CivilFEM Geotechnical

Webinar

Peter R. Barrett,, M.S.C.E.,, P.E.

2009 CAE Associates

What is CivilFEM?

CivilFEM is an integrated Pre

Pre- , Solu - and Post-processor
Post processor add
add-on
on to
traditional ANSYS developed by ANSYSs Spain distributor
INGECIBER
AASHTO LRFD
Bridge Design Specifications
(Western USA)

NSYS/CivilFEM
130
130

120
120
5

110

100

CANADA

50

2.5
60
60

5
15
40

5
5
15

50

40
2.5

2.5

5
5

30
A
Acceleration Coefficient

60 80

2.5

Seismic
Zone

< 0.09

_ 0.19
> 0.09 and <

_ 0.29
> 0.19 and <

_
> 0.29

2.5
5
Tro
pic

of C
ance
r

MXICO

INGECIBER- CivilFEM Developer / ANSYS Partner

Ingeciber S.A. is a CAE company and ANSYS Channel Partner

with more than 20 years of experience using and developing
CAE Software

Ingecibers
g
Qualityy Assurance System
Q
y
is ISO 9001 certified.

Ansys, Inc and Ingeciber, S.A. have a long standing OEM

Agreement and established a strategic alliance for FEA solutions
i the
in
h construction
i iindustry.
d
S
Some worldwide
ld id C
Customers:

ANSYS Today
Worlds
World
s Largest Simulation Community

>10,000TotalCustomers

>125,000CommercialSeats
>125
000 Commercial Seats
>140,000UniversitySeats
>200ChannelPartners
>75IndustryPartners

>6,000TotalCustomers

>60,000CommercialSeats
>60
000 Commercial Seats
>70,000UniversitySeats
>20ChannelPartners
>80IndustryPartners

>2,000TotalCustomers
>10,000CommercialSeats
>10 000 Commercial Seats

ANSYS/CivilFEM

ANSYS/CivilFEM combines the world leading general

purpose structural analysis features of ANSYS (ISO-9001)
with high-end civil engineering-specific structural analysis
capabilities of CivilFEM (ISO-9001).

Current Customers include: AREVA, AECOM, Parsons,

Leslie
Westinghouse
L li E.
E Robinson,
R bi
W ti h
5

CivilFEM & ANSYS

CivilFEM Help

Interactive Online Help

Examples Manuals
Advanced Workshops
Training Courses

Current CivilFEM Distributors

CAE Associates, Inc.

One of first 4 ANSYS

Channel Partners

Since 1985
Engineering Co.
Co

Since 1981
9

CAE Associates CivilFEM / ANSYS Partner

25 years Structural,
Structural Thermal and Fluid engineering consulting
One of the original ANSYS Channel partners
The US leader in ANSYS Finite Element Training
Custom Training of ANSYS and CivilFEM

10

Sampling of CAE Consulting Services

NIST Structural Fire Response and Probable

Collapse Sequence of the World Trade Center
Towers Investigation
Steam Generator Replacement in Nuclear
C t i
Containment
tB
Buildings
ildi
Pre-stressed Concrete Pipe Simulation
Concrete Dam simulation to meet
FERC /C
/Corps off Engineers
E i
licensing
li
i

11

CAE Associates Senior Technical Staff

Nicholas M. Veikos, Ph.D., President
Peter R. Barrett, M.S.C.E., P.E., Vice President
Michael Bak, Ph.D., Project Manager
P ti kC
Patrick
Cunningham,
i h
M S M E Project
M.S.M.E.,
P j t Manager
M
Steven Hale, M.S.M.E., Project Manager
James Kosloski,, M.S.M.E.,, Project
j
Manager
g
Hsin-Hua Tsuei, Ph.D., CFD Manager
Jonathan Masters, Ph.D., Project Manager
George Bauer, M.S.M.E., Project Manager
Eric Stamper, M.S.M.E., Project Manager
Michael Kuron,
Kuron M.S.M.E.,
M S M E Project Engineer
Lawrence L. Durocher, Ph.D., Director

12

ANSYS Strengths

Nonlinear Stress Analysis

Full Element Library (over 200)

Contact
Plasticity
Creep
L
Large
D
Deflection
fl i P-Delta
P D l Eff
Effects
Element Birth and Death

Beams, Pi
B
Pipes & Sh
Shells
ll
2D and 3D Solids
Springs, Contact, etc

Dynamic Analysis
Response Spectrum
Nonlinear Transient Dynamics
Thermal-Stress Analysis
Indirect and direct coupled field simulations
Large Model Simulations
Solvers, meshing, Postprocessing, Graphics
13

ANSYS Strengths Development 12.0

14

CivilFEM Strengths

CivilFEM Capabilities
Entire suite of ANSYS capabilities including nonlinear analysis
and dynamics
Built-in
B ilt i Section
S ti Properties,
P
ti
Material
M t i l Models
M d l and
d Code
C d Ch
Checking
ki

Industry Specific CivilFEM Modules

Nonlinear Bridge Simulation
Pre-stressed Concrete

Geotechnical Applications

Nuclear Applications
15

CivilFEM
G t h i l
Geotechnical
Module

Introduction

The geotechnical module is one of 4 add-on ANSYS CivilFEM modules

Geotechnical, Nonlinear Bridge, Advanced Pre-stress, and Nuclear

The ~CFACTIV
CFACTIV command is used to activate and deactivate each module
module.

~CFACTIV,GETC,Y

17

Geotechnical Capabilities Summary

Materials library (soils and rocks)

Layered terrains
Soil foundation stiffness (ballast module)
Retaining wall design / analysis
Seepage analysis
Slope stability analysis
Tunneling -Hoek & Brown failure criteria
Earth pressures
Terrain Initial Stress
Foundation Piles

18

Geotechnical Materials

~CFMP command.
command
This command defines the soil or rock material properties in ANSYS
and CivilFEM.
It can be applied using
sing one of the follo
following
ing options
options:
From library: reads from the library the material properties for a given
material reference.
~CFMP,1,LIB,SOIL,,...
~CFMP,1,LIB,ROCK,,...

User defined: the material looses its library reference and the user can
change
h
any off it
its properties.
ti
~CFMP,1, USER

Material
M t i l IInclude
l d St
Standard
d d ANSYS as wellll as unique
i
Ci ilFEM Materials
CivilFEM
M t i l
19

Soil Material Properties

Soil Library
~CFMP,1,LIB,SOIL,,...
Material
number

Delete materials

Soil
classification
according to
Casagrande

Modify selected
material

List of defined
materials

Save materials

Copy materials
20

Rock Material Properties

Rocks library
~CFMP,1,LIB,ROCK,,...
Material
M
t i l
number

Delete materials

Modify selected
material

List of defined
materials

Rock
classifications
Copy materials

Save materials

21

Geotechnical Material Wizard

22

Soil and Rock Material Properties

Soil /Rock properties are divided into 7 different groups:

General properties:

common for all the materials (number, reference, type,)

Structural analysis properties: .

Static
St ti and
dd
dynamic
i properties,
ti
material
t i lb
behavior,
h i etc.
t

Specific weight properties:

specific weight, density, porosity, etc.

Properties:
test parameters, materials laws, etc.

Grain-size or Hoek & Brown properties :

grain-size parameters and Atterberg limits or Hoek & Brown & Dilatancy parameters

Correlations:
relationships between geotechnical parameters.

FLAC3D:
Flac3D properties.

Soil Menu

Rock Menu
23

Soil and Rock Material Properties

Structural Analysis
properties are divided
into:

Elasticity modulus,
modulus
Poisson ratio and
density used for the
structural analysis.
Plastic behavior
Static properties
Seismic properties

24

Soil and Rock Material Properties

Specific Weight
properties are divided
into:

Specific weights
Density
Porosity
Water content

25

Soil and Rock Material Properties

Material Properties are

divided into:

Test properties
Mohr-Coulomb parameters
Drucker-Prager parameters
Mohr-Coulomb in plain
strain models parameters
Earth pressure data
Seepage

26

Soil and Rock Material Properties

Grain-size properties are grouped into:

Grain-size parameters
Atterberg limits

These properties are

only defined for soils

27

Soil and Rock Material Properties

Hoek & Brown properties are grouped into:

Hoek & Brown parameters

Dilatancy parameters

These properties are

only defined for rocks

28

Soil and Rock Material Properties

The correlations can be selected from the CivilFEM library or from a user
defined file.
Select between CivilFEM
correlations or user defined

Relates the SPT value

with the elasticity
module applying the
correlation to the
specified propertyy
Apply

29

Correlations

User defined correlations

5- Correlation
number

6- Function
International
System
U
UNITS
S

7- Comment
(Optional)

4- Select
4
S l t new
correlation

The right hand menu

assists in writing a
correlation

30

Example - Cap Drucker-Prager Model

Cap Drucker
Drucker-Prager
Prager plasticity model applicable to
Simulation granular materials such as soils
Introduce cap for both tension and compression
Include
I l d cap h
hardening
d i
Include shear envelope hardening

31

CivilFEM Soil Materials Example Help

32

Layered Terrain Definition

Number of
layers.
(Maximum,
20))

Terrain
number

Terrain
name
Pitch
Terrain
general
properties

Location
Water
W
t
Table
Layer
L
number
Horizontal Ballast
M d l
Module

Thickness

SurfaceLoad
Material
Layer
p
Properties

Coulomb theory
for earth
pressure
calculation
33

Layered Terrains Definition

Allows the definition of soils without having to discretize them as finite

elements in the model.

New Terrain

Modify selected Terrain

Delete
l
Terrain
Copy Terrain

Properties list

34

Earth Pressures,
Pressures
Ballast Module, Soil
F
Foundation
d i
S
Stiffness
iff

Automated Earth Pressures

CivilFEM Model:

Earth column contribution over this point

At rest earth pressure

in
Active earth pressure
E0 K0 ihi K0 q
i 1
Passive earth p
pressure
The soil weight on the selected elements of the model.
Dry and flooded earth

ELEMENT TYPES:

Beams
Shells
Solids
Surface elements:

Y
Z

Y
Z

3D BEAM ELEMENTS

SHELL ELEMENTS
5

x
y
1

4
3

36

Earth Pressures

ACTIVE AND PASSIVE EARTH PRESSURES CALCULATION:

Calculated considering:

Earth column contribution over this point.

C h i
Cohesion
Surface load over the terrain.
q

in1

E Kh

i1

L L2
L L2
ih i nL1 K hc c 1
K hq q 1

2
2

Kh: Horizontal earth pressure

coefficient due to the earth weight

Khc: Horizontall earth

h pressure
coefficient due to cohesion

Layer1
Layer2

Layern-1

h1
h2

h n-1
L1

Layern

L 2+ L 2

L2

Khq: Horizontal earth pressure

coefficient due to the surface load

37

Ballast Module

CivilFEM calculates an estimation value of the ballast module (soil

foundation stiffness), that allows approximating the elastic soil model
(E and ) by means of Winklers model (beam on an elastic
foundation).
foundation)

Calculation steps:
1.

2.
3.

4.
5
5.

Model definition (materials,

elements,
l
b
beam & shell
h ll
properties)
Terrains definition
Select the elements and nodes
that make up the foundation
Ballast module calculation
Ballast module application

38

Ballast Module

Calculates
C
l l t th
the b
ballast
ll t module
d l ffor a ffoundation
d ti previously
i
l d
defined
fi d b
by th
the
user. The elements and nodes that make up the foundation must be
selected beforehand.

~EFSCALC, UCIM, UTER

Enter foundation
and terrain
numbers

39

Ballast Module: Results

Plot and list results

Close the
window

Activated
foundation

Element
results

Node
results

Foundation
not created

List
results

Deactivated
foundation

Results scale

40

Retaining Walls

Retaining Wall Calculation

Non-linear Analysis
Construction Sequence
Automated Simulation changing with excavation level

The wall may be

considered
id d as a
non-linear structure
and analyzed by the
non-linear module of
Ci ilFEM
CivilFEM

It takes into account

the soil
soil-structure
structure
interaction using
non-linear springs
with contact elements

42

Retaining Wall Calculation

Calculation of Sheet Piles 2D (automatic wizard) -3D

Non-linear construction sequence analysis

One or two sheet piles can be analyzed simultaneously
Simulation of anchors
anchors, water level,
level layered soils,
soils other applied loads
loads.
The excavation or
backfilling process can
be visualized in each
calculation step.

43

Retaining Wall Calculation

Calculation of Sheet Piles 2D (automatic wizard) -3D

With any ANSYS/CivilFEM cross section

Interaction with other structures

44

Retaining Wall Calculation

The systems
y
g
generated may
y consist of one or two walls that can be
integrated inside other ANSYS models like a subset.
The model is solved by means of an evolving calculation, where each
calculation stage
g represents
p
a step
p in excavation or backfill.
The reinforcement of the retaining walls can be later designed by
CivilFEM.
Applicable to any ANSYS/CivilFEM cross section

45

Retaining Walls: Modeling

The retaining wall is modeled with 2D

beam elements applying:

Retaining Wall Modeling

Boundary conditions
Actions

The interaction with the terrain is

simulated by the action of two pairs of
springs (LINK1 element) linked to
gaps (work in compression)

PPT1

PPT2

APT2

APT1

Terrain 1

Terrain 2

Organic Low
W ll graduated
Well
d t d gravell
Silt

Each pair of springs is in charge of

reproducing :

Passive
P
i earth
th pressure
Active earth pressure
(Earth Pressures described
previously)

Peat (Low)

The soil is defined as layered terrain

46

Retaining Walls: Earth Pressure

Material behavior law

The introduction of the material law for each spring is carried out using a
nonlinear elastic behavior model

-(E0-Ea)

d
-(E
(Ep-E
E0)

HBM

47

Retaining Walls: Calculation Procedure

~WALLINI

Initializes the data in the retaining wall analysis

Generall
G
Properties

Wall 1
Properties

Wall 2
Properties

48

Retaining Walls: Calculation Procedure

~WALLGEN command

Defines the elements forming the retaining wall:

Material:
Concrete
Steel

~WALLGEN, IWALL, ISEC, LENGTH, MAT, TYPE, REAL

Type
Real constant
Section Length

Wall
number

It is possible to use
any nonlinear behavior
in the Retaining Wall

49

Retaining Walls: Calculation Procedure

ANCHORAGE TYPES
Articulated
(ANCHTYPE = 1)

The anchorage is
created as a beam
with one of its ends
fixed to the soil.
soil

Delete
(ANCHTYPE = -1)

All anchorages at
the chosen level will
be deleted at this
construction step.

Fixed
(ANCHTYPE = 0)

A support will be
placed on the wall.
The node will be
moved to its initial
location.

Fixed with no
movement
restoring
(ANCHTYPE = 2)

A support will be
placed on the wall.

50

S
Seepage
A
Analysis
l i

Seepage Analysis Capabilities

Calculate hydraulic heads and pore water pressures

pressures.

Calculate filtered flows through boundaries.

Obtain the water table for 2D models.

Export the obtained pore water pressure to slope stability analysis. The
finite element mesh used in both analysis can be different.

Darcys law with anisotropy of the permeability coefficient (different

permeability in x, y, z directions).

v x - K xx

H
H
H

, v y - K yy
, v z - K zz
z
x
y

52

Seepage Analysis: Boundary Conditions

Impermeable surface:

Upstream surface: H = H0
Seepage surface: H = geometric height
Downstream surface: H = H1

H
0
n

y
Saturation surface

Upstream surface

H0

H(x,y) = H0

Seepage surface

H(x,y) = y(x)
B

H1

Impermeable surface

Downstream surface

H( ) = H1
H(x,y)

53

Seepage Analysis: CivilFEM Elements (II)

Equivalence table of available element types

CivilFEM Seepage Solver

ANSYS Thermal Solver

for Seepage Analogy

CivilFEM SEEPAGE
Elements

ANSYS STRUCTURAL
Elements

ANSYS THERMAL
Elements

2D

PLANE 42 - SEEP

PLANE 42

PLANE 55

3D

SOLID 45 - SEEP

SOLID 45

SOLID 70

54

Seepage Analysis: CivilFEM Elements (III)

Building a model for CivilFEM seepage solver:

The model is created using ANSYS structural elements

El
Element
t ttypes are automatically
t
ti ll changed
h
db
by th
the solver.
l

ANSYS/Structural Elements

CivilFEM Elements

PLANE 42

PLANE 42 SEEP

SOLID 45

SOLID 45 SEEP

Available degrees of freedom:

ANSYS D.O.F.

CivilFEM D.O.F.

UX

H (Hydraulic head)

UY

Not Used

UZ

Not Used
55

Seepage Analysis: CivilFEM Elements (IV)

I
y

4 nodes triangle option

J
y

Degenerated shape

x
Second grade shape function

F
Four
nodes
d
ttwo-dimensional
di
i
l element
l
t

Triangular prism

Basic shape

M,N,O,P

K,L

Tetrahedron
J

Three-dimensional
Three
dimensional

56

Seepage Analysis: Saturation Line

DAM EXAMPLE:
The saturation line has two end points that must comply with the following
boundary conditions:

a) Fixed: Point A in the figure

b) Sliding along a seepage surface: Point B in the figure
y
Saturation line

H0
H0
,y)=
x
(
H

y(x)
y

H = 0
n
y1

y2

H = 0
n

Seepage
p g surface

B
y3

y4

yB

H(x,y)=y(x)

H1

H(x,y)=H1

2D Seepage (Without drains)

57

Slope Stability

Slope Stability

1
1.

Slope stability can be calculated by means of two methods

methods, conceptually
different:
CLASSICAL METHODS

2.

Fellenius
Bishop
Simplified and Modified Janbu

FINITE ELEMENT METHOD

Equivalent results to the one obtained with classical methods

methods.

59

Slope Stability

Fellenius Method (Swedish or independent slice method):

Fellenius

Sliding surface: CIRCLE.

Independent slices.
Equilibrium of moments in relation to the circle center
center.
Recommended: cohesive homogeneous materials.
NON iterative process

N calculation:

N W cos kW sin D x sin D y cos

Bi h M
Bishops
Method:
th d

Sliding surface: CIRCLE.

Equilibrium of moments in relation to the circle center.
It ti process N d
Iterative
depends
d on th
the safety
f t ffactor
t F.
F
N

cL sin uL sin tan

Dy
F
sin
i tan
cos
F
60

Slope Stability

Janbus
Janbu
s Simplified Method:

Sliding surface: ANY POLYGONAL.

Forces equilibrium.
Iterative process N calculation is the same as for the Bishops
Bishop s method.
method

61

Slope Stability
2
2.

FINITE ELEMENT METHOD:

Safety factor

c ( u)tg . a
. a
n

n = Normal stress on the bottom

of the slice

-.378E+ 07
-.336E+ 07
-.294E+ 07
-.252E+ 07
-.210E+ 07
-.168E+ 07
-.126E+ 07
-836853
-416758
3338

= Tangential stress on the

bottom of the slice

= Slice width

= Pore water pressure

62

Slope Stability

How to perform a stability analysis?

Create the model (geometry, mesh, loads)

O l ffor FEM Analysis
Only
A l i
S l
Solve
Capture the model for slope stability
Slope stability needed data:
Sliding surfaces definition
Pore water pressure

Solve slope stability

Postprocess results

Differences among classical methods

63

Slope Stability

Capture the model for slope stability

~SLPIN N1,
~SLPIN,
N1 N2,
N2 N3

~SLPINK K1,
~SLPINK,
K1 K2,
K2 K3

Valid sliding surface

Invalid sliding surface

jobname.slp

jobname.db

jobname.cfdb

64

Slope Stability

Results
Sliding
direction

Previous and
next Circles
and Centers

Plott press.
Pl
lines

Plot complete
circles
Plot loads
List

Min Coef.

Safety Fact. map

Sliding surf
surf.
number and
safety factor

Export plot

Number of
colors
Maximum safety
factor shown

65

Tunneling

66

Wizard for Tunnel Design

Tunnel section

PLOT NO.
1
-909.174
-878.511
-847.848
-817.185
-786.522
-755.859
-725.196
-694.533
-663.87
-633.207

Tensin
FrenteAdvancement
de avance
Verticalvertical.
Stress. Tunnel

Longitudinal
Section

Forces and Moments on

Concrete
COL

COL

COL

Forces acting on
concrete tunnel

PLOT NO.
1
-.018494
-.014481
-.010468
-.006455
-.002443
.00157
.005583
.009596
.013609
.017621

Movimiento
vertical.
Frente
de avance
Vertical Movement.
Tunnel
Advancement

Longitudinal
Section
67

Underground Structures (Tunnels)

Element Birth and Death capability (non-linear construction sequence

analysis)

CERROGORDO

11

68

Underground Structures (Tunnels)

Terrain Initial Stress

Hoek & Brown Failure Criteria (rocks)
Plastic Constitutive models: 2D/3D Drucker-Prager and Mohr-Coulomb
Element Birth and Death capability (non-linear construction sequence
analysis)

69

Wizard for Tunnel Design

70

Wizard for Tunnel Design

71

Hoek & Brown

Failure Criterion

Hoek & Brown Failure Criterion

This tool offers the possibility to work with rock foundation models,
satisfying the Hoek and Browns failure model, original (1980) or modified
(1992).

RMR Rating used to select failure model

The procedure followed by CivilFEM, is based on using, at each load step,

a Drucker-Prager material, whose properties change according to its load
level.

73

Hoek & Brown Failure Criterion

HOEK & BROWNS CRITERION VALIDITY

The Hoek and Browns criterion is valid only for low confinement
pressures.
In rock mechanics, four structural situations of the rock massifs are
generally distinguished according to the defects and discontinuities shown.
Rocky Massif State Classification
Group I:
Intact Rock
Group II:
One single discontinuity
Group III:
Two discontinuities
Group IV:
Several discontinuities
p V:
Group
Fractured Massif

1 3
3
m s
c
c
c: Compression resistance of the
matrix rock.
rock
m,s: Constants that depend on the
characteristics of the rock and on its
g state
cracking

74

Hoek & Brown Failure Criterion

MODEL OPERATION

For each element in the model a stress state is read (1, 3)

Using Hoek & Brown criteria, the parameters of Mohr Coulomb are
obtained, and from this values, the Drucker Prager equivalent parameters.

1, 3

Hoek-Brown

c,,
Mohr-Coulomb

S l
Solve
Drucker-Prager

75

Hoek & Brown Failure Criterion

CALCULATION PROCEDURE
After creating the model, the Hoek & Brown solver should be used.

Read material
properties
p
p
at the
end of a Hoek &
Brown analysis, for
other calculations.
Write material
properties at the
end of the Hoek &
Brown analysis

76

Terrain Initial
St ess
Stress

Terrain Initial Stress

Develop Stress with no Strain

Gravity

Gravity

Terrain Initial Stress

78

Terrain Initial Stress

In order to simulate excavation processes and real terrain behavior

behavior, the
initial stresses (without strain) can be considered.

Terrain Initial Vertical Stress at each point is calc

calculated
lated regarding the
weight of terrain above the point.
n

V i h i
i 1

Terrain Initial Horizontal Stress at each point depends on the vertical

stress.

H k o V

79

Terrain Initial Stress

Initial Stress is calculated

using the ~TIS command.
It will create a file
(jobname IST) with the
(jobname.IST),
stresses for each element.

Gravity direction needs to be

specified

80

Foundation Piles

Deep Foundations

Pile Cap Wizard:

Automatic generation of rectangular, polygonal or circular pile groups

82

Piles

Driven piles
Excavated/Drilled foundations
Micropiles
Example Pile Cap Load Test

Load Test Reinforcement

Design

83

Foundation Piles

Geometry of the pile cap:

Y

Polygonal or circular
DIAPIL

1
R
O
DP
A

RA D
P

IL

4
H i htE
HeightEn

HeightPil

HeightT (1)

WidPLA

LenPIL

HeightT (NumStr)

HeightT (NumStr+1)
Z
X

Poligonal pile-wailing

84

Foundation Piles
DistPilx (1...Npx-1)

Rectangular pile cap

DIAPIL

Piles identified with

two numbers (I,J):
Horizontal and vertical

DExt Top

(3,4)

Y
DExtRig

(I,J)

PosXCol

DistPily (1...Npy -1)

Column
(2,2)

_ (1,1)

(1,2)

DExt Bot
D

PosYCol

DExtLef

HeightEn
HeightPil

HeightT (1)

WidPLA

LenPIL

HeightT (NumStr)

HeightT (NumStr+1)
Z
X

Rectangular wiling of Npx x Npy piles

85

Foundation Piles
Terrain definition:

Cohesive Soils
qu (kPa)

NSPT

()

c (kPa)

30-50

2-4

15-20

0-10

50-100

4-8

20-25

10-20

Medium

100-200

8-15

25-30

20-30

Hard

200-400

15-30

30-35

30-50

>400

>30

>35

>50

Consistency
Very soft
Soft

Very hard

Cohesionless Soils
Compacity

NSPT

()

c (kPa)

Very low

0-4

<28

0-20

4-10

28-30

0-20

Medium

10-30

30-36

0-20

High

30 50
30-50

36 41
36-41

0 20
0-20

>50

>41

0-20

Low

Very high

86

Foundation Piles

Internal Friction Angle vs

vs. Cohesion

j ( )

Limit can be changed

Cohesionless soils

45
40
35
30
25

(c , j )
L

20
15

Cohesive soils
10
5
0
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

c (kPa)

CivilFEM's soil clasification

87

Foundation Piles Force - Deflection

Load capacity: Cohesive soils

Skin friction and point resistance

LOAD Q

QT

QP

QS

wS

wP

SETTLEMENT, w

Load capacity vs. settlement in piles

88

Foundation Piles

a = fs /Cu

Load capacity: Cohesive soils

Skin friction

0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2

200

400

600

800

Undrained shear strength, Cu (kPa)

Piles adhesion factor

g (%)

fS

2.0
a Cu ~ 50 kPa

a Cu ~ 200 kPa

1.5

ws = g. Dp

1.0

0.5

0.0

a Cu ~ 100 kPa

200

400

600

800

Undrained shear strength, Cu (kPa)

Shaft deformability factorg (%)

Value can be changed

89

Foundation Piles

Load capacity: Cohesive soils

Point resistance

Values can be changed

90

Foundation Piles

Load capacity: Cohesionless soils

Skin friction

Point resistance

Values can be changed

g

91

Foundation Piles

Pile capacity: Depends on the piles

pile s length
z1

zp

z2

z3

znL

-z

-z

Ultimate static pile capacity

92

Foundation Piles Base Soil

Point effect correction

( )
(a)
_
_ La
(b)

Lb
_
_

a1 .Dp

Passive zone

a2 .Dp

Active zone

a3 .Dp

Security zone

Lc

(c)

P i t resistance
Point
i t
development
d
l
t

93

Foundation Piles Grouping Effect

Grouping effect correction

Unit bearing capacity f

U

_1
h <
f
_1
h >
w

(w, f)
f
(h .w, h .f)
w

f*

w*

Settlement, w

Groupping effect

Unit bearing capacity is reduced

as settlement increases

94

Foundation Piles Stress Check

Mean Design Stress Checking Structural Capacity vs. Pile diameter
sc(MPa)
Structural Capa city

9
Canadian code (Extraordinary loads)
8

Recommended for
Extraordinary Loads (Earthquake, etc)

7
6
5

French Code
Recommended
for Service Loads

4
Spanish Construction code NTE
3
2

Recommended for
single pile
((Service Loads))

1
0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

1.80

2.00

(m)

Recommended Structural Capacity

95

Foundation Piles FEA Model

Equivalent springs
Horizontal skin springs

Horizontal Ballast module:

Chadeysson

Vertical skin springs

Vertical point springs

Ski V
Skin
Vertical
ti l S
Spring
i

Skin Horizontal Springs

Finite Element Node

z
y

Finite Element Node

Point Vertical Spring

Springs on nodes

96

Foundation Piles - Loads

Loads on Columns: Forces and Moments

Fz

Other loads:

Mz

Pressure on slab
Mx
My

Self weight

X
Fx

Y
Fy

Seismic
acceleration

Forces and Moments sign convention

97

Foundation Piles
Reinforcement Groups:
Rigid Cap

Flexible Cap
Top side

Top side

Secondary reinforcement A2s

Punching reinforcemente A2p

Secondary reinforcement A2s

Closed
stirrups

Bottom side

Bottom side

Primary reinforcement A1p

Rigid wailing: Reinforcements

Secondary reinforcement A1s

Punching reinforcemente A1p

Secondary reinforcement A1s

Flexible wailing: Reinforcements

98

Foundation Piles

99

Foundation Piles

100

Foundation Piles

101

Foundation Piles

102

Foundation Piles

103

Foundation Piles

104

Foundation Piles

105

Integration with FLAC3D

106

Foundations & Dams

Footing and continuous foundations:

- 2D/3D soil-structure interaction models

Dams

107