Biology 1 Topic 3B- Life Structure,

Function and Control (Cell Parts,

Functions and Types)

Parts of a Cell and Their Functions

Topic 3B- Life Structure, Function and

Control (Cell Parts, Functions
and Types)
D. Parts of a Cell and Their Functions
E. Types of Cell, Tissue, Organ and Organ
System
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The Cells

The Plant Cell

The Animal Cell

Parts of a Cell and Their Functions

1. PLASMA MEMBRANE
Functions as a selective barrier that allows passage
of oxygen, nutrients, and wastes.

Biology 1 Topic 3B- Life Structure,

Function and Control (Cell Parts,
Functions and Types)

Parts of a Cell and Their Functions

Parts of a Cell and Their Functions

1. PLASMA MEMBRANE

2. NUCLEUS
Contains most of the genes in a eukaryotic cell.
Includes DNA and associated proteins organized into
chromatin, which coil up during cell division to
become chromosomes.
Also includes the nucleolus where ribosomes are
assembled.

Copyright 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Parts of a Cell and Their Functions

DNA/Chromatin/Chromosome

2. NUCLEUS

Parts of a Cell and Their Functions

Parts of a Cell and Their Functions

3. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER)

3. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER)

Manufactures membranes, proteins and lipids

Accounts for nearly half the membranes in a cell

Smooth ER
No ribosomes
Contains catalytic enzymes
Produces oils, phospholipids,
and steroids
Rough ER
With ribosomes
Manufactures proteins

Copyright 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Biology 1 Topic 3B- Life Structure,

Function and Control (Cell Parts,
Functions and Types)

Parts of a Cell and Their Functions

Parts of a Cell and Their Functions

4. GOLGI APPARATUS

4. GOLGI APPARATUS

Many transport vesicles from the ER travel to the

Golgi apparatus for modification of their contents.
Center of manufacturing, warehousing, sorting
and shipping.

Copyright 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Parts of a Cell and Their Functions

Parts of a Cell and Their Functions

5. LYSOSOME

5. LYSOSOME

A membrane-bound sac of hydrolytic enzymes

that digests macromolecules.
Lysosomal enzymes can hydrolyze proteins, fats,
polysaccharides and nucleic acids.

Copyright 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

1 m

Nucleus

Lysosome containing
two damaged organelles

1 m

Mitochondrion
fragment
Peroxisome
fragment
Lysosome
Lysosome contains Food vacuole Hydrolytic
active hydrolytic
enzymes digest
fuses with
enzymes
food particles
lysosome

Lysosome fuses with

vesicle containing
damaged organelle

Hydrolytic enzymes
digest organelle
components

Digestive
enzymes

Plasma
membrane

Lysosome

Lysosome

Digestion
Food vacuole

Phagocytosis: lysosome digesting food

Digestion
Vesicle containing
damaged mitochondrion
Autophagy: lysosome breaking down
damaged organelle

Biology 1 Topic 3B- Life Structure,

Function and Control (Cell Parts,
Functions and Types)

Parts of a Cell and Their Functions

Parts of a Cell and Their Functions

6. VACUOLE

6. VACUOLE

A membrane-bound sac with varied functions.

a. food vacuole
from phagocytosis,
fuse with lysosomes.

b. contractile vacuole
Found in freshwater
protozoans, pump
excess water out of
the cell.

Parts of a Cell and Their Functions

Parts of a Cell and Their Functions

6. VACUOLE

6. VACUOLE

c. central vacuole

c. central vacuole

Found in many mature plant cells.

For stockpiling proteins or inorganic ions,
depositing metabolic byproducts, storing
pigments, and storing defensive compounds
against herbivores.

Parts of a Cell and Their Functions

Parts of a Cell and Their Functions

7. PEROXISOME

7. PEROXISOME

Contains enzymes with varied functions.

Converts hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to water.
Breaks fatty acids into smaller molecules.
Detoxifies alcohol and other harmful compounds.

Biology 1 Topic 3B- Life Structure,

Function and Control (Cell Parts,
Functions and Types)

Parts of a Cell and Their Functions

Parts of a Cell and Their Functions

8. MITOCHONDRION

8. MITOCHONDRION

The site of cellular respiration, generating ATP

from the catabolism of sugars, fats, and other
fuels in the presence of oxygen.
Has a smooth outer membrane and a highly
folded inner membrane, the crista.

Parts of a Cell and Their Functions

Parts of a Cell and Their Functions

9. CHLOROPLAST

9. CHLOROPLAST

Found in plants and eukaryotic algae.

Converts solar energy to chemical energy and
synthesize new organic compounds from CO2 and
H2O through the process of photosynthesis.
Inside is an inner membrane enclosing a fluidfilled space, the stroma, in which floats
membranous sacs, the thylakoids.
Copyright 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Parts of a Cell and Their Functions

Parts of a Cell and Their Functions

10. CYTOSKELETON

10. CYTOSKELETON

A network of fibers extending throughout the

cytoplasm.
Provides mechanical support and maintains
shape of the cell.

Copyright 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Biology 1 Topic 3B- Life Structure,

Function and Control (Cell Parts,
Functions and Types)

Roles of the Cytoskeleton

helps to support the cell and maintain its shape
interacts with motor proteins to produce motility
vesicles can travel along monorails provided by the
cytoskeleton
may help regulate biochemical activities

Vesicle
ATP
Receptor for
motor protein

Motor protein
(ATP powered)

Microtubule
of cytoskeleton

Parts of a Cell and Their Functions

Microtubule

Vesicles

0.25 m

11. CELL WALL

Found in plant cells; protects the cell, maintains
its shape, and prevents excessive uptake of water.
Consists of cellulose embedded in a matrix of
proteins and other polysaccharides.
With an outer cell wall, inner cell wall and
middle lamella.

Parts of a Cell and Their Functions

Parts of a Cell and Their Functions

11. CELL WALL

11. CELL WALL

Also found in bacteria and fungi.
Bacteria made up of peptidoglycan
Fungi made up of chitin

Copyright 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Biology 1 Topic 3B- Life Structure,

Function and Control (Cell Parts,
Functions and Types)

TYPES OF PLANT CELL

Types of Cell, Tissue, Organ and

Organ System

Plant Form, Function & Organization

Plant Form, Function & Organization

Types of PLANT TISSUES

Types of PLANT TISSUE SYSTEMS

1. Simple tissue consists of a single cell type

1. Dermal tissue system- outermost layer

2. Complex tissue consists of more than 1 cell type

2. Vascular tissue system- tubes throughout plant

3. Ground tissue system- between dermal and
vascular tissues

Plant Form, Function & Organization

Plant Form, Function & Organization

Types of PLANT TISSUE SYSTEMS

PLANT ORGANS
1. Roots- anchor plants; absorb water & nutrients
2. Stems- support leaves; transport water &
minerals
3. Leaves- capture sunlight for photosynthesis;
store food and water
4. Flowers- sexual reproductive organs of plants

Biology 1 Topic 3B- Life Structure,

Function and Control (Cell Parts,
Functions and Types)

TYPES OF ANIMAL CELL

ANIMAL
CELL

Animal Form, Function & Organization

Types of Animal Tissues

The Animal
Organs

1. Epithelial Tissue- Covers the outside of the body

and lines organs and cavities within the body
2. Connective Tissue- bind and support other
tissues
3. Muscular Tissue- composed of long cells called
muscle fibers
4. Nervous Tissue- senses stimuli and transmits
signals from one part of the animal to another

The Animal Organ Systems

1. Integumentary System- outermost layer
2. Digestive System- food processing (ingestion,
digestion, absorption, elimination)
3. Skeletal System- body support and protection of
internal organs
4. Muscular System- movement and locomotion
5. Respiratory System- gas exchange
6. Circulatory System- internal distribution of materials
(e.g. oxygen, digested food)

The Animal Organ Systems

7. Lymphatic System- return of some tissue fluid to the
blood; immunity
8. Nervous System- detection of external and internal
stimuli
9. Endocrine System- hormonal control of body
functioning
10. Excretory System- removes metabolic wastes from
the blood stream
11. Reproductive System- carry out reproduction