Title of Experiment

Course and Course Code

(MEMB221)
Semester and Academy
Year
Day and Date of
Experiment Performed
Due Date
Group Members

Section and Group

Number
Instructor Name

: TENSILE TESTING (UNIVERSAL TESTER)

: MECHANICS AND MATERIALS LAB
: SEM 1 2015/2016
: 17th JUNE 2015
: 22ND JUNE 2015
: 1. RAJKUMAR BALAKRISHNAN (ME093045)
2. KIRIBANATH GANESH (ME093041)
3. SURENDERAN LOGAN (ME093015)
4. ANANTHAKUMAR MARIAPPAN (ME093037)
5. DIVEYAA GOVINDARAJU (ME093023)
: SECTION 06 , GROUP 01
: NURASLINDA BINTI ANUAR

TABLE OF CONTENT

CONTENT
Summary/ Abstract
Objective
Theory
Description of Apparatus

Procedure
Observations
Analysis and Results
Discussions
Conclusions
References
Appendices

PAGES

SUMMARY
The objective of this experiment is to understand the principles of tensile testing.
Besides to investigate stress-strain relationship of two types of materials specimens under a
tensile test. Materials that been investigated are aluminum and brass. By doing the tensile
test, we can determine the elongation at fracture, tensile strength, yield strength and modulus
of elasticity. This experiment is used to determine the materials properties and is used in very
wide range of industries.
The experimental procedures are then followed. Readings of elongation and its
corresponding force are taken and tabulated. The stress-strain values are calculated and a
graph of load against elongation is plotted. From this graph, the mechanical properties such
as modulus of elasticity, yield strength, tensile strength and elongation at fracture are
determined.

THEORY
If a load is static or changed relatively slowly with time and is applied uniformly over a cross
section /surface of a member, the mechanical behaviour may be ascertained by a simple
stress-strain test. These tests are most commonly conducted for metals at room temperature.
There are three principal ways in which the load may be applied: tension, compression and
shear.
Tension is one of the most common mechanical stress-strain tests. The stress-strain diagram
shows the different behaviour of the individual materials particularly clearly. Each material
has a characteristic pattern of stress and strain. A standard specimen is deformed, usually to
fracture with a gradually increasing tensile load that is applied uniaxially along the long axis
of a specimen. Most of the tension tests for metals are conducted according to the ASTM
Standard E 8 and E 8M, Standard Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Materials.

a) Fundamental Principles of the Tensile Test

Figure 1

The tensile test is the best known test in material testing. It determines tensile strength, one of
the most important properties of material. Furthermore, it is also possible to determine
elongation at fracture as a toughness measurement of the material.
In the tensile test, a mono-axial stress is generated in a material sample. This stress is
included via external loading of the sample in a longitudinal direction via a tensile force.
There is then an even distribution of direct stress in the test cross-section of the sample.
(Figure 1)
In order to determine the strength of the material, loading of the sample is slowly and
continuously increased until it fails. The maximum test force occurring is a measurement of
the strength of the material. The so-called tensile strength, R M is calculated from the
maximum test force, FB and the initial cross-section area, A0 of the sample:RM

FB
A0

The simplest way to of determining the maximum test force is via the maximum pointer on
the force display. In the tensile test itself, the cross-section of the sample is reduced it is
constricted and the actual stresses are considerably higher.
The elongation at fracture, A refers to the change in length of the sample compared with its
original length, L0 and is calculated using the length, LU of the sample after fracture:-

LU L0
100%
L0

In order to measure the lengths, two measuring marks are applied to the test bar. After
fracture, two ends of the sample are placed together neatly at the fracture point and the
distance between the two measuring marks is measured.

b) Fundamental Principles of Stress-Strain Diagram

Figure 2
The stress-strain diagram (Figure 2) shows the different behaviour of the individual materials
particularly clearly. Each material has a characteristic pattern of stress and strain.
Important material data can be read from the stress-strain diagram. In addition to tensile
strength, RM, the limit proportionality, RP is particularly interesting. Beneath this limit, the
material conforms to Hookes Law with the Modulus of Elasticity, E: Strain, is proportional
to stress, :
E

When this stress is exceeded, deformation is no longer proportional to the load.

One particular important parameter from technical point of view is the yield point, R E. From
this point onwards, the material becomes continuously plastically deformed. Deformation
remains when load is relieved. To safeguard the function of the component, it should not be
loaded any further.
With some materials, such as annealed soft steel, pronounced creeping occurs from the yield
onwards. The sample is elongated without the load being increased further. In materials

without pronounced creeping, the proof stress Rp0.2 is specified. In such a case, the material
has a permanent elongation of 0.2% which remains after relief of the load
The diagram (Figure 3) shows the curves of mild steel and an aluminium alloy.

Figure 3
The mild steel ruptures virtually without plastic deformation but has a very high tensile
strength .In the aluminium alloy, the stress-strain curve rises less steeply in the elastic zone
than the other steel materials because of the lower modulus of elasticity.

Figure 4

The stress-strain diagram (Figure 4) is produced from the values for force and the elongation
recorded during the tensile test.

F
A0

LU L0
L0

And
Alternatively, the load extension diagram may be drawn directly for pre-determined sample
dimensions. In such a case, the characteristic remain unaltered, but the time-consuming
conversion of measurements into strain and stress is unnecessary.

Poissons Ration

x
z

Poissons ration is defined as

Where
x = the strain perpendicular to the tensile axis
z = the longitudinal strain
In general increases during the run, starting about 0.3 in the elastic region and about 0.5
after the material begins to deform plastically.

PROCEDURE
Set up test device as following:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13

The hand wheel on the master cylinder is untwisted as far as it will go and the load frame
is moved down to its lowest position.
The gripping heads in the upper cross-member and cross-head is inserted.
The gripping heads is screwed down with the short bolt at the bottom and with pressure
pad.
Gripping head with the long bolt is screwed at the top
The required tensile sample is inserted.
The test length LO of the sample is measured and noted down between two marks.
The sample is screwed by hand into the lower gripping head as far as the end stop.
The sample is screwed into the upper gripping head as far as the end stop, by rotating the
gripping head itself.
The nut on the upper gripping head is tighten by hand until he gripping head is seated
without slack in the upper cross-member.
The dial gauge is adjusted
The dial gauge is pushed upwards on the support bar until the tracer pin is touching the
drive.
The rotating scale on the dial gauge is set to zero.
The maximum pointer on the force display is set to zero.

Experimental steps

Slowly and constantly loaded by rotating the hand wheel.

Application of the force should spread over a time interval of 5-10 minutes.
It is important to avoid sudden, jerky force application.
Observe the dial gauge and the sample.
Read the force from the display every 0.1 mm and make note of it with the corresponding
extension. From 1 mm extension the reading interval can be extended to 0.2 mm.
Monitor the sample and note when constriction begins. From now on, the force will no
longer increase, but instead will tend to decrease.
ATTENTION: Do not be startled. Particularly with some material, fracture will occur
with a loud bang.
Read the maximum test force from the maximum pointer and make note of it.
Remove the sample from the gripping heads.
Twist back the hand wheel on the master cylinder as far as it will go and move the load
frame down.
Repeat the same procedures with the other specimen.

Data and Observation

Data collected for the elongation of the aluminum specimen
Extension(mm)
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8
4
4.2
4.4
4.6
4.8
5
5.2
5.4
5.6
5.8
6
6.2
6.4
6.6
6.8
7
7.2
7.4

Force (kN)
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.8
1
1.4
1.8
2.2
2.6
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
6
6.5
6.8
7.2
7.4
7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.8
7.8
7.8
7.8
7.8
7.8
7.8
7.8
7.8
7.8
7.8
7.8
7.8

7.6
7.8
8
8.2
8.4
8.6
8.8
9
9.2
9.4
9.6
9.8
10
10.2
10.4
10.6
10.8
11
11.2
11.4
11.6
11.8
12
12.2
12.4
12.6
12.8
13
13.2
13.4
13.6
13.8
14
14.2
14.4
14.6
14.8
15
15.2
15.4
15.6
15.8
16
16.2
16.4
16.6
16.8
17

7.8
7.8
7.8
7.8
7.8
7.9
7.9
7.9
7.9
7.9
7.9
7.9
7.9
7.9
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8.1
8.1
8.1
8.1
8.1
8.1
8.1
8.1
8.1
8.1
8.1
8.1
8.1
8.1
8.1
8.1
8.1
8.1
8.1

17.2
17.4
17.6
17.8
18
18.2
18.4
18.6
18.8
19
19.2
19.4
19.6
19.8
20
20.2
20.4
20.6
20.8
21
21.2
21.4
21.6
21.8
22
22.2
22.4
22.6
22.8
23
23.2
23.4
23.6
23.8
24
24.2
24.4
24.6
24.8
25
25.2
25.4
25.6
25.8
26
26.2
26.4
26.6

8.1
8.1
8.1
8.1
8.1
8.2
8.2
8.2
8.3
8.3
8.3
8.3
8.4
8.4
8.5
8.5
8.5
8.5
8.5
8.5
8.5
8.5
8.5
8.5
8.5
8.5
8.5
8.5
8.5
8.5
8.5
8.5
8.5
8.5
8.5
8.5
8.5
8.5
8.5
8.5
8.5
8.5
8.5
8.5
8.5
8.5
8.5
8.5

26.8
27
27.2
27.4
27.6
27.8
28
28.2
28.4
28.6
28.8
29
29.2
29.4
29.6
29.8
30
30.2
30.4
30.6
30.8
31
31.2
31.4
31.6
31.8
32
32.2
32.4
32.6
32.8
33
33.2
33.4
33.6
33.8
34
34.2
34.4
34.6
34.8
35
35.2
35.4
35.6
35.8
36
36.2

8.5
8.5
8.5
8.5
8.5
8.6
8.6
8.6
8.6
8.6
8.6
8.6
8.6
8.6
8.6
8.6
8.7
8.7
8.7
8.7
8.7
8.7
8.7
8.7
8.7
8.7
8.7
8.7
8.7
8.7
8.7
8.7
8.7
8.7
8.7
8.7
8.7
8.7
8.7
8.7
8.7
8.7
8.7
8.7
8.7
8.7
8.7
8.7

36.4
36.6
36.8
37
37.2
37.4
37.6
37.8
38
38.2
38.4
38.6
38.8
39
39.2
39.4
39.6
39.8
40
40.2
40.4
40.6
40.8
41
41.2
41.4
41.6
41.8
42
42.2
42.4
42.6
42.8
43
43.2
43.4
43.6
43.8
44
44.2
44.4
44.6
44.8
45
45.2
45.4
45.6
45.8

8.7
8.6
8.6
8.6
8.6
8.6
8.6
8.6
8.6
8.6
8.6
8.6
8.6
8.6
8.6
8.6
8.6
8.6
8.6
8.6
8.6
8.6
8.6
8.6
8.6
8.6
8.6
8.6
8.6
8.6
8.6
8.6
8.6
8.5
8.5
8.5
8.5
8.5
8.5
8.5
8.4
8.4
8.4
8.4
8.4
8.4
8.4
8.4

46
46.2
46.4
46.6
46.8
47
47.2
47.4
47.6
47.8
48
48.2
48.4
48.6
48.8
49
49.2
49.4
49.6
49.8
50
50.2
50.4
50.6
50.8
51
51.2
51.4
51.6
51.8
52
52.2
52.4
52.6
52.8
53
53.2
53.4
53.6
53.8
54
54.2
54.4
54.6
54.8
55
55.2
55.4

8.4
8.4
8.3
8.3
8.3
8.3
8.3
8.3
8.2
8.2
8.2
8.1
8.1
8.1
8
8
8
8
8
7.8
7.8
7.8
7.8
7.8
7.6
7.6
7.6
7.6
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.4
7.4
7.4
7.4
7.4
7.2
7.2
7.2
7.2
7.2
7.2
7.2
7
7
7
7

55.6
55.8
56
56.2
56.4
56.6
56.8
57
57.2
57.4
57.6
57.8
58
58.2
58.4
58.6
58.8
59
59.2
59.4
59.6
59.8

7
7
6.7
6.7
6.7
6.7
6.7
6.7
6.7
6.7
6.5
6.5
6.5
6.2
6.2
6.2
6.2
6.2
6.2
6
6

Data collected for the elongation of the brass

specimen
Extension(mm)
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7

Force (kN)
0.1
0.2
0.4
0.5
0.8
1
1.3

0.8
0.9
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8
4
4.2
4.4
4.6
4.8
5
5.2
5.4
5.6
5.8
6
6.2
6.4
6.6
6.8
7
7.2
7.4
7.6
7.8
8
8.2
8.4
8.6
8.8
9
9.2
9.4
9.6

1.5
1.7
1.9
2.4
2.9
3.4
3.9
4.4
5
5.5
6
6.5
7
7.5
7.9
8.1
8.4
8.6
8.8
8.9
9
9.05
9.1
9.1
9.1
9.1
9.1
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9.2

9.8
10
10.2
10.4
10.6
10.8
11
11.2
11.4
11.6
11.8
12
12.2
12.4
12.6
12.8
13
13.2
13.4
13.6
13.8
14
14.2
14.4
14.6
14.8
15
15.2
15.4
15.6
15.8
16
16.2
16.4
16.6
16.8
17
17.2
17.4
17.6
17.8
18
18.2
18.4
18.6
18.8

9.2
9.2
9.2
9.2
9.2
9.2
9.2
9.2
9.2
9.2
9.2
9.2
9.2
9.2
9.1
9.1
9.1
9.1
9.1
9.1
9.1
9.1
9.1
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
8.9
8.9
8.9
8.8
8.8

19
19.2
19.4
19.6
19.8
20
20.2
20.4
20.6
20.8
21
21.2
21.4
21.6
21.8
22
22.2
22.4
22.6
22.8
23
23.2
23.4
23.6
23.8
24
24.2
24.4
24.6
24.8
25
25.2
25.4
25.6
25.8
26
26.2
26.4
26.6
26.8
27
27.2
27.4
27.6
27.8
28

8.8
8.8
8.6
8.6
8.6
8.6
8.6
8.6
8.6
8.6
8.6
8.6
8.6
8.6
8.6
8.6
8.5
8.5
8.5
8.5
8.5
8.5
8.5
8.5
8.5
8.5
8.5
8.5
8.5
8.5
8.5
8.5
8.5
8.5
8.5
8.5
8.5
8.5
8.5
8.5
8.5
8.5
8.5
8.5
8.5
8.5

28.2
28.4
28.6
28.8
29
29.2
29.4
29.6
29.8
30
30.2
30.4
30.6
30.8
31
31.2
31.4
31.6
31.8
32
32.2
32.4
32.6
32.8
33
33.2
33.4
33.6
33.8
34
34.2
34.4
34.6
34.8
35
35.2
35.4
35.6
35.8
36
36.2
36.4
36.6
36.8
37
37.2

8.4
8.4
8.4
8.3
8.3
8.3
8.2
8.2
8.2
8.2
8.2
8.2
8.2
8.1
8.1
8.1
8.1
8.1
8.1
8.1
8.1
8.1
8.1
8.1
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
7.9
7.9
7.9
7.8
7.8
7.7
7.7
7.7
7.6
7.6
7.6
7.6
7.6
7.6
7.5

37.4
37.6
37.8
38
38.2
38.4
38.6
38.8
39
39.2
39.4
39.6
39.8
40
40.2
40.4
40.6
40.8
41
41.2
41.4
41.6
41.8
42
42.2
42.4
42.6
42.8
43
43.2
43.4
43.6
43.8
44
44.2
44.4
44.6
44.8
45
45.2
45.4

7.5
7.5
7.4
7.4
7.4
7.3
7.3
7.2
7.2
7.1
7.1
7.1
7.2
7
6.9
6.9
6.8
6.7
6.6
6.6
6.6
6.6
6.6
6.5
6.5
6.4
6.4
6.3
6.3
6.2
6.2
6.2
6.1
6.1
6.1
6.1
6.1
6.1
6
6

Observations:

For the brass specimen, when the specimen was about to rupture, there was a necking
phenomenon which occurred. The specimen did not break with a loud sound. Whereas for the
aluminum specimen, there was little necking and the specimen made a loud bang sound when
the specimen ruptured.

Analysis
Below are the graphs of the force applied versus the extension of the metal.

Force(kN) versus Extension of Aluminium(mm)

12
10
8
Force (kN)

6
4
2
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Extension(mm)

Graph 1: Stress Strain Diagram for the Aluminum Specimen

Force (kN) Versus Extension of Brass (mm)

12
10
8
6

Force (kN)

4
2
0

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Extension of Brass (mm)

Graph 2: Stress Strain Diagram for the Brass Specimen

Calculations:
Tensile Strength , R M =

FB
A0

where
F B=Maximum Force Applied
A 0=Initial Cross Section Area

R Aluminium=

8.7 103
( 3 103 )

307699556.6 Pa

307.70 MPa

50

RBrass =

9.2 10

( 3.2 103 )

285981538.4 Pa

285.98 MPa

Elongation of Fracture , A=

LU L0
where
L0

LU =Final Length before fracture

Lo=Initial length of specimen

A Aluminium=

( 89.8 103 )(30.0 103 )

3

30.0 10
1.993

A Brass =

(75.4 103 )(30.0 103 )

( 30.0 103 )
1.5133

Yield Strength of Aluminium=7.8 kN

Yield Strength of Brass=8.9 kN

Modulus Of Elasticity , E=
E Aluminium =

F 2F 1
x 2x 1

(6 103 )(3 103)

(3.2 103)(2.0 103 )

2.5 106 N m1

EBrass =

( 7.5 103 )( 2.9 103 )

( 3.2 103 )( 1.4 103 )

2.56 10 N m