INDEX

INDEX
INTRODUCTION:
DESCRIPTION:
A TRANSITION FUNCTION
SUBCRITICAL REGIME TRANSITIONS
SUPERCRITICAL REGIME TRANSITIONS
METHODS OF DESIGN OF TRANSITIONS
WATERSTOPS
PHOTO PANEL
WEBGRAPH
BIBLIOGRAPHY

INTRODUCTION:
The presence of depression, water courses or topographical, incorporate special
and specific to a channel, so it will be necessary to consider complementary
structures, allowing to overcome these obstacles. The transitions are among the
most commonly used types of structures.

In the control hydraulic flows, is often the design of crossfading between two
channels of different cross section, it is important that civil engineer has the basic
knowledge for the design of structures special hydraulic governing flow, through
the determination of the FROUDE number, and the effects of the change on the
lines of a specific point in a channel flow.
In this type of design should minimize energy losses, eliminate the undulations that
can be generated, eliminate dead zones to prevent sedimentation.

DESCRIPTION:
The transition is a structure used to modify gradually the cross-section of a
channel, when you have to join two segments with different shape of earring, cross
section or address. The purpose of the transition is to prevent the passage of one
section to the next, of dimensions and different characteristics, in an abrupt way,
thus reducing the losses of load in the channel. The transitions are designed both
the input and the output of different structures such as: Tomas, fast, knockdowns,
sand traps, canal bridges, culverts, inverted siphons, etc.

Transition in a channel

According to Dr. Bahzad M.A. Noori, a transition is the local change in cross
section that produces a variation of uniform flow from one State to another. In
many structures hydraulic such as bridges, aqueducts, siphons, falls, holders of the
regulators and of many other countries, the cross section of flow is reduced, to
save on construction costs.
All the transitions can be classified as a contraction or expansion.
TRANSITION OF CONTRACTION
Hiring transition must be tangent to the wall of the throat where the speed is
high. Perhaps he did use an elliptical Quadrant or any cylindrical surface from the
center of the throat section.

TRANSITION FROM EXPANSION

Due to the profile of the curved transition surface, hydrostatic pressure distribution
is not. In the contact area pressure gradient is negative, and in extending zone the
pressure gradient is positive, since the flow is subcritical.

A TRANSITION FUNCTION

A channel transitions occur in places of change of cross section,

usually at a short distance.
Transitions are also used at the entrances and exits of lines such
as sewers and inverted siphons
Below are some of the main reasons for the use of transitions:
1. Provide a smooth change in the cross-section of the channel.
2. Provide a soft (possibly linear) change in elevation of the water
surface.
3. Gradually accelerate the flow in pipe entries, and gradually slow
flow in pipes points.
4. Avoid the loss of unnecessary burden through the change in
cross-section.
5. Prevent the onset of transverse waves, standing waves, and
surface turbulence in general.
6. Protect the uplink and downlink channels through the reduction of
soil erosion.
7 to cause loss of load for protection against erosion downstream; in
this case, it's a structure of dissipation and energy transition.
Source: http://ocw.usu.edu/Biological_and_Irrigation_Engineering/Irrigation___Conveyanc
e_Control_Systems/6300__L24_FlumesandChannelTransitions.pdf

SUBCRITICAL REGIME TRANSITIONS

Transitions to subcritical flow frequently involve localized structures or
configurations of lining of the slopes which enable the change in cross section and
produce a profile of the surface of the water gradually varied flow-based. The
energy loss through a transition is a function of the friction, swirling currents and
turbulence. The intention is often to minimize losses by friction and / or erosion
trends. Examples include transitions between trapezoidal and rectangular sections,
transitions bridges where little change takes place in the cross section, or minor
invasions on a channel to allow moderate to public services. Transitions can be
managed with several structures, including installations of concrete (figure HS-25)
and scope of channels of masonry cladding. (See main drain)

Energy loss (ft) = coefficient (hv1 - hv2 ))

Where:

V1 = flow rate upstream from the transition

V2 = flow rate downstream of the transition
Table 1

- Transitions SUBCRITICAL power loss coefficients

Less than 4 inches between the Center and

tangent lines
Less than 12.5 degrees between Center and
tangent lines
Curved type
Cylindrical dial-type
Moderate transitions
Transitions in a straight line
Type in square ends

Contrac
tion

Expansi
on

0.00

0.00

0-0.10

0-0.10

0.10
0.15
0.30
0.30
0.30 +

0.20
0.25
0.50
0.50
0.75

Source: Drainage Criteria Manual (v.2) hydraulic structures

http://www.udfcd.org/downloads/pdf/critmanual/Volume%202%20PDFs/080%20Chapter
%2008%20Structures%202008-04%20rev.pdf

Warped type corrientilinea:

It is the more refined and costly transitions. The walls are warped according to the
configuration of the power lines.

It is suitable for discharges greater than 5 m3/s channel especially for entries. For
reasons of economy, this transition is paired with straight line warped as an outlet.
Straight warped type:
It is a simplificaci6n of the above. The top and bottom edges of the warped wall are
straight. It is suitable for the discharge varies from 2.5 to 5 m3/s. It is preferable in
branch and distribution channels.

Cylindrical dial type:

It is a transition that is curved according to a quarter cylinder. Gives a bit of loss
coefficients lower back broken and is suitable for distribution channels.

Type in a straight line:

The walls are flat and are also flat-bottomed dihedral angles. Because of its
economy and efficiency are more widespread use in small and medium-sized
channels so it will be then described in detail.

Square end type:

The transition is reduced to a wall head on the plane of the lower section. They are
used only in small channels of little importance.

TRANSITIONS TYPE STRAIGHT

For hydraulic structures considered most, transition type in a straight line is the
most appropriate. In this transition, the walls are flat and are also flat-bottomed
dihedral angles.
Guidelines for the design:

( to) Degree of variation: The water mirror is taken as reference in

transition and is measured by the value which takes the angle
formed by the shaft and the water wall line.

You are
generally recommended for diverging transitions values of a slightly lower
than for the convergent transitions. The reason is that in convergent
transitions water is accommodated soon to the reduction in the section,
while in the divergent adaptation of water to the increase in the section is
slower, and can present even the phenomenon of flow separation. As a
result the diverging transitions are longer the convergent are suggested
values of from 27 30' in the convergent transitions and 22 30' in the
output. When you go to use a high number of transitions of concrete in a
project, can be justified, for economic reasons, the use of a single value of
the angle . In such a case it is suggested the value of 25.
The figure shows a diagram on floor of a transition between two sections of
different shape of a canal, where T1, T2 represent mirrors of water, b1, b2
widths for screed and the angle forming mirrors of water,
Of this figure, you can see that it meets that of the triangle, the
be expressed as:

can

Clearing is:

Where:
L = length of the transition, m.
T1, T2 = water mirrors, m.
= angle that form the water mirrors.

( b) Load loss: The loss of power in a transition consists of a part of

loss by friction and other part of loss by conversion. The friction loss
is relatively small and usually ignored. Loss by conversion is
expressed in terms of the change in the height of speed at the end
of the transition.

Suggested the following values of the coefficient k

When you use equal to the input and output transitions ( = 25 ), it is

suggested to use Ke = 0.50 and Ks = 1.00

( c) Slope of the water surface: In input transitions occurs

accelerated flow (decrease of water level) and at the exit a braking
of the flow (increase of the water level). The difference of levels can
be determined as following:

( d) Free margin: As well as on channels it is necessary to leave a free

safety f room, transitions suggested leaving an extra free margin as
a precautionary measure.
e) Hydraulic
design of the
from entering a
structure, it is

seal: In the
transition
pipe
desirable to

have the top of inlet slightly below normal, water surface in the wall
head.

The depth from the top of the mouth of

input (s) is called a hydraulic seal. It
aims to cover the loss of charge at the
entrance to the pipeline and static load
on load of speed conversion to full
tube. It is suggested a value s = 1.5
hv or 7.5 cm (the largest).Also, so that
the load on the output loss is minimal,
top of outlet of the pipe must have a null or very small seal.

If the seal exceeds 1/6 Dv at the exit of the pipe pressure loss must be
calculated as a sharp widening and no longer with Ks * hv

( f) Material: When the canal is covered the transition needs to be

concrete. When the channel is ground the transition should be
concrete if V > 1.05 m/sec, as it is necessary to prevent erosion,
and soil if V 1,05 m/sec (V is the average speed of the water in
the aligned structure).
( g) Link transitions: Guidelines for the sizing of the transitions (item
h) lead in general to make it necessary to use transitions of liaison
between the main transition and the section of the canal. If the
channel is coated the transition has to be concrete and link
transition has to be covered. If being the ground channel used
concrete transition (V > 1.05 m/s) link transition has to be ground
and if still the ground channel used transition of land (V s 1.05
m/sec) transition link is not required. The loss of load on a link
transition is very small and does not take into account.
( h) Size: The guidelines that follow are referred to the geometry of a
transition of concrete that links a trapezoidal channel with a pipe
structure. See attached sheet.

- The length L should be equal to 3 D

- Dimension B is chosen so that the transition slanted 1.5:1, walls
are approximately tangent to the opening in the wall head. This
is accomplished by taking a value B =.0.303 D, rounded to the
nearest centimetre.
- The value of the Fund in the wall collar width (C) depends on the
value adopted for the angle to. If it is assumed that:
The values of C given in table are.

A transition link is used to harmonize

the value of C to the bottom of the
channel width (b). The f value (free on the wall collar margin) is taken as
well:
If the channel is covered:

If the channel is of Earth:

- The p-value is the slope

of the transition
fund. The dimension of the Fund in the necklace is the elevation
of the canal Fund and the dimension of the bottom head is
determined according to the required seal.
The p-value must not exceed D transition entry and D
output transition. Since L = 3D, this means that the maximum

bottom gradient is in the transitions of entry 4:1 and 6:1 in the

output transitions.
- The dimension (a) depends on the freeboard of the wall head
design (f *) and the dimension of the Fund which is determined
according to the required seal. You must f * f. For D24 "can
be used f * = f resulting horizontal crowns of the walls of the
transition. For D > 24 '' may be f * = 2f.
- Whether it is a channel covered or not a collar should be used at
the end of the transition. Necklace aims to reduce percolation
and add structural stability in the transition, the necklace walls
must have deep e and tw minimum following thicknesses:

The excavation for the placement of the transition may reveal

soils that are extremely susceptible to the tubing, in which case
should extend the wall collar vertically and horizontally beyond
the minimum values of e indicated.Can be used on these
extensions not reinforced concrete simple,.
- When you use a large number of transitions of concrete can be
justified, as already indicated, the use of a standardized
transition. In such cases, adjustments are made through link
transitions.
In the transitions of land use L = 3 d with a minimum of 1.50 m. It
should be used for aligned structures that are not pipe L = 1.50
m in small channels and L = 3.00 m in capacity up to 2,830 lps
elders. In the transitions of Earth link L = 3.00 m either value that
is so that the slope of the floor in the transition does not exceed
4:1 input and 6:1 in the output.

WARPED

TRANSITIONS
The design of transitions for a regime subcritical, Figure 3, shows the projection on
the ground and the longitudinal profile of a warped (both contraction and
expansion) transition, linking a rectangular with a trapezoidal section which
represents one of the cases of the more general, because there is a change of
section (width of solera and slope) and the dimension of Fund.

Plant and a buckled section profile.

In the view in Figure plant, dotted lines represent cuts of cross sections:
AA: represents the beginning of the transition of contraction section, coming
from upstream or from left to right, it is the end of the channel's arrival.

BB: represents the final section of the transition from shrinkage, and is the
home of the intermediate channel.
FF: represents the section of the beginning of the transition from expansion,
and the end of the intermediate channel
cc: represents the final section of the transition from expansion and is the
beginning of the output channel
In the design of the transition is to reach an optimal design, is to say that the profile
that has the structure, both on the ground and slitting obey to hydrodynamic profile
of the flow, in such a way that when the flow in the transition, the napa not peel
from the walls, but that go with them. For the design of a transition there are
several methods obtained in the laboratory in experimental form, each one of them
was developed under certain hypotheses, within which we can mention:

Hind method.
Mitra method.
Chaturvedi method.
Rational method.

The equations that arise in this section correspond to the rational method, which
was the product of much work done by different researchers that include a card,
Ranga Raju, Mishra and Carnot, among others. The definition of the geometric
shape of the transition (for example in the case of a transition from expansion), is
done with the following equations:
Length of the transition:

Where

L = length of transition.
ZC = slope in the trapezoidal channel, output channel.
Yc = tie rod into the output channel.
BC = width of slab in the channel's output (channel v).
BF = width of slab in the intermediate channel (rectangular channel).
Calculation of the width of background (sill) in each section:

Where:
; and the batter in each section
is:

Z = slope at a distance x.
ZC = slope of trapezoidal section channel.
X = distance at which it is calculating the slope Z, taking home the rectangular
section.
L = length of the transition.
Calculation of the slope of the Fund in each section:

Where:
DHI = slope of the Fund in each section.
DH = total gap between the two sections (rectangular and trapezoidal).
x = distance which is the section that is this calculating, taking home the
rectangular section.
L = length of the transition.
The gap between two consecutive sections i and I + 1 is calculated with the
equation:

Where:

DHI, i + 1 = slope of the background between the sections i and I + 1.

DH = total gap between the two sections (rectangular and trapezoidal).
XI, xi+1 = distance at which is the section i and I + 1, respectively.
L = length of the transition.
For the calculation of the tie rod and the power specified in each section of the
warped transition, applies the energy equation, i.e.:

Where:
E1, E2 = total power in sections 1 and 2, respectively,

Y = tight, pressure load.

v2 / 2g = loading speed.
Hf1-2 = loss change of direction between sections 1 and 2, according to HIND:

For a transition of output (expansion) K = Ke = 0.20.

For a transition from input (contraction) K = Ke = 0 10.
In table 1, values of the coefficients of losses for different types of transitions were.
To calculate a transition from input (contraction), according to figure 3 substitute for
calculations:
BA = bc, bb = bf, Za = Zc

Parabolic transition Semicubica of R.S. Chaturvedi

R. S. Chaturvedi (1960) gives the following relationship:

Where:
X:Distance from the throat, where the speedVx.
Lf:Length of slide (the transition).
Bc:Normal width of the channel, where the speed is Vc.
Bf:Width of the throat, where speed is Vf, and
Bx:Wide water slide in the distance x from the throat.

Example
Transition to the following data design Chaturvedi

Therefore:
Compressing the expression we have:

We assume: x = 0, 2.5, 7.5, 10, 12.5 and 15 m.

We have:
X (m)
0.0
2.5
5.0
7.5
10.0
12.5
15.0

BX (m)
10.00
10.50
11.16
11.88
12.74
13.76
15.00

Hyperbolic transition of Mitra

Assumptions:

1. The rate of change of the velocity along the transitions remains

constant.
2. The depth of flow remains constant in the direction of the flow (this
can be done gradually reducing constriction bed transitions and
raise expanding).
Rate of
change of velocity
is constant:

Continuity equation:

Substituting in the equation

This transition has a satisfactory performance in the field. These transitions

are useful for constraints less than 50%.

SUPERCRITICAL REGIME TRANSITIONS

Contractions:
Experiences indicate that nonetheless produce symmetrical cross waves
to the axis of the channel. Also, better behavior have contractions straight
to curved contractions of equal length, insofar as the increase is lower.

Description:

At points A, A' symmetric

positive angle 1shock
waves; develop these waves are intercepted in B and reach the walls in
C, C', in turn, in paragraphs D, D' appear negative waves comprising a
large disturbance that propagates downstream along with the previous
ones.
Design:
The described disturbance can be minimized by sizing the transition so
that points C, C 'match points D, D', respectively.

The geometry of the transition is obtained:

The continuity equation is obtained:

As

Is

With the equations (a) and (b), and the graph of the oblique jump (section 6.1)
proceeds to the design in the way that is described below by an example taken
from reference 2.
Example. Design a straight contraction by connecting two-channel rectangular 12 '
and 6' wide. The download is 200 feet3/SEG and the depth of the water's arrival is
0.70'.

1 )
assume
a value

for

(between 2 and 3 according to experience).

2 ) assume

3 ) check

4 ) change until

After several scores:

Finally, using the

equation
(a)

Divergences
Of all the transitions, the divergent in supercritical regime are more
difficult to treat due to the tendency of flow to separate 1 as walls and to
the formation of waves cross disturbance. Important channels suggests
the study of transition in model, and can serve for a preliminary
dimensioning the following guidelines, the result of analysis and
experimentation (reference 2).

1 ) begin the transition with walls curved outwards, according to the

equation:

) completed the transition with walls curved inward, according to

generalized curves of the graphic attached.

METHODS OF DESIGN OF TRANSITIONS

to. Transition with manual method.
The problem of such changes is keep water lost dimension, i.e.
keep the blade almost unmodified, so be specific energy change
from one section to another without increasing the energy
losses. This is accomplished through the introduction of a step. So
you can write to:
Then as
the draught of the expedited section is less what has to be done is
raise the dimension from sill to keep the high blade. Thus, the
equation becomes:

In this
case the
specific
energy in
1 is
greater
than the
specific
energy 2
way than by the relationship (5.43), desired Z2 > Z1 , i.e. higher than
1, shows what could be the result of stabilizing the draught in the
transition.
Evaluate a first approximation of the height of the step is the first
process that must be carried out. This is used the conservation of
energy equation, scorning the energy losses by friction during the
transition.

This
expression is referred to explicitly, you can find the approximate
value of the height of the step. A typical transition is shown in
Figure 5. It is composed of transition, in which each cross section
along the transition is a trapezoidal section, on the wide basis of the
section is of value B and the width of the rectangular section that is
going to happen is b.The total angle change is . With these data
the transition can be evaluated fully.

One of the important points is to define the length of the transition

usually is done without thinking of the hydrodynamics but to act in a
river a proper transition of a special work is quite important to
maintain the stability of the riverbed. Yet often the transition causes

undesirable imbalances in the geometry of the channel.Defines a

solid angle between the entrance and the Max output of 12.5 . You
can thus be set to:

with this definition,

the length of the transition
will be:

The solution to the proposed problem of the transition already is

virtually resolved. Just need a few simple calculations of
checking. To do this, the following steps are followed:
1) Discretize in parts the transition from input to output section
section.
2) Estimated the geometry of the section in each season (defined by
the engineer).
3) Estimated total input power and the total output power of.
4) The loss of load is distributed linearly along the transition.
5) In this way is known in every section the total power, geometry
and dimension of that section and the specific energy of the
section can be evaluated.
6) With the specific energy of the section resolves to the value of
the draught iteratively by a numeric method.
7)( 7) evaluate the transition with the use of a full program such as
the Hec-Ras to verify the good behavior of the design.

b. Method of optimization of transitions.

This method requires the use of a computer program that can be
built based on Excel, and can be used to perform lots of
adjustments of a transition so that it is well sized.
The design of the transition procedure here. In the first place is
known throughout the transition you want to move from a State of
flux in a section to another State of flux. This transition can be
regime slow system slow or slow regime regime fast but hard
regime fast regime slow.

As you know well what you want to in the transitions, specific

energy equation can be used as it was done in paragraph above
but written differently, that is, the number of Froude:

Since energy can be expressed in this way and we know what you
want the workflow, design will consist of imposing the Froude
number and the geometric distribution of the section along the
transition. The assessment of the dimensions of the sill of the
transition is therefore simple. Although here arises this way so
simple the question is somewhat more complex and you may also
have interesting variants, as for example the distribution of given
geometry dimensions of solera.
Carrying out these calculations you can observe results of different
designs of elevations along a transition using the Excel
program. Figure 6 shows a result using a rectangular channel and
optimising the depth of water out of the transition.

Figure 6. Results of the assessment of the dimensions of solera controlling the level of
the sill to the output.

Figure 7. Design of dimensions of output optimizing the output width to maintain level
of output of the transition. The evolution of the width was defined as linear.

WATERSTOPS
Concrete
waterstop that
before starting in

structures are as airtight as the

unite them. Waterstops stop leaks
the joints of concrete structures.

Typical structures
waterstop

that require
include:

Dykes, sluices, channels,

aqueducts water and
treatment facilities primary
structures of containment,
tunnels, storage tanks, bridge
pillars of the roof, foundations
Foundation car parks

reservoirs and
wastewater
and secondary
sewers and
walls and
slab

WATERSTOP BASIC USE

Embedded in concrete, through
and / or along the joint, waterstops
forms a watertight diaphragm that
prevents the passage of fluid
through the joint.

WATERSTOP DESIGN

Determine the type of

structure.
Verify requirements of
chemical containment
(if any) check the
requirements of
hydrostatic pressure
Determine the join type and requirements of the movement joint
Verify the details of different of
waterstop profiles carpentry or not
symmetrical (consider the use of a
profile lengthwise to simplify
intersections)
Specify the profile ribbed for better
performance of sealing water

WATERTOP TYPES
a) PVC
Th

WATERSTOP
e widest selection of design
made with resins industry
standard

Gr
eat elasticity inherent
resistant to many chemicals, water-based
( b) HYDROTITE
It is a recognized hydrophilic waterstop in the world. Composed of
modified Chloroprene rubber, Hydrotite expands up to 8 times its

original volume when exposed to water.This expansion creates a

hallmark of effective compression within the limited movement
joints.
Hydrotite is widely used in the construction of concrete stamping
and together control, the insights of pipes, precast concrete
segments, the segments lining of tunnels and for the repair of the
existing boards.
c) WATERST
A butyl
composed
swells
form a
long
concrete

OP SWELLSTOP"
rubber flexible and
of bouncy clay of
waterproofing which
upon contact with water to
Board of compression of
duration in which joints of
does not move.

TYPES OF JOINTS
Flat corrugated construction or boards of contraction is
expected where little or no movement. Corrugated shapes
provide a better seal forms dumbbell.
contraction is expected

Cufflinks construction or boards of

where little or no movement.
Base Seal (seal base) Ideal for joints or walls of slab
Foundation that is stuffed. Easy form.

in the vertical joints

differential
formation and adds a
horizontal joints.

* Labyrinth (Maze) is mostly used

where expected little or no
movement. Does not require split
key to the joint. Difficult to use in
Split Waterstop (divide Waterstop) In canale and bulb

and cufflinks available forms Center-.

Eliminates the need for bulkhead divided form.
Hydrotite used in limited movement joints, Hydrotite expands
with contact with water to create a compression seal. Installs
quickly.

Swellstop Used in molded and precast

.

Lockstop Provides a union of

hermetic Putty to surfaces of
without movement.

concrete in the joints

Corrugated with
Centerbulb The most versatile type of waterstop
available. The centerbulb fits side, cross and the cut
motion.

movements. After the

tear web allow the U-bombilla
compromising the material

Dumbbell with Centerbulb: Capacity side, cross and

cutting movements. Corrugated ways to provide a
better sealing characteristics.
Web Tear Capacity large
movement joint cracks
to deform without

MODERNIZATION APPLICATIONS
System Retrofit
Seal joints where the new construction with the existing structure.
It eliminates the need for cutting and
Grouting in a conventional waterstop.

Hydrotite / LeakMaster
It is used in the repair of the existing boards,
Hydrotite reduces stress on sealants.

It is also used where is expected to join new concrete with an existing one.

PHOTO PANEL

WEBGRAPH
1. http://www.udfcd.org/downloads/pdf/cri

tman

ual/Volume
%202%20PDFs/080%20Chapter
%2008%20Structures%20200804%20rev.pdf

2. http://hyd.uod.ac/material/CE404_04_

Tran

sitions.pdf

3.http://ocw.usu.edu/Biological_and_Irrig
_Engineering/Irrigation___Conveyan
Control_Systems/6300__L24_Flume
ChannelTransitions.pdf

4. https://www.google.com.pe/url?sa=t &
j & q = & esrc = s & source = web &
1 & cad = rja & uact = 8 & ved =
0CB8QFjAA & url=http%3A%2F
%2Fhyd.uod.ac%2Fmaterial
%2FCE404_04_Transitions.pdf & ei
DNPrVM-8FcHTggSf6YKAAw & usg
AFQjCNG9QyT4q_Tjrgf5TWmEgfI1b5jp1Q & sig2 = CGPaHrwdtS5f8n4UFNmF2g

5. http://www.usbr.gov/pmts/hydraulics_lab/pubs/EM/EM33.pdf

ation
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
Hydraulic Structures Fourth Edition. Authors: P. Novak, B.I.A. Moffat and C.
Nalluri School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, University of Newcastle
upon Tyne, UK and R. Narayanan Formerly Department of Civil and Structural
Engineering, University of Manchester, UMIST, UK. Fourth edition published
by Taylor & Francis 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN