
At least 100 liters/capita/day

Levels of Service

Level I
A protected well or a developed spring with

an outlet but without a distribution system

Generally adaptable for rural areas where
houses are thinly scattered
A level facility normally serves an average of
15 households

Levels of Service

Level II
A system composed of a source, a reservoir,

a piped distribution network and communal

faucets
Usually, 1 faucet serves 4 6 households
Generally suitable for rural and urban
fringed areas where houses are clustered
densely to justify a simple pipe system

Levels of Service

Level III
A system with a source, a reservoir, a piped

distribution network and household taps

Generally suitable for densely populated
urban areas

Definitions

Pure Water
Natural Water
Purified Water
Contaminated Water
Polluted Water
Hard Water
Soft Water
Gray Water
Black Water
Storm Water

Master Plumber Review

Thank You.