Rolling bearings.

This document can be used for the selection, calculation and check of rolling bearings of the
company SKF. The programme provides solutions to the following tasks:
1.

Selection and check of a suitable bearing. The document includes a database of approx.
10,000 different rolling bearings SKF in all basic types and design.

2.

Calculation of basic bearing parameters (life, static safety, etc.).

3.

Calculation of adjusted bearing life acc. to the new methodology of ISO 281.

4.

Calculation of load with a pair of tapered roller bearings or a pair angular contact ball
bearings resp.

5.

Support of 2D and 3D CAD systems.

In addition to the above given basic calculations, the document also includes several other auxiliary
calculations (e.g. a calculation of lubricant operational viscosity, calculation of mean loads for
bearings loaded by variable loads, calculation of permitted bearing speed, etc.).
The programme uses data, procedures, algorithms and other information from specialised literature,
catalogues of rolling bearings SKF, ISO, ANSI, SAE standards and other sources.
Related standards: ISO 15, ISO 76, ISO 104, ISO 281, ISO 355, ISO 1132, ISO 5593, ISO 5753, ISO
3448, ISO 15312, DIN 615, DIN 620, DIN 625, DIN 628, DIN 630, DIN 635, DIN 711, DIN 715, DIN
720, DIN 722, DIN 728, BS 290, BS 292, BS 3134
Hint: When selecting a suitable type of bearing, you can use the comparative document "Selection
of a rolling bearing".

Control, structure and syntax of calculations.

Information on the syntax and control of the calculation can be found in the document "Control,
structure and syntax of calculations".

Information on the project.

Information on the purpose, use and control of the paragraph "Information on the project" can be
found in the document "Information on the project".

Theory - Fundamentals.
Rolling bearings are produced in a wide scope of different designs and sizes. They usually consist of
two rings, rolling elements and a cage. The bearings are divided into several basic types according to
their inner design, the shape of rolling bodies and directions of the forces that can be retained. A
comparison of individual types of rolling bearings can be found in the document "Selection of a
rolling bearing".
Basic types of rolling bearings are internationally standardized. Within the scope of each type the
bearings are produced in various designs whose properties may differ from the basic design.
Detailed technical parameters of rolling bearings are given in catalogues of individual producers.
Calculation of rolling bearings.
Selection of suitable dimensions of the bearing is determined by the amount, direction and type of
load on the bearing and its speed. Depending on the type of load on the bearing in operation, the
bearings may be divided into two groups for calculation purposes:

Bearings loaded dynamically

In case of a dynamic loading the loaded bearing rotates and selection of a suitable bearing is
determined by its life due to contact fatigue of the material.

Bearings loaded statically

In case of a static loading the bearing is loaded at standstill, at very slow rotation or slow
swinging movements. Selection of a suitable bearing is determined by its static load rating.

Basic bearing life.

The life of a rolling bearing is understood as the number of its revolutions (or the period of its
operation at the given speed) to the moment when the first traces of fatigue of material on rolling
elements or orbital paths appear. Practical tests show that the life of identical bearings differs under
the same operational conditions. In order to assess the service life of bearings, the so-called basic
life measurement has been introduced.
The basic life of rolling bearings is the life that is achieved or exceeded by 90% of identical bearings
under the same operational conditions provided that commonly used materials were used, usual
production quality achieved and bearings are operated under normal operational conditions. The
basic life is defined by the equation:

where:
C ... basic dynamic bearing load rating [N, lb]
P ... equivalent bearing dynamic load [N, lb]
n ... bearing speed [1/min]
p ... exponent (p=3 for ball bearings, p=10/3 for other bearings)

Basic dynamic load rating of the bearing is defined as a constant non-variable load at which the
bearing reaches the basic life of 1 million revolutions. Values of dynamic loading capacities are given
for each bearing in the respective catalogue.

Equivalent dynamic load rating of the bearing is defined exclusively as a radial load (with radial
bearings) or axial load (with axial bearings), at which all bearings of the same type show the same
life as reached under conditions of a real load. The amount of the equivalent load is described in the
relation:

where:
Fr ... radial component of the real load [N, lb]
Fa ... axial component of the real load [N, lb]
X ... coefficient of radial dynamic load
Y ... coefficient of axial dynamic load
Values of the coefficients X, Y depend on the type, design and size of the bearing; with some types
of bearings, also on the direction and amount of the real load. These values are given for each
bearing in the respective catalogue.
Hint: Guiding values of the life can be found in par. [1.13].

Adjusted bearing life.

The basic life assesses the life of the rolling bearing only in view of loads acting on it and does not
take into account any other effects such as operational conditions, production quality or properties of
the materials used. Efforts to enhance the quality and reliability of the designs lead to the
requirement to calculate the life of the bearing more precisely and therefore the standard ISO has
introduced a modified equation of the life:

where:
a1 ... coefficient of the life for the required reliability (see the table below)
a2 ... coefficient of the life for the given material properties and level of production technology
a3 ... coefficient of the life for the given operational conditions
Values of coefficient a1
Reliability [%]
90
95
a1
1.00 0.62

96
0.53

97
0.44

98
0.33

99
0.21

Due to the mutual dependence of coefficients a2 and a3 producers of bearings usually introduce the
common value a23. The value of this coefficient will depend, above all, on the quality of lubrication
and according to recommendations in ISO 281 it is determined in dependence on the type of bearing
using the respective diagram (see the picture).
Values of the coefficient a23 for radial roller bearings

where:

... viscosity ratio (gives the rate between operational and rated lubricant viscosity =/1 - see
the chapter on lubrication of bearings)
... coefficient of the level of contamination of the lubricant (see par. [3.10])
P .... equivalent dynamic load
PU ... fatigue load limit (given for each bearing in the respective catalogue)

In case the producer does not give these values of limit fatigue loads with the bearings, you can use
approximate values in calculations as given in the following theoretical relations:

... for ball bearings

... for self-aligning ball bearings

... for other bearings

Load of the bearing.

The external system of forces acting on the seating must be distributed with a calculation of the
bearing into the forces acting in the radial and axial directions. The intersection of normal lines at

contact points of rolling bodies and orbital paths with the axis of the bearing (see the illustration) is
considered the centre of the acting forces.

Additional dynamic forces (vibrations and surges) that increase loading on bearings usually occur
with machines in operation. These additional forces cannot usually be calculated or measured
precisely. Their effects are therefore expressed by various empirical factors that multiply the
calculated radial and axial forces. In case of toothed gears, the amount of these additional forces
depends on the accuracy of toothing and in case of machines connected to belt drives, on the type
of belt and its prestressing. Values of the respective coefficients are usually given in documents of
producers of belts and gears, orientation values can be found in par. [1.15].

Fluctuating load.
The above-mentioned calculations of the life of rolling bearings are based on the presumption that
the bearing is operated under constant non-variable operational conditions. However, in practice this
presumption is often not fulfilled. In applications where the amount of direction of the load or speed,
temperature, conditions of lubrication or level of contaminations varies over the course of time, it is
not possible to determine the bearing life directly. In such cases it is necessary to divide the bearing
working cycle into several time periods in which the operational conditions are approximately
constant (see the picture).

It is necessary to calculate the bearing life separately for each such period. The total bearing life can
be determined using the relation

where:
Lmhi ... partial bearing life for individual time periods with constant operational conditions [h]
ti ....... time portions of individual periods in the bearings total working cycle [%]
In an effort to design a bearing quickly, practical procedures use a simplified way of calculation of
the bearing life for some types of loads. In this calculation the external load of the bearing is
replaced by a virtual mean permanent load that shows the same effects on the bearing as an

actually acting variable load. The procedures for determination of the mean load for some common
types of loads are given in the table.
Calculation of the bearing mean load Fm

Fluctuating load with linear change of the amount, at constant speed

Fluctuating load with sinusoidal course, at constant speed

Rotating load, at constant speed

Fluctuating load, at constant speed

Fluctuating load, at variable speed

where mean speed:

Oscillating motion
Oscillating motion is replaced by virtual rotation
at the speed equal to the frequency of
oscillation:

where:
Fi ... partial non-variable load [N, lb]
ni ... constant speed during acting of partial loads [1/min]
ti ... time portions of acting of partial loads in the bearings total working cycle [%]
p ... exponent (p=3 for ball bearings, p=10/3 for other bearings)
Note: The simplified calculation method gives sufficiently accurate results with calculations of basic
life provided that a variable load of constant direction is applied. Use of the simplified calculation is
not suitable in case of a load with variable amounts and directions and with calculations of modified
life.

Effects of temperature on the bearing load rating.

Commonly produced and delivered rolling bearings are designed for operational temperatures up to
120 C (100 C for sealed bearings). In case of use of a bearing at permanently higher temperatures
it is necessary to modify it during production to ensure its dimensional stability under operation.
Bearings for use at high temperatures are produced with thermal treatment, usually with greater
clearances and a differently designed cage, possibly with the use of special materials.
Requirements for the use, production and delivery of stabilized bearings must usually be consulted
with the producer, where you can find detailed technical parameters of the bearing. For the
purposes of preliminary designs it is possible to use the following orientation table.
Approximate load rating of stabilized bearings compared with common bearings of the
same sizes
Limiting temperature
150
200
250
300
350
Supplementary
S0
S1
S2
S3
S4
designation
Load rating [%]
90 - 100
75 - 90
60 -75
50 - 60
45 - 50

Safety of bearings at static load.

A bearing at static load is loaded by forces at standstill, at very slow speed or slow swinging
movements. The load rating of the bearing is determined by permissible permanent deformations of
orbital paths and rolling bodies. The coefficient of safety s0 gives the standard of safety of staticloaded rolling bearings and is defined by the following relation:

where:
C0 ... basic bearing static load rating [N, lb]
P0 ... equivalent bearing static load rating [N, lb]

Basic static load rating of the bearing is defined as the external load that causes a permanent
deformation of 0.0001 of the diameter of the rolling body at the contact point of the most loaded
rolling body. This permanent deformation usually has no adverse effects on the bearing function.
Values of static load ratings are given for each bearing in the respective catalogues.

Equivalent static load rating of the bearing is defined exclusively as radial load (with radial
bearings) and axial load (with axial bearings) respectively, which causes a permanent deformation in
the bearing and this deformation is of the same size as under actual conditions of loading. The
amount of the equivalent load is described by the relation

where:
Fr ... radial component of the real load [N, lb]
Fa ... axial component of the real load [N, lb]
X0 ... coefficient of radial static load
Y0 ... coefficient of axial static load
Values of the coefficient X0,Y0 depend on the type, design and size of the bearing. These values are
given for each bearing in the respective catalogue.
Hint: Guide values of the coefficient of safety can be found in par. [1.14].

Friction and warming of bearings.

The friction moment of rolling bearings depends on many factors (design of the bearing, method of
lubrication, speed, etc.) and it is very difficult to determine exactly. Practical calculations therefore
use a simplified model with the use of an estimated coefficient of friction. Under the assumption of
normal operational conditions and good lubrication an approximate friction moment can be
calculated with rolling bearings operated at mean speed using the equation

where:
P ... equivalent dynamic load of the bearing [N]
d ... diameter of the bearing hole [mm]
f ... coefficient of friction (depending on the type of bearing, f=<0.0010...0.0050>)
In case of sealed bearings the moment from the friction sealing must be added to the calculated
friction moment. The resulting friction moment further determines the power loss NR that is equal to
the heat produced in the seating:

where:
n ... speed of the bearing [1/min]

Calculation of bearings with angular contact

In case the shaft is seated in two single row angular contact ball bearings or in two tapered roller
bearings, a mutual inner axial force is produced with radial load in the bearings. This force will
naturally affect the bearing load rating and therefore it must be included in the calculation. The
amount of the axial load of one bearing depends on the contact angle and arrangement of both
bearings, on the amount of radial forces FrA, FrB and on the direction and amount of the external
axial force Ka.

The calculation must also consider the seating as a unit and both bearings must be designed at the
same time.

Operational conditions.

Required minimum load rating of the bearing.

Higher speeds create a danger of rolling elements slipping between the orbital paths of the rings
with unloaded bearings due to centrifugal forces. This may adversely affect wear of the bearing and
thus reduce its life. The bearing should be loaded by a certain minimum force under operation to
ensure correct rolling. The amount and size of this force depends on the type, design and size of
bearing and operational conditions. The relations for determining the minimum load are usually
given in catalogues of individual producers.

Operating temperature.
The heat that is produced by friction must be dissipated to achieve thermal balance. The operational
temperature depends on many factors; its calculation is very complicated and leads to a system of
non-linear equations. The following relation can be used for fast orientation:

where:
t0 ..... ambient temperature [C]
NR .... power loss [W]
WS ... coefficient of cooling [W/C]
The coefficient of cooling gives the amount of heat being dissipated into the ambient air at a
temperature drop of 1 C. For bearings seated in frame machines it can be determined
approximately using the relation

where:
D ... outer diameter of the bearing [mm]
v ... velocity of air [m/s] (v~1-2 for bearings inside the buildings, v~2-4 for bearings in the open
air)

Limiting speed.
The speed of rolling bearings cannot be increased without any limitation. Centrifugal forces of the
bearing increase its loading, inaccuracy of its run causes vibrations and friction in the bearing causes
warming. Limit speed depends on the type, design and size of bearing, its accuracy, and the design
of the cage, inner clearances and operational conditions in its seating and, above all, the highest
permissible temperature of the lubricant.
No specific and generally applicable limit of permissible speed can be determined exactly for rolling
bearings. Producers give in their dimensional tables guide values of limit speeds for individual
bearings for the purposes of fast orientation. These values are based on practical experience and are

applicable for bearings with normal clearances and produced at normal levels of accuracy provided
that they are operated under normal conditions and with usual cooling. The given limit speeds can
be exceeded in certain individual cases, however, it is advisable to consult this with the producer.
In addition to limit speeds, some producers also state in their catalogues of rolling bearings values of
so-called thermal reference speeds. The reference speed gives the limit permissible speed of the
bearing under exactly defined conditions and serves as an initial value for determining the permitted
speed of the bearing for the given operational conditions.

where:
nr ... reference speed [1/min]
fp ... adjustment factor for the given type, size and load of bearing
fv ... adjustment factor for the chosen conditions of lubrication
The method of determining adjustment factors is described in catalogues of individual producers or
in ISO 15312. The reference speeds given in the dimensional tables are defined for the following
operational conditions:

Bearing temperature 70 C

Ambient temperature 20 C

load P=0.05*C0

Lubricant kinematic viscosity

= 12 [mm2/s] ... oil lubricated radial bearings
= 24 [mm2/s] ... oil lubricated thrust bearings
40 = 100-200 [mm2/s] ... grease lubrication

Lubrication of rolling bearings.

The reason for lubricating rolling bearings is to create a carrying lubrication film on contacts between
rolling bodies with orbital paths of the rings. In addition, the lubricant protects the bearing from
corrosion, improves its sealing, exhibits cooling effects and lubricates the surfaces of the bearing
with sliding friction.
Rolling bearings can be lubricated by plastic or liquid lubricants. Selection of a suitable lubricant is
determined, above all, by the speed, operational temperature, position of the shafts, general concept
of seating and economy of operation. If permitted by operational conditions, greases are preferred
with rolling bearings.

Grease lubrication.
Grease lubrication is preferential particularly as regards easy operation, economy and sealing of
bearings against dirt and moisture. It enables a simple arrangement of seating and is better suited
for high and surge loading. Greases must show good lubrication capability and high chemical,
thermal and mechanical stability. The market offers a wide range of suitable greases. In addition,
most producers of rolling bearings offer their own ranges of lubricants.
Greases offered by SKF
Desig
Description
n.
All purpose industrial and
automotive
All purpose industrial and
LGMT3
automotive
LGEP2 Extreme pressure, high load
Low load and temperature,
LGLT2
high speed
LGMT2

Viscosity [mm2/
Temperature [
s]
C]
40 C 100 C
110

11

-30 ... 120

120

12

-30 ... 120

200

16

-20 ... 110

15

3.7

-55 ... 100

High performance and high

96
10.5
-40 ... 150
temperature
LGFP2 Food compatible
130
7.3
-20 ... 110
Biodegradable and low
LGGB2
110
13
-40 ... 120
toxicity
Low temperature and high
LGLC2
24
4.7
-40 ... 120
speed
LGWA2 Wide temperature range
185
15
-30 ... 140
High viscosity and high
LGHB2
450
26.5
-20 ... 150
temperature
LGET2 Extreme temperature
400
38
-40 ... 260
LGEM2 High viscosity
500
32
-20 ... 120
LGEV2 Extreme high viscosity
1000
58
-10 ... 120
LGWM Extreme pressure, low
200
16
-30 ... 110
1
temperature
Grease has a limited life in the bearing. The reason is its leakage from the bearing and impairment of
its properties over the course of time. Therefore, it is necessary to refill or replace the lubricant at
certain time intervals. The refill intervals will depend on the type and size of bearing and operational
conditions. The recommended refill periods are given for individual bearings in catalogues of the
producers
LGHP2

Oil lubrication.
Lubrication of rolling bearings by oil is not so good and is usually used only in the following cases:

Speed of the bearing is so high that refilling intervals for lubrication by grease would be too
short

Operational temperature is higher than the permissible temperature for greases

The adjacent parts are lubricated by oil

Lubrication by oil flow is required for intensive cooling of the bearing

Lubrication of spherical roller bearings

Depending on the operational conditions and desired design of seating several different types of oil
lubrication of rolling bearings are used (oil bath, circulation of oil, spraying of oil, oil mist). Bearings
are usually lubricated by mineral oils. Kinematic viscosity is the decisive property of oil; it decreases
with increasing temperature. Practical experience shows that in the case of common seating the
viscosity of oil should not drop below 12 mm2/s at operational temperatures. The rated viscosity that
is determined in dependence on the mean diameter and speed of the bearing is the guiding factor
for the selection of an oil with suitable operational viscosity.
Rated viscosity 1

The qualitative standard of lubrication of rolling bearings is given in the viscosity ratio:

where:
.... viscosity of the lubricant at operational temperatures [mm2/s]
1 ... rated viscosity [mm2/s]
For the viscosity ratio <1 it is recommended to use a high-pressure oil with EP additives. Very long
fatigue life can be achieved at =3..4.
Viscosity of mineral oils 40 at reference temperature 40 C (~100 F).

Hint: The auxiliary calculation in par. [4.1] can be used for fast determination of viscosity of the
lubricant.

Production accuracy and matching of rolling bearings.

Accuracy of dimensions and run.

Accuracy of rolling bearings is understood as accuracy of their dimensions, shape and run (radial and
axial run-out of the rings). Bearings are commonly produced at normal accuracy, which is not
marked in the name of the bearing. Accuracy of bearings is standardized internationally, and
markings of individual levels of accuracy can be found in the table:
Standar
Accuracy class
d
GB
G
E
D
C
B
ISO
Normal
Class6
Class5
Class4
Class2
ANSI
ABEC-1
ABEC-3
ABEC-5
ABEC-7
ABEC-9
DIN
P0
P6
P5
P4
P2
JIS
0
6
5
4
2
Detailed information can be found in the respective catalogue of bearings.

Bearing clearance.

Clearance of the bearing is the amount of free shift of one ring against the other from one margin
position to the other. Correct run of the bearing is influenced, above all, by its radial clearance.
Bearings with normal radial clearance, C0, which is not marked in the name of the bearing, are
designed for normal operational conditions. Smaller clearances, C2, or greater clearances, C3, C4,
C5, are chosen for significantly different operational conditions.
Detailed information can be found in the respective catalogue of bearings.

Matching of rolling bearings.

Selection of correctly matching bearing rings on the shaft and in the body has great importance as
for the life of the rolling bearing. When selecting suitable tolerances, the following conditions are
critical:

Amount and way of loading

Dilatation of the seated parts

Thermal conditions in the bearing

Requirements for accuracy, installation and dismounting of bearings

Material and rigidity of the parts

Orientation values for the selection of tolerances can be found in the following tables; exact data for
individual types and sizes of bearings can be found in the respective catalogue.
Tolerances of diameters of shafts for radial bearings
Tolerance for bearings
cylindrical
spherical
Operating conditions
ball
and taper and toroidal
roller
roller

Stationary inner ring load

Light and normal loads
Heavy and shock loads

g6
h6

Rotating inner ring load or direction of load indeterminate

Light and variable loads (P<0.07*C)

j6, k6

j6, k6

Normal and heavy loads (P>0.07*C)

j5, k5, k6,

m5, m6, n6

k5, k6, m5,

m6, n6, p6

k5, k6, m5,

m6, n6, p6,
r6, r7

n6, r6, p6

n6, r6, p6

Very heavy loads, shock loads

(P>0.15*C)
High mounting precision, light loads

h5, j5, k5

j5, k5

j6, js6

j6, js6

Axial loads only

Tolerances of diameters of holes for radial bearings

Operating conditions
Tolerance

Rotating outer ring load

Very heavy loads, shock loads
(P>0.15*C)
Normal and heavy loads (P>0.07*C)
Light and variable loads (P<0.07*C)

P7
N7
M7

Direction of load indeterminate

Heavy shock loads
Normal and heavy loads (P>0.07*C)
Light and normal loads (P<0.07*C)

M7
K7
J7

Accurate or quiet running

Ball bearings
Other bearings

Stationary outer ring load

J6
JS5, K5, K6

All loads (P<0.15*C)

Heat conduction through shaft

H7, H8
G7

Tolerances of diameters of shafts and holes of bodies for axial bearings

Tolerance
Bearing type
shaft
housing
Thrust ball, Cylindrical roller thrust
j6, h6, h8
H7, H8, H10
bearings
Spherical roller thrust bearings
j6, js6, k6, m6, n6
H7, K7, M7

Process of calculation.
Selection, calculation and check of a rolling bearing consist of the following steps:
1.

Set up the desired calculation units (SI/Imperial). [1.1]

2.

Select the desired type of bearing in the selection list [1.2]. When selecting a suitable type
of bearing, you can use the comparative document "Selection of a rolling bearing".

3.

Provided that the type of the bearing is produced in various designs, select the suitable
design in the lists in par. [1.3].

4.

In par. [1.7] enter the parameters of loading of the bearing. In case of bearings loaded by
variable loads use the auxiliary calculation [5] to determine the mean load.

5.

In case the bearing will be loaded by additional dynamic forces under operation, define the
respective coefficients in par. [1.15].

6.

Enter the desired life of the bearing [1.13] and safety at static loading of the bearing [1.14].

7.

Activate the automatic search for a suitable bearing by pressing the button "Find first" in
row [2.1]. In case the calculation cannot find any suitable bearing, select another type [1.2]
or design of bearing [1.3] and repeat the calculation.
Warning: For shafts seated in a pair of tapered roller bearings or angular contact ball
bearings, use the special calculation in chapter [6] for selection of the bearings.

8.

Check the parameters of the designed bearing in par. [2]; perform an additional calculation,
if necessary, to arrive at the modified life of the bearing in par. [3] for known operational
parameters. In case some recommended values are exceeded with the designed bearing or
the bearing does not meet your requirements, use the button "Find next" to find another
bearing. A suitable bearing can also be selected manually in the list [2.1].

9.

Save the book with the suitable solution under a new name.

Selection of bearing type, bearing loads. [1]

In this paragraph perform selection of the desired type and design of bearing, define its loading and
enter the desired physical properties of the bearing.
1.1 Calculation units.
Select the desired calculation units in the selection list. When switching over the units, all values will
be recalculated immediately.
Warning: When setting units different from the units used in the respective catalogue of a producer
of bearings, the respective table parameters of the bearing will be rounded during recalculation.
1.2 Bearing type.
Select the desired type of bearing in the selection list. A comparison of basic types of rolling bearings
can be found in the document "Selection of a rolling bearing".
Warning: In case the shaft is seated in two single row angular contact ball bearings or in two
tapered roller bearings, use the auxiliary calculation in par. [6] for selection and check of the
bearings.

1.3 Bearing design.

Within the range of each type, rolling bearings may be produced in a different design with some
properties different from the basic design. In case the producer delivers various designs of the
selected type [1.2], the programme offers the respective selection lists in rows [1.4 .. 1.6]. Set up
the desired design of the bearing in these lists.
1.7 Bearing load.
In this paragraph enter the radial and axial components of external loads of the bearing and its
speed at constant non-variable operational conditions.
Hint: In case the actual load of the bearing is fluctuating, use the auxiliary calculation in par. [5] to
determine the mean non-variable load. Detailed information on calculations of bearings operated
under variable operational conditions can be found in the theoretical section of the Help.
1.12 Required parameters of bearing.

In this paragraph enter the required physical properties of the bearing. In case of
bearings loaded dynamically their life will be critical; in case of bearings loaded
statically their safety coefficient will be critical.
1.13 Bearing life.
Enter the desired life of the bearing.
Guide values of the life of rolling bearings
Bearing life
Machine type
[hours]
Household machines, agricultural machines, instruments,
300 - 3000
technical equipment for medical use
Machines used for short periods or intermittently: electric
3000 - 8000 hand tools, lifting tackle in workshops, construction
equipment and machines
Machines used for short periods or intermittently where
8000 - 12000 high operational reliability is required: lifts (elevators),
cranes for packaged goods or slings of drums etc.
Machines for use 8 hours a day, but not always fully
10000 utilized: gear drives for general purposes, electric motors for
25000
industrial use, rotary crushers
Machines for use 8 hours a day and fully utilized: machine
20000 tools, woodworking machines, machines for the engineering
30000
industry, cranes for bulk materials, ventilator fans, conveyor
belts, printing equipment, separators and centrifuges
Machines for continuous 24 hour use: rolling mill gear
40000 units, medium-sized electrical machinery, compressors, mine
50000
hoists, pumps, textile machinery
30000 Wind energy machinery, this includes main shaft, yaw,
100000
pitching gearbox, generator bearings
60000 Water works machinery, rotary furnaces, cable stranding
100000
machines, propulsion machinery for ocean-going vessels
Large electric machines, power generation plant, mine
> 100000 pumps, mine ventilator fans, tunnel shaft bearings for
ocean-going vessels
In case of wheeled vehicles, their life is usually given in millions of driven kilometres.
Bearing life
Type of vehicle
[106 km]
0.1 - 0.3
Road vehicles
0.8
Railway vehicles - freight wagons
1.5
Railway vehicles - underground carriages, tramway vehicles
3
Railway vehicles - passenger coaches
3-5
Railway vehicles - diesel and electric locomotives
For recalculation use the following relation:

where:
n ... speed of the bearing [1/min]
D ... diameter of the vehicle wheel [m]
1.14 Static safety factor.
Enter the desired safety at static loading of the bearing.
Minimum permissible values of the static safety coefficient
Ball
Other
Operating conditions
bearings
bearings

Rotation movement, only requirements regarding quiet running

Smooth operation, vibration-free
Normal operating conditions
Pronounced shock loads

0.5
0.5
1.5

1
1
2.5

Rotation movement, normal requirements regarding quiet running

Smooth operation, vibration-free
Normal operating conditions
Pronounced shock loads

1
1
1.5

1.5
1.5
3

Rotation movement, high requirements regarding quiet running

Smooth operation, vibration-free
Normal operating conditions
Pronounced shock loads

2
2
2

3
3.5
4

0.4
0.5
1

0.8
1
2

1.5

Non-rotating bearings
Smooth operation, vibration-free
Normal operating conditions
Pronounced shock loads

Oscillating motion
great oscillation amplitude with small
frequency and with
approximately steady periodic loading
small oscillation amplitude with high frequency
and with
shock uneven loading

Note: In case of axial spherical roller bearings it is recommended to use the minimum value of the
coefficient s0=4.
1.15 Additional dynamic forces.
Additional dynamic forces (vibrations and surges) that increase loading on bearings usually occur
with machines in operation. These additional forces cannot usually be calculated or measured
precisely. Their effects are therefore expressed by various empirical factors that multiply the
calculated radial and axial forces.
In this paragraph define the individual factor depending on the type of machine used. The resulting
factor of additional forces is calculated additionally in [1.11].
1.17 Additional forces from geared transmission.
In case of transmissions with toothed gears the amount of additional forces will depend on the
accuracy of the toothing and machines connected to the transmission.
The factor of additional forces fk, resulting from inaccuracy of toothing, should be entered in row
[1.19]. The recommended values for the selected type of toothing [1.18] are given in the green
field.
The factor of additional forces from the connected machines fd should be entered in row [1.21]. The
recommended values for the selected type of machine [1.20] are given in the green field.

Note: When ticking the checkboxes [1.19, 1.21] the calculation automatically introduces the mean
values of factors.
1.22 Additional forces from belt drives.
In case of belt drives, the amount of additional forces will depend on the type of belt and its prestressing. The factor of additional forces fp should be entered in row [1.24]. Data on its amount are
usually given in materials from the producers of the belts. If the data are not available, use the
recommended values that are given for the selected type of belt [1.23] in the green field. Higher
values in the given range should be used for short lengths of shafts, surge loads or large prestressing of belts.
Note: When ticking the checkbox [1.24] the calculation automatically introduces the mean value of
the factor.

Selection of bearing size. [2]

This paragraph can be used for selection of a bearing of a suitable size. Dimensions of the bearing
should be selected in par. [2.1]. Physical properties, dimensional and operational parameters of the
selected bearing are calculated in par. [2.2] in real time.
Hint: The programme provides a function of automatic searching for a bearing of a suitable size to
facilitate the design. Automatic selection of the bearing can be activated using the buttons in row
[2.1].
2.1 Bearing size.
In the selection list select a bearing with the desired dimensions. Individual bearings are listed in
ascending order according to inner diameter. The table parameters of the bearing are arranged in
columns in the following order:
- Main dimensions of the bearing (inner and outer diameter, width of the bearing)
- Basic dynamic and static load rating of the bearing (C, C0)
- Reference and limit speeds (nr, nmax)
- Marking of the bearing

Automatic selection of the bearing

The programme provides a function of automatic searching for a bearing of a suitable size to
facilitate the design. After pressing the button "Find first" the programme finds the first bearing
that meets the requirements for life and static safety as defined in par. [1.12]. In case some
recommended values are exceeded with the proposed bearing or this bearing does not meet the
desired requirements, use the button "Find next" to find another bearing.
When searching for a suitable bearing, the programme also checks any possible exceeding of the
permitted load [2.9, 2.10]. In case the calculation cannot find a suitable bearing, select another type
[1.2] or design of bearing [1.3] and repeat the calculation.
Note: Bearings that are marked with "*" belong to a new range of high quality bearings, "SKF
Explorer".
2.2 Parameters of the selected bearing.
Basic parameters of the selected bearing are calculated additionally in this paragraph in real time.
Physical properties and operational parameters of the bearing are given in the left part, its
dimensions in the right part.
Hint: The meaning and a detailed description of individual parameters can be found in the
theoretical section of the Help.
2.9, 2.10 Permissible radial or axial load.
Not all types of rolling bearings can carry combined loads. Some types are designed only for
retaining radial forces, other types for axial forces; some types may carry only limited loads in the
given direction. The recommended amounts of permitted loads are prescribed for the given types by
producers and calculated additionally for the selected bearing in row [2.9] or [2.10] resp.
Note: In case the producer does not give any limitations to carrying combined loads for the given
type and design of bearing, no values will be given in rows [2.9, 2.10].
2.13 Power loss.
Reference value which is valid for given type and size of the bearing with the assumption of standard
operating conditions, load P/C0.1 and good type of lubrication.

Operating parameters, adjusted bearing life. [3]

The adjusted life [3.12] and recommended amount of minimum load [3.6] are calculated additionally
for the given operational parameters (lubrication) of the selected bearing in this paragraph.
3.1 Kinematic viscosity of the lubricant.
In row [3.3] enter the kinematic viscosity of the lubricant used at the operating temperature. In case
of plastic lubricants the kinematic viscosity of its basic oil component is given.
Practical experience shows that in the case of common seating the viscosity of oil should not drop
below 12 mm2/s at operating temperatures. The rated viscosity [3.2] that is determined in
dependence on the mean diameter and speed of the bearing is the guiding factor for the selection of
an oil with suitable operating viscosity. The qualitative standard of lubrication of rolling bearings is
given in the viscosity ratio [3.4]. For the viscosity ratio <1 it is recommended to use a highpressure oil with EP additives. Very long fatigue life can be achieved at=3..4.
Hint: Use the auxiliary calculation [4.1] to determine the operational viscosity of the lubricant.
Warning: Commonly produced and used rolling bearings are designed for operational temperatures
up to 120 C (100 C for sealed bearings).
Note: Detailed information on lubrication of rolling bearings can be found in the theoretical section
of the Help and catalogues of producers.
3.5 Requisite minimum load.
Higher speeds create a danger of rolling elements slipping between the orbital paths of the rings
with unloaded bearings due to centrifugal forces. This may adversely affect wear of the bearing and
thus reduce its life. The bearing should be loaded by a certain minimum force under operation to
ensure correct rolling. The amount and size of this force depends on the type, design and size of
bearing and operational conditions. The recommended amount of the minimum load is additionally
calculated for the given bearing in row [3.6].
3.7 Calculation of the adjusted rating life.
The basic life [2.5] assesses the life of the rolling bearing only in view of loads acting on it and does
not take into account any other effects such as operational conditions, production quality or
properties of the materials used. This paragraph includes the adjusted life of the selected bearing
calculated for the given load, desired reliability and assumed operating viscosity and the level of
contamination of the lubricant.
Note: Calculation of the adjusted life is performed according to the methodology of ISO 281.
Hint: Detailed information on calculating the adjusted life of rolling bearings can be found in the
theoretical section of the Help.
3.9 Required reliability.
Select the desired reliability in the selection list.
The reliability gives the percentage share of bearings from a group of identical bearings working
under the same operational conditions that reach the calculated operation life. The basic life of
rolling bearings [2.5] is determined for a reliability of 90%.
3.10 Contamination of the lubricant.
In row [3.11] enter the factor of the level of contamination of the lubricant. Its amount varies in the
interval <0..1>; the recommended values for the selected level of contamination [3.10] are given in
the green field.
Level of contamination of the lubricant is divided into several levels:

Extreme cleanliness - Laboratory conditions (=1)

High cleanliness - Oil filtered through an extremely fine filter; typical for greases with sealed
bearings

Normal cleanliness - Oil filtered through a fine filter; typical for greases with bearings shields
on both sides

Slight contamination - Slightly contaminated lubricant

Typical contamination - Typical conditions for bearings without integrated sealing; coarse oil
filter, lubricant contaminated by particles rubbed from neighboring machine parts

Severe contamination - Strongly contaminated ambient environment; arrangement of

bearings with insufficient sealing

Very severe contamination -

=0

Note: When ticking the checkbox [3.11] the calculation automatically introduces the mean value of
the coefficient depending on the selected level of contamination of the lubricant [3.10].

Auxiliary calculations. [4]

This paragraph gives some auxiliary calculations for approximate determination of some operational
parameters of rolling bearings (operating viscosity of the lubricant, length of relubrication intervals,
desired oil flow, etc.).
4.1 Calculation of operating viscosity.
This paragraph is designed to determine the approximate kinematic viscosity of the selected
lubricant at the operating temperature [4.2]. The calculation is divided into two parts:

Determination of operating viscosity of mineral oils [4.3]

Calculation of the operating viscosity is based on the known oil viscosity [4.5] at the reference
temperature 40 C (~100 F).

Determination of operating viscosity of other lubricants [4.7]

Calculation of the operating viscosity is based on two known values of kinematic viscosity of the
lubricant [4.9] at various temperatures [4.8].

Note: Exact values of operating viscosity can be found in the material sheets of the respective
lubricants.
4.11 Bearing lubrication.
The desired oil flow [4.13] or the length of the relubrication interval [4.14] resp. are additionally
calculated for the selected bearing [2.1] and the selected method of lubrication [4.12].
Note: The selected method of lubrication is also decisive in calculating the permissible speed of the
bearing [4.15].
4.13 Desired oil volume flow.
The necessary flow of oil for cooling the bearing with circulatory lubrication is determined for the
given warming of the bearing (power loss [2.13]) in this row. The calculated oil flow is a theoretical
table value that is determined for the difference in temperatures at the oil inlet and outlet, T=10
C.
Note: The calculation does not take into account any external cooling of the bearing due to heat
conduction, radiation or convection. Practical experience shows that under normal cooling conditions
there will be sufficient oil flow approx. 20-40% lower, under very good cooling conditions up to 70%
lower.
4.14 Relubrication interval.
The recommended length of the relubrication interval is determined for the given load and speed of
the selected bearing. The given value is valid for loads C/P>4, normal lubrication conditions and
operational temperature of the lubricant up to 70 C (~160 F). In case of higher temperatures the
additional lubrication interval is shorter.
4.15 Calculation of permissible speed.
The permissible speed of the bearing is determined for the given load, method of lubrication [4.12]
and viscosity of the lubricant [4.17] in this paragraph. The calculated value is for orientation
purposes only and can be applied for a lubricant with reference viscosity 40 up to 460 [mm2/s], at
normal cooling conditions, temperature of the lubricant 70 C and ambient temperature 20 C.

Fluctuating bearing load. [5]

The used calculations of the life of rolling bearings are based on the presumption that the bearing is
operated under constant non-variable operational conditions. However, in practice this presumption
is often not fulfilled.
The auxiliary calculation in this paragraph is designed to determine the mean non-variable loading in
applications where the bearing is exposed to a loading of a variable amount in a constant direction at
a constant or variable speed.

When calculating the mean loading, proceed in the following steps:

1.

Divide the working cycle into several time periods in which the operational conditions are
approximately constant (see the picture).

2.

In the selection list [5.1] set up the number of these time periods.

3.

In the input table [5.2] define the operational conditions for individual time periods.

4.

The mean non-variable loading is additionally calculated in par. [5.3]. Using the button
"Transfer" then transfer data on the loading to the main calculation.

Warning: This calculation is approximate only and gives sufficiently accurate results with
calculations of basic life provided that the variable loading has a constant direction. For calculations
of a adjusted life (or if the bearing is exposed to a load of variable amounts and directions) it is more
suitable to select a more complex method of calculating the life of rolling bearings. Detailed
information on calculations of bearings working under variable operational conditions can be found in
the theoretical section of the Help.

Calculation of bearings with angular contact. [6]

In case the shaft is seated in two single row angular contact ball bearings or in two tapered roller
bearings, a mutual inner axial force is produced with radial load in the bearings. This force will
naturally affect the bearing load rating and therefore it must be included in the calculation. The
amount of the axial load of one bearing depends on the contact angle and arrangement of both
bearings, on the amount of radial forces FrA, FrB and on the direction and amount of the external
axial force Ka.

The calculation must also consider the seating as a unit and both bearings must be designed at the
same time. In case of the design of bearings, proceed in the following steps:
1.

Activation of a switch in Fig. [6.1] selects the respective arrangement of bearings and
direction of action of the external axial force. The calculation assumes action of an external
force in the shaft axis. In case the external axial force is acting on the bearing body, forces
in the opposite direction in the shaft must be considered.

2.

In the selection list [6.2] select the desired bearing type.

3.

Enter the amount of the external axial force [6.3].

4.

In the pop-up lists [6.5, 6.13] select the designs of both bearings.

5.

Enter the respective radial loads [6.6, 6.14] for both bearings.

6.

In the following step it is necessary to select both bearings step-by-step. In case the
entered data are definite, the programme shows recommendations in rows [6.4] or [6.12]
respectively, for which bearing must be designed the first.

7.

Activate the automatic search for a suitable bearing using the buttons "Find first" in rows
[6.7, 6.15]. The basic life of both bearings will be additionally calculated in rows [6.10,
6.18].

8.

Using the buttons "Transfer" in rows [6.11, 6.19] you can transfer the selected bearings
into the main calculation. Here check the parameters of the designed bearing in par. [2] and
additionally calculate the adjusted life of the bearing in par. [3] for known operational
parameters, if necessary.

Warning: Here the performed calculation of the bearings works with the following data from the
introductory paragraph:
- speed of the bearing [1.8]
- desired life [1.13]
- additional dynamic forces defined in par. [1.15]
Therefore it is necessary to enter these data in par. [1].

Graphic output, CAD systems.

Information on options of 2D and 3D graphic outputs and information on cooperation with 2D and
3D CAD systems can be found in the document "Graphic output, CAD systems".

Setting calculations, change the language.

Information on setting of calculation parameters and setting of the language can be found in the
document "Setting calculations, change the language".

Workbook modifications (calculation).

General information on how to modify and extend calculation workbooks is mentioned in the
document "Workbook (calculation) modifications".