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  • Soil Fertility Concepts

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    rayen1212
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    This document discusses key concepts of soil fertility including essential plant nutrients, their sources and movement in soil, and factors affecting their availability. It outlines the 17 essential nutrients plants require, which are categorized as structural, primary, secondary, micronutrients, or beneficial. Nutrients are derived from the soil solution, exchange sites, organic matter, minerals and atmosphere. They move to plant roots via mass flow, diffusion, or root interception. The ability of soil to hold positively charged ions like nutrients is called cation exchange capacity (CEC), which is influenced by soil properties and affects nutrient retention and availability. Proper nutrient management involves understanding these concepts and using tools like visual symptoms, plant analysis, and soil tests.

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    This document discusses key concepts of soil fertility including essential plant nutrients, their sources and movement in soil, and factors affecting their availability. It outlines the 17 essential nutrients plants require, which are categorized as structural, primary, secondary, micronutrients, or beneficial. Nutrients are derived from the soil solution, exchange sites, organic matter, minerals and atmosphere. They move to plant roots via mass flow, diffusion, or root interception. The ability of soil to hold positively charged ions like nutrients is called cation exchange capacity (CEC), which is influenced by soil properties and affects nutrient retention and availability. Proper nutrient management involves understanding these concepts and using tools like visual symptoms, plant analysis, and soil tests.

    Hak Cipta:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Unduh sebagai PDF, TXT atau baca online dari Scribd
    Tandai sebagai konten tidak pantas
    209 tayangan21 halaman

    Soil Fertility Concepts

    Diunggah oleh

    rayen1212
    This document discusses key concepts of soil fertility including essential plant nutrients, their sources and movement in soil, and factors affecting their availability. It outlines the 17 essential nutrients plants require, which are categorized as structural, primary, secondary, micronutrients, or beneficial. Nutrients are derived from the soil solution, exchange sites, organic matter, minerals and atmosphere. They move to plant roots via mass flow, diffusion, or root interception. The ability of soil to hold positively charged ions like nutrients is called cation exchange capacity (CEC), which is influenced by soil properties and affects nutrient retention and availability. Proper nutrient management involves understanding these concepts and using tools like visual symptoms, plant analysis, and soil tests.

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    dari 21

    Basic Concepts of Soil

    Fertility
    Carrie Laboski

    UW-Madison Department of Soil Science

    Basic Concepts of Soil Fertility:


    1. 17 essential elements
    function
    form taken up
    mobility in plant

    2. Nutrient uptake
    mechanisms
    effect of soil characteristics

    3. Cation exchange
    factors affecting
    relative magnitude

    Essential nutrients
    Structural
    Carbon
    Hydrogen
    Oxygen

    Essential nutrients
    Primary
    Nitrogen
    Phosphorus
    Potassium

    Essential nutrients
    Secondary
    Calcium
    Magnesium
    Sulfur

    Essential nutrients
    Micronutrients
    Iron
    Manganese
    Copper
    Zinc
    Boron
    Molybdenum
    Chlorine
    Nickel

    Essential nutrients
    Beneficial or Enhancing
    Sodium
    Silicon
    Cobalt
    Selenium
    Aluminum

    Sources of nutrients to plants


    1. Soil solution
    - ionic form
    - low concentration
    - highly buffered

    2. Contributors to the soil solution


    - exchange sites on clay and organic matter
    - organic matter and microorganisms
    - soil rocks and minerals
    - atmosphere and precipitation
    - fertilizer and other additions

    Movement of ions from soils to roots


    Root interception
    Mass flow
    Diffusion

    Mass flow dissolved nutrients move to the root


    in soil water that is flowing towards the roots

    2+
    Ca
    -

    NO3

    NO3-

    Ca2+

    Diffusion nutrients move from higher concentration


    in the bulk soil solution to lower concentration at the root;
    -In the time it takes NO3- to diffuse 1 cm, K+ diffuses 0.2 cm,
    and H2PO4- diffuses 0.02 cm

    NO3-

    NO3NO3-

    NO3NO3-

    NO3-

    Root interception roots obtain nutrients by physically


    contacting nutrients in soil solution or on soil surfaces;
    - roots contact ~1% of soil volume;
    - mycorrhizal infection of root increase root-soil contact

    H2PO4Mn2+
    Zn2+

    H2PO4Zn2+

    H2PO4-

    Principal ways in which ions move from soil to the roots of corn
    Percentage Supplied by

    Amount of Nutrient
    Required for 150 bu/a
    of Corn (lb/a)

    Root
    Interception

    Mass Flow

    Diffusion

    170

    99

    35

    94

    175

    20

    78

    Ca

    35

    171

    429

    Mg

    40

    38

    250

    20

    95

    Cu

    0.1

    10

    400

    Zn

    0.3

    33

    33

    33

    0.2

    10

    350

    Fe

    1.9

    11

    53

    37

    Mn

    0.3

    33

    133

    Mo

    0.01

    10

    200

    Nutrient

    Barber, Soil Bionutrient Availability, (1984). Diffusion estimated be difference


    between total nutrient need and nutrient supply by root interception & mass flow

    Ion absorption by plants:


    1. Passive uptake
    - diffusion
    - ion exchange

    2. Active ion uptake


    - ion carriers
    - selective / competitive

    Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC)


    Cations positively charged ions eg. K+
    CEC soil property
    Ability of soil to hold cations
    Nutrients or other chemicals (herbicides)
    Mg2+

    K+
    Al3+ > H+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+ > K+ = NH4+ >Na+

    NH4+

    Ca2+

    H+

    Units are meq/100 g or cmolc/kg


    Number is the same regardless of units

    Importance of CEC
    Nutrient retention
    Nutrient availability
    Act as buffer

    Control levels of waste disposal


    Control levels of herbicide

    Soil properties that affect CEC


    Amount of clay
    Amount of organic matter
    pH

    Type of clay
    Estimated by summing exch. Ca + Mg + K
    5g
    Est. CEC = ppm Ca x ppm Mg x ppm K x
    200
    122
    391
    wt. of soil
    in 5 g scoop

    CEC range for various soil textures


    Texture

    CEC (meq/100g)

    Sands (light colored)

    35

    Sands (dark colored)

    10 20

    Loams

    10 15

    Silt loams

    15 25

    Clays and clay loams

    20 50

    Organic soils

    50 100
    From Havlin et al., 2005

    Determining nutrient need:


    Visual symptoms
    Plant analysis
    In-field plant tests
    In-field soil quickkit tests
    Soil tests

    Describe how the following soil


    characteristics affect nutrient availability:
    Texture
    Structure
    Drainage/aeration

    Soil moisture
    Organic matter
    CEC

    Questions?

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