CP 01 Specification Seminar
Introduction to UPS
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Introduction to UPS
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The causes
Black-out events can arrived due to :
Lightning
Accidental events
Short-circuits
Switching on heavy loads
Overloads
And impurities :
Introduction to UPS
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The effects
How frequent are the power quality problems ?
88% of the events
Electrical noises & transients
63.0 events/month
Spikes & surges
50.7 events/month
Sags & brownouts
14.4 events/month
Mains interruption
0.5 events/month
A typical server system can have more than 125 events/month, potentially
destructive !
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Introduction to UPS
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The effects
The effects of a black-out on the installation could be :
Loss of data
Disk crash
Hardware damages
Loss of production
Data corruption
Anomalies of operation
Premature wear of electronics parts
Irreparable failures to components
Introduction to UPS
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Introduction to UPS
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UPS
1 - CONTINUITY
OF THE SUPPLY
2 - PROTECTION OF THE LOAD
Introduction to UPS
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Off-line UPS
Line interactive UPS
On line UPS
Mix modes UPS
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What it is ?
According to the IEC 62040-3, UPS are classified via :
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Output quality
Output waveshape
Output transient performance
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Classification in deep
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Inverter
Normal condition:
The load is directly supplied by the mains
The charger manages the battery charge
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Switch
Filter
Charger
Advantages
Inverter
Disadvantages
Small size
Low cost
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AVS
Charger
Inverter
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AVS
Inverter
Advantages
Disadvantages
Low cost
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Filter
Rectifier
Inverter
Filter
Charger
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Switch
Filter
Rectifier
Inverter
Filter
Charger
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Advantages
Stabilizes voltage and frequency variations on mains
More expensive
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Disadvantages
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Mix-modes UPS
Mix-mode UPS priories the efficiency performances
It works in VFD till the bypass input is acceptable
Switch
Filter
Rectifier
Inverter
Filter
Charger
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Mix-modes UPS
It means also that the load is only partially protected
The famous 88% of potentially destructive disturbances are passing
through the UPS, even if the UPS can transfer quickly on VFI mode
Switch
Filter
Rectifier
Inverter
Filter
Charger
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Mix-modes UPS
The UPS can transfer in double conversion if the mains is too much
disturbed
Transfer time depends on the Technology (<6ms is good) but
disturbances will anyway be applied to the load during this period
Switch
Rectifier
Inverter
Filter
Charger
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Line interactive
VI
On line
VFI
Mains failures
Sags / brownouts
Surges
Spikes / transients
Harmonic distortion
Frequency variation
Typical efficiency
98%
93 < <
96%
Power problem
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Line interactive
VI
Mix mode
VFD/VI/VFI
On line
VFI
Mains failures
Sags / brownouts
Surges
Spikes / transients
Harmonic distortion
Frequency variation
98%
93 < <
96%
Power problem
Typical efficiency
LIMITED
PROTECTION
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Introduction to UPS
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FULL
PROTECTION
98%
96%
Line
interactive
(VI)
EFFICIENCY
100%
Bypass
(VFD)
Mix modes
VFI
Online
3 Level inside
2L technology
94%
92%
LOAD PROTECTION
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Introduction to UPS
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Rectifier
Energy storage management
Inverter
Static by pass
Storage, battery scope
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What it is ?
Description of a double conversion UPS composants.
Maintenance Bypass
to keep load supplied
upon servicing
Bypass input
Static Switch
Connect bypass or
inverter to the output
Filter
Rectifier
Convert AC to DC
Output
Inverter
Convert DC to AC
Rectifier input
Filter
Associate to the inverter
To provide perfect sinewave
Charger/Booster
Energy storage
Management
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Energy storage
Provides the energy if the rectifier
input is not available
How to evaluate it
Output Performances
* on Inverter
* on By-pass
* transfer time
Input
performances
Charger
capacity
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Energy storage
*backup Time
*life time
*environmental stress resistance
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Rectifier, scope
RECTIFIER
Input
Voltage
Current
Voltage
and current
controlled
Output
Fixed DC
Voltage
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Impact on upstream
infrastructure cost
(CAPEX)
SCR 12
pulses
SCR +
filters
Protect plus
IGBT
> 35%
> 10%
Low*
< 5%
< 3%
0,7
0,7
High*
0,93
> 0,99
98-99%
96-97%
Low*
98%
97-98%
$$
$$$$
$$$
$$$
Architectures
Input current
THDi
Power factor
Efficiency
Design Cost
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IGBT
0.95
0.9
Protect +
0.85
0.8
0.7
0.65
0.6
25%
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50%
75%
100%
Harmonic Sequence
Harmonic sequence is the phase rotation relationship with respect to the
fundamental component.
Positive sequence harmonics ( 4th, 7th, 10th , . (6n+1) th ) have
the same phase rotation as the fundamental component. These
harmonics circulate between the phases.
Negative sequence harmonics ( 2nd, 5th, 8th (6n-1) th ) have
the opposite phase rotation with respect to the fundamental component.
These harmonics circulate between the phases.
Zero sequence harmonics ( 3rd, 6th, 9th, .. (6n-3) th ) do not produce
a rotating field. These harmonics circulate between the phase and neutral
or ground. These third order or zero sequence harmonics, unlike positive
and negative sequence harmonic currents, do not cancel but add up
arithmetically at the neutral bus.
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IEEE PESC-02
JUNE 2002
Drawback :
Not compact,
More expensive,
Resonance risks,
Decrease efficiency of around 2%,
Additional hardware
More maintenance
Less reliable
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Introduction to UPS
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UPS
UPS
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Introduction to UPS
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Bypass input
Output
Rectifier
Inverter
Rectifier input
Filter
Charger/Booster
Energy storage
Management
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Batteries
Bypass input
Output
Rectifier
Rectifier input
Inverter
Filter
Blocking diode
To avoid direct connection
Charger
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Introduction to UPS
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Bypass input
Output
Rectifier
Rectifier input
Inverter
Filter
Blocking diode
To avoid direct connection
Charger
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Inverter, scope
Input
Fixed DC Voltage
(Rectifier or energy storage)
INVERTER
Voltage
and current
controlled
Output
Voltage
Current
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Inverter
2 types of inverter power conversion in the market :
IGBT 2 levels
IGBT 3 levels
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Transformer-based
Transformerless
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3 levels
IGBT losses
High
Low
Choke losses
High
Low
94%
96%
$$$
Architectures
Inverter bridge
output voltage
Switched voltage
Global Efficiency
Design Cost
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Transformerless
UPS topology
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Transformer based
UPS topology
+ batt
Ubatt
450V
- batt
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+ batt
Ubatt
400V
Ubatt
Ubatt
0V
batt
800V
450V
Ubatt
400V
- batt
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0V batt
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Standard
High
performing
Standard
High
performing
+++
+++
+++
+++
++
+++
++
+++
++
++
+++
++
++
++
+++
++
++
Design Cost
$$$
$$
$$$
Efficiency performance
Weight
Compactness / Power density
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Transformer based
Introduction to UPS
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Pay attention,
Rect.
vs Bypass inputs isolation
Transformer based
Standard
High
performing
Standard
High
performing
+++
+++
+++
+++
Galvanic
Efficiency
isolation between
UPS,
++load and+++
+
Galvanic isolation between upstream infra. and UPS,
Weight
+++
++
+
Bypass line Galvanic isolation,
Input or output grounding ++
system adaptation,
Size (m)
+++
+
Create neutral for 4wires rectifiers,
Inverter Short circuit Ik1
+
++
++
Adapt the voltage,
....Short circuit Ik2/Ik3
Inverter
+
++
+
Design Cost
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$
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$$$
$$
++
+
++
+++
++
$$$
Inverter
Short-circuit current
capability
Up to 2.5 3.5
100ms
x In
Static bypass
Short-circuit current capability
14 to 20 x In 20ms
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Distribution to loads
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Load Evolution
Before
Then
Now
THDI < 5%
PF = 1
CF = 1.4
Cos phi = 1
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50
0.9
400
360
360
360
lagging
0.9 0.8
400 400
360 320
0.7
0.6
400
400
280
240
+ 12.5% kW
available
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Design for
PF 0.9
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Efficiency
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Static by-pass
By-pass, auxiliary
mains
Voltage
Current
Static by-pass
Output
Inverter
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Connect the output directly with auxiliary mains via a bypassing of the UPS,
Commute from inverter output to by-pass line and vice versa.
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With no break =
With interruption =
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Energy storage
The purpose of the energy storage system is to provide
the energy necessary to supply the load when the mains
supply in not available.
Energy storage is an huge percentage of the final price of
the UPS solution proposed to the customer :
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Introduction to UPS
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3-5 years
6-9 years
10-12 years
> 12 years
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Introduction to UPS
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Introduction to UPS
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UPS redundancy
Power increase
Battery redundancy
Back-up Time increase
Hot-swappable
Insignificant MTTR
Easy and on-line power increase
Granularity
Power-on-demand in small steps
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Power Increase
2 x 400kVA/kW
400
400
400
Redundant Unit (N+1)
2+1 x 400kVA/kW
800kVA/kW
Can be done in Online Mode
Infra need to be ready for
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Redundancy
Number of modules
500kW (N+1)
design cost
200
4*200 = 800kW
250
3*250 = 750kW
500
2*500 =1MW
UPS rating
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DISTRIBUTED
CENTRALIZED
STATIC BY-PASS
STATIC BY-PASS
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Centralized by-pass
Principle
Single Bypass
common for the whole system
Short-circuit management
nominal power
Selectivity
Easy:
Upstream/Downstream
Maintenance by-pass
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The 3rd order harmonics are in phase and add in the Neutral.
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Phase L2
Phase L3
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Storey n-1
Servers
TNS for IT
systems
Basement
IT Tfo
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K Factor Calculation
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K-Factor Calculation
Typical Nonlinear Load
Current
Harmonics
Ih
ih^2
1
100
0.83
3
33
0.0901
5
20
0.0331
7
14
0.0162
9
11
0.0100
11
9
0.0067
13
8
0.0053
15
7
0.0041
17
6
0.0030
19
5
0.0021
21
5
0.0021
Required K Factor is
80
1.0000
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ih^2*h^2
0.83
0.8109
0.8274
0.7946
0.8109
0.8109
0.8949
0.9122
0.8608
0.7467
0.9122
9.2092
Zig-Zag Transformer
Third harmonic suppression
The zigzag connection in power systems to
trap triple harmonic (3rd, 9th, 15th, etc.)
currents. Here, We install zigzag units near
loads that produce large triple harmonic
currents. The windings trap the harmonic
currents and prevent them from traveling
upstream, where they can produce
undesirable effects.
No Phase Displacement
There is no phase angle displacement
between the primary and the secondary
circuits.
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Location of Transformer
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Part 6 Grounding
Earthing System
UPS Grounding Schemes
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Part 6 Grounding
Earthing System
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Part 6 Grounding
Earthing System
TT/IT
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Part 6 Grounding
System Grounding
System Grounding refers to the intentional connection of a circuit
conductor(typically the neutral on a 3 Phase circuit) to earth
Purpose:
Electrical Safety to Personnel & Equipment
Also Impacts on the performance of the electronic load for reasons related
to common mode noise
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Part 6 Grounding
In this system
The UPS Neutral Should not be bonded to the grounding conductor
It Does not provide any Isolation or Common Mode Noise
attenuation
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Part 6 Grounding
In this system
It acts as a separately derived Source
The UPS Neutral Should be bonded to the grounding conductor
It provides complete Isolation & Common Mode Noise attenuation
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Part 6 Grounding
In this system
UPS Neutral should not be bonded
With Transformer in the PDU,PDU acts as a separately derived Source
The PDU Neutral Should be bonded to the grounding conductor
It provides complete Isolation & Common Mode Noise attenuation will be better when
compared with earlier 2 Configurations
With this scheme, the UPS Can be placed remotely
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Part 7 Harmonics
Passive Filter
12 Pulse /Phase shifting Transformer
Active Filter
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Part 7 Harmonics
Harmonic Symptoms/Concerns
Equipment Failure and Misoperation
Notching
Overheating/Failure
Nuisance Operation
Communication / control interference
Economic Considerations
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Oversizing
Losses/Inefficiencies/PF Penalties
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Part 7 Harmonics
Harmonic Solutions
Oversized
Generator
Xs
Active
Filter
XT
480 V
Low Distortion
Electronic Ballast
Blocking
Filter
12 Pulse
M
Welder
UPS
w/Filter
Filter
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K-Rated
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+ -
Part 7 Harmonics
Passive Filters
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Part 7 Harmonics
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Disadvantages
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Cost varies
Increased size
Part 7 Harmonics
Active Filters
Advantages
Guarantees IEEE 519 compliance
Cancels 2nd-50th harmonic
Provides 50 Hz reactive current (PF
correction)
Can be incorporated in PCC
Fast response to varying loads
Disadvantages
Typically more expensive than
other methods
Series design must be sized for
total load
More complex
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Part 8 Surges
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Types of SPDs
SPD Technology
Selection Criteria
Protection Modes
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Part 8 Surges
In
Nominal
discharge
current
Up
Protection
level
2
Impulse current
flow
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Equipment
to
protect
Part 8 Surges
Type 2
Class II
Type 1
Class I
12.5 kA min
5 kA min
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Part 8 Surges
Types of SPD
Type 1
1. Main distribution board can be struck directly by lightning
(eg equipped with lightning protection)
2. Test with 10/350us waveform
Type 2
1. Top or inside installation
2. Test with 8/20us waveform
Type 3
1. Close to sensitive equipments
2. Test with 1,2/50us - 8/20us waveform
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Part 8 Surges
Spark gap
Varistor
Priming
Diode clipping
U
Clipping
Clipping
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Part 8 Surges
Comparaison Technologies
SPARK-GAP
Voltage
Range
8/20 s
Flow
Response
Time
Insulation
Resistor
Capacitor
Priming
Accuracy
Life
Short-circuit
Destruction
Follow
Current
101
No
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VARISTOR
Part 8 Surges
Selection Criteria
Uc and Ut voltages of the SPD are in relation with the nominal voltage and the system
configuration of the AC network
Discharge currents :
SPDs must be protected against the short-circuit currents : external and associated
fuses required.
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Part 8 Surges
Distribution
SPD Type 2
Head SPD
Type 1
103
Head SPD
Type 1
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Equipment
to protect
Part 8 Surges
Common mode
L
Uc
Perturbation
Equipment
to protect
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Part 8 Surges
Equipment
to protect
Perturbation
SPD
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Part 8 Surges
Recommended
Phase-Earth
(MC)
YES
Neutral-Earth
(MC)
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TN-C
TN-S
IT
Recommended
Not useful
YES
YES
YES
YES
If distributed
neutral
YES
YES
Top of
Installation
Close to
sensitive
equipments
Part 9 Battery
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Part 9 Battery
Design Considerations
Optimum ambient temp 20C and 25C.
The ventilation system must prevent accumulation of hydrogen
pockets in greater than 4% concentration
Key is Ventilation and Maintainability
Avoid battery cabinets where possible
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Part 9 Battery
Batteries in cabinets.
Access for installation.
Heat.
Personnel safety.
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Part 9 Battery
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Part 9 Battery
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Part 9 Battery
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Part 9 Battery
113
15
0.054X No of Cells X I gas X Capacity of
BatteryX 10-3
1312
28* Q
36742
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Part 9 Battery
In order to calculate the Real Power(Watts) the Power Factor (PF) of the
circuit needs to be known.
Watts = VA x PF
In order to calculate the battery Watts required, the efficiencyof the UPS
Inverter also needs to be considered.
Battery Watts = VA x PF Inverter Efficiency
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Part 9 Battery
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Part 9 Battery
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Part 9 Battery
117
Capacity of
Battery
Open Circuit
Voltage
26AH
42AH
65AH
100AH
120AH
150AH
200AH
13.5
13.5
13.5
13.5
13.5
13.5
13.5
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0.012
0.0095
0.0073
0.0042
0.004
0.0035
0.003
1125.00
1421.05
1849.32
3214.29
3375.00
3857.14
4500.00
Part 9 Battery
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