CHAPTER 6

Always State Assumptions!!!

Possible Assumptions:

Laminar flow (fully developed)

Turbulent flow
Fully developed
Incompressible (Poiseuille) pipe flow
Atmospheric pressure (at where ever)
Negligible velocity (Very large tank draining)

Subsection Summaries
6.1 Reynolds Number Regimes

2300
Viscosity values usually around 1 104

6.2 Internal vs. External Viscous Flows

= (
)

Laminar Flow:

0.06

1
1.6() 4

For Turbulant Flow:

For

Re 107

6.3 Head Loss The Friction Factor

2 8 2
=
2 2 5

CHAPTER 6
6.4 Laminar Fully Developed Pipe Flow

64

Flow direction is in direction of falling HGL

1 = 1 +

2 = 2 + 2
Compare 1 and 2 if 1 > 2 the flow is from 1 to 2.

Generalized complete incompressible steady flow energy equation:

(

2
+
+ ) = ( +
+ ) + +
2
2

Single Pipe Flow Problems

Known Flow Rate:
1. Use known flow rate to determine Reynolds number
=

=
=

2. Identify whether flow is laminar of turbulent

Laminar < 2300 < Turbulent
3. Use correct expression to determine friction factor
64

Laminar

Turbulent

(Read off of Moody)

4. Use definition of to determine friction head loss

2
=
2
5. Use general energy equation to determine total pressure drop

2
( +
+ ) = ( +
+ ) + +
2
2

CHAPTER 6
Unknown Flow Rate
1. Assume infinite Reynolds Number
2. Obtain friction factor as function of roughness only

(Read off of Moody)

3. Obtain first guess of velocity based on energy conservation

4. Update Reynolds number
5. Update friction factor based on Reynolds number and

EXAMPLE: Chapter 6 Lecture Notes slide 11 on p.6

After equation for V is derived:

0.05

(1)

For Reynolds number

= 50000 (2)

Initial to determine search line:

0.05
10

Assume fully turbulent:

= 0.002
0.002 = 0.0235

The assumption of fully turbulent flow is to get initial

1. Insert into eqn. (1) to get new
= 1.459
2. Insert new into eqn. (2) to get new

3. Look up new on predetermined 0.002 ( ) line to determine new

4. Repeat steps 1 to 3 until is stable

CHAPTER 6

Unknown Diameter:
Example 6.10
Find functions that define the diameter of the pipe. In this example:

2 5
8 2

to

0.655 1/5

to

21800

6 105
=

1. Guess
2. calculate

3. use to calculate and

4. use and to find new

5. Repeat steps 1 to 4 until becomes stable
4

CHAPTER 6
Minor or Local Losses in Pipe Systems
See Example 6.16
= + =

2
( + )
2

When flow is exiting a pipe to a large reservoir (submerged exit): K =1

ALWAYS!!!!!

Other values for the resistance coefficient k can be read of various graphs in section 6.9 (Minor of
Local Losses in Pipe Systems).
Fig 6.18a:

Recent measured loss coefficients for 900 elbows (p.401)

Fig 6.18b:

Average loss coefficients for partially open valves (p.402)

Fig 6.20:

Resistance for smooth-walled 450, 900 and 1800 bends At Re = 200 000.

Fig 6.21 a & b: Entrance and exit loss coefficients

Fig 6.22:

Sudden expansion and contraction losses

Fig 6.23:

Flow losses with gradual conical expansion

Sudden expansion:
= (1

2
2

) = 2 /(2)

Sudden Contraction:
5

CHAPTER 6
0.42 (1

2
2

Multiple Pipe Systems

Ugh read p.407 to p.413