Workplace Hazards & Their Effects

WORKPLACE HAZARDS
AND THEIR ILL EFFECTS
Occupational
WorkplaceSafety
Hazards
and&Health
Their IllCenter
Effects
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH (ILO)

Promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of
physical, mental & social well-being of workers of all
occupations
Prevention among its workers of departures from
health caused by their working conditions
Protection of workers in their employment from risks
usually from factors adverse to health
Placing & maintenance of the worker in an
occupational environment adapted to his/her
physiological ability
Workplace Hazards & Their Ill Effects
Exposure
Potentially
Harmful Agents
Response
Normal / Altered
Body Response
Result
Homeostasis or
Disease
Occupational
Hazards genetic
factors
age
medical
history
gender
Multiplicity
of
Physical exposure Exposure
duration
properties
Occupational
hazards
Timing of
exposure
Magnitude of
exposure
PHYSICAL AGENTS
noise, vibration, radiation,
defective illumination,
temperature extremes
CHEMICAL AGENTS
dusts, gases, vapors,
fumes, mists, etc.
BIOLOGICAL AGENTS
viruses, bacteria, fungi,
parasites
LACK OF ERGONOMIC PRINCIPLES

exhaustive physical exertions, excessive
standing, improper motions, lifting heavy
load, job monotony, etc.
INDUSTRIAL TOXICOLOGY
Toxicology - "study of poisons
injurious effects of substances
Toxicity
-inherent poisonous potency
Hazard
-risk or danger of poisoning
Dose
-amount of substance biologically
available
Exposure -concentration of substance in the
environment
HAZARD = TOXICITY x EXPOSURE
Acute
Chronic :
high-dose exposure
e.g. pesticide poisoning
low-dose exposure
e.g. lead poisoning
cancer from benzene
Inhalation
Ingestion
Skin Contact
Inhalation:
Most important route
Factors affecting absorption:
a. water solubility
b. particle size: < 0.5 m
c. Defense mechanisms
Skin Contact:
absorption is faster through abraded or inflamed skin
Ingestion
usually from contaminated hands
10
Gastrointestinal:
Kidney:
Lungs:
Secretory structures:
Feces
Urine
Exhaled breathe
Sweat glands
Breast milk
AIR
ENVIRONMENTAL
MONITORING
FECES
SWEAT
BLOOD
11
SURFACES, ETC.
TARGET ORGANS
URINE
EARLY EFFECTS
BIOLOGIC
MONITORING
HEALTH
IMPAIRMENT
12
Dose-response relationship:
- increasing concentration
response or effect in host
LD 50 - Dose lethal to 50% of test
animals
50%
Response
Dose
13
DISEASES THAT MAY

ARISE FROM CHEMICAL
EXPOSURES IN THE
WORKPLACE
14
Causative Agents Industry
Disease
Mercury, Lead
Cadmium
Battery.,
Chemical Ind,
Battery Mfg.
Chloroform,
Carbon tetrachloride
Ethylene glycol
Carbon disulfide
Solvents, chemical
industries
Solvents, cosmetics
Solvent, pesticide
Chronic renal failure,

Renal stones
(Cadmium)
Nephrotic Syndrome
(Mercury)
Acute renal
failure
Chronic renal
failure
15
Causative Agent
Industry/Process
Disease
Inorganic dusts
Mining, sandblasting
Construction
Coal-workers
Pneumoconiosis
(silicosis,
asbestosis,
coal workers
pneumoconiosis)
Textile, Cotton
Byssinosis
Farmer's lung,
Bagassosis
Hemp, flax
Bagasse
Agriculture
16
Causative Agent
Industry/Process Disease
Solvents,
Ammonia,
Formaldehyde
Chemical process
industries, Pulp and
Paper production,
Laboratory
Plastics,
Platinum jewelers,
Electroplating
Pigments,plating
Metal refining
Diisocyanates,
Varnish
Nickel, Arsenic
Chromium
Irritation,
Inflammation
Edema
Asthma
Cancer
17
Causative Agent Industry/Process
Disease
Plastics epoxies
Plastic, Varnish
Sodium Hydroxide
Acids
Chemical industry
Laundering
Cement
Construction,
Cement mfg.
Allergic
Contact
Dermatitis
Irritant
Contact
Dermatitis
Burns, Irritation
Contact
Dermatitis
18
Causative Agent
Industry/Process Disease
Cutting oils
Grease
Chlorinated
hydrocarbons
Arsenic, Tar
Polycyclic
Hydrocarbons
Machine-tool
operators
Chemical
processes
Petroleum refinery
Asphalt workers
Acne
Chloracne
Skin Cancer
19
Causative Agents Industry/Process
Disease
Lead
Anemia
Benzene
Arsine gas
Battery manufacturing
Lead Smelting
Solvent
Soap manufacturing
Chemical industries
Aplastic
anemia
Destruction of
red blood
cells
20
10
Causative Agents Industry/Process
Disease
Carbon
tetrachloride
Arsenic
Chlorinated
hydrocarbons
Epoxy resins
obstructive
Vinyl chloride
Aflatoxins
Cleaning fluids,
Dry cleaners
Smelting, Insecticides
Chemical industry
Acute liver
toxicity
Cirrhosis
Rubber, synthetic
fabrics
Plastics, Vinyl chloride
monomer manufacturing
Acute
hepatitis
Liver Cancer
21
OCCUPATIONAL
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES
Causative Agents Industry/Process Disease
Lead, Cadmium (?)
Battery mfg.
Recycling
Hypertension
Carbon disulfide
Degreasing, Dry
Cleaning
Atherosclerosis
Fluorocarbons
Trichloroethylene
Refrigeration,
solvent workers
Arrhythmias
Nitrates
Explosives
Angina, Myocardial
Infarction
22
11
ORGANIC SOLVENTS
Uses
As raw materials in industrial and consumer
products
Single solvent (acetone, toluene, ethanol,
etc.)
Solvent mixtures
Selective dissolution of one substance from a
mixture
Reduction of the viscosity of another substance
23
ORGANIC SOLVENTS
Occupational Exposure
Paint manufacture & use
Metal degreasing
Plastics and fiberglass production
Printing
Dry Cleaning
24
12
ORGANIC SOLVENTS
GENERAL EFFECTS
Skin Irritation
Generally from long
term exposure
Develops slowly
Erythema, edema,
dryness, defatting of
the skin
Eye Irritation
Generally produce mild
irritation (non-reactive
solvents)
e.g. toluene, benzene,
xylene, TCE
Corneal destruction,
burns (reactive
solvents reacts with
tissue protein)
e.g. formaldehyde
25
ORGANIC SOLVENTS
GENERAL EFFECTS
Central Nervous System Effects
Acute significant inhalation exposure
Can be reversible
Symptoms
Dizziness, drowsiness
Nausea, headache
Gait disturbances, incoordination
Euphoria, seizures, coma, death
26
13
ORGANIC SOLVENTS
LIVER EFFECTS
Acute hepatic
damage
From short term, high
dose exposure
May result to
extensive liver
damage
Symptoms: anorexia,
vomiting, nausea,
jaundice, coma and
death
Chronic hepatic
damage
From low dose, long
term exposure
Effects include
Fatty liver
Cirrhosis/fibrosis
Cholestasis
Tumors
27
ORGANIC SOLVENTS
KIDNEY EFFECTS
Acute renal damage
From short term, high
dose exposure
Abrupt decline in
kidney function
Organic solvents
usually implicated
CCl4, chloroform,
TCE, ethylene glycol
Chronic renal damage

From low dose, long
term exposure
Glomerular injury
minimal to proliferative
damage
May result to end stage
renal disease
28
14
ORGANIC SOLVENTS
Peripheral Nervous System Effects
Responsible for carrying sensory information to
CNS and motor impulses
Peripheral neuropathies
Polyneuropathies
Tingling and numbness in the extremities
Muscle weakness and possible atrophy
Slowly reversible
Chemicals implicated
n-Hexane
methyl n-butyl ketone
29
ORGANIC SOLVENTS
Central Nervous System Effects
Responsible for movement, control of body
function, memory, behavior
Effects can be debilitating

Mood changes, irritability
Depression, memory impairment, difficulty
concentrating
Sleep disorders, personality changes
30
15
ORGANIC SOLVENTS
CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECTS
Signs/ symptoms:
Cardiac arrythmias (irregular heart beat)
chest discomfort
Sometimes may result to sudden death in
otherwise normal healthy individual
Mechanism of effect ? lowering the threshold

for response of the heart muscle
Implicated chemicals
Toluene, benzene, TCA, TCE
31
ORGANIC SOLVENTS
EFFECTS TO THE LUNGS
Signs/Symptoms:
Coughing, gagging, wheezing
Pneumonitis, hypoxemia
Inflammation, destruction of pulmonary

surfactant
32
16
ORGANIC SOLVENTS
Pre-employment
and periodic medical
tests
Special tests for
Clearances from
allergologist,
neurologist,
nephrologist, etc.
Kidneys
Liver
Blood
Biological
Monitoring
Urine metabolites
33
LEAD
SYNONYMS:
Metallic lead, lead oxide, lead salts
USES:
Manufacture of: storage battery
pipe and cable sheating
Pigment and stabilizers
Glazing material, radiation shield,
ammunition, soldering, automobile radiator
repair.
34
17
LEAD
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
1. Environmental
vehicular exhaust
smoking (lesser extent)
20 cigarettes/ day = intake of 1-5 ug
industrial emission
lead-glazed earthen wares
lead in food (150 ug/ day)
lead in water (10 ug/ day)
35
LEAD
2. Occupational
a. smelters
b. welders
c. battery workers
d. radiator repairmen
e. scrapers of lead paint
f. lead burning apparatus
36
18
LEAD
TOXICOLOGY
Hematologic effects
Anemia
Signs and Symptoms
1. Mild anemia- fatigue and shortness of breath
2. Severe anemia- dizziness
- headache
- irritability
- difficulty in concentration
37
LEAD
TOXICOLOGY
Neurologic Effects
Central Nervous System

1. Lead encephalopathy- usually in children due to brain
swelling
Signs and Symptoms- ataxia, stupor, coma,
convulsions, death
Peripheral Nervous System-selective involvement of
motor neurons with little or no sensory abnormalities
Signs and symptoms- decreased motor nerve
conduction velocity
- aching and tenderness of muscles and joints
38
19
LEAD
TOXICOLOGY
Renal Effects
Signs and symptoms
protein in urine,
sugar in urine,
hypertension
Gastrointestinal Effects
Signs and symptoms loss of appetite & digestive disturbances,
epigastric discomfort after eating,
constipation, lead colic.
39
LEAD
Cardiovascular effects
Reproductive effects
Hypertension
A. Males
B. Females
1. reduced fertility
1. reduced fertility
2. spontaneous abortion
3. behavioral or developmental disabilities
Other effects
Burton Line- indicative of lead exposure

Poor dental hygiene
40
20
CHILDREN
Death
Encephalopathy
Nephropathy
Frank anemia
Colic
Blood Lead
Concentration (ug/dL)
150 (7.25)
100 (4.80)
50(2.40)
40 (1.95)
Decreased vit. D metabolism
30 (1.45)
Increased erythrocyte
protoporphyrin
Decreased vitamin D
metabolism (?)
Developmental toxicity
Decreased IQ
Decreased hearing
Decreased growth
Transplacental transfer
Encephalopathy
Frank anemia
Decreased hemog. synthesis
Decreased nerve
conduction velocity
ADULTS
20 (0.95)
Decreased
longevity
Decreased hemog.
synthesis
Peripheral neuropathies
Infertility (men)
Nephropathy
Increased systolic BP (men)
Decreased hearing acuity
protoporphyrin (men)
protoporphyrin (women)
10 (0.50)
Increased HPN (?)
41
WORKPLACE PHYSICAL HAZARDS
Noise
Extremes of Temperature
Inadequate Illumination
Radiation
(Ionizing and NonNon-ionizing)
Vibration
42
21
NOISE
Unwanted Sound
Effect of noise depends on:
- Intensity (Loudness)
- Duration
- Frequency
43
APPROXIMATE DECIBEL LEVEL

Decibels (dB) Examples
0
The quietest sound you can hear
30
60
70-80
90
Whisper, quiet library

Normal conversation, sewing machine, typewriter
Television
Lawnmower, shop tools, truck traffic,
8 hours per day is the maximum exposure
Chainsaw, pneumatic drill, snowmobile
Sandblasting, loud rock concert, auto horn
Gun muzzle blast, jet engine
Causes pain
100
115
140
44
22
PERMISSIBLE NOISE EXPOSURES

Duration/day (hrs)
8
6
4
3
2
1 1/2
1
1/2
1/4 or less
Sound Level (dB)

90
92
95
97
100
102
105
110
115
(from the Dept. of Labor and Employment: Occupational Safety and Health Standards)
45
HARMFUL EFFECTS OF NOISE

Hearing Damage
Stress-related disorders
-Interfere with work performance
-Disturbs relaxation and sleep
Hypertension
Hyperacidity
Palpitations
46
23
HEARING DAMAGE FROM

NOISE EXPOSURE
Acute:
from loud noise such as blasts

(140-160 dB damages the eardrum)
Chronic:
Due to long-term exposure to

hazardous noise levels
Major risk Factor: Prolonged unprotected exposure

to noise (> 85 dB)
47
TYPES OF NOISE-INDUCED
HEARING LOSS
Temporary threshold shift (auditory fatigue)
temporary loss of hearing acuity after exposure to loud
noise
recovery within 16-48 hrs.
Permanent threshold shift
irreversible loss of hearing
difficulty in understanding spoken words
familiar sounds are muffled
frequent tinnitus
48
24
EARLY SIGNS OF
HEARING LOSS
Difficulty in understanding spoken words in a noisy
environment
Need to be near or look at the person speaking to
help understand words
Familiar sounds are muffled
Complaints that people do not speak clearly
Ringing noises in the ears (tinnitus)
49
EFFECTS OF NOISE ON
GENERAL HEALTH
Noise can affect more than just hearing.
Dilation of pupils
Secretion of thyroid
hormones
Heart palpitations
Secretion of adrenalin
Secretion of adrenal cortex
hormone
Movements of the stomach
and intestines
Muscle reaction
Constriction of blood
vessels
50
25
VIBRATION
Definition
physical factor w/c affects man by
transmission of mechanical energy
from oscillating sources
Subdivisions
wholebody vibration
segmental vibration
51
POTENTIAL OCCUPATIONAL
EXPOSURES
Wholebody Vibration
truck drivers
bus drivers
heavy equipment operators
farm vehicle and tractor operators
foundry workers (mold shakeout,
forklift trucks, overhead
cranes)
railroads (engineers, conductors,
track repair workers)
forklift operators
52
26
POTENTIAL OCCUPATIONAL
EXPOSURES
Hand-Arm (Segmental) Vibration
chain sawyers
pneumatic tool operators (chippers,
staple gun operators, construction and
road operation)
mining ( jack leg and hand tool)
electrical grinder operators
(rotary, stand, swing grinders)
metal extrusion operators
wood products manufacturing
53
SEGMENTAL VIBRATION
54
27
HEALTH EFFECTS
Whole body vibration
general stressor
changes in the central nervous system
with associated difficulty in maintaining
a steady posture
changes in bone structure
55
HEALTH EFFECTS
Segmental Vibration
- localized stressor to the fingers and

hands
Hands-Arm Vibration Syndrome
Raynauds phenomenon
fingers blanch or turn white with
exposure to cold
56
28
PREVENTION OF VIBRATION
INJURIES
Administrative measures:
Information and training of workers
Proper work schedule
Minimize smoking and use of drugs which
affect circulation
Personal Protection: Use of vibration dampening gloves
Others:
Wear adequate clothing
57
MEDICAL SURVEILLANCE
Pre-employment and Periodic Exams
>
clearances from an
otolaryngologist, neuropathologist,
therapist, gynecologist, and
radiologist
Special Tests
>
general blood tests
>
x-ray of the hand bones or spinal
column
58
29
INADEQUATE LIGHTING
59
INADEQUATE ILLUMINATION
Quantity - depends on task
too much
too little
Quality
shadows, silhouettes,
overcasts, reflections, glares
60
30
RECOMMENDED ILLUMINATION
LEVELS
Area of Operation
Min Lighting Level (lux)

2000
Cutting Cloth
Fine machining
Transcribing handwriting
Drafting
1000
Welding
First Aid station
500
Lunch Room
Rest Room
300
61
RECOMMENDED ILLUMINATION
LEVELS AT VDT WORKSTATIONS
Working Conditions
Conversational Tasks
well printed source documents
Conversational Tasks
reduced readability of source
documents
Data Entry Tasks
Illumination Level
(lux)
300
300-400
500-700
62
31
INADEQUATE ILLUMINATION
Usual Complaint:
Visual Fatigue
Double Vision
Headaches
Painful irritation,
Lacrimation, Conjunctivitis
63
OCCUPATIONAL EFFECTS OF
VISUAL FATIGUE
Loss of productivity
Increased Accident Rate
More Mistakes
Lowering of Quality
Visual Complaints
64
32
HEAT
Generation of heat from:
Body metabolism
Physical activities
Radiation from hot surfaces
Thermoregulation:
Heat gained by Body = Heat lost
65
DISORDERS RELATED TO
HEAT STRESS
DISORDERS
Miliaria rubra
Heat
cramps
Heat
exhaustion
Heat stroke
MAIN CLINICAL
TREATMENT
FEATURES
CAUSES
Malfunction of
sweat glands
Loss of water
and electrolytes
Physical exertion,
loss of water &
electrolytes
Failure of
temperature
control center
in brain
Pruritic rash
Cramps in limbs
Symptomatic
Rest, fluids
with added salt
Dizziness, blurring Rest, fluids with

of vision with cold added salt cooling
and clammy skin
in well- ventilated
Convulsions,
muscle twitch,
delirium with hot
and dry skin;
Temp >41C
Stripping down
and vigorous
cooling with ice
baths
PROGNOSIS
Good
Complete
recovery
Complete
recovery
usual
High mortality
sequelae: poor
memory &
concentration;
headache
66
33
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR
WORKING IN HOT CONDITIONS
1. Acclimatization is necessary
2. Encourage drinking small amount of fluids at
frequent intervals
3. The greater the heat and physical load, the more
frequent the cooling periods.
4. The drinks should be available close to the
worker.
5. Proper clothing should be worn.
67
COLD STRESS
OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE
cooling room workers
dry ice workers
ice makers
out-of-door workers during cold weather
cold storage workers
68
34
COLD-INDUCED INJURIES
1.
Frostbite
fingers, toes, cheeks, nose, and

ears are most susceptible
characterized by reddening of the

skin becoming blush later on,
localized burning pain, and
numbness
69
2.Trench Foot
(Immersion Foot)
results from prolonged exposure of the lower

extremities to cold 32oF to 50oF (Ooto 10oC)
and moisture
no neurovascular damage, and tissue anoxia
follows
characterized by numbness, painful
paresthesias, followed by leg cramps,
vesiculation,
ulceration
and
gangrene
Workplace
Hazards & Their
Ill Effects
70
35
3. General Hypothermia
results from being in cold weather or
submerged in cold water
characterized by dizziness, fatigue
can lead to unconsciousness and death
71
CONTROL MEASURES
Provide adequate clothing including insulated
gloves, footwear and headgear
Build barriers around the worksite to block
the wind
Supply workers with warm beverages
72
36
RADIATION
73
Radiation: Non-Ionizing & Ionizing

Radiation
Non-Ionizing
1. Ultraviolet
Sources
Effects
Sunlight, Welding
Lasers
Arc flash erythema

Photosensitivity
Radar, Ovens
Lens damage,
3. Infrared
Glass Blowing, Furnaces
can interfere w/
pacemaker &
medical devices
Cataracts
Ionizing
Radiation
X-rays
gamma rays
2. Microwaves
burns,
Cancer, cataracts
Sterility, birth
defects,
74
37
WORKPLACE
BIOLOGIC HAZARDS
75
BIOLOGIC HAZARDS
Biological nature which has the potential to
cause harm
Viruses, bacteria, dangerous plants and
animals (for example parasites or insects), or
harmful by-products of living things.
76
38
TUBERCULOSIS
DEFINITION
Tuberculosis is a chronic bacterial infection
that is characterized by the formation of
granulomas in infected tissues.
ETIOLOGY
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
77
TRANSMISSION
h respiratory secretions expelled during coughing,
sneezing, and vocalizing
h bacilli remain airborne for long periods

h infectiousness depends number of organisms in
the expectorated sputum and the extent of preexisting pulmonary disease
78
39
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
h has a predilection for the apical posterior segments of
the upper lobes of the lungs
h Symptoms include the following:

a.
b.
c.
d.
weight loss
low grade afternoon fever
persistent cough
blood-streaked sputum
h pulmonary cavities may persist even though effective

chemotherapy has resulted in apparent cure
79
TETANUS
A neurological disorder characterized by
increased muscle tone and spasms, that is
caused by tetanospasmin, a protein toxin
elaborated by the organism Clostridium
tetani.
It arises from the contamination of wounds
with Clostridium spores.
80
40
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
1. Increased tone in the masseter muscle
(lockjaw)
2. Sustained contraction of the facial muscles
(risus sardonicus) and back muscles
(opisthotonus)
PREVENTION
1. Active immunization with tetanus toxoid
2. Careful wound management
81
HIV / AIDS
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is a
chronic and fatal illness which affects the bodys
immune system making it unable to combat
infection.
It is caused by the Human Immunodeficiency
Virus (HIV).
82
41
To be transmitted, HIV must enter the

bloodstream of another person in large enough
quantities to infect them.
HIV has been detected in infectious
quantities in:
*
*
*
*
blood
semen
vaginal fluids
breast milk
83
HIV CAN ENTER THE

BLOODSTREAM
during unprotected sex
through transfusions of
blood or blood products
from an HIV positive

mother to her baby
84
42
HIV / AIDS
Course of HIV Infection
Infection
Development of Antibodies (seroconversion)
Asymptomatic Carrier State
Persistent generalized lymphadenopathy
and non-life threatening conditions
Continuing
asymptomatic state
Recovery (?)
Continuing
illness
AIDS & other

life-threatening
conditions
Death
85
HIV/AIDS
HIV Testing
Detects presence of antibody to HIV in
blood
Two (2) Screening Tests:

1. ELIZA
(Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay)
2. Particle agglutination (PA)
86
43
HIV/AIDS
Prevention of HIV Infection
A :
Abstinence
B :
Be Faithful
C :
Condom
D:
Do not inject Drugs
87
Philippine National AIDS

Prevention and Control Act of
1998
Basic Information on HIV/AIDS
Non-mandatory testing
Confidentiality of results
Prohibition of discrimination and
termination from work
88
44
ERGONOMICS
the scientific discipline concerned with the
understanding of the interactions among
human and other elements of a system,
and the profession that applies theory,
principles, data and methods to design in
order to optimize human well-being and
overall system performance.
International Ergonomics Association
89
ERGONOMICS
GOALS
make work safe and humane

increase human efficiency
create human well-being
90
45
ERGONOMICS
Fitting the task to the person
The
Tool
The Environment
The
Workstation
Operator
The Organization
The Task
(Job Content/
Context)
91
ERGONOMICS
WORK SYSTEM
Capabilities
Limitations
92
46
imbalance
in the
worksystem
EFFECT ON
PERFORMANCE
low product quality
high rate or errors
material wastage
equipment damage absenteeism
accidents
musculoskeletal
compensation
vascular
costs
visual/ ocular
hearing
skin
psychological
EFFECT ON HEALTH
93
ERGONOMICS RISK FACTORS

POSTURE
Awkward posture
Static posture
94
47

FORCEFUL EXERTIONS
Overcome weight, resistance, inertia
Lift
Push
Pull
Carry
95

MOVEMENT
Extreme range of motion
twisting
bending
Repetitive
same motion pattern
short cycle time
96
48
EFFECTS OF ERGONOMIC
STRESSES
Cumulative Trauma Disorders (CTDs)
secondary to repetitive motion, improper
posture, fatigue
Musculoskeletal disorders
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Neck-shoulder pain
Low Back Pain
Tendinitis
97

COGNITIVE DEMANDS
Vigilance / sustained alertness
signals, display controls, reaction
time
Perceive & interpret information

visual, hearing, tactile
Memory
98
49

JOB DESIGN
Task invariability
Lack of control
Lack of feedback
Overqualified/under
qualified
99

ORGANIZATIONAL CLIMATE
Work policy
shiftwork, machine-paced, inadequate
breaks, unrealistic quotas
Unfavorable social environment

support from management and co-workers
Lack of technical support

skill development, training & re-training
100
50

WORKPLACE DIMENSION
Fit
Reach
See
101

ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
Heat
Inadequate lighting
Vibration
Noise
102
51
103
RECOGNITION OF
ERGONOMIC RISK FACTORS
4Checklist survey
Document hazards
4Walkthrough survey
Observe activities
Talk with workers
Do quick fix
104
52
RECOGNITION OF
4Medical and safety records
Trends in accidents and diseases
4Worker complaints
4Work practices
Excessive overtimes
4Performance report
4Absenteeism, turnover
105
EVALUATION OF
4Characterize hazards
Duration of exposure
Magnitude of exposure
Recovery time
106
53
EVALUATION OF
4Job Analysis
Collect data to identify cause of stress
Establish what the worker is doing
Establish how the worker is doing the task
Establish how much work is being done
Establish interaction with work environment
107
EVALUATION OF
4Methods of data collection
Observation
Questionnaire
Video camera recording
Photography
Physiologic measures
EMG, energy expenditures,
biomechanics,etc.
108
54
SELECT INTERVENTION
OBJECTIVES
4reduce magnitude of risk factors
4reduce duration of exposure
lengthen recovery time
use other muscle groups and joints
improve posture
109
SELECT INTERVENTIONS
THAT ARE :
4APPROPRIATE
4TIMELY
4ACCEPTABLE
110
55
INTERVENTIONS
I.
Administrative control
management or personnel methods
4job rotation
4work enlargement
4rest breaks
4motion economy
4training and education
111
INTERVENTIONS
II.
Engineering control
workplace modification
4work location and dimensions
4tool design
4mechanical aids
112
56
ESSENTIALS IN THE DIAGNOSIS AND

MANAGEMENT OF OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES
What To Do:
What Not to Do:
Research the Facts
Do not immediately
assume the cause and
effect of exposure
and symptoms
Obtain more information
Do not transmit
anxiety or ignorance
to the patient
Investigate and enlist the

help of patient, family,
expert
Do not give the

person work
restriction Avoid all
Hazards
113
THE PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS

Occupational Health
Workplace-Related Events
Health Effects
Team
Environmental
monitoring
Exposure at the workplace

- Chemicals
- Physical agents
None
Biologically significant exposure

- Chemicals absorbed
- Early (reversible) changes
Biological monitoring
and health
surveillance
Early
Clinical diagnosis
- measurable health effects
Late
Treatment and
epidemiological
surveillance
- Morbidity
- Mortality
End effects
- diseases
- unfavorable events
(e.g. spontaneous abortion)
114
57
Monitoring
Systematic, continuous, repetitive health-related

activities that should lead to corrective action
Types of monitoring
1. Ambient / Environmental
2. Biologic
3. Medical surveillance
115
BIOLOGIC MONITORING
Measurement of changes in composition of body fluids,

tissue, expired air to determine absorption of potentially
hazardous material
MEDICAL SURVEILLANCE
Examination to determine workers response to the

hazard
Clinical examination and other laboratory tests
116
58
Health
Hazard
Environmental
Monitoring
Biological
Monitoring
Medical
Surveillance
Tricholoroethylene
Trichloroethylene
in air
Trichloroacetic
acid in urine
Liver, Kidney, Immune

system, Skin
Silica dust
Silica in air
None
Lung status
Noise
Sound level
None
Hearing
M.
tuberculosis
None
None
Lung status, sputum

exam.
None
Symptom survey,
physical exam,
radiologic exam, etc.
Lifting of Observe, measure,

heavy loads
document task
117
Know the hazard
- How worker is exposed
Characterize the hazard
- Exposure levels
Know the worker
- Susceptibilities
Obtain information on
appropriate medical
examinations
- Directed towards affected
Analyze medical data
- Disease, recovery, rehabilitation
- How worker is affected

- Exposure duration
organ system
- Effectiveness or failure of
control measures
118
59
119
60

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WORKPLACE HAZARDS

AND THEIR ILL EFFECTS

OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH (ILO)

Workplace Hazards & Their Ill Effects

Workplace Hazards & Their Ill Effects

LACK OF ERGONOMIC PRINCIPLES

Workplace Hazards & Their Ill Effects

Workplace Hazards & Their Ill Effects

Workplace Hazards & Their Ill Effects

Workplace Hazards & Their Ill Effects

Workplace Hazards & Their Ill Effects

Workplace Hazards & Their Ill Effects

DISEASES THAT MAY

Workplace Hazards & Their Ill Effects

Causative Agents Industry

Chronic renal failure,

Workplace Hazards & Their Ill Effects

Workplace Hazards & Their Ill Effects

Workplace Hazards & Their Ill Effects

Causative Agent Industry/Process

Workplace Hazards & Their Ill Effects

Workplace Hazards & Their Ill Effects

Causative Agents Industry/Process

Workplace Hazards & Their Ill Effects

Causative Agents Industry/Process

Workplace Hazards & Their Ill Effects

Workplace Hazards & Their Ill Effects

Workplace Hazards & Their Ill Effects

Workplace Hazards & Their Ill Effects

Workplace Hazards & Their Ill Effects

Workplace Hazards & Their Ill Effects

Workplace Hazards & Their Ill Effects

Chronic renal damage

Workplace Hazards & Their Ill Effects

Effects can be debilitating

Mechanism of effect ? lowering the threshold

Inflammation, destruction of pulmonary

Workplace Hazards & Their Ill Effects

Special tests for

Workplace Hazards & Their Ill Effects

Workplace Hazards & Their Ill Effects

Workplace Hazards & Their Ill Effects

Central Nervous System

Burton Line- indicative of lead exposure

Decreased vit. D metabolism

Decreased hemog. synthesis

Increased HPN (?)

Workplace Hazards & Their Ill Effects

WORKPLACE PHYSICAL HAZARDS

Workplace Hazards & Their Ill Effects

Workplace Hazards & Their Ill Effects

APPROXIMATE DECIBEL LEVEL

The quietest sound you can hear

Whisper, quiet library

Workplace Hazards & Their Ill Effects

PERMISSIBLE NOISE EXPOSURES

Sound Level (dB)

Workplace Hazards & Their Ill Effects

HARMFUL EFFECTS OF NOISE

HEARING DAMAGE FROM

from loud noise such as blasts

Due to long-term exposure to

Major risk Factor: Prolonged unprotected exposure

Workplace Hazards & Their Effects

Workplace Hazards & Their Effects