Rev.
A
Date
02/10/2007
Modifications
First issue
Prepared by
N.DEMEY
TESTS
Tests on complete bearings
- Shear stiffness
- Shear bond
NONE
NONE
DIN 4141
Specifications
NONE
NONE
- Compression stiffness
- Compression bond
NONE
NONE
- Repeated loading
compression
NONE
NONE
- Compression creep
NONE
NONE
- Static rotation
NONE
NONE
- Non sliding
NONE
- Rotation - excentration
Tests conditions
EN 1337-3
Specifications
Tests conditions
AASHTO D4014
Specifications
Tests conditions
XP T 47-815
Specifications
Tests conditions
NONE
NONE
NONE
NONE
NONE
NONE
NONE
NONE
G O 2.75MPa
Specifications
0.9MPa +/-0.1MPa
< 2.70MPa
NONE
NONE
NONE
NONE
NONE
NONE
NONE
NONE
NONE
NONE
NONE
NONE
NONE
NONE
NONE
NONE
NONE
At ambiant temperature
Mimimum duration : 1 month
Pressure : 25MPa
Skewed wedge method
NONE
NONE
NONE
NONE
NONE
NONE
NONE
NONE
NONE
NONE
NONE
- Ozone resistance
NONE
NONE
NONE
NONE
NONE
NONE
- Shear relaxation
NONE
NONE
NONE
NONE
NONE
NONE
NONE
NONE
- Hardness
- Quick production tests
NONE
Performed on all bearings
produced: SLS compressive load
applied
NONE
NONE
Module mesured between 1/3 and NONE
whole SLS pressure : maximum
20% of variation in a bearing batch
NONE
NONE
NONE
Compression stiffness - test
frequency depending on produced
bearing volume
NONE
Visual checking - no grip Failure
btw elastomer and steel , correct
steel plates placement , uniform
pads
G = 0.9MPa +/- 0.15MPa
NONE
- compression at 1.5 times design Visual inspection : No lack of
or G = 0.7MPa +/-0.10MPa
load on same bearing
elastomer to steel bond ; no
or G = 1.15MPa +/-0.20MPa
laminate placement faults ; no more
No maximum value of stress under
than 2 cracks of 2mm depth and
2mm width
distorsion of 2. At max distorsion,
no failure due to grip / moulding
defect
All specimens taken from complete bearings
- Elongation at break
At ambiant temperature
Pressure : 6MPa Shear tg=0.7
NONE
NONE
Shore A hardness
- At 23C +/-6C - Test at design
Linear interpolation of all measured NONE
load - preload time btw 1.4 and
points - No more than 10%
2.6min ; then maintained during 30s diffenrence with design value
No failure
Creep coefficient :
< 0.2
1
No sliding
NONE
ISO 37 type 2
P 15.5MPa
NONE
NONE
ISO 37 type 2
Hardness 45 to 55 : P 400%
Hardness 56 to 65 : P 400 % (NR)
and P 350% (CR)
Hardness 66 to 75 : P 300%
NONE
NONE
- Compression set
Tests conditions
DIN 4141
Specifications
NONE
EN 1337-3
Tests conditions
Specifications
DIN 53 507 sample A or DIN 53 515 DIN 53 507 : min 10N/mm (type) ;
(samples extracted from a bearing) min 8N/mm
DIN 53 515 : min 20N/mm (type) ;
min 16N/mm
DIN 53 517 ; 24H at 70C ; samples max 15% (type) ; max 20%
(13mm +/-0.5) x (6.3mm +/-0.3)
exctracted from a bearing
NONE
NR : P 8
- Accelerated ageing
- Ozone resistance
No cracks
- Hardness
- Low temperature
crystallization
- Shear modulus
- density
RUBBER BLENDING
-Authorized raw polymer
-Specifications on blending
NR - CR
No reclaimed or ground vulcanized rubber
Specifications
AASHTO D4014
Tests conditions
XP T 47-815
Tests conditions
Specifications
All specimens taken from complete bearings
Tests conditions
Specifications
NONE
NONE
NONE
NONE
D395 method B
NR : 22H at 70C
CR : 22H at 100C
NR : 25% max
CR : 35% max
NONE
NONE
Hardness : NR +10%max ; CR
NONE
+15%max
tensile strength : NR -25%max ; CR
-15% max
Ultimate elongation : NR -25%max ;
CR -40%max
NONE
D 1149 at 20% strain ; T=37.7C +/- No perpendicular cracks on strip
1C; at 40C +/-2C for 100H ; 50+/- surface corresponding of outer part
5pphm specimen shall include an of the bearing (observed at 7x
outer surface of the bearing
magnification lens)
NONE
CR : P 10
CR : P 30
NONE
60 Shore A +/-5
60 +/-5 IRHD
D 1415 or D 2240
45 to 75
NONE
NONE
Maximal evolution of
characteristics: max 30 shore A
max 35 shore A
NONE
NONE
NONE
NONE
NONE
NONE
NONE
NONE
NONE
NONE
NONE
NONE
ISO 37 type 2
D 2137 method A
tests on 5 samples, no sample shall NONE
Specimen shall include an outer
fail
surface of the bearing
specimen conditionned at -10C for
grade 2 ; -25C for grade 3 and 40C for grade 5
NONE
NONE
NONE
NONE
NONE
NONE
DIN 53 479
NONE
NONE
CR
NR - CR
Minimum 60% CR - Highly active extenders (soot) btw 15% and 25% - No more than 5% blending with others polymers - no reclaimed or
NR - CR
NONE
NONE
NONE
NONE
- Total thickness
- Edge cover thickness
- Reinforcing steel plates
- Parallelism of external
faces
NONE
internal layer : general tolerance +/-12% apart for 16mm thick layers : +/external layer : +/-1mm
btw +/-1.5mm and +/-3mm depending on total bearing theorical thickness
-1/+3mm or -0/+2mm regarding with general thickness
NONE
- Flatness
- Slope shall not exceed 0.005 for top and bottom faces, and 0.006 for
sid surfaces
MANUFACTURING
TOLERANCES
- Plane dimensions of
bearing
- Elastomer layer thickness
DESIGN
- Design reference
- Maximum loading
Maximum
O 0.7 strain + compression strain) < 5
k x (rotaionshear
strainstrain
+ distorsion
with k = 1.5 for live load and k = 1.0 for any other case
- Maximum rotation
Total bearing compression O Upload induced
- Buckling stability
r
Minimum thickness
related to vertical loading applied :
1.3 FZ (t1 + t 2 )
ts =
t s 2mm
Ar f y
2 a G S NONE
<
Ar
3 Te
FZ , d
FXY 0.1 (V + 2 S )
Maximum
O+
1 distorsion + compression) < 7
Total strainshear
sum strain
(rotaion
FZ , d
Ar
<
2a G S
3 Te
F XY e FZ , min
1.92 Te
a 1+ 2 a
5.34
(S + 2) (1 + a 4 b)
10
m , min 2 MPa
andH < f N
Ar
ts =
3 t max FAverage
Ar f TH
ts =
a m
S fy
Design limitations of bearings specified by standards are ground based on same rules : limitation on pressure, on shear, on rotation and stability
of bearing shape under maximal loading.
Comparing design procedures of standards, BS5400 and EN1337-3 specifies specific formula for calculation of each of these criterion (pressure,
shear...), whereas AASHTO D4014 refers to package formula, and DIN4141 to maximum values specified into tables.
AASHTO and DIN standards way of design turn it easier, but don't take into account exact loads applied on bearings. It implies that maximum
values for each criterion don't take into account the exact value of others loads. Thus bearings can be used at less than their real capacity, i.e. be
designed bigger than needed.
This effect is less important on BS 5400 and EN1337-3 which take into account every loads effects within specific formula.
XP-T47-815 refers to "fascicule 14" for design, which gives specific formula for each effect ; nevertheless fascicule 14 design method has been
established more than 30 years ago, and use some security coefficients which had been established refering to the knoweledge of bearings
behavior at this time. As this knowledge has improved, some of these coeficients are no more justified (see stability criterion).
Good fit of bearings produced with design requirements is ensured by tests and manufacturing tolerances specified.
BS5400 and AASHTO D4014 do not specify any initial type test, but tests on raw material and quick production tests. This means that
manufacturing process is only roughly controled (only global shape of bearings is controlled during quick production tests).
XP-T47-815 only specifies initial type tests on complete bearings, and no control tests on raw material used. This can be a problem to ensure the
quality of bearings produced as raw material characteristics are not controled to be homogenous.
On contrary to that, DIN4141 and EN1337-3 specify some initial tests on raw materials, and on complete bearings, checking both raw material
and manufacturing process.
Among all standards, only EN1337-3 specify tests on raw material, intitial tests on complete bearing and quick production tests. Thus all steps of
manufacturing are checked.
Quick production tests are specified for all bearings in case of BS5400.
AASHTO D4014 specifies at least a test for 1 bearing per lot, and EN1337-3 specifies several tests with frequency variating among total volume
of bearings produced.
Thus for these three standards, real quality of bearings produced are roughly tested.
Comparing all standards considered here, more safe one is EN1337-3 which fits well bearings sizes to real load case applied during the design
phase, then specifies tests at all steps of manufacturing for quality control.
BS5400 fits also bearings to real load cases, but don't specify initial tests on manufactured bearings to check manufacturing process.
AASHTO D4014 is quite similar to BS5400 standard, with more package formula used for design. This could result in over evaluated bearing
sizes, and so greater prices.
DIN4141 specifies a lot of tests on bearings and raw material, but give only package values for loads permitted on bearing.
XP-T47-815 way of design is quite close to EN1337-3. Nevertheless this standard has been established in the 70's, and is based on rough
knoweledge of elastomeric behavior, whereas experimental result on which has been ground made EN1337-3 is more refined.